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Jiang J, Ni L, Zhang X, Chatterjee E, Lehmann HI, Li G, Xiao J. Keeping the Heart Healthy: The Role of Exercise in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:1088-1107. [PMID: 37132606 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Heart failure is often accompanied by a decrease in the number of cardiomyocytes. Although the adult mammalian hearts have limited regenerative capacity, the rate of regeneration is extremely low and decreases with age. Exercise is an effective means to improve cardiovascular function and prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of how exercise acts on cardiomyocytes are still not fully elucidated. Therefore, it is important to explore the role of exercise in cardiomyocytes and cardiac regeneration. Recent Advances: Recent advances have shown that the effects of exercise on cardiomyocytes are critical for cardiac repair and regeneration. Exercise can induce cardiomyocyte growth by increasing the size and number. It can induce physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. In this review, we have discussed the molecular mechanisms and recent studies of exercise-induced cardiac regeneration, with a focus on its effects on cardiomyocytes. Critical Issues: There is no effective way to promote cardiac regeneration. Moderate exercise can keep the heart healthy by encouraging adult cardiomyocytes to survive and regenerate. Therefore, exercise could be a promising tool for stimulating the regenerative capability of the heart and keeping the heart healthy. Future Directions: Although exercise is an important measure to promote cardiomyocyte growth and subsequent cardiac regeneration, more studies are needed on how to do beneficial exercise and what factors are involved in cardiac repair and regeneration. Thus, it is important to clarify the mechanisms, pathways, and other critical factors involved in the exercise-mediated cardiac repair and regeneration. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 1088-1107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Jiang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Ni
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Pearce DP, Nemcek MT, Witzenburg CM. Don't go breakin' my heart: cardioprotective alterations to the mechanical and structural properties of reperfused myocardium during post-infarction inflammation. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:329-353. [PMID: 37396449 PMCID: PMC10310682 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarctions (MIs) kickstart an intense inflammatory response resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, wall thinning, and chamber dilation that leaves the heart susceptible to rupture. Reperfusion therapy is one of the most effective strategies for limiting adverse effects of MIs, but is a challenge to administer in a timely manner. Late reperfusion therapy (LRT; 3 + hours post-MI) does not limit infarct size, but does reduce incidences of post-MI rupture and improves long-term patient outcomes. Foundational studies employing LRT in the mid-twentieth century revealed beneficial reductions in infarct expansion, aneurysm formation, and left ventricle dysfunction. The mechanism by which LRT acts, however, is undefined. Structural analyses, relying largely on one-dimensional estimates of ECM composition, have found few differences in collagen content between LRT and permanently occluded animal models when using homogeneous samples from infarct cores. Uniaxial testing, on the other hand, revealed slight reductions in stiffness early in inflammation, followed soon after by an enhanced resistance to failure for cases of LRT. The use of one-dimensional estimates of ECM organization and gross mechanical function have resulted in a poor understanding of the infarct's spatially variable mechanical and structural anisotropy. To resolve these gaps in literature, future work employing full-field mechanical, structural, and cellular analyses is needed to better define the spatiotemporal post-MI alterations occurring during the inflammatory phase of healing and how they are impacted following reperfusion therapy. In turn, these studies may reveal how LRT affects the likelihood of rupture and inspire novel approaches to guide scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mark T. Nemcek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Colleen M. Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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3
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Lunde IG, Aronsen JM, Melleby AO, Strand ME, Skogestad J, Bendiksen BA, Ahmed MS, Sjaastad I, Attramadal H, Carlson CR, Christensen G. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of syndecan-4 in mice results in activation of calcineurin-NFAT signalling and exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11795-11809. [PMID: 36205855 PMCID: PMC9712407 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is a hallmark of cardiac dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis (AS), and can be triggered by left ventricular (LV) pressure overload in mice by aortic banding (AB). Syndecan-4 is a transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan which is found increased in the myocardium of AS patients and AB mice. The role of syndecan-4 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is not well understood. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We developed mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of syndecan-4 (Sdc4-Tg) and subjected these to AB to examine the role of syndecan-4 in hypertrophy and activation of the pro-hypertrophic calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Sdc4-Tg mice showed exacerbated cardiac remodelling upon AB compared to wild type (WT). At 2-6 weeks post-AB, Sdc4-Tg and WT mice showed similar hypertrophic growth, while at 20 weeks post-AB, exacerbated hypertrophy and dysfunction were evident in Sdc4-Tg mice. After cross-breeding of Sdc4-Tg mice with NFAT-luciferase reporter mice, we found increased NFAT activation in Sdc4-Tg hearts after AB. Immunoprecipitation showed that calcineurin bound to syndecan-4 in Sdc4-Tg hearts. Isolated cardiomyocytes from Sdc4-Tg mice showed alterations in Ca2+ fluxes, suggesting that syndecan-4 regulated Ca2+ levels, and thereby, activating the syndecan-4-calcineurin complex resulting in NFAT activation and hypertrophic growth. Similarly, primary cardiomyocyte cultures from neonatal rats showed increased calcineurin-NFAT-dependent hypertrophic growth upon viral Sdc4 overexpression. CONCLUSION Our study of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Sdc4 have revealed that syndecan-4 is important for activation of the Ca2+-dependent calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway, hypertrophic remodelling and dysfunction in cardiomyocytes in response to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida G Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Division of Diagnostics and Technology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research (IEMR), Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Building 7, 4th floor, Kirkeveien 166, 0407, Oslo, Norway.
| | - J Magnus Aronsen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Medical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Olav Melleby
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Medical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari E Strand
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Skogestad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Medical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bård A Bendiksen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Shakil Ahmed
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Attramadal
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine R Carlson
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Yu M, Yuan W. Identification of Hub Genes in the Remodeling of Non-Infarcted Myocardium Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9120409. [PMID: 36547406 PMCID: PMC9788553 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There are few diagnostic and therapeutic targets for myocardial remodeling in the salvageable non-infarcted myocardium. (2) Methods: Hub genes were identified through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis (GSE775, GSE19322, and GSE110209 from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database) and the biological functions of hub genes were examined by gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Furthermore, the differential expression of hub genes in various cell populations between the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sham-operation groups was analyzed by processing scRNA data (E-MTAB-7376 from the ArrayExpress database) and RNA-seq data (GSE183168). (3) Results: Ten strongly interlinked hub genes (Timp1, Sparc, Spp1, Tgfb1, Decr1, Vim, Serpine1, Serpina3n, Thbs2, and Vcan) were identified by the construction of a protein-protein interaction network from 135 differentially expressed genes identified through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and their reliability was verified using GSE119857. In addition, the 10 hub genes were found to influence the ventricular remodeling of non-infarcted tissue by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated myocardial fibrosis, macrophage-driven inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism. (4) Conclusions: Ten hub genes were identified, which may provide novel potential targets for the improvement and treatment of AMI and its complications.
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Thota LNR, Chignalia AZ. The role of the glypican and syndecan families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cardiovascular function and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1052-C1060. [PMID: 35993518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are proteoglycans formed by a core protein to which one or multiple heparan sulfate chains are covalently bound. They are ubiquitously expressed in cellular surfaces and can be found in the extracellular matrix and secretory vesicles. The cellular effects of HSPGs comprehend multiple functionalities that include 1) the interaction with other membrane surface proteins to act as a substrate for cellular migration, 2) acting as a binding site for circulating molecules, 3) to have a receptor role for proteases, 4) to act as a coreceptor that can provide finetuning of growth factor receptor activity threshold, and 5) to activate intracellular signaling pathways (Sarrazin S, Lamanna WC, Esko JD. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3: a004952, 2011). Among the different families of HSPGs, the syndecan and glypican families of HSPGs have gained increased attention in relation to their effects on cardiovascular cells and potential role in disease progression. In this review, we will summarize the effects of syndecan and glypican homologs on the different cardiovascular cell types and discuss their contribution to common processes found in cardiovascular diseases (inflammation, hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling) as well as their potential role in the development and progression of specific diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreia Zago Chignalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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6
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Shaik F, Balderstone MJM, Arokiasamy S, Whiteford JR. Roles of Syndecan-4 in cardiac injury and repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 146:106196. [PMID: 35331918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulphate proteoglycan Syndecan-4 belongs to a 4-member family of transmembrane receptors. Genetic deletion of Syndecan-4 in mice causes negligible developmental abnormalities however when challenged these animals show distinct phenotypes. Synedcan-4 is expressed in many cell types in the heart and its expression is elevated in response to cardiac injury and recent studies have suggested roles for Syndecan-4 in repair mechanisms within the damaged heart. The purpose of this review is to explore these biological insights into the role of Syndecan-4 in both the injured heart and later during cardiac repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shaik
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Microvascular Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michaela J M Balderstone
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Microvascular Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Microvascular Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - James R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Microvascular Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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7
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Trinh K, Julovi SM, Rogers NM. The Role of Matrix Proteins in Cardiac Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031338. [PMID: 35163259 PMCID: PMC8836004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-regulatory proteins mediate structural and cell-cell interactions that are crucial for embryonic cardiac development and postnatal homeostasis, as well as organ remodeling and repair in response to injury. These proteins possess a broad functionality that is regulated by multiple structural domains and dependent on their ability to interact with extracellular substrates and/or cell surface receptors. Several different cell types (cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells) within the myocardium elaborate ECM proteins, and their role in cardiovascular (patho)physiology has been increasingly recognized. This has stimulated robust research dissecting the ECM protein function in human health and disease and replicating the genetic proof-of-principle. This review summarizes recent developments regarding the contribution of ECM to cardiovascular disease. The clear importance of this heterogeneous group of proteins in attenuating maladaptive repair responses provides an impetus for further investigation into these proteins as potential pharmacological targets in cardiac diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Trinh
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sohel M. Julovi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha M. Rogers
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Renal and Transplantation Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Serras AS, Camões SP, Antunes B, Costa VM, Dionísio F, Yazar V, Vitorino R, Remião F, Castro M, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. The Secretome of Human Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulates Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity: Impact in Non-Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313072. [PMID: 34884877 PMCID: PMC8657836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most widely used treatments for breast cancer, although limited by the well-documented cardiotoxicity and other off-target effects. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome has shown immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, further potentiated under 3D conditions. This work aimed to uncover the effect of the MSC-derived secretome from 3D (CM3D) or 2D (CM2D) cultures, in human malignant breast cells (MDA-MB-231), non-tumor breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) and differentiated AC16 cardiomyocytes, co-treated with Dox. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of CM3D/CM2D was also performed to unravel the underlying mechanism. CM3D/CM2D co-incubation with Dox revealed no significant differences in MDA-MB-231 viability when compared to Dox alone, whereas MCF10A and AC16 viability was consistently improved in Dox+CM3D-treated cells. Moreover, neither CM2D nor CM3D affected Dox anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects in MDA-MB-231. Notably, Ge-LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis revealed that CM3D displayed protective features that might be linked to the regulation of cell proliferation (CAPN1, CST1, LAMC2, RANBP3), migration (CCN3, MMP8, PDCD5), invasion (TIMP1/2), oxidative stress (COX6B1, AIFM1, CD9, GSR) and inflammation (CCN3, ANXA5, CDH13, GDF15). Overall, CM3D decreased Dox-induced cytotoxicity in non-tumor cells, without compromising Dox chemotherapeutic profile in malignant cells, suggesting its potential use as a chemotherapy adjuvant to reduce off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
| | - Sérgio P. Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
| | - Bernardo Antunes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
| | - Vera M. Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.C.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Dionísio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.C.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Volkan Yazar
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Rui Vitorino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Oporto, Portugal
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.C.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.S.); (S.P.C.); (B.A.); (M.C.); (N.G.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang S, Wang Y, Qiu K, Zhu J, Wu Y. RCAN1 in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and a potential therapeutic target. Mol Med 2020; 26:118. [PMID: 33267791 PMCID: PMC7709393 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Considerable efforts are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is involved in both development/maintenance of the cardiovascular system and the pathogenesis of CVDs. RCAN1 reduction protects against atherosclerosis by reducing the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins, whereas RCAN1 has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial hypertrophy and intramural hematoma/aortic rupture mainly mediated by maintaining mitochondrial function and inhibiting calcineurin and Rho kinase activity, respectively. In this review, the regulation and the function of RCAN1 are summarized. Moreover, the dysregulation of RCAN1 in CVDs is reviewed. In addition, the beneficial role of RCAN1 reduction in atherosclerosis and the protective role of RCAN1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial hypertrophy and intramural hematoma /aortic rupture are discussed, as well as underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting RCAN1 for CVDs treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road No. 44, Lixia District, JinanShandong, 250012, China
| | - Kaixin Qiu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road No. 44, Lixia District, JinanShandong, 250012, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Rencheng District, Jining, 272013, Shandong, China.
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10
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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11
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Small changes in PDMMLA structure influence the adsorption behavior of ECM proteins and syndecan-4 on PDMMLA derivative surfaces: Experimental validation by tensiometric surface force measurements. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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12
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Kang D, Jung SH, Lee GH, Lee S, Park HJ, Ko YG, Kim YN, Lee JS. Sulfated syndecan 1 is critical to preventing cellular senescence by modulating fibroblast growth factor receptor endocytosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:10316-10328. [PMID: 32530114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902714r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence can be triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. We previously reported that silencing of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) induces cellular senescence through augmented fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling. However, the exact molecular mechanism connecting heparan sulfation and cellular senescence remains unclear. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in augmented FGFR1 signaling and cellular senescence. Depletion of several types of HSPGs revealed that cells depleted of syndecan 1 (SDC1) exhibited typical senescence phenotypes, and those depleted of PAPSS2-, SDC1-, or heparan sulfate 2-O sulfotransferase 1 (HS2ST1) showed decreased FGFR1 internalization along with hyperresponsiveness to and prolonged activation of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-stimulated FGFR1- v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) signaling. Clathrin- and caveolin-mediated FGFR1 endocytosis contributed to cellular senescence through the FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Dynasore treatment triggered senescence phenotypes, augmented FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling, and decreased SDC1 expression. Finally, the replicatively and prematurely senescent cells were characterized by decreases of SDC1 expression and FGFR1 internalization, and an increase in FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling. Together, our results demonstrate that properly sulfated SDC1 plays a critical role in preventing cellular senescence through the regulation of FGFR1 endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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13
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Rong X, Ge D, Yu L, Li L, Chu M, Lv H. Enalapril attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial injury induced by myocardial infarction via activation of the TAK1/NFAT pathway in mice. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:972-980. [PMID: 32010259 PMCID: PMC6966191 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction (MI) and its mechanism of action in mice. Treatment with enalapril significantly attenuated cellular apoptosis and death. In vivo, enalapril treatment alleviated MI injury, and decreased myocardial apoptosis and the size of the infarct area. This was paralleled by increased Bcl-2 expression, decreased Bax expression, a decreased caspase-3 level, decreased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins, including activating transcription factor 6 and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, and fewer TUNEL-positive cells in the heart. Furthermore, enalapril-treatment increased transforming growth factor-activated kinase 1/nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 signaling, which protected the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China.,Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Lili Yu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
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14
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Wang X, Wang L, Ma Z, Liang W, Li J, Li Y, Gui Y, Ai S. Early expressed circulating long noncoding RNA CHAST is associated with cardiac contractile function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2019; 302:15-20. [PMID: 31924400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate during the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) phase has substantially decreased, but post-AMI cardiac remodeling remains an important factor affecting patient prognosis. Several circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reportedly involved in the chronic pathological process of cardiac function and remodeling in cardiovascular diseases. However, the potential roles of these circulating lncRNAs as biomarkers of cardiac function and remodeling during early-stage AMI remain unclear. METHODS Fifty-three patients with AMI and 90 controls without AMI were consecutively enrolled in this study. Clinical parameters and blood samples at different time points (i.e., 24 h and 3 days) were collected. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the circulating levels of cardiac hypertrophy-associated transcript (CHAST) significantly increased in AMI patients, and the CHAST levels obviously decreased at 3 days. In AMI patients, the expression levels of CHAST at 24 h were positively associated with cardiac contractile function and measured as left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular short-axis shortening rate (all P < 0.050). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the expression level of CHAST at 24 h was an independent predictor of cardiac contractile function (standardized β = 0.319, P =0.034). When grouped according to the quartile values of the CHAST in the AMI population, patients with the highest quartiles of CHAST expression level showed better cardiac contractile function than all the other quartiles (all P < 0.050). CONCLUSION CHAST was an independent predictor of cardiac contractile function at early-stage AMI and may serve as a candidate biomarker for cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City 461000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China
| | - Wanqian Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China
| | - Yingying Gui
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China
| | - Sizhi Ai
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui City 453100, China.
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15
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Sodium Channel Nav1.3 Is Expressed by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils during Mouse Heart and Kidney Ischemia In Vivo and Regulates Adhesion, Transmigration, and Chemotaxis of Human and Mouse Neutrophils In Vitro. Anesthesiology 2019; 128:1151-1166. [PMID: 29509584 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voltage-gated sodium channels generate action potentials in excitable cells, but they have also been attributed noncanonical roles in nonexcitable cells. We hypothesize that voltage-gated sodium channels play a functional role during extravasation of neