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Grunert M, Dorn C, Dopazo A, Sánchez-Cabo F, Vázquez J, Rickert-Sperling S, Lara-Pezzi E. Technologies to Study Genetics and Molecular Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:435-458. [PMID: 38884724 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the study of congenital heart disease (CHD) has benefited from various model systems and the development of molecular biological techniques enabling the analysis of single gene as well as global effects. In this chapter, we first describe different models including CHD patients and their families, animal models ranging from invertebrates to mammals, and various cell culture systems. Moreover, techniques to experimentally manipulate these models are discussed. Second, we introduce cardiac phenotyping technologies comprising the analysis of mouse and cell culture models, live imaging of cardiogenesis, and histological methods for fixed hearts. Finally, the most important and latest molecular biotechniques are described. These include genotyping technologies, different applications of next-generation sequencing, and the analysis of transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome. In summary, the models and technologies presented in this chapter are essential to study the function and development of the heart and to understand the molecular pathways underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grunert
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DiNAQOR AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Dorn
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jésus Vázquez
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Myocardial Homeostasis and Cardiac Injury Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Dorn C, Perrot A, Grunert M, Rickert-Sperling S. Human Genetics of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double-Outlet Right Ventricle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:629-644. [PMID: 38884738 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) are conotruncal defects resulting from disturbances of the second heart field and the neural crest, which can occur as isolated malformations or as part of multiorgan syndromes. Their etiology is multifactorial and characterized by overlapping genetic causes. In this chapter, we present the different genetic alterations underlying the two diseases, which range from chromosomal abnormalities like aneuploidies and structural mutations to rare single nucleotide variations affecting distinct genes. For example, mutations in the cardiac transcription factors NKX2-5, GATA4, and HAND2 have been identified in isolated TOF cases, while mutations of TBX5 and 22q11 deletion, leading to haploinsufficiency of TBX1, cause Holt-Oram and DiGeorge syndrome, respectively. Moreover, genes involved in signaling pathways, laterality determination, and epigenetic mechanisms have also been found mutated in TOF and/or DORV patients. Finally, genome-wide association studies identified common single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk for TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dorn
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Perrot
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Grunert
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DiNAQOR AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
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3
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Huang X, Fu Y, Lee H, Zhao Y, Yang W, van de Leemput J, Han Z. Single-cell profiling of the developing embryonic heart in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201936. [PMID: 37526610 PMCID: PMC10482008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila is an important model for studying heart development and disease. Yet, single-cell transcriptomic data of its developing heart have not been performed. Here, we report single-cell profiling of the entire fly heart using ∼3000 Hand-GFP embryos collected at five consecutive developmental stages, ranging from bilateral migrating rows of cardiac progenitors to a fused heart tube. The data revealed six distinct cardiac cell types in the embryonic fly heart: cardioblasts, both Svp+ and Tin+ subtypes; and five types of pericardial cell (PC) that can be distinguished by four key transcription factors (Eve, Odd, Ct and Tin) and include the newly described end of the line PC. Notably, the embryonic fly heart combines transcriptional signatures of the mammalian first and second heart fields. Using unique markers for each heart cell type, we defined their number and location during heart development to build a comprehensive 3D cell map. These data provide a resource to track the expression of any gene in the developing fly heart, which can serve as a reference to study genetic perturbations and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Huang
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hangnoh Lee
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yunpo Zhao
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wendy Yang
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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García-Padilla C, Domínguez JN, Aránega AE, Franco D. Differential chamber-specific expression and regulation of long non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194435. [PMID: 31678627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is governed by a complex interplay between inducting signals such as Bmps and Fgfs leading to activation of cardiac specific transcription factors such as Nkx2.5, Mef2c and Srf that orchestrate the initial steps of cardiogenesis. Over the last decade we have witnessed the discovery of novel layers of gene regulation, i.e. post-transcriptional regulation exerted by non-coding RNAs. The function role of small non coding RNAs has been widely demonstrated, e.g. miR-1 knockout display several cardiovascular abnormalities during embryogenesis. More recently long non-coding RNAs have been also reported to modulate gene expression and function in the developing heart, as exemplified by the embryonic lethal phenotypes of Fendrr and Braveheart knock out mice, respectively. In this study, we investigated the differential expression profile during cardiogenesis of previously reported lncRNAs in heart development. Our data revealed that Braveheart, Fendrr, Carmen display a preferential adult expression while Miat, Alien, H19 preferentially display chamber-specific expression at embryonic stages. We also demonstrated that these lncRNAs are differentially regulated by Nkx2.5, Srf and Mef2c, Pitx2 > Wnt > miRNA signaling pathway and angiotensin II and thyroid hormone administration. Importantly isoform-specific expression and distinct nuclear vs cytoplasmic localization of Braveheart, Carmen and Fendrr during chamber morphogenesis is observed, suggesting distinct functional roles of these lncRNAs in atrial and ventricular chambers. Furthermore, we demonstrate by in situ hybridization a dynamic epicardial, myocardial and endocardial expression of H19 during cardiac development. Overall our data support novel roles of these lncRNAs in different temporal and tissue-restricted fashion during cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aránega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.
