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Bai X, Wang S, Shu L, Cao Q, Hu H, Zhu Y, Chen C. Hawthorn leaf flavonoids alleviate the deterioration of atherosclerosis by inhibiting SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR pathway through sPLA2-ⅡA signaling in macrophages in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:118006. [PMID: 38442806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hawthorn leaves are a combination of the dried leaves of the Rosaceae plants, i.e., Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br., is primarily cultivated in East Asia, North America, and Europe. hawthorn leaf flavonoids (HLF) are the main part of extraction. The HLF have demonstrated potential in preventing hypertension, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, the potential pharmacological mechanism behind its anti-atherosclerotic effect has yet to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The in vivo and in vitro effects of HLF on lipid-mediated foam cell formation were investigated, with a specific focus on the levels of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-II A) in macrophage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary constituents of HLF were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In vivo, HLF, at concentrations of 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg, were administered to apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-) fed by high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Aorta and serum samples were collected to identify lesion areas and lipids through mass spectrometry analysis to dissect the pathological process. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) alone, or ox-LDL combined with different doses of HLF (100, 50, and 25 μg/ml), or ox-LDL plus 24-h sPLA2-IIA inhibitors, for cell biology analysis. Lipids and inflammatory cytokines were detected using biochemical analyzers and ELISA, while plaque size and collagen content of plaque were assessed by HE and the Masson staining of the aorta. The lipid deposition in macrophages was observed by Oil Red O staining. The expression of sPLA2-IIA and SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The chemical profile of HLF was studied using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, allowing the tentative identification of 20 compounds, comprising 1 phenolic acid, 9 flavonols and 10 flavones, including isovitexin, vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-robibioside, rutin, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, etc. HLF decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), reduced ox-LDL uptake, inhibited level of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1ꞵ (P < 0.001), and alleviated aortic plaques with a thicker fibrous cap. HLF effectively attenuated foam cell formation in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and reduced levels of intracellular TC, free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl ester (CE), IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β (P < 0.001). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, HLF significantly downregulated the expression of sPLA2-IIA, SCAP, SREBP2, LDLR, HMGCR, and LOX-1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sPLA2-IIA inhibitor effectively mitigated inflammatory release in RAW264.7 macrophages and regulated SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway by inhibiting sPLA2-IIA secretion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HLF exerted a protective effect against atherosclerosis through inhibiting sPLA2-IIA to diminish SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway, to reduce LDL uptake caused foam cell formation, and to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Limei Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qingyu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330052, China
| | - Huiming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330052, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Quality Evaluation on Anti-Inflammatory Chinese Herbs, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, 330052, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Yanchen Zhu
- College of Computer Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Jaiswal A, Rehman R, Dutta J, Singh S, Ray A, Shridhar M, Jaisankar J, Bhatt M, Khandelwal D, Sahoo B, Ram A, Mabalirajan U. Cellular Distribution of Secreted Phospholipase A2 in Lungs of IPF Patients and Its Inhibition in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071044. [PMID: 37048117 PMCID: PMC10092981 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease with a very poor prognosis as it has a 2.5 to 5 years mean survival after proper diagnosis. Even nintedanib and pirfenidone cannot halt the progression, though they slow the progression of IPF. Hence, there is a need to understand the novel pathophysiology. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) could be the ideal candidate to study in IPF, as they have a role in both inflammation and fibrosis. In the present study, we have shown the expression profile of various secretory Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms by analyzing publicly available transcriptome data of single cells from the lungs of healthy individuals and IPF patients. Among 11 members of sPLA2, PLA2G2A is found to be increased in the fibroblasts and mesothelial cells while PLA2G5 is found to be increased in the fibroblasts of IPF patients. We identified a subset of fibroblasts expressing high PLA2G2A with moderate expression of PLA2G5 and which are specific to IPF only; we named it as PLA2G2A+ IPF fibroblast. Pathway analysis revealed that these PLA2G2A+ IPF fibroblast have upregulation of both inflammatory and fibrosis-related pathways like the TGF-β signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling, the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. In addition to this, we found elevated levels of sPLA2-IIA in plasma samples of IPF patients in our cohort. PLA2G3, PLA2G10 and PLA2G12B are found in to be increased in certain epithelial cells of IPF patients. Thus, these findings indicate that these five isoforms have a disease-dominant role along with innate immune roles as these isoforms are found predominantly in structural cells of IPF patients. Further, we have targeted sPLA2 in mice model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by pBPB, a known sPLA2 inhibitor. pBPB treatment attenuated lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin along with a reduction in TGF-β and deposition of extracellular matrix in lung. Thus, these findings indicate that these sPLA2 isoforms especially PLA2G2A may serve as a therapeutic target in lung fibrosis.
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Crescitelli MC, Simon I, Ferrini L, Calvo H, Torres AM, Cabero I, Panedas MM, Rauschemberger MB, Aguirre MV, Rodríguez JP, Hernández M, Nieto ML. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of a Nectandra angustifolia ( Laurel Amarillo) Ethanolic Extract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020232. [PMID: 36829791 PMCID: PMC9952224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage-like population in the CNS, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. Nectandra genus is known to produce different metabolites with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and analgesic properties. Although the species Nectandra angustifolia is popularly used for the treatment of different types of inflammatory processes, its biological effects on neuroinflammation have not yet been addressed. In this study, we have investigated the role of a Nectandra angustifolia ethanolic extract (NaE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. In LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells, NaE significantly reduced the induced proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS, as well as NO accumulation, while it promoted IL-10 secretion and YM-1 expression. Likewise, reduced CD14 expression levels were detected in microglial cells in the NaE+LPS group. NaE also attenuated LPS-induced ROS and lipid peroxidation build-up in BV2 cells. Mechanistically, NaE prevented NF-κB and MAPKs phosphorylation, as well as NLRP3 upregulation when added before LPS stimulation, although it did not affect the level of some proteins related to antioxidant defense such as Keap-1 and HO-1. Additionally, we observed that NaE modulated some activated microglia functions, decreasing cell migration, without affecting their phagocytic capabilities. In LPS-injected mice, NaE pre-treatment markedly suppressed the up-regulated TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression induced by LPS in brain. Our findings indicate that NaE is beneficial in preventing the neuroinflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. NaE may regulate microglia homeostasis, not only restraining activation of LPS towards the M1 phenotype but promoting an M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Crescitelli
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Inmaculada Simon
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Leandro Ferrini
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Prof. Armando Ricciardi (LabProdNat), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Hugo Calvo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Prof. Armando Ricciardi (LabProdNat), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Isabel Cabero
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mónica Macías Panedas
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria B. Rauschemberger
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Maria V. Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Marita Hernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nieto
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983184836
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Lindbohm JV, Mars N, Walker KA, Singh‐Manoux A, Livingston G, Brunner EJ, Sipilä PN, Saksela K, Ferrie JE, Lovering RC, Williams SA, Hingorani AD, Gottesman RF, Zetterberg H, Kivimäki M. Plasma proteins, cognitive decline, and 20-year risk of dementia in the Whitehall II and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studies. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:612-624. [PMID: 34338426 PMCID: PMC9292245 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasma proteins affect biological processes and are common drug targets but their role in the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remains unclear. We examined associations between 4953 plasma proteins and cognitive decline and risk of dementia in two cohort studies with 20-year follow-ups. METHODS In the Whitehall II prospective cohort study proteins were measured using SOMAscan technology. Cognitive performance was tested five times over 20 years. Linkage to electronic health records identified incident dementia. The results were replicated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. RESULTS Fifteen non-amyloid/non-tau-related proteins were associated with cognitive decline and dementia, were consistently identified in both cohorts, and were not explained by known dementia risk factors. Levels of six of the proteins are modifiable by currently approved medications for other conditions. DISCUSSION This study identified several plasma proteins in dementia-free people that are associated with long-term risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni V. Lindbohm
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Public Health ClinicumUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Mars
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Keenan A. Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral NeuroscienceIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on AgingBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Archana Singh‐Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Camden and Islington Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Eric J. Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pyry N. Sipilä
- Department of Public Health ClinicumUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of VirologyUniversity of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jane E. Ferrie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Bristol Medical School (PHS)University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Ruth C. Lovering
- Functional Gene AnnotationInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- British Heart Foundation Research AcceleratorUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Health Data ResearchLondonUK
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Public Health ClinicumUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Castor K, Dawlaty J, Arakaki X, Gross N, Woldeamanuel YW, Harrington MG, Cowan RP, Fonteh AN. Plasma Lipolysis and Changes in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Signaling Lipids Reveal Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Chronic Migraine. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:691733. [PMID: 34531722 PMCID: PMC8438335 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.691733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are a primary storage form of energy and the source of inflammatory and pain signaling molecules, yet knowledge of their importance in chronic migraine (CM) pathology is incomplete. We aim to determine if plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipid metabolism are associated with CM pathology. Methods We obtained plasma and CSF from healthy controls (CT, n = 10) or CM subjects (n = 15) diagnosed using the International Headache Society criteria. We measured unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and esterified fatty acids (EFAs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipid (SP) levels were determined using LC-MS/MS, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was determined using fluorescent substrates. Results Unesterified fatty acid levels were significantly higher in CM plasma but not in CSF. Unesterified levels of five saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), eight monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), five ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and five ω-6 PUFAs are higher in CM plasma. Esterified levels of three SAFAs, eight MUFAs, five ω-3 PUFAs, and three ω-6 PUFAs, are higher in CM plasma. The ratios C20:4n-6/homo-γ-C20:3n-6 representative of delta-5-desaturases (D5D) and the elongase ratio are lower in esterified and unesterified CM plasma, respectively. In the CSF, the esterified D5D index is lower in CM. While PLA2 activity was similar, the plasma UFA to EFA ratio is higher in CM. Of all plasma GP/SPs detected, only ceramide levels are lower (p = 0.0003) in CM (0.26 ± 0.07%) compared to CT (0.48 ± 0.06%). The GP/SP proportion of platelet-activating factor (PAF) is significantly lower in CM CSF. Conclusions Plasma and CSF lipid changes are consistent with abnormal lipid metabolism in CM. Since plasma UFAs correspond to diet or adipose tissue levels, higher plasma fatty acids and UFA/EFA ratios suggest enhanced adipose lipolysis in CM. Differences in plasma and CSF desaturases and elongases suggest altered lipid metabolism in CM. A lower plasma ceramide level suggests reduced de novo synthesis or reduced sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Changes in CSF PAF suggest differences in brain lipid signaling pathways in CM. Together, this pilot study shows lipid metabolic abnormality in CM corresponding to altered energy homeostasis. We propose that controlling plasma lipolysis, desaturases, elongases, and lipid signaling pathways may relieve CM symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Castor
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Dawlaty
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Noah Gross
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael G Harrington
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert P Cowan
- Pain Center, Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alfred N Fonteh
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zicheng H, Xiao Y, Rongzhong H, Yongyong L, Haitao R, Tingting S. Association of Circulating ICAM3 Concentrations with Severity and Short-term Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1293-1299. [PMID: 33999358 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) is associated with a risk of acute ischemic stroke. This study aims to investigate the association of serum levels of ICAM3 with the severity and short-term outcomes of ischemic stroke. This study recruited 152 stroke patients with supratentorial cerebral infarcts and 133 healthy controls. Patients were followed up for 2 weeks since admission for observation of functional outcomes. Serum ICAM3 concentrations at baseline were determined by Elisa. Serum ICAM3 concentrations were higher in stroke patients than in healthy controls. Serum concentrations of ICAM3 were not associated with stroke severity at baseline, as reflected by NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and infarction volume. However, serum ICAM3 levels were positively associated with mRS scores at 2 weeks since admission. Furthermore, regression analyses found that increased serum ICAM3 levels were associated with worse short-term functional outcomes of stroke. These findings imply that circulating ICAM3 might be a potential short-term prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zicheng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huang Rongzhong
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yongyong
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Haitao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shang Tingting
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Pérez-Sánchez R, Carnero-Morán Á, Soriano B, Llorens C, Oleaga A. RNA-seq analysis and gene expression dynamics in the salivary glands of the argasid tick Ornithodoros erraticus along the trophogonic cycle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:170. [PMID: 33743776 PMCID: PMC7980729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The argasid tick Ornithodoros erraticus is the main vector of tick-borne human relapsing fever (TBRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in the Mediterranean Basin. Tick salivary proteins secreted to the host at the feeding interface play critical roles for tick feeding and may contribute to host infection by tick-borne pathogens; accordingly, these proteins represent interesting antigen targets for the development of vaccines aimed at the control and prevention of tick infestations and tick-borne diseases. METHODS To identify these proteins, the transcriptome of the salivary glands of O. erraticus was de novo assembled and the salivary gene expression dynamics assessed throughout the trophogonic cycle using Illumina sequencing. The genes differentially upregulated after feeding were selected and discussed as potential antigen candidates for tick vaccines. RESULTS Transcriptome assembly resulted in 22,007 transcripts and 18,961 annotated transcripts, which represent 86.15% of annotation success. Most salivary gene expression took place during the first 7 days after feeding (2088 upregulated transcripts), while only a few genes (122 upregulated transcripts) were differentially expressed from day 7 post-feeding onwards. The protein families more abundantly overrepresented after feeding were lipocalins, acid and basic tail proteins, proteases (particularly metalloproteases), protease inhibitors, secreted phospholipases A2, 5'-nucleotidases/apyrases and heme-binding vitellogenin-like proteins. All of them are functionally related to blood ingestion and regulation of host defensive responses, so they can be interesting candidate protective antigens for vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The O. erraticus sialotranscriptome contains thousands of protein coding sequences-many of them belonging to large conserved multigene protein families-and shows a complexity and functional redundancy similar to those observed in the sialomes of other argasid and ixodid tick species. This high functional redundancy emphasises the need for developing multiantigenic tick vaccines to reach full protection. This research provides a set of promising candidate antigens for the development of vaccines for the control of O. erraticus infestations and prevention of tick-borne diseases of public and veterinary health relevance, such as TBRF and ASF. Additionally, this transcriptome constitutes a valuable reference database for proteomics studies of the saliva and salivary glands of O. erraticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ángel Carnero-Morán
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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Oleaga A, Soriano B, Llorens C, Pérez-Sánchez R. Sialotranscriptomics of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata along the trophogonic cycle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009105. [PMID: 33544727 PMCID: PMC7891743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector of human relapsing fever (HRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in Africa. Salivary proteins are part of the host-tick interface and play vital roles in the tick feeding process and the host infection by tick-borne pathogens; they represent interesting targets for immune interventions aimed at tick control. The present work describes the transcriptome profile of salivary glands of O. moubata and assesses the gene expression dynamics along the trophogonic cycle using Illumina sequencing. De novo transcriptome assembling resulted in 71,194 transcript clusters and 41,011 annotated transcripts, which represent 57.6% of the annotation success. Most salivary gene expression takes place during the first 7 days after feeding (6,287 upregulated transcripts), while a minority of genes (203 upregulated transcripts) are differentially expressed between 7 and 14 days after feeding. The functional protein groups more abundantly overrepresented after blood feeding were lipocalins, proteases (especially metalloproteases), protease inhibitors including the Kunitz/BPTI-family, proteins with phospholipase A2 activity, acid tail proteins, basic tail proteins, vitellogenins, the 7DB family and proteins involved in tick immunity and defence. The complexity and functional redundancy observed in the sialotranscriptome of O. moubata are comparable to those of the sialomes of other argasid and ixodid ticks. This transcriptome provides a valuable reference database for ongoing proteomics studies of the salivary glands and saliva of O. moubata aimed at confirming and expanding previous data on the O. moubata sialoproteome. The soft tick Ornithodoros moubata constitutes an important medical and veterinary problem in Africa because, in addition to being the vector of African swine fever, it transmits human relapsing fever (HRF), a hyper-endemic and lethal, but still neglected, tick-borne disease. Effective control of HRF requires eradicating its vector tick from domestic environments. As chemical acaricide application is ineffective against this tick, development of anti-tick vaccines seems the most promising method for tick control. Salivary proteins play essential functions for tick feeding and survival, which convert them in potential antigen targets for the development of tick vaccines. To know which these proteins are, we obtained the salivary transcriptome of O. moubata females and established, for the first time in a soft tick, the salivary gene transcription dynamics along its trophogonic cycle. Thereby, we have identified numerous genes encoding bioactive proteins essential for tick feeding. This information is essential to drive the selection of candidate antigens for anti-tick vaccine development and evaluate its protective potential in animal immunization trials. These data significantly enlarge the current repertory of known protein-coding sequences from soft tick salivary glands and establish a valuable reference database to improve our knowledge of the O. moubata salivary proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
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Pletsch-Borba L, Grafetstätter M, Hüsing A, Johnson T, González Maldonado S, Groß ML, Kloss M, Hoffmeister M, Bugert P, Kaaks R, Kühn T. Vascular injury biomarkers and stroke risk. Neurology 2020; 94:e2337-e2345. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveBecause little is known about associations between biomarkers of vascular injury and stroke risk, we evaluated associations between plasma concentrations of 6 novel biomarkers of vascular injury and stroke risk in a population-based study.MethodsA case–cohort subset of EPIC-Heidelberg (European Prospective Investigation for Cancer and Nutrition–Heidelberg) including incident stroke cases (n = 335) and a random subcohort (n = 2,418) was selected. Concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3), soluble E-selectin and P-selectin, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), thrombopoietin, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa were measured in baseline plasma samples. Weighted Cox regression analyses were used to assess associations between biomarker levels and stroke risk.ResultsMedian follow-up in the subcohort and among cases was 9.8 (range, 0.1–12.5) years and 6.2 (range, 0.01–12.1) years, respectively. ICAM3 levels were associated with increased risk of incident stroke after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio, highest vs lowest quartile: 1.64 [95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.32]; plinear trend < 0.001). This association was more apparent for ischemic (1.65 [1.12–2.45]; plinear trend < 0.01) than for hemorrhagic stroke (1.29 [0.60–2.78]; plinear trend = 0.3). We further observed a borderline significant trend for a positive association between sTM and overall stroke risk (1.47 [0.99–2.19]; plinear trend = 0.05).ConclusionsIn this population-based study, circulating levels of ICAM3, an adhesion molecule shed by leukocytes, were associated with increased risk of incident stroke. Further mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology underlying this association.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that plasma levels of ICAM3 are associated with increased stroke risk.
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Secreted Phospholipase A 2-IIA Modulates Transdifferentiation of Cardiac Fibroblast through EGFR Transactivation: An Inflammation-Fibrosis Link. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020396. [PMID: 32046347 PMCID: PMC7072256 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is a pro-inflammatory protein associated with cardiovascular disorders, whose functions and underlying mechanisms in cardiac remodelling are still under investigation. We herein study the role of sPLA2-IIA in cardiac fibroblast (CFs)-to-myofibroblast differentiation and fibrosis, two major features involved in cardiac remodelling, and also explore potential mechanisms involved. In a mice model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) after autoimmune myocarditis, serum and cardiac sPLA2-IIA protein expression were found to be increased, together with elevated cardiac levels of the cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Exogenous sPLA2-IIA treatment induced proliferation and differentiation of adult rat CFs. Molecular studies demonstrated that sPLA2-IIA promoted Src phosphorylation, shedding of the membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) ectodomain and EGFR phosphorylation, which triggered phosphorylation of ERK, P70S6K and rS6. This was also accompanied by an up-regulated expression of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-1, LOX and collagen I. ROS accumulation were also found to be increased in sPLA2-IIA-treated CFs. The presence of inhibitors of the Src/ADAMs-dependent HB-EGF shedding/EGFR pathway abolished the CF phenotype induced by sPLA2-IIA. In conclusion, sPLA2-IIA may promote myofibroblast differentiation through its ability to modulate EGFR transactivation and signalling as key mechanisms that underlie its biological and pro-fibrotic effects.
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Akinkuolie AO, Lawler PR, Chu AY, Caulfield M, Mu J, Ding B, Nyberg F, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Hurt-Camejo E, Chasman DI, Mora S. Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A 2, Vascular Inflammation, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:1182-1190. [PMID: 31070471 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Inflammation is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). sPLA2-IIA (group IIA secretory phospholipase A2) plays an integral role in regulating vascular inflammation. Although studies investigated sPLA2-IIA in secondary prevention, we prospectively evaluated sPLA2-IIA mass and genetic variants with CVD events in a primary prevention population with chronic inflammation. Approach and Results- The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) randomized participants with LDL (low-density lipoprotein) <130 mg/dL and hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) ≥2 mg/L to high-intensity rosuvastatin versus placebo. Baseline and 1-year plasma sPLA2-IIA mass was measured (N=11 269 baseline; N=9620 1 year). We also identified genetic variants influencing sPLA2-IIA using genome-wide association and examined them with CVD. Three hundred thirteen incident CVD events occurred during follow-up. Baseline sPLA2-IIA mass (median, 25th-75th percentile: 3.81, 2.49-6.03 ng/mL) was associated with increased risk of CVD: risk factor-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI; P) per SD increment: 1.22 (1.08-1.38; P=0.002). This remained significant (1.18; 1.04-1.35; P=0.01) after incrementally adjusting for hsCRP. Similar estimates were observed in rosuvastatin and placebo groups ( P treatment interaction>0.05). The rs11573156C variant in PLA2G2A (encoding sPLA2-IIA) had the strongest effect on sPLA2-II: median (25th-75th percentile, ng/mL) for CC and GG genotypes: 2.79 (1.97-4.01) and 7.38 (5.38-10.19), respectively; and had nonsignificant trend for higher CVD risk (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.89-1.38; P=0.34). Conclusions- In the JUPITER population recruited on chronic inflammation, sPLA2-IIA mass was associated with CVD risk relating to vascular inflammation not fully reflected by hsCRP. Additional studies, including larger functional genetic and clinical studies, are needed to determine whether sPLA2-IIA may be a potential pharmacological target for primary prevention of CVD. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00239681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akintunde O Akinkuolie
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.O.A.)
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (P.R.L.).,Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre for Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.R.L.)
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA (A.Y.C.)
| | - Michael Caulfield
- Department of Endocrinology & CVD, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA (M.C., J.M.)
| | - Jianying Mu
- Department of Endocrinology & CVD, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA (M.C., J.M.)
| | - Bo Ding
- Medical Evidence & Observational Research, Global Medical Affairs (B.D., F.N.), AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nyberg
- Medical Evidence & Observational Research, Global Medical Affairs (B.D., F.N.), AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (F.N.)
| | - Robert J Glynn
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (R.J.G.)
| | - Paul M Ridker
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines (E.H.-C.), AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (E.H.-C.)
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Samia Mora
- From the Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine (A.O.A., P.R.L., R.J.G., P.M.R., D.I.C., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., S.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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A Potential Role of Phospholipase 2 Group IIA (PLA 2-IIA) in P. gingivalis-Induced Oral Dysbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31732936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen with the ability to induce oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis could abrogate the host-microbe symbiotic relationship leading to oral dysbiosis remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that P. gingivalis specifically increased the antimicrobial properties of oral epithelial cells, through a strong induction of the expression of PLA2-IIA in a mechanism that involves activation of the Notch-1 receptor. Moreover, gingival expression of PLA2-IIA was significantly increased during initiation and progression of periodontal disease in non-human primates and interestingly, those PLA2-IIA expression changes were concurrent with oral dysbiosis. In this chapter, we present an innovative hypothesis of a potential mechanism involved in P. gingivalis-induced oral dysbiosis and inflammation based on our previous observations and a robust body of literature that supports the antimicrobial and proinflammatory properties of PLA2-IIA as well as its role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Antimalarial Activity of Human Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A 2 in Relation to Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oxidized Lipoproteins. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00556-19. [PMID: 31405958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00556-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA sPLA2) is increased in the plasma of malaria patients, but its role is unknown. In parasite culture with normal plasma, hGIIA is inactive against Plasmodium falciparum, contrasting with hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s, which readily hydrolyze plasma lipoproteins, release nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and inhibit parasite growth. Here, we revisited the anti-Plasmodium activity of hGIIA under conditions closer to those of malaria physiopathology where lipoproteins are oxidized. In parasite culture containing oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIA sPLA2 was inhibitory, with a 50% inhibitory concentration value of 150.0 ± 40.8 nM, in accordance with its capacity to release NEFAs from oxidized particles. With oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s were also more potent, by 4.6-, 2.1-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. Using specific immunoassays, we found that hGIIA sPLA2 is increased in plasma from 41 patients with malaria over levels for healthy donors (median [interquartile range], 1.6 [0.7 to 3.4] nM versus 0.0 [0.0 to 0.1] nM, respectively; P < 0.0001). Other sPLA2s were not detected. Malaria plasma, but not normal plasma, contains oxidized lipoproteins and was inhibitory to P. falciparum when spiked with hGIIA sPLA2 Injection of recombinant hGIIA into mice infected with P. chabaudi reduced the peak of parasitemia, and this was effective only when the level of plasma peroxidation was increased during infection. In conclusion, we propose that malaria-induced oxidation of lipoproteins converts these into a preferential substrate for hGIIA sPLA2, promoting its parasite-killing effect. This mechanism may contribute to host defense against P. falciparum in malaria where high levels of hGIIA are observed.
