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Microbiota Dysbiosis and Gut Barrier Dysfunction Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Modulated by a Specific Metabolic Cofactors' Combination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213675. [PMID: 36430154 PMCID: PMC9692973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is a selective barrier that not only allows the translocation of nutrients from food, but also microbe-derived metabolites to the systemic circulation that flows through the liver. Microbiota dysbiosis occurs when energy imbalances appear due to an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Dysbiosis has a critical impact on increasing intestinal permeability and epithelial barrier deterioration, contributing to bacterial and antigen translocation to the liver, triggering non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. In this study, the potential therapeutic/beneficial effects of a combination of metabolic cofactors (a multi-ingredient; MI) (betaine, N-acetylcysteine, L-carnitine, and nicotinamide riboside) against NAFLD were evaluated. In addition, we investigated the effects of this metabolic cofactors' combination as a modulator of other players of the gut-liver axis during the disease, including gut barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis. Diet-induced NAFLD mice were distributed into two groups, treated with the vehicle (NAFLD group) or with a combination of metabolic cofactors (NAFLD-MI group), and small intestines were harvested from all animals for histological, molecular, and omics analysis. The MI treatment ameliorated gut morphological changes, decreased gut barrier permeability, and reduced gene expression of some proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, epithelial cell proliferation and the number of goblet cells were increased after MI supplementation. In addition, supplementation with the MI combination promoted changes in the intestinal microbiota composition and diversity, as well as modulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations in feces. Taken together, this specific combination of metabolic cofactors can reverse gut barrier disruption and microbiota dysbiosis contributing to the amelioration of NAFLD progression by modulating key players of the gut-liver axis.
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Pilard M, Ollivier EL, Gourdou-Latyszenok V, Couturaud F, Lemarié CA. Endothelial Cell Phenotype, a Major Determinant of Venous Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:864735. [PMID: 35528838 PMCID: PMC9068971 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.864735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced blood flow velocity in the vein triggers inflammation and is associated with the release into the extracellular space of alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These molecules include extracellular nucleic acids, extracellular purinergic nucleotides (ATP, ADP), cytokines and extracellular HMGB1. They are recognized as a danger signal by immune cells, platelets and endothelial cells. Hence, endothelial cells are capable of sensing environmental cues through a wide variety of receptors expressed at the plasma membrane. The endothelium is then responding by expressing pro-coagulant proteins, including tissue factor, and inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and activation of platelets and leukocytes. This ultimately leads to thrombosis, which is an active pro-inflammatory process, tightly regulated, that needs to be properly resolved to avoid further vascular damages. These mechanisms are often dysregulated, which promote fibrinolysis defects, activation of the immune system and irreversible vascular damages further contributing to thrombotic and inflammatory processes. The concept of thrombo-inflammation is now widely used to describe the complex interactions between the coagulation and inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial cells, activating signals converge to multiple intracellular pathways leading to phenotypical changes turning them into inflammatory-like cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may be a major mechanism of endothelial dysfunction induced during inflammation and thrombosis. EndMT is a biological process where endothelial cells lose their endothelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal markers and functions. Endothelial dysfunction might play a central role in orchestrating and amplifying thrombo-inflammation thought induction of EndMT processes. Mechanisms regulating endothelial dysfunction have been only partially uncovered in the context of thrombotic diseases. In the present review, we focus on the importance of the endothelial phenotype and discuss how endothelial plasticity may regulate the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation. We discuss how the endothelial cells are sensing and responding to environmental cues and contribute to thrombo-inflammation with a particular focus on venous thromboembolism (VTE). A better understanding of the precise mechanisms involved and the specific role of endothelial cells is needed to characterize VTE incidence and address the risk of recurrent VTE and its sequelae.
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Quesada-Vázquez S, Colom-Pellicer M, Navarro-Masip È, Aragonès G, Del Bas JM, Caimari A, Escoté X. Supplementation with a Specific Combination of Metabolic Cofactors Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Fibrosis, and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3532. [PMID: 34684533 PMCID: PMC8541294 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have emerged as the leading causes of chronic liver disease in the world. Obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are multifactorial risk factors strongly associated with NAFLD/NASH. Here, a specific combination of metabolic cofactors (a multi-ingredient; MI) containing precursors of glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (betaine, N-acetyl-cysteine, L-carnitine and nicotinamide riboside) was evaluated as effective treatment for the NAFLD/NASH pathophysiology. Six-week-old male mice were randomly divided into control diet animals and animals exposed to a high fat and high fructose/sucrose diet to induce NAFLD. After 16 weeks, diet-induced NAFLD mice were distributed into two groups, treated with the vehicle (HFHFr group) or with a combination of metabolic cofactors (MI group) for 4 additional weeks, and blood and liver were obtained from all animals for biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. The MI treatment reduced liver steatosis, decreasing liver weight and hepatic lipid content, and liver injury, as evidenced by a pronounced decrease in serum levels of liver transaminases. Moreover, animals supplemented with the MI cocktail showed a reduction in the gene expression of some proinflammatory cytokines when compared with their HFHFr counterparts. In addition, MI supplementation was effective in decreasing hepatic fibrosis and improving insulin sensitivity, as observed by histological analysis, as well as a reduction in fibrotic gene expression (Col1α1) and improved Akt activation, respectively. Taken together, supplementation with this specific combination of metabolic cofactors ameliorates several features of NAFLD, highlighting this treatment as a potential efficient therapy against this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Quesada-Vázquez
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Èlia Navarro-Masip
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Josep M. Del Bas
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
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Fang Z, Wang X, Sun X, Hu W, Miao QR. The Role of Histone Protein Acetylation in Regulating Endothelial Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672447. [PMID: 33996829 PMCID: PMC8113824 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC), consisting of the innermost cellular layer of all types of vessels, is not only a barrier composer but also performing multiple functions in physiological processes. It actively controls the vascular tone and the extravasation of water, solutes, and macromolecules; modulates circulating immune cells as well as platelet and leukocyte recruitment/adhesion and activation. In addition, EC also tightly keeps coagulation/fibrinolysis balance and plays a major role in angiogenesis. Therefore, endothelial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Growing pieces of evidence suggest that histone protein acetylation, an epigenetic mark, is altered in ECs under different conditions, and the acetylation status change at different lysine sites on histone protein plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction and involved in hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammatory disease, cancer and so on. In this review, we highlight the importance of histone acetylation in regulating endothelial functions and discuss the roles of histone acetylation across the transcriptional unit of protein-coding genes in ECs under different disease-related pathophysiological processes. Since histone acetylation changes are conserved and reversible, the knowledge of histone acetylation in endothelial function regulation could provide insights to develop epigenetic interventions in preventing or treating endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoran Sun
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Wenquan Hu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Qing R. Miao
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
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Danese E, Montagnana M, Gelati M, Lippi G. The Role of Epigenetics in the Regulation of Hemostatic Balance. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 47:53-62. [PMID: 33368118 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics, a term conventionally used to explain the intricate interplay between genes and the environment, is now regarded as the fundament of developmental biology. Several lines of evidence garnered over the past decades suggest that epigenetic alterations, mostly encompassing DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, and generation of microRNAs, play an important, though still incompletely explored, role in both primary and secondary hemostasis. Epigenetic variations may interplay with platelet functions and their responsiveness to antiplatelet drugs, and they may also exert a substantial contribution in modulating the production and release into the bloodstream of proteins involved in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. This emerging evidence may have substantial biological and clinical implications. An enhanced understanding of posttranscriptional mechanisms would help to clarify some remaining enigmatic issues in primary and secondary hemostasis, which cannot be thoughtfully explained by genetics or biochemistry alone. Increased understanding would also pave the way to developing innovative tests for better assessment of individual risk of bleeding or thrombosis. The accurate recognition of key epigenetic mechanisms in hemostasis would then contribute to identify new putative therapeutic targets, and develop innovative agents that could be helpful for preventing or managing a vast array of hemostasis disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Gelati
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Moschny N, Jahn K, Bajbouj M, Maier HB, Ballmaier M, Khan AQ, Pollak C, Bleich S, Frieling H, Neyazi A. DNA Methylation of the t-PA Gene Differs Between Various Immune Cell Subtypes Isolated From Depressed Patients Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:571. [PMID: 32636772 PMCID: PMC7319092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a tremendous health threat to the world's population. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment option for refractory MDD patients. Ample evidence suggests brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to play a crucial role in ECT's mode of action. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are involved in BDNF production. HYPOTHESIS The DNA methylation of gene regions encoding for t-PA and PAI-1 might be a suitable biomarker for ECT response prediction. METHODS We withdrew blood from two cohorts of treatment-resistant MDD patients receiving ECT. In the first cohort (n = 59), blood was collected at baseline only. To evaluate DNA methylation changes throughout the treatment course, we acquired a second group (n = 28) and took blood samples at multiple time points. DNA isolated from whole blood and defined immune cell subtypes (B cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells) served for epigenetic analyses. RESULTS Mixed linear models (corrected for multiple testing by Sidak's post-hoc test) revealed (1) no detectable baseline blood DNA methylation differences between ECT remitters (n = 33) and non-remitters (n = 53) in the regions analyzed, but (2) a significant difference in t-PA's DNA methylation between the investigated immune cell subtypes instead (p < 0.00001). This difference remained stable throughout the treatment course, showed no acute changes after ECT, and was independent of clinical remission. CONCLUSION DNA methylation of both proteins seems to play a minor role in ECT's mechanisms. Generally, we recommend using defined immune cell subtypes (instead of whole blood only) for DNA methylation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Moschny
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Veterinary Pathobiology, Neuroinfectiology, and Translational Medicine (HGNI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jahn
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Benedictine Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Pollak
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Veterinary Pathobiology, Neuroinfectiology, and Translational Medicine (HGNI), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Veterinary Pathobiology, Neuroinfectiology, and Translational Medicine (HGNI), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Veterinary Pathobiology, Neuroinfectiology, and Translational Medicine (HGNI), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zhu J, Wan Y, Xu H, Wu Y, Hu B, Jin H. The role of endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in neuronal survival after ischemic stroke: friend or foe? Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1489-1506. [PMID: 30656378 PMCID: PMC11105644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has highly efficient fibrinolytic activity and its recombinant variants alteplase and tenecteplase are established as highly effective thrombolytic drugs for ischemic stroke. Endogenous tPA is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with a variety of substrates, binding proteins and receptors, thus having enzymatic and cytokine-like effects to act on all cell types of the brain. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have explored the clinical relevance of endogenous tPA in neurological diseases, especially in ischemic stroke. tPA is released from many cells within the brain parenchyma exposed to ischemia conditions in vitro and in vivo, which is believed to control neuronal fate. Some studies proved that tPA could induce blood-brain barrier disruption, neural excitotoxicity and inflammation, while others indicated that tPA also has anti-excitotoxic, neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons. Therefore, more work is needed to elucidate how tPA mediates such opposing functions that may amplify tPA from a therapeutic means into a key therapeutic target in endogenous neuroprotection after stroke. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and pleiotropic functions of tPA in the brain. Then we focus on possible hypotheses about why and how endogenous tPA mediates ischemic neuronal death and survival. Finally, we analyze how endogenous tPA affects neuron fate in ischemic stroke in a comprehensive view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hexiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yulang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Ko HM, Jin Y, Park HH, Lee JH, Jung SH, Choi SY, Lee SH, Shin CY. Dual mechanisms for the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by valproic acid in neural progenitor cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:679-688. [PMID: 30402028 PMCID: PMC6205935 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.6.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that share behavioral features, the results of numerous studies have suggested that the underlying causes of ASDs are multifactorial. Behavioral and/or neurobiological analyses of ASDs have been performed extensively using a valid model of prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA). Abnormal synapse formation resulting from altered neurite outgrowth in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during embryonic brain development has been observed in both the VPA model and ASD subjects. Although several mechanisms have been suggested, the actual mechanism underlying enhanced neurite outgrowth remains unclear. In this study, we found that VPA enhanced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), particularly mature BDNF (mBDNF), through dual mechanisms. VPA increased the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF by suppressing the nuclear expression of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), which is a transcriptional repressor of BDNF. In addition, VPA promoted the expression and activity of the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which induces BDNF maturation through proteolytic cleavage. Trichostatin A and sodium butyrate also enhanced tPA activity, but tPA activity was not induced by valpromide, which is a VPA analog that does not induce histone acetylation, indicating that histone acetylation activity was required for tPA regulation. VPA-mediated regulation of BDNF, MeCP2, and tPA was not observed in astrocytes or neurons. Therefore, these results suggested that VPA-induced mBDNF upregulation was associated with the dysregulation of MeCP2 and tPA in developing cortical NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Myung Ko
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Woosuk University, Jincheon 27841, Korea
| | - Yeonsun Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Science, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Kidoguchi M, Noguchi E, Nakamura T, Ninomiya T, Morii W, Yoshida K, Morikawa T, Kato Y, Imoto Y, Sakashita M, Takabayashi T, Fujieda S. DNA Methylation of Proximal PLAT Promoter in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:374-379. [DOI: 10.1177/1945892418782236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nasal polyps (NP) are characterized by pseudocysts derived from stromal tissue edema and cause persistent infections in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). A low level of tissue-type plasminogen activator (gene name PLAT) is considered a cause of stromal tissue edema because of insufficient plasmin activation in NP; however, the mechanism regulating PLAT gene expression levels is still unclear. The epigenetic mechanism regulating the PLAT gene expression has been studied in other tissues. Objective We aimed to investigate the methylation levels in the proximal PLAT promoter and their effects on gene expression in NP tissue. Methods We investigated the methylation levels at 3 CpG sites in the proximal PLAT promoter regions (−618, −121, and −105 with respect to the transcription initiation site) by bisulfite pyrosequencing and their effects on the gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 20 paired samples of NP and inferior turbinate tissue (IT) from patients with CRS. Results The DNA methylation levels at all CpG sites were higher ( P < .01), and the PLAT expression was lower ( P < .001) in NP compared with IT. The methylation changes at the −618 site showed a negative correlation with the gene expression changes between NP and IT ( r = −.65, P < .01). Conclusions Hypermethylation of PLAT promoter may downregulate the gene expression in NP, leading to excessive fibrin deposition by aberrant coagulation cascade. DNA methylation of proximal PLAT promoter may contribute to NP growth and have a potential as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kidoguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takako Nakamura
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ninomiya
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Wataru Morii
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshida
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Taiyo Morikawa
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakashita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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10
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Imoto Y, Kato A, Takabayashi T, Sakashita M, Norton JE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Weibman AR, Hulse KE, Stevens W, Harris KE, Peters AT, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Welch K, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Short-chain fatty acids induce tissue plasminogen activator in airway epithelial cells via GPR41&43. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:544-554. [PMID: 29431874 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease generally divided based on the presence or absence of nasal polyps (NPs). One of the features of NPs is excessive fibrin deposition, which is associated with down-regulation of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in NPs. As t-PA is expressed in epithelial cells, and epithelium is readily accessible to topical therapies, identifying compounds that can mediate the induction of t-PA would be a potential new strategy for the treatment of NPs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can induce t-PA in airway epithelial cells via their known receptors GPR41 and GPR43. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine whether receptors for SCFAs, known as G protein-coupled receptor 41/free fatty acid receptor 3 (GPR41/FFAR3) and GPR43/FFAR2, are expressed in nasal tissue. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were stimulated with different concentrations of SCFAs to test induction of t-PA, which was analysed by expression of mRNA and protein. Mediation of responses by SCFA receptors was evaluated by specific receptor gene silencing with siRNA. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry study revealed that airway epithelial cells expressed GPR41 and GPR43. Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid significantly induced t-PA expression from two- to tenfolds. The strongest inducer of t-PA from NHBE cells was propionic acid; cells stimulated with propionic acid released t-PA into the supernatant in its active form. Gene silencing of GPR41 and GPR43 revealed that induction of t-PA by SCFAs was dependent upon both GPR41 and GPR43. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Short-chain fatty acids were shown to induce airway epithelial cell expression of t-PA via GPR41 and GPR43. Topical delivery of potent compounds that activate these receptors may have value by reducing fibrin deposition and shrinking nasal polyp growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imoto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - A Kato
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Takabayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - M Sakashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - J E Norton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L A Suh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R G Carter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A R Weibman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K E Hulse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Stevens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K E Harris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A T Peters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L C Grammer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B K Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Welch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D B Conley
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R C Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - R P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Li NX, Sun JW, Yu LM. Evaluation of the circulating MicroRNA-495 and Stat3 as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5262-5273. [PMID: 29266445 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the prognostic and predictive biomarker of miR-495 and Stat3 in peripheral blood in relation to lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Patients with lower limb fractures were assigned into case and control groups. Rats were allocated into blank (normal rats), sham (normal rats), DVT, miR-495 mimic, miR-495 inhibitor, over-Stat3, and si-Stat3 groups. ELISA was used to detect levels of prothrombin time (PT), endothelin-1 (ET-1), Human Fibrinogen (FIB), D-Dimer, blood coagulation factors V and VIII, tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), platelet activating factor (PAF), protein C and Stat3. qRT-PCR was employed for the evaluation of the expressions of miR-495 and Stat3, while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the predictive value of miR-495 and Stat3 as well as the treatment outcomes of patients with lower limb fractures. Logistic regression analyses were conducted in order to correlate indexes and lower extremity DVT. miR-495 overexpression, t-PA, PAF, and protein C were confirmed to be protective factors, while Stat3 overexpression, PT, ET-1, FIB, D-Dimer, blood coagulation factor V, and VIII were all ultimately considered to be risk factors of lower extremity DVT. Stat3 was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-495. Compared with the blank group, the length and weight of the thrombus as well as the ratio between length and weight, mRNA and protein expression of Stat3 were reduced in the miR-495 mimic and si-Stat3 groups. Our findings suggest that through the suppression of Stat3 expression, miR-495 prohibits lower extremity DVT in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xuan Li
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wu Sun
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - La-Mei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
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12
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Effect of Regulatory Element DNA Methylation on Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167588. [PMID: 27973546 PMCID: PMC5156355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene (t-PA; gene name PLAT) is regulated, in part, by epigenetic mechanisms. We investigated the relationship between PLAT methylation and PLAT expression in five primary human cell types and six transformed cell lines. CpG methylation was analyzed in the proximal PLAT gene promoter and near the multihormone responsive enhancer (MHRE) -7.3 kilobase pairs upstream of the PLAT transcriptional start site (TSS, -7.3 kb). In Bowes melanoma cells, the PLAT promoter and the MHRE were fully unmethylated and t-PA secretion was extremely high. In other cell types the region from -647 to -366 was fully methylated, whereas an unmethylated stretch of DNA from -121 to +94 was required but not sufficient for detectable t-PA mRNA and t-PA secretion. DNA methylation near the MHRE was not correlated with t-PA secretion. Specific methylation of the PLAT promoter region -151 to +151, inserted into a firefly luciferase reporter gene, abolished reporter gene activity. The region -121 to + 94 contains two well-described regulatory elements, a PMA-responsive element (CRE) near -106 and a GC-rich region containing an Sp1 binding site near +59. Methylation of double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides containing the CRE or the GC-rich region had little or no effect on transcription factor binding. Methylated CpGs may attract co-repressor complexes that contain histone deacetylases (HDAC). However, reporter gene activity of methylated plasmids was not restored by the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin. In conclusion, efficient PLAT gene expression requires a short stretch of unmethylated CpG sites in the proximal promoter.
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13
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Larsson P, Alwis I, Niego B, Sashindranath M, Fogelstrand P, Wu MCL, Glise L, Magnusson M, Daglas M, Bergh N, Jackson SP, Medcalf RL, Jern S. Valproic acid selectively increases vascular endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator production and reduces thrombus formation in the mouse. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2496-2508. [PMID: 27706906 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Stimulating endogenous fibrinolysis could be a novel antithrombotic strategy. The effect of valproic acid on endothelial tissue plasminogen activator in mice was investigated. Valproic acid increased tissue plasminogen activator expression in vascular endothelium. Valproic acid reduced fibrin deposition and thrombus formation after vascular injury. SUMMARY Background The endogenous fibrinolytic system has rarely been considered as a target to prevent thrombotic disease. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) production is potently increased by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in endothelial cells in vitro, but whether this translates into increased vascular t-PA production and an enhanced fibrinolytic capacity in vivo is unknown. Objectives To determine whether the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) stimulates production of t-PA in the vasculature of mice, and whether VPA pretreatment affects fibrin deposition and clot formation after mechanical vessel injury. Methods Mice were injected with VPA twice daily for up to 5 days. t-PA mRNA, and antigen expression in the mouse aorta and the circulating levels of t-PA were determined. Fibrin and thrombus dynamics after mechanical vessel injury were monitored with intravital confocal microscopy. Potential effects of VPA on platelets and coagulation were investigated. Results and Conclusions We found that VPA treatment increased vascular t-PA production in vivo and, importantly, that VPA administration was associated with reduced fibrin accumulation and smaller thrombi in response to vascular injury, but still was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Furthermore, we observed that higher concentrations of VPA were required to stimulate t-PA production in the brain than in the vasculature. Thus, this study shows that VPA can be dosed to selectively manipulate the fibrinolytic system in the vascular compartment and reduce thrombus formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Alwis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Niego
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Sashindranath
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Fogelstrand
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M C L Wu
- Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Glise
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Magnusson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Daglas
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Bergh
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S P Jackson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - R L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Jern
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Dependence of Proximal GC Boxes and Binding Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Basal and Valproic Acid-Induced Expression of t-PA. Int J Vasc Med 2016; 2016:7928681. [PMID: 26966581 PMCID: PMC4761389 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7928681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release is a pivotal response to protect the circulation from occluding thrombosis. We have shown that the t-PA gene is epigenetically regulated and greatly induced by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). We now investigated involvement of known t-PA promoter regulatory elements and evaluated dependence of potential interacting transcription factors/cofactors. Methods. A reporter vector with an insert, separately mutated at either the t-PA promoter CRE or GC box II or GC box III elements, was transfected into HT-1080 and HUVECs and challenged with VPA. HUVECs were targeted with siRNA against histone acetyl transferases (HAT) and selected transcription factors from the Sp/KLF family. Results. An intact VPA-response was observed with CRE mutated constructs, whereas mutation of GC boxes II and III reduced the magnitude of the induction by 54 and 79% in HT-1080 and 49 and 50% in HUVECs, respectively. An attenuated induction of t-PA mRNA was observed after Sp2, Sp4, and KLF5 depletion. KLF2 and p300 (HAT) were identified as positive regulators of basal t-PA expression and Sp4 and KLF9 as repressors. Conclusion. VPA-induced t-PA expression is dependent on the proximal GC boxes in the t-PA promoter and may involve interactions with Sp2, Sp4, and KLF5.