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5
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Kowalski TW, Dupont ÁDV, Rengel BD, Sgarioni E, Gomes JDA, Fraga LR, Schuler-Faccini L, Vianna FSL. Assembling systems biology, embryo development and teratogenesis: What do we know so far and where to go next? Reprod Toxicol 2019; 88:67-75. [PMID: 31362043 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of molecular mechanisms of a teratogen can provide insights to understand its embryopathy, and later to plan strategies for the prevention of new exposures. In this context, experimental research is the most invested approach. Despite its relevance, these assays require financial and time investment. Hence, the evaluation of such mechanisms through systems biology rise as an alternative for this conventional methodology. Systems biology is an integrative field that connects experimental and computational analyses, assembling interaction networks between genes, proteins, and even teratogens. It is a valid strategy to generate new hypotheses, that can later be confirmed in experimental assays. Here, we present a literature review of the application of systems biology in embryo development and teratogenesis studies. We provide a glance at the data available in public databases, and evaluate common mechanisms between different teratogens. Finally, we discuss the advantages of using this strategy in future teratogenesis researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Ágata de Vargas Dupont
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Duarte Rengel
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Sgarioni
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos, SIAT, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Group of Post-Graduation Research, GPPG, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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6
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Song R, Sarnoski EA, Acar M. The Systems Biology of Single-Cell Aging. iScience 2018; 7:154-169. [PMID: 30267677 PMCID: PMC6153419 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality, but efforts to slow or reverse its effects are hampered by an incomplete understanding of its multi-faceted origins. Systems biology, the use of quantitative and computational methods to understand complex biological systems, offers a toolkit well suited to elucidating the root cause of aging. We describe the known components of the aging network and outline innovative techniques that open new avenues of investigation to the aging research community. We propose integration of the systems biology and aging fields, identifying areas of complementarity based on existing and impending technological capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Song
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 501, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Ethan A Sarnoski
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Murat Acar
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 501, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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7
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Mohl W, Henry TD, Milasinovic D, Nguemo F, Hescheler J, Perin EC. From state-of-the-art cell therapy to endogenous cardiac repair. EUROINTERVENTION 2018; 13:760-772. [PMID: 28844036 DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-17-00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical heart failure prevention and contemporary therapy often involve breaking the vicious cycle of global haemodynamic consequences of myocardial decay. The lack of effective regenerative therapies results in a primary focus on preventing further deterioration of cardiac performance. The cellular transplantation hypothesis has been evaluated in many different preclinical models and a handful of important clinical trials. The primary expectation that cellular transplants will be embedded into failing myocardium and fuse with existing functioning cells appears unlikely. A multitude of cellular formulas, access routes and clinical surrogate endpoints for evaluation add to the complexity of cellular therapies. Several recent large clinical trials have provided insights into both the regenerative potential and clinical improvement from non-regenerative mechanisms. Initiating endogenous repair seems to be another meaningful alternative to recover structural integrity in myocardial injury. This option may be achieved using a transcoronary sinus catheter intervention, implying the understanding of basic principles in biology. With intermittent reduction of outflow in cardiac veins (PICSO), vascular cells appear to be activated and restart a programme similar to pathways in the developing heart. Structural regeneration may be possible without requiring exogenous agents, or a combination of both approaches may become clinical reality in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Mohl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (Emeritus), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Bellazzi R, Engel F, Ferrazzi F. Gene network analysis: from heart development to cardiac therapy. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:522-31. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryNetworks offer a flexible framework to represent and analyse the complex interactions between components of cellular systems. In particular gene networks inferred from expression data can support the identification of novel hypotheses on regulatory processes. In this review we focus on the use of gene network analysis in the study of heart development. Understanding heart development will promote the elucidation of the aetiology of congenital heart disease and thus possibly improve diagnostics. Moreover, it will help to establish cardiac therapies. For example, understanding cardiac differentiation during development will help to guide stem cell differentiation required for cardiac tissue engineering or to enhance endogenous repair mechanisms. We introduce different methodological frameworks to infer networks from expression data such as Boolean and Bayesian networks. Then we present currently available temporal expression data in heart development and discuss the use of network-based approaches in published studies. Collectively, our literature-based analysis indicates that gene network analysis constitutes a promising opportunity to infer therapy-relevant regulatory processes in heart development. However, the use of network-based approaches has so far been limited by the small amount of samples in available datasets. Thus, we propose to acquire high-resolution temporal expression data to improve the mathematical descriptions of regulatory processes obtained with gene network inference methodologies. Especially probabilistic methods that accommodate the intrinsic variability of biological systems have the potential to contribute to a deeper understanding of heart development.
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9
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[Genetics of congenital heart diseases]. Presse Med 2017; 46:612-619. [PMID: 28583745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental genetics of congenital heart diseases has evolved from analysis of serial slices in embryos towards molecular genetics of cardiac morphogenesis with a dynamic view of cardiac development. Genetics of congenital heart diseases has also changed from formal genetic analysis of familial recurrences or population-based analysis to screening for mutations in candidates genes identified in animal models. Close cooperation between molecular embryologists, pathologists involved in heart development and pediatric cardiologists is crucial for further increase of knowledge in the field of cardiac morphogenesis and genetics of cardiac defects. The genetic model for congenital heart disease has to be revised to favor a polygenic origin rather than a monogenic one. The main mechanism is altered genic dosage that can account for heart diseases in chromosomal anomalies as well as in point mutations in syndromic and isolated congenital heart diseases. The use of big data grouping information from cardiac development, interactions between genes and proteins, epigenetic factors such as chromatin remodeling or DNA methylation is the current source for improving our knowledge in the field and to give clues for future therapies.
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Ghafarzadeh M, Namdari M, Eatemadi A. Stem cell therapies for congenital heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1163-1171. [PMID: 27780147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent congenital anomaly in newborn babies. Cardiac malformations have been induced in different animal model experiments, by perturbing some molecules that take part in the developmental pathways associated with myocyte differentiation, specification, or cardiac morphogenesis. The exact epigenetic, environmental, or genetic, basis for these molecules perturbations is yet to be understood. But, scientist have bridged this gap by introducing autologous stem cell into the defective hearts to treat CHD. The choice of stem cells to use has also raised an issue. In this review, we explore different stem cells that have been recently used, as an update into the pool of this knowledge and we suggested the future perspective into the choice of stem cells to control this disease. We propose that isolating mesenchymal stem cells from neonate will give a robust heart regeneration as compared to adults. This source are easily isolated. To unveil stem cell therapy beyond its possibility and safety, further study is required, including largescale randomized, and clinical trials to certify the efficacy of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghafarzadeh
- Assalian Hospital, Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Namdari
- Department of Cardiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Postal address: 6997118544, Khoramabad, Iran.