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Al-Attar A, Alimova Y, Kirakodu S, Kozal A, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Martinez M, Ebersole JL, Gonzalez OA. Activation of Notch-1 in oral epithelial cells by P. gingivalis triggers the expression of the antimicrobial protein PLA 2-IIA. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1047-1059. [PMID: 29515164 PMCID: PMC6030509 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
P. gingivalis (Pg) is an oral pathogen with the ability to induce oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which mucosal responses to the oral microbiota in the presence of specific pathogens such as Pg could abrogate the host-microbe symbiotic relationship leading to periodontitis remain unclear. Herein, we identified the Notch-1/PLA2-IIA axis as a new molecular pathway through which Pg could be specifically modulating oral epithelial antimicrobial and inflammatory responses. Pg activated Notch-1, and inhibition or silencing of Notch-1 completely abrogated Pg-induced PLA2-IIA in oral epithelial cells (OECs). Activation of Notch-1 and PLA2-IIA production were associated with Pg-produced gingipains. Other oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative species failed to induce similar responses. Pg enhanced OEC antimicrobial activity through PLA2-IIA. Increased Notch-1 activation correlated with higher PLA2-IIA gingival expression and changes in the abundance of specific oral bacteria phyla during periodontal disease. Oral bacterial species exhibited differential antimicrobial susceptibility to PLA2-IIA. These findings support previous evidence suggesting an important role for epithelial Notch-1 activation and PLA2-IIA production during health and disease at mucosal surfaces, and provide new mechanistic information concerning the regulation of epithelial antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory responses modulated by oral pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Attar
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anastasia Kozal
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Melween Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Yap WH, Ooi BK, Ahmed N, Lim YM. Maslinic acid modulates secreted phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA)-mediated inflammatory effects in macrophage foam cells formation. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Oleaga A, Obolo-Mvoulouga P, Manzano-Román R, Pérez-Sánchez R. Functional annotation and analysis of the Ornithodoros moubata midgut genes differentially expressed after blood feeding. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:693-708. [PMID: 28528879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector of the African swine fever and the human relapsing fever in Africa. As part of the host-parasite-pathogen interface, the tick midgut expresses key proteins for tick survival and tick-borne pathogen transmission. Accordingly, midgut proteins are potential targets for the development of new drugs and vaccines aimed at tick control, and obtaining proteomic and transcriptomic data from the O. moubata midgut would facilitate the identification of such target candidates. With this aim, we have assembled and characterized the midgut transcriptome of O. moubata females before and 48h after a blood meal, and identified the genes that are differentially expressed in the midgut after feeding. Overall, 23,863 transcripts were obtained, and of them, 9,164 were identified and annotated. The most represented molecular functions were catalytic and binding activities, and the most represented biological processes were metabolic, cellular and single-organism processes. KEGG analysis of the annotated sequences assigned up to 3,053 of them to 130 active pathways, among which, the top 30 pathways were mostly metabolic routes. Differential expression analysis between unfed and fed ticks detected 8,026 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs), 4,093 up-regulated and 3,933 down-regulated, respectively. The biological significance of these DEGs was further investigated using the KEEG, Pfam and GO databases. The functional groups of the genes/proteins predicted to be involved in the processes of blood digestion, nutrient transport and metabolism, and in responses related to defence and oxidative stress are discussed in more detail. This work reports the first midgut transcriptome analysis of an argasid tick species, and provides a wealth of novel molecular information about the argasid machinery involved in blood feeding and digestion. This information represents a starting point for the development of alternative strategies for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Prosper Obolo-Mvoulouga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Sun CQ, Zhong CY, Sun WW, Xiao H, Zhu P, Lin YZ, Zhang CL, Gao H, Song ZY. Elevated Type II Secretory Phospholipase A2 Increases the Risk of Early Atherosclerosis in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34929. [PMID: 27941821 PMCID: PMC5150250 DOI: 10.1038/srep34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical association between type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIa) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. However, the contribution of sPLA2-IIa to early atherosclerosis remains unknown. This study investigated the association between early-stage atherosclerosis and sPLA2-IIa in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. One hundred and thirty-six MetS patients and 120 age- and gender-matched subjects without MetS were included. Serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity were measured using commercial kits. Circulating endothelial activation molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), were measured as parameters of vascular endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis. MetS patients exhibited significantly higher sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels than the controls. Both correlated positively with fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in MetS patients. Additionally, MetS patients exhibited strikingly higher levels of endothelial activation molecules and increased cIMT than controls. These levels correlated positively with serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that high sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels were independent risk factors of early atherosclerosis in MetS patients. This study demonstrates an independent association between early-stage atherosclerosis and increased levels of sPLA2-IIa, implying that increased sPLA2-IIa may predict early-stage atherosclerosis in MetS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei-Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi-Zhang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Inhibition of Human Group IIA-Secreted Phospholipase A2 and THP-1 Monocyte Recruitment by Maslinic Acid. Lipids 2016; 51:1153-1159. [PMID: 27540737 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Maslinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid which has anti-inflammatory properties. A recent study showed that secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) may be a potential binding target of maslinic acid. The human group IIA (hGIIA)-sPLA2 is found in human sera and their levels are correlated with severity of inflammation. This study aims to determine whether maslinic acid interacts with hGIIA-sPLA2 and inhibits inflammatory response induced by this enzyme. It is shown that maslinic acid enhanced intrinsic fluorescence of hGIIA-sPLA2 and inhibited its enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking revealed that maslinic acid binds to calcium binding and interfacial phospholipid binding site, suggesting that it inhibit access of catalytic calcium ion for enzymatic reaction and block binding of the enzyme to membrane phospholipid. The hGIIA-sPLA2 enzyme is also responsible in mediating monocyte recruitment and differentiation. Results showed that maslinic acid inhibit hGIIA-sPLA2-induced THP-1 cell differentiation and migration, and the effect observed is specific to hGIIA-sPLA2 as cells treated with maslinic acid alone did not significantly affect the number of adherent and migrated cells. Considering that hGIIA-sPLA2 enzyme is known to hydrolyze glyceroacylphospholipids present in lipoproteins and cell membranes, maslinic acid may bind and inhibit hGIIA-sPLA2 enzymatic activity, thereby reduces the release of fatty acids and lysophospholipids which stimulates monocyte migration and differentiation. This study is the first to report on the molecular interaction between maslinic acid and inflammatory target hGIIA-sPLA2 as well as its effect towards hGIIA-sPLA2-induced THP-1 monocyte adhesive and migratory capabilities, an important immune-inflammation process in atherosclerosis.