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15
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Olsson M, Hultman K, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Kruithof EKO, Jern C. Epigenetic Regulation of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Human Brain Tissue and Brain-Derived Cells. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:9-13. [PMID: 26823649 PMCID: PMC4727487 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s30241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is involved in both vital physiological brain processes, such as synaptic plasticity, and pathophysiological conditions, such as neurodegeneration and ischemic stroke. Recent data suggest that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of t-PA in human endothelial cells. However, there are limited data on epigenetic regulation of t-PA in human brain-derived cells. We demonstrate that treatment of cultured human neurons and human astrocytes with the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and MS-275 resulted in a two- to threefold increase in t-PA mRNA and protein expression levels. Next, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay on treated astrocytes with antibodies directed against acetylated histones H3 and H4 (both markers of gene activation). Treatment with MS-275 and TSA for 24 hours resulted in a significant increase in H3 acetylation, which could explain the observed increase in t-PA gene activity after the inhibition of histone deacety-lation. Furthermore, DNA methylation analysis of cultured human neurons and astrocytes, as well as human postmortem brain tissue, revealed a stretch of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the proximal t-PA promoter, whereas more upstream CpGs were highly methylated. Taken together, these results implicate involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of t-PA expression in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Olsson
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Hultman
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Egbert K O Kruithof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Jern
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Magnusson M, Lu EX, Larsson P, Ulfhammer E, Bergh N, Carén H, Jern S. Dynamic Enhancer Methylation--A Previously Unrecognized Switch for Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141805. [PMID: 26509603 PMCID: PMC4625093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is synthesized in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessel walls, is a key player in the fibrinolytic system protecting the circulation against occluding thrombus formation. Although classical gene regulation has been quite extensively studied in order to understand the mechanisms behind t-PA regulation, epigenetics, including DNA methylation, still is a largely unexplored field. The aim of this study was to establish the methylation pattern in the t-PA promoter and enhancer in non-cultured compared to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to simultaneously examine the level of t-PA gene expression. Bisulphite sequencing was used to evaluate the methylation status, and real-time RT-PCR to determine the gene expression level. While the t-PA promoter was stably unmethylated, we surprisingly observed a rapid reduction in the amount of methylation in the enhancer during cell culturing. This demethylation was in strong negative correlation with a pronounced (by a factor of approximately 25) increase in t-PA gene expression levels. In this study, we show that the methylation level in the t-PA enhancer appears to act as a previously unrecognized switch controlling t-PA expression. Our findings, which suggest that DNA methylation is quite dynamic, have implications also for the interpretation of cell culture experiments in general, as well as in a wider biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Magnusson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Xuchun Lu
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Larsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ulfhammer
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Bergh
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (HC); (SJ)
| | - Sverker Jern
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (HC); (SJ)
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17
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Svennerholm K, Haney M, Biber B, Ulfhammer E, Saluveer O, Larsson P, Omerovic E, Jern S, Bergh N. Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances tissue plasminogen activator release capacity in atherosclerotic man. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121196. [PMID: 25807501 PMCID: PMC4373842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expression of the tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene appears to be under epigenetic control and can be affected by histone deacetylation inhibition. The study aimed to test if histone deacetalyase inhibitor treatment lead to increased t-PA release or reduced exhaustion in t-PA release in response to stimulation, as well as change in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in subjects with coronary disease. In this clinical study, 16 post-myocardial infarction subjects, the perfused forearm model was used with isoprenaline provocation during 20 minutes, to stimulate local t-PA release. Each subject was measured twice on the same day (repeated stimuli sequences) as well as on two different occasions, without treatment and after four weeks of treatment with valproic acid (500 mg, twice daily). Net forearm release for t-PA in response to isoprenaline at minutes 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 was measured, allowing assessment of cumulative t-PA release. There was a reduction in the exhaustion of cumulative t-PA release during repeated and prolonged stimulation with valproic acid treatment compared to non-treatment. Plasma PAI-1 antigen was decreased following treatment compared to non-treatment (18.4 ± 10.0 vs. 11.0 ± 7.1 nanograms/ml respectively, mean with 95% confidence interval). These findings demonstrate that histone deacetylation inhibition increases the capacity for endogenous t-PA release in subjects with vascular disease. Furthermore, the fibrinolytic balance is favored with suppressed PAI-1 levels. More studies are needed to establish the clinical relevance of these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION EU Clinical Trials Register 2012-004950-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Svennerholm
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Haney
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute for Surgical and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Björn Biber
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ulfhammer
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ott Saluveer
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Larsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sverker Jern
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Bergh
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Zheng XX, Zhou T, Wang XA, Tong XH, Ding JW. Histone deacetylases and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2014; 240:355-66. [PMID: 25875381 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common pathological process that leads to cardiovascular diseases, a disease of large- and medium-sized arteries that is characterized by a formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of necrotic cores, calcified regions, accumulated modified lipids, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells, leukocytes, and foam cells. Recently, the question about how to suppress the occurrence of atherosclerosis and alleviate the progress of cardiovascular disease becomes the hot topic. Accumulating evidence suggests that histone deacetylases(HDACs) play crucial roles in arteriosclerosis. This review summarizes the effect of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors(HDACi) on the progress of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-xia Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-hong Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-wang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China.
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19
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Saluveer O, Larsson P, Ridderstråle W, Hrafnkelsdóttir TJ, Jern S, Bergh N. Profibrinolytic effect of the epigenetic modifier valproic acid in man. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107582. [PMID: 25295869 PMCID: PMC4189785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to test if pharmacological intervention by valproic acid (VPA) treatment can modulate the fibrinolytic system in man, by means of increased acute release capacity of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) as well as an altered t-PA/Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) balance. Recent data from in vitro research demonstrate that the fibrinolytic system is epigenetically regulated mainly by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. HDAC inhibitors, including VPA markedly upregulate t-PA gene expression in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS The trial had a cross-over design where healthy men (n = 10), were treated with VPA (Ergenyl Retard) 500 mg depot tablets twice daily for 2 weeks. Capacity for stimulated t-PA release was assessed in the perfused-forearm model using intra-brachial Substance P infusion and venous occlusion plethysmography. Each subject was investigated twice, untreated and after VPA treatment, with 5 weeks wash-out in-between. VPA treatment resulted in considerably decreased levels of circulating PAI-1 antigen from 22.2 (4.6) to 10.8 (2.1) ng/ml (p<0.05). It slightly decreased the levels of circulating venous t-PA antigen (p<0.05), and the t-PA:PAI-1 antigen ratio increased (p<0.01). Substance P infusion resulted in an increase in forearm blood flow (FBF) on both occasions (p<0.0001 for both). The acute t-PA release in response to Substance P was not affected by VPA (p = ns). CONCLUSION Valproic acid treatment lowers plasma PAI-1 antigen levels and changes the fibrinolytic balance measured as t-PA/PAI-1 ratio in a profibrinolytic direction. This may in part explain the reduction in incidence of myocardial infarctions by VPA treatment observed in recent pharmacoepidemiological studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION The EU Clinical Trials Register 2009-011723-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ott Saluveer
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Pia Larsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wilhelm Ridderstråle
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thórdís J. Hrafnkelsdóttir
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Landspitali University Hospital and the University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sverker Jern
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Bergh
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment increases coronary t-PA release in a porcine ischemia model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97260. [PMID: 24818610 PMCID: PMC4018339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of the tissue plasminogen activator gene can be affected by histone deacetylation inhibition and thus appears to be under epigenetic control. Objectives The study aimed to test if in vivo pharmacological intervention by valproic acid treatment would lead to increase in tissue plasminogen activator release capacity. Methods In an anaesthetized pig model, a controlled transient coronary occlusion was used to stimulate coronary tissue plasminogen activator release in a valproic acid treated (one week) and a non-treated group. Coronary venous blood samples from the ischemic region were collected, great cardiac vein thermodilution flow measurements were performed, and trans-coronary tissue plasminogen activator fluxes were calculated. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was also measured. Results Adequate sampling from the affected area after the 10 minute ischemic period was confirmed by lactate measurements. Fluxes for tissue plasminogen activator at minutes 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 were measured and then used to present cumulative net tissue plasminogen activator release for the whole measurement period for both groups. Area under the curve was higher for the valproic acid treated group at 10 minutes; 932±173 nanograms (n = 12) compared to the non-treated group, 451±78 nanograms (n = 10, p = 0.023). There was no difference in levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 between groups. Conclusions These findings support a proof of concept for histone deacetylation inhibition positive effect on tissue plasminogen activator expression in an in vivo setting. Further studies are needed to find an optimal way to implement histone deacetylation inhibition to achieve desired clinical changes in tissue plasminogen activator expression.
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Kruithof EKO, Dunoyer-Geindre S. Human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:243-54. [PMID: 24718307 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA ) plays an important role in the removal of intravascular fibrin deposits and has several physiological roles and pathological activities in the brain. Its production by many other cell types suggests that t-PA has additional functions outside the vascular and central nervous system. Activity of t-PA is regulated at the level of its gene transcription, its mRNA stability and translation, its storage and regulated release, its interaction with cofactors that enhance its activity, its inhibition by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 or neuroserpin, and its removal by clearance receptors. Gene transcription of t-PA is modulated by a large number of hormones, growth factors, cytokines or drugs and t-PA gene responses may be tissue-specific. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on t-PA function and regulation of its pericellular activity, with an emphasis on regulation of its gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K O Kruithof
- Egbert K.O. Kruithof, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
| | - S Dunoyer-Geindre
- Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
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Kwaan HC, Cull EH. The coagulopathy in acute promyelocytic leukaemia – What have we learned in the past twenty years. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014; 27:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang X, Kusumo H, Sakharkar AJ, Pandey SC, Guizzetti M. Regulation of DNA methylation by ethanol induces tissue plasminogen activator expression in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2013; 128:344-9. [PMID: 24117907 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure affects neuronal plasticity in the adult and developing brain. Astrocytes play a major role in modulating neuronal plasticity and are a target of ethanol. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in modulating neuronal plasticity by degrading the extracellular matrix proteins including fibronectin and laminin and is up-regulated by ethanol in vivo. In this study we explored the hypothesis that ethanol affects DNA methylation in astrocytes thereby increasing expression and release of tPA. It was found that ethanol increased tPA mRNA levels, an effect mimicked by an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. Ethanol also increased tPA protein expression and release, and inhibited DNMT activity with a corresponding decrease in DNA methylation levels of the tPA promoter. Furthermore, it was observed that protein levels of DNMT3A, but not DNMT1, were reduced in astrocytes after ethanol exposure. These novel studies show that ethanol inhibits DNA methylation in astrocytes leading to increased tPA expression and release; this effect may be involved in astrocyte-mediated inhibition of neuronal plasticity by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors stimulate tissue-type plasminogen activator production in vascular endothelial cells. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013; 35:185-92. [PMID: 23229086 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reduced capacity for acute tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release is likely to be associated with an impaired endogenous defense against intravascular thrombosis. Efficient approaches to pharmacologically restore a defective t-PA release have been lacking, but recent observations suggest that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) enhance t-PA production in vitro. HDACis have diverse chemical structures and different HDAC-enzyme sub-class targeting. We here compared the effects of several clinically used HDACis on t-PA production in endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to a panel of 11 different HDACis and t-PA mRNA and protein levels were quantified. All HDACis dose-dependently stimulated t-PA mRNA and protein expression with similar maximal efficacy but with different potencies. Already at low concentrations, the majority of inhibitors caused significant and sustained effects on t-PA production. In addition, selected HDACis were capable of normalizing t-PA production when suppressed by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. We conclude that HDACis targeting classical HDAC enzymes are powerful inducers of t-PA expression in cultured endothelial cells and could be promising candidates for pharmacological modulation of endogenous fibrinolysis in man.
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Larsson P, Ulfhammer E, Magnusson M, Bergh N, Lunke S, El-Osta A, Medcalf RL, Svensson PA, Karlsson L, Jern S. Role of histone acetylation in the stimulatory effect of valproic acid on vascular endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31573. [PMID: 22363677 PMCID: PMC3282745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Stimulated release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is pivotal for an intravascular fibrinolytic response and protects the circulation from occluding thrombosis. Hence, an impaired t-PA production is associated with increased risk for atherothrombotic events. A pharmacological means to stimulate the production of this enzyme may thus be desirable. We investigated if the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) is capable of enhancing t-PA expression in vitro in vascular endothelial cells, and further examined if its histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitory activity is of importance for regulating t-PA expression. Methods and Results Human endothelial cells were exposed to valproic acid and t-PA mRNA and protein levels were quantified. Potential changes in histone acetylation status globally and at the t-PA promoter were examined by western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Valproic acid dose-dependently stimulated t-PA mRNA and protein expression in endothelial cells reaching a 2–4-fold increase at clinically relevant concentrations and 10-fold increase at maximal concentrations. Transcription profiling analysis revealed that t-PA is selectively targeted by this agent. Augmented histone acetylation was detected at the t-PA transcription start site, and an attenuated VPA-response was observed with siRNA knock of HDAC3, HDAC5 and HDAC7. Conclusions Valproic acid induces t-PA expression in cultured endothelial cells, and this is associated with increased histone acetylation at the t-PA promoter. Given the apparent potency of valproic acid in stimulating t-PA expression in vitro this substance may be a candidate for pharmacological modulation of endogenous fibrinolysis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Larsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ulfhammer
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mia Magnusson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Bergh
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Point, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Karlsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sverker Jern
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ylä-Herttuala S, Glass CK. Review focus on epigenetics and the histone code in vascular biology. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:402-3. [PMID: 21586445 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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