| | - Ali Eatemadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of advance Science in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
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11
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Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart and great vessels that are present from birth. The presence or absence of extracardiac anomalies has historically been used to identify patients with possible monogenic, chromosomal, or teratogenic CHD causes. These distinctions remain clinically relevant, but it is increasingly clear that nonsyndromic CHDs can also be genetic. This article discusses key morphologic, molecular, and signaling mechanisms relevant to heart development, summarizes overall progress in molecular genetic analyses of CHDs, and provides current recommendations for clinical application of genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cowan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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12
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Decoding the complex genetic causes of heart diseases using systems biology. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:141-159. [PMID: 28509974 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pace of disease gene discovery is still much slower than expected, even with the use of cost-effective DNA sequencing and genotyping technologies. It is increasingly clear that many inherited heart diseases have a more complex polygenic aetiology than previously thought. Understanding the role of gene-gene interactions, epigenetics, and non-coding regulatory regions is becoming increasingly critical in predicting the functional consequences of genetic mutations identified by genome-wide association studies and whole-genome or exome sequencing. A systems biology approach is now being widely employed to systematically discover genes that are involved in heart diseases in humans or relevant animal models through bioinformatics. The overarching premise is that the integration of high-quality causal gene regulatory networks (GRNs), genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and other genome-wide data will greatly accelerate the discovery of the complex genetic causes of congenital and complex heart diseases. This review summarises state-of-the-art genomic and bioinformatics techniques that are used in accelerating the pace of disease gene discovery in heart diseases. Accompanying this review, we provide an interactive web-resource for systems biology analysis of mammalian heart development and diseases, CardiacCode ( http://CardiacCode.victorchang.edu.au/ ). CardiacCode features a dataset of over 700 pieces of manually curated genetic or molecular perturbation data, which enables the inference of a cardiac-specific GRN of 280 regulatory relationships between 33 regulator genes and 129 target genes. We believe this growing resource will fill an urgent unmet need to fully realise the true potential of predictive and personalised genomic medicine in tackling human heart disease.
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13
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Calkoen EE, Poelmann RE, Bartelings MM, Jongbloed MRM. Morphogenesis and molecular considerations on congenital cardiac septal defects. Ann Med 2014; 46:640-52. [PMID: 25307363 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.959557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level. Alignment and fusion of the septal components is required to ensure full septation of the heart. Deficiencies lead to septal defects at various levels. Addition of myocardium and mesenchymal tissues from the second heart field (SHF) to the primary heart tube, as well as a population of neural crest cells, provides the necessary cellular players. Surprisingly, the study of the molecular background of these defects does not show a great diversity of responsible transcription factors and downstream gene pathways. Epigenetic modulation and mutations high up in several transcription factor pathways (e.g. NODAL and GATA4) may lead to defects at all levels. Disturbance of modulating pathways, involving primarily the SHF-derived cell populations and the genes expressed therein, results at the arterial pole (e.g. TBX1) in a spectrum of ventricular septal defects located at the level of the outflow tract. At the venous pole (e.g. TBX5), it can explain a variety of atrial septal defects. The various defects can occur as isolated anomalies or within families. In this review developmental, morphological, genetic, as well as epigenetic aspects of septal defects are discussed.
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de Boer BA, Le Garrec JF, Christoffels VM, Meilhac SM, Ruijter JM. Integrating multi-scale knowledge on cardiac development into a computational model of ventricular trabeculation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bouke A. de Boer
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sigolène M. Meilhac
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Jan M. Ruijter
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Waardenberg AJ, Ramialison M, Bouveret R, Harvey RP. Genetic networks governing heart development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013839. [PMID: 25280899 PMCID: PMC4208705 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal genomes contain a code for construction of the body plan from a fertilized egg. Understanding how genome information is deciphered to create the complex multilayered regulatory systems that drive organismal development, and which become altered in disease, is one of the greatest challenges in the biological sciences. The development of methods that effectively represent and communicate the complexity inherent in gene regulatory networks remains a major barrier. This review introduces the philosophy of systems biology and discusses recent progress in understanding the development of the heart at a systems biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Faculty of Science, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Li X, Martinez-Fernandez A, Hartjes KA, Kocher JPA, Olson TM, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Transcriptional atlas of cardiogenesis maps congenital heart disease interactome. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:482-95. [PMID: 24803680 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heart development is built on highly conserved molecular mechanisms with polygenetic perturbations resulting in a spectrum of congenital heart diseases (CHD). However, knowledge of cardiogenic ontogeny that regulates proper cardiogenesis remains largely based on candidate-gene approaches. Mapping the dynamic transcriptional landscape of cardiogenesis from a genomic perspective is essential to integrate the knowledge of heart development into translational applications that accelerate disease discovery efforts toward mechanistic-based treatment strategies. Herein, we designed a time-course transcriptome analysis to investigate the genome-wide dynamic expression landscape of innate murine cardiogenesis ranging from embryonic stem cells to adult cardiac structures. This comprehensive analysis generated temporal and spatial expression profiles, revealed stage-specific gene functions, and mapped the dynamic transcriptome of cardiogenesis to curated pathways. Reconciling known genetic underpinnings of CHD, we deconstructed a disease-centric dynamic interactome encoded within this cardiogenic atlas to identify stage-specific developmental disturbances clustered on regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), BMP signaling, NF-AT signaling, TGFb-dependent EMT, and Notch signaling. Collectively, this cardiogenic transcriptional landscape defines the time-dependent expression of cardiac ontogeny and prioritizes regulatory networks at the interface between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Katherine A Hartjes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jean-Pierre A Kocher
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy M Olson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andre Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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17
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The Hypothesis of “Embryonic Recall”: Mechanotransduction as Common Denominator Linking Normal Cardiogenesis to Recovery in Adult Failing Hearts. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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18
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Grunert M, Dorn C, Schueler M, Dunkel I, Schlesinger J, Mebus S, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Perrot A, Wassilew K, Timmermann B, Hetzer R, Berger F, Sperling SR. Rare and private variations in neural crest, apoptosis and sarcomere genes define the polygenic background of isolated Tetralogy of Fallot. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3115-28. [PMID: 24459294 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Its genetic basis is demonstrated by an increased recurrence risk in siblings and familial cases. However, the majority of TOF are sporadic, isolated cases of undefined origin and it had been postulated that rare and private autosomal variations in concert define its genetic basis. To elucidate this hypothesis, we performed a multilevel study using targeted re-sequencing and whole-transcriptome profiling. We developed a novel concept based on a gene's mutation frequency to unravel the polygenic origin of TOF. We show that isolated TOF is caused by a combination of deleterious private and rare mutations in genes essential for apoptosis and cell growth, the assembly of the sarcomere as well as for the neural crest and secondary heart field, the cellular basis of the right ventricle and its outflow tract. Affected genes coincide in an interaction network with significant disturbances in expression shared by cases with a mutually affected TOF gene. The majority of genes show continuous expression during adulthood, which opens a new route to understand the diversity in the long-term clinical outcome of TOF cases. Our findings demonstrate that TOF has a polygenic origin and that understanding the genetic basis can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic routes. Moreover, the novel concept of the gene mutation frequency is a versatile measure and can be applied to other open genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Grunert
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Cornelia Dorn
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Markus Schueler
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Ilona Dunkel
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and
| | - Jenny Schlesinger
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Siegrun Mebus
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin and Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Perrot
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Timmermann
- Next Generation Service Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | - Felix Berger
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin and Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Silke R Sperling
- Group of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics and Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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19
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, de la Pompa JL. Genetic and functional genomics approaches targeting the Notch pathway in cardiac development and congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:15-27. [PMID: 24106100 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays crucial roles in cardiac development and postnatal cardiac homoeostasis. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches indicate that Notch promotes or inhibits cardiogenesis in a stage-dependent manner. However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly defined because many downstream effectors remain to be identified. Genome-scale analyses are shedding light on the genes that are regulated by Notch signalling and the mechanisms underlying this regulation. We review the functional data that implicates Notch in cardiac morphogenetic processes and expression profiling studies that enlighten the regulatory networks behind them. A recurring theme is that Notch cross-talks reiteratively with other key signalling pathways including Wnt and Bmp to coordinate cell and tissue interactions during cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34-620-936633; Fax: +34-91-4531304;
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20
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Dorn C, Grunert M, Sperling SR. Application of high-throughput sequencing for studying genomic variations in congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:51-65. [PMID: 24095982 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHD) represent the most common birth defect in human. The majority of cases are caused by a combination of complex genetic alterations and environmental influences. In the past, many disease-causing mutations have been identified; however, there is still a large proportion of cardiac malformations with unknown precise origin. High-throughput sequencing technologies established during the last years offer novel opportunities to further study the genetic background underlying the disease. In this review, we provide a roadmap for designing and analyzing high-throughput sequencing studies focused on CHD, but also with general applicability to other complex diseases. The three main next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms including their particular advantages and disadvantages are presented. To identify potentially disease-related genomic variations and genes, different filtering steps and gene prioritization strategies are discussed. In addition, available control datasets based on NGS are summarized. Finally, we provide an overview of current studies already using NGS technologies and showing that these techniques will help to further unravel the complex genetics underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dorn
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany. Department of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49-(0)30-450540123; Fax: +49-(0)30-84131699;
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21
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly in newborn babies. Cardiac malformations have been produced in multiple experimental animal models, by perturbing selected molecules that function in the developmental pathways involved in myocyte specification, differentiation, or cardiac morphogenesis. In contrast, the precise genetic, epigenetic, or environmental basis for these perturbations in humans remains poorly understood. Over the past few decades, researchers have tried to bridge this knowledge gap through conventional genome-wide analyses of rare Mendelian CHD families, and by sequencing candidate genes in CHD cohorts. Although yielding few, usually highly penetrant, disease gene mutations, these discoveries provided 3 notable insights. First, human CHD mutations impact a heterogeneous set of molecules that orchestrate cardiac development. Second, CHD mutations often alter gene/protein dosage. Third, identical pathogenic CHD mutations cause a variety of distinct malformations, implying that higher order interactions account for particular CHD phenotypes. The advent of contemporary genomic technologies including single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, next-generation sequencing, and copy number variant platforms are accelerating the discovery of genetic causes of CHD. Importantly, these approaches enable study of sporadic cases, the most common presentation of CHD. Emerging results from ongoing genomic efforts have validated earlier observations learned from the monogenic CHD families. In this review, we explore how continued use of these technologies and integration of systems biology is expected to expand our understanding of the genetic architecture of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akl C Fahed
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Ahir BK, Sanders AP, Rager JE, Fry RC. Systems biology and birth defects prevention: blockade of the glucocorticoid receptor prevents arsenic-induced birth defects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:332-8. [PMID: 23458687 PMCID: PMC3616967 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological mechanisms by which environmental metals are associated with birth defects are largely unknown. Systems biology-based approaches may help to identify key pathways that mediate metal-induced birth defects as well as potential targets for prevention. OBJECTIVES First, we applied a novel computational approach to identify a prioritized biological pathway that associates metals with birth defects. Second, in a laboratory setting, we sought to determine whether inhibition of the identified pathway prevents developmental defects. METHODS Seven environmental metals were selected for inclusion in the computational analysis: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and selenium. We used an in silico strategy to predict genes and pathways associated with both metal exposure and developmental defects. The most significant pathway was identified and tested using an in ovo whole chick embryo culture assay. We further evaluated the role of the pathway as a mediator of metal-induced toxicity using the in vitro midbrain micromass culture assay. RESULTS The glucocorticoid receptor pathway was computationally predicted to be a key mediator of multiple metal-induced birth defects. In the chick embryo model, structural malformations induced by inorganic arsenic (iAs) were prevented when signaling of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway was inhibited. Further, glucocorticoid receptor inhibition demonstrated partial to complete protection from both iAs- and cadmium-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a novel approach to computationally identify a targeted biological pathway for examining birth defects prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh K Ahir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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24
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Galli D, Gobbi G, Carrubbi C, Di Marcantonio D, Benedetti L, De Angelis MGC, Meschi T, Vaccarezza M, Sampaolesi M, Mirandola P, Vitale M. The role of PKCε-dependent signaling for cardiac differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:35-46. [PMID: 22936275 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCε) exerts a well-known cardio-protective activity in ischemia-reperfusion injury and plays a pivotal role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Although many studies have been performed on physiological and morphological effects of PKCε mis-expression in cardiomyocytes, molecular information on the role of PKCε on early cardiac gene expression are still lacking. We addressed the molecular role of PKCε in cardiac cells using mouse cardiomyocytes and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. We show that PKCε is modulated in cardiac differentiation producing an opposite regulation of the cardiac genes NK2 transcription factor related, locus 5 (nkx2.5) and GATA binding protein 4 (gata4) both in vivo and in vitro. Phospho-extracellular regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) levels increase in PKCε over-expressing cells, while pkcε siRNAs produce a decrease in p-ERK1/2. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 rescues the expression levels of both nkx2.5 and gata4, suggesting that a reinforced (mitogen-activated protein kinase) MAPK signaling is at the basis of the observed inhibition of cardiac gene expression in the PKCε over-expressing hearts. We demonstrate that PKCε is critical for cardiac cell early gene expression evidencing that this protein is a regulator that has to be fine tuned in precursor cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences-S.Bi.Bi.T., University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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25