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Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xiang Y, Chen L, Liu H, Liu X, Wei X, Sun B, Wang T, Zhang X. Inhibition of sPLA₂-IIA prevents LPS-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing ERK1/2-cPLA₂α pathway in mice cerebral cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77909. [PMID: 24130900 PMCID: PMC3793966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including brain infections, ischemia, trauma, stroke, and degenerative CNS diseases. In the CNS inflammation, secretory phospholipase A₂-IIA (sPLA₂-IIA) acts as a mediator, resulting in the generation of the precursors of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). However, the role of sPLA₂-IIA in neuroinflammation is more complicated and remains unclear yet. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sPLA₂-IIA inhibition by specific inhibitor SC-215 on the inflammation in LPS-induced mice cerebral cortex and primary astrocytes. Our results showed that the inhibition of sPLA₂-IIA alleviated the release of PGE₂ by suppressing the activation of ERK1/2, cPLA₂α, COX-2 and mPGES-1. These findings demonstrated that sPLA₂-IIA showed the potential to regulate the neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro, indicating that sPLA₂-IIA might be a novel target for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baozhu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yantai University School of Pharmacy, Yantai, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Oxysterols induce transition of monocytic cells to phenotypically mature dendritic cell-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Manzano-Román R, Díaz-Martín V, González-González M, Matarraz S, Álvarez-Prado AF, LaBaer J, Orfao A, Pérez-Sánchez R, Fuentes M. Self-assembled Protein Arrays from an Ornithodoros moubata Salivary Gland Expression Library. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5972-82. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300696h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Manzano-Román
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Veronica Díaz-Martín
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria González-González
- Centro de Investigación
del Cáncer/IBMCC (USAL/CSIC), IBSAL, Departamento de Medicina
y Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio Matarraz
- Centro de Investigación
del Cáncer/IBMCC (USAL/CSIC), IBSAL, Departamento de Medicina
y Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel Francisco Álvarez-Prado
- Centro de Investigación
del Cáncer/IBMCC (USAL/CSIC), IBSAL, Departamento de Medicina
y Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized
Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6401, United States
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centro de Investigación
del Cáncer/IBMCC (USAL/CSIC), IBSAL, Departamento de Medicina
y Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación
del Cáncer/IBMCC (USAL/CSIC), IBSAL, Departamento de Medicina
y Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Ye L, Dickerson T, Kaur H, Takada YK, Fujita M, Liu R, Knapp JM, Lam KS, Schore NE, Kurth MJ, Takada Y. Identification of inhibitors against interaction between pro-inflammatory sPLA2-IIA protein and integrin αvβ3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:340-5. [PMID: 23164706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA), have been found in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that sPLA2-IIA specifically binds to integrin αvβ3, and initiates a signaling pathway that leads to cell proliferation and inflammation. Therefore, the interaction between integrin and sPLA2-IIA could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of proliferation or inflammation-related diseases. Two one-bead-one-compound peptide libraries were constructed and screened, and seven target hits were identified. Herein we report the identification, synthesis, and biological testing of two pyrazolylthiazole-tethered peptide hits and their analogs. Biological assays showed that these compounds were able to suppress the sPLA2-IIA-integrin interaction and sPLA2-IIA-induced migration of monocytic cells and that the blockade of the sPLA2-IIA-integrin binding was specific to sPLA2-IIA and not to the integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Martín R, Cordova C, Nieto ML. Secreted phospholipase A2-IIA-induced a phenotype of activated microglia in BV-2 cells requires epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and proHB-EGF shedding. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:154. [PMID: 22747893 PMCID: PMC3488565 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of microglia, the primary component of the innate immune response in the brain, is a hallmark of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other pathological conditions such as stroke or CNS infection. In response to a variety of insults, microglial cells produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines that are often involved in neuronal injury, and play an important role in the recognition, engulfment, and clearance of apoptotic cells and/or invading microbes. Secreted phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA), an enzyme that interacts with cells involved in the systemic immune/inflammatory response, has been found up-regulated in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain of AD patients. However, despite several approaches, its functions in mediating CNS inflammation remain unknown. In the present study, the role of sPLA2-IIA was examined by investigating its direct effects on microglial cells. METHODS Primary and immortalized microglial cells were stimulated by sPLA2-IIA in order to characterize the cytokine-like actions of the phospholipase. The hallmarks of activated microglia analyzed include: mitogenic response, phagocytic capabilities and induction of inflammatory mediators. In addition, we studied several of the potential molecular mechanisms involved in those events. RESULTS The direct exposure of microglial cells to sPLA2-IIA stimulated, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, their phagocytic and proliferative capabilities. sPLA2-IIA also triggered the synthesis of the inflammatory proteins COX-2 and TNFα. In addition, EGFR phosphorylation and shedding of the membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (pro-HB-EGF) ectodomain, as well as a rapid activation/phosphorylation of the classical survival proteins ERK, P70S6K and rS6 were induced upon sPLA2-IIA treatment. We further demonstrated that the presence of an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478), a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001), an ADAM inhibitor (TAPI-1), and a HB-EGF neutralizing antibody abrogated the phenotype of activated microglia induced by the sPLA2-IIA. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that sPLA2-IIA may act as a potent modulator of microglial functions through its ability to induce EGFR transactivation and HB-EGF release. Accordingly, pharmacological modulation of EGFR might be a useful tool for treating neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by sPLA2-IIA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín
- Instituto de Biología y Genetica Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain
- ICICOR, Hospital Clínico, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Claudia Cordova
- Instituto de Biología y Genetica Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria L Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genetica Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain
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Chen S, Yao L, Cunningham TJ. Secreted phospholipase A2 involvement in neurodegeneration: differential testing of prosurvival and anti-inflammatory effects of enzyme inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39257. [PMID: 22720084 PMCID: PMC3376100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increased interest in the contribution of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes to neurodegenerative diseases. Systemic treatment with the nonapeptide CHEC-9, a broad spectrum uncompetitive inhibitor of sPLA2, has been shown previously to inhibit neuron death and aspects of the inflammatory response in several models of neurodegeneration. A persistent question in studies of sPLA2 inhibitors, as for several other anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective compounds, is whether the cell protection is direct or due to slowing of the toxic aspects of the inflammatory response. To further explore this issue, we developed assays using SY5Y (neuronal cells) and HL-60 (monocytes) cell lines and examined the effects of sPLA2 inhibition on these homogeneous cell types in vitro. We found that the peptide inhibited sPLA2 enzyme activity in both SY5Y and HL-60 cultures. This inhibition provided direct protection to SY5Y neuronal cells and their processes in response to several forms of stress including exposure to conditioned medium from HL-60 cells. In cultures of HL-60 cells, sPLA2 inhibition had no effect on survival of the cells but attenuated their differentiation into macrophages, with regard to process development, phagocytic ability, and the expression of differentiation marker CD36, as well as the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggest that sPLA2 enzyme activity organizes a cascade of changes comprising both cell degeneration and inflammation, processes that could theoretically operate independently during neurodegenerative conditions. The effectiveness of sPLA2 inhibitor CHEC-9 may be due to its ability to affect both processes in isolation. Testing potential anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective compounds with these human cell lines and their conditioned media may provide a useful screening tool prior to in vivo therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Cunningham
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Secreted phospholipase A2 group IIA is a neurotoxin released by stimulated human glial cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Dendritic cells in human atherosclerosis: from circulation to atherosclerotic plaques. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:941396. [PMID: 21976788 PMCID: PMC3184502 DOI: 10.1155/2011/941396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with atherosclerotic plaques containing inflammatory infiltrates predominantly consisting of monocytes/macrophages and activated T cells. More recent is the implication of dendritic cells (DCs) in the disease. Since DCs were demonstrated in human arteries in 1995, numerous studies in humans suggest a role for these professional antigen-presenting cells in atherosclerosis. Aim. This paper focuses on the observations made in blood and arteries of patients with atherosclerosis. In principal, flow cytometric analyses show that circulating myeloid (m) and plasmacytoid (p) DCs are diminished in coronary artery disease, while immunohistochemical studies describe increased intimal DC counts with evolving plaque stages. Moreover, mDCs and pDCs appear to behave differently in atherosclerosis. Yet, the origin of plaque DCs and their relationship with blood DCs are unknown. Therefore, several explanations for the observed changes are postulated. In addition, the technical challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed. Future. Future studies in humans, in combination with experimental animal studies will unravel mechanisms leading to altered blood and plaque DCs in atherosclerosis. As DCs are crucial for inducing but also dampening immune responses, understanding their life cycle, trafficking and function in atherosclerosis will determine potential use of DCs in antiatherogenic therapies.
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Sheng W, Zong Y, Mohammad A, Ajit D, Cui J, Han D, Hamilton JL, Simonyi A, Sun AY, Gu Z, Hong JS, Weisman GA, Sun GY. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide induce changes in cell morphology, and upregulation of ERK1/2, iNOS and sPLA₂-IIA expression in astrocytes and microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:121. [PMID: 21943492 PMCID: PMC3206447 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, has been implicated in the inflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Although cultured astrocytes and microglia are capable of responding to pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the induction and release of inflammatory factors, no detailed analysis has been carried out to compare the induction of iNOS and sPLA2-IIA. In this study, we investigated the effects of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma) and LPS + IFN-gamma to induce temporal changes in cell morphology and induction of p-ERK1/2, iNOS and sPLA2-IIA expression in immortalized rat (HAPI) and mouse (BV-2) microglial cells, immortalized rat astrocytes (DITNC), and primary microglia and astrocytes. Methods/Results Cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma) and LPS + IFN-gamma induced a time-dependent increase in fine processes (filopodia) in microglial cells but not in astrocytes. Filopodia production was attributed to IFN-gamma and was dependent on ERK1/2 activation. Cytokines induced an early (15 min) and a delayed phase (1 ~ 4 h) increase in p-ERK1/2 expression in microglial cells, and the delayed phase increase corresponded to the increase in filopodia production. In general, microglial cells are more active in responding to cytokines and LPS than astrocytes in the induction of NO. Although IFN-gamma and LPS could individually induce NO, additive production was observed when IFN-gamma was added together with LPS. On the other hand, while TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and LPS could individually induce sPLA2-IIA mRNA and protein expression, this induction process does not require IFN-gamma. Interestingly, neither rat immortalized nor primary microglial cells were capable of responding to cytokines and LPS in the induction of sPLA2-IIA expression. Conclusion These results demonstrated the utility of BV-2 and HAPI cells as models for investigation on cytokine and LPS induction of iNOS, and DITNC astrocytes for induction of sPLA2-IIA. In addition, results further demonstrated that cytokine-induced sPLA2-IIA is attributed mainly to astrocytes and not microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Lee JCM, Simonyi A, Sun AY, Sun GY. Phospholipases A2 and neural membrane dynamics: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2011; 116:813-9. [PMID: 21214562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are essential enzymes in cells. They are not only responsible for maintaining the structural organization of cell membranes, but also play a pivotal role in the regulation of cell functions. Activation of PLA(2) s results in the release of fatty acids and lysophospholipids, products that are lipid mediators and compounds capable of altering membrane microdomains and physical properties. Although not fully understood, recent studies have linked aberrant PLA(2) activity to oxidative signaling pathways involving NADPH oxidase that underlie the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review studies describing the involvement of cytosolic PLA(2) in oxidative signaling pathways leading to neuronal impairment and activation of glial cell inflammatory responses. In addition, this review also includes information on the role of cytosolic PLA(2) and exogenous secretory PLA(2) on membrane physical properties, dynamics, and membrane proteins. Unraveling the mechanisms that regulate specific types of PLA(2)s and their effects on membrane dynamics are important prerequisites towards understanding their roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, and in the development of novel therapeutics to retard progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C-M Lee
- Biological Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Suckling K. Phospholipase A2s: Developing drug targets for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique ability of primary immune response initiation. DCs originate from bone marrow progenitors, which circulate in the peripheral blood and subsequently penetrate peripheral tissues, where they give rise to immature DCs. In peripheral tissues, DCs continuously monitor the microenvironment and, when the cells encounter 'danger' signals, DCs undergo differentiation and maturation. Maturing DCs usually migrate to lymphatic tissues, where they form contacts with T cells to initiate a primary immune response. DCs were identified in arteries in 1995 and since then, further knowledge has been gained about the peculiarities of vascular-associated DCs and their role in atherosclerosis. Immune reactions toward modified lipoproteins and other factors ignited by resident vascular DCs as well as by newly arrived DCs, which originate from blood monocytes, are believed to destabilize arterial homeostasis from very earlier stages of atherogenesis. There is a remarkable heterogeneity of DCs in atherosclerotic lesions. Some DCs mature and become capable of forming clusters with T cells directly within the arterial wall. The predictive value of the numbers of circulating DC precursors in coronary artery disease and in atherosclerosis has been assessed, and it has been shown that DCs have a role in plaque destabilization. Over recent decades, DCs have proven to be a valuable instrument in immunotherapy approaches against cancer and various autoimmune diseases, and this explains the demand that the accumulated knowledge be applied to the field of atherosclerosis immunotherapy.
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Goracci G, Ferrini M, Nardicchi V. Low Molecular Weight Phospholipases A2 in Mammalian Brain and Neural Cells: Roles in Functions and Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:274-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Targeting NADPH oxidase and phospholipases A2 in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:73-86. [PMID: 20195796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by an increase in the production of extracellular beta amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles associated with a decline in brain function. Increases in oxidative stress are regarded as an early sign of AD pathophysiology, although the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanism(s) whereby beta amyloid peptides (Abeta) impact oxidative stress have not been adequately investigated. Recent studies provide strong evidence for the involvement of NADPH oxidase and its downstream oxidative signaling pathways in the toxic effects elicited by Abeta. ROS produced by NADPH oxidase activate multiple signaling pathways leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and glial cell-mediated inflammation. This review describes recent studies demonstrating the neurotoxic effects of Abeta in conjunction with ROS produced by NADPH oxidase and the downstream pathways leading to activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and secretory PLA(2). In addition, this review also describes recent studies using botanical antioxidants to protect against oxidative damage associated with AD. Investigating the metabolic and signaling pathways involving Abeta NADPH oxidase and PLA(2) can help understand the mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative effects of oxidative stress in AD. This information should provide new therapeutic approaches for prevention of this debilitating disease.
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Sun GY, Shelat PB, Jensen MB, He Y, Sun AY, Simonyi A. Phospholipases A2 and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 12:133-48. [PMID: 19855947 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are known to play multiple roles for maintenance of membrane phospholipid homeostasis and for production of a variety of lipid mediators. Over 20 different types of PLA2s are present in the mammalian cells, and in snake and bee venom. Despite their common function in hydrolyzing fatty acids of phospholipids, they are diversely encoded by a number of genes and express proteins that are regulated by different mechanisms. Recent studies have focused on the group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the group VI calcium-independent iPLA2, and the group II small molecule secretory sPLA2. In the central nervous system (CNS), these PLA2s are distributed among neurons and glial cells. Although the physiological role of these PLA2s in regulating neural cell function has not yet been clearly elucidated, there is increasing evidence for their involvement in receptor signaling and transcriptional pathways that link oxidative events to inflammatory responses that underline many neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies also reveal an important role of cPLA2 in modulating neuronal excitatory functions, sPLA2 in the inflammatory responses, and iPLA2 with childhood neurologic disorders associated with brain iron accumulation. The goal for this review is to better understand the structure and function of these PLA2s and to highlight specific types of PLA2s and their cross-talk mechanisms in these inflammatory responses under physiological and pathological conditions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The varied behaviour of macrophages and foam cells during atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae prompt the question whether all these activities can be the property of a single cell population. RECENT FINDINGS Subsets of monocytes with distinct patterns of surface markers and behaviours during inflammation have recently been characterized and shown to have complementary roles during progression of atherosclerosis. A variety of macrophage phenotypes derived from these monocyte subsets in response to mediators of innate and acquired immunity have also been found in plaques. Based on functional properties and genomic signatures, they may have different impacts on facets of plaque development, including fibrous cap and lipid core formation. SUMMARY Monocyte and macrophage phenotypic diversity is important in atherogenesis. More work is needed to define consistent marker sets for the different foam cell phenotypes in experimental animals and humans. Cell tracking studies are needed to establish their relationship with monocyte subtypes. In addition, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of phenotypes will be useful to define their functions and exploit the resulting therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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Wang Q, Sun AY, Pardeike J, Müller RH, Simonyi A, Sun GY. Neuroprotective effects of a nanocrystal formulation of sPLA(2) inhibitor PX-18 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in gerbils. Brain Res 2009; 1285:188-95. [PMID: 19527696 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA(2)-IIA) has been studied extensively because of its involvement in inflammatory processes. Up-regulation of this enzyme has been shown in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. PX-18 is a selective sPLA(2) inhibitor effective in reducing tissue damage resulting from myocardial infarction. However, its use as a neuroprotective agent has been hampered due to its low solubility. In this study, we test the possible neuroprotective effects of PX-18 formulated as a suspension of nanocrystals. Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced in gerbils by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. Four days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), extensive delayed neuronal death, DNA damage, and increases in reactive astrocytes and microglial cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 region. PX-18 nanocrystals (30 and 60 mg/kg body wt) and vehicle controls were injected i.p. immediately after I/R. PX-18 nanocrystal injection significantly reduced delayed neuronal death, DNA damage, as well as glial cell activation. These findings demonstrated the effective neuroprotection of PX-18 in the form of nanocrystal against I/R-induced neuronal damage. The results also suggest that nanocrystals hold promise as an effective strategy for the delivery of compounds with poor solubility that would otherwise be precluded from preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Jensen MD, Sheng W, Simonyi A, Johnson GS, Sun AY, Sun GY. Involvement of oxidative pathways in cytokine-induced secretory phospholipase A2-IIA in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:362-8. [PMID: 19375465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the involvement of secretory phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) in neuroinflammatory diseases. Although sPLA2-IIA is transcriptionally induced through the NF-kappaB pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines, whether this induction pathway is affected by other intracellular signaling pathways has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we demonstrated the induction of sPLA2-IIA mRNA and protein expression in astrocytes by cytokines and detected the protein in the culture medium after stimulation. We further investigated the effects of oxidative pathways and botanical antioxidants on the induction pathway and observed that IL-1beta-induced sPLA2-IIA mRNA expression in astrocytes is dependent on ERK1/2 and PI-3 kinase, but not p38 MAPK. In addition to apocynin, a known NADPH oxidase inhibitor, botanical antioxidants, such as resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate, also inhibited IL-1beta-induced sPLA2-IIA mRNA expression. These compounds also suppressed IL-1beta-induced ERK1/2 activation and translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p67 phox from cytosol to membrane fraction. Taken together, these results support the involvement of reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase in cytokine induction of sPLA2-IIA in astrocytes and promote the use of botanical antioxidants as protective agents for inhibition of inflammatory responses in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Bobik A. Secretory phospholipase A2 type IIA: a regulator of immune function in atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc Res 2009; 81:9-10. [PMID: 18980956 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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