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Genetic and environmental risk factors in congenital heart disease functionally converge in protein networks driving heart development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14035-40. [PMID: 22904188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210730109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in ∼1% of newborns. CHD arises from many distinct etiologies, ranging from genetic or genomic variation to exposure to teratogens, which elicit diverse cell and molecular responses during cardiac development. To systematically explore the relationships between CHD risk factors and responses, we compiled and integrated comprehensive datasets from studies of CHD in humans and model organisms. We examined two alternative models of potential functional relationships between genes in these datasets: direct convergence, in which CHD risk factors significantly and directly impact the same genes and molecules and functional convergence, in which risk factors significantly impact different molecules that participate in a discrete heart development network. We observed no evidence for direct convergence. In contrast, we show that CHD risk factors functionally converge in protein networks driving the development of specific anatomical structures (e.g., outflow tract, ventricular septum, and atrial septum) that are malformed by CHD. This integrative analysis of CHD risk factors and responses suggests a complex pattern of functional interactions between genomic variation and environmental exposures that modulate critical biological systems during heart development.
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George CH, Parthimos D, Silvester NC. A network-oriented perspective on cardiac calcium signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C897-910. [PMID: 22843795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The normal contractile, electrical, and energetic function of the heart depends on the synchronization of biological oscillators and signal integrators that make up cellular signaling networks. In this review we interpret experimental data from molecular, cellular, and transgenic models of cardiac signaling behavior in the context of established concepts in cell network architecture and organization. Focusing on the cellular Ca(2+) handling machinery, we describe how the plasticity and adaptability of normal Ca(2+) signaling is dependent on dynamic network configurations that operate across a wide range of functional states. We consider how (mal)adaptive changes in signaling pathways restrict the dynamic range of the network such that it cannot respond appropriately to physiologic stimuli or perturbation. Based on these concepts, a model is proposed in which pathologic abnormalities in cardiac rhythm and contractility (e.g., arrhythmias and heart failure) arise as a consequence of progressive desynchronization and reduction in the dynamic range of the Ca(2+) signaling network. We discuss how a systems-level understanding of the network organization, cellular noise, and chaotic behavior may inform the design of new therapeutic modalities that prevent or reverse the disease-linked unraveling of the Ca(2+) signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H George
- Wales Heart Research Institute and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff Univ., Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK CF14 4XN.
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27
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Woznica A, Haeussler M, Starobinska E, Jemmett J, Li Y, Mount D, Davidson B. Initial deployment of the cardiogenic gene regulatory network in the basal chordate, Ciona intestinalis. Dev Biol 2012; 368:127-39. [PMID: 22595514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complex, partially redundant gene regulatory architecture underlying vertebrate heart formation has been difficult to characterize. Here, we dissect the primary cardiac gene regulatory network in the invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis. The Ciona heart progenitor lineage is first specified by Fibroblast Growth Factor/Map Kinase (FGF/MapK) activation of the transcription factor Ets1/2 (Ets). Through microarray analysis of sorted heart progenitor cells, we identified the complete set of primary genes upregulated by FGF/Ets shortly after heart progenitor emergence. Combinatorial sequence analysis of these co-regulated genes generated a hypothetical regulatory code consisting of Ets binding sites associated with a specific co-motif, ATTA. Through extensive reporter analysis, we confirmed the functional importance of the ATTA co-motif in primary heart progenitor gene regulation. We then used the Ets/ATTA combination motif to successfully predict a number of additional heart progenitor gene regulatory elements, including an intronic element driving expression of the core conserved cardiac transcription factor, GATAa. This work significantly advances our understanding of the Ciona heart gene network. Furthermore, this work has begun to elucidate the precise regulatory architecture underlying the conserved, primary role of FGF/Ets in chordate heart lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Woznica
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Arizona 85724, USA
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28
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Franco D, Kelly RG. Contemporary cardiogenesis: new insights into heart development. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:183-4. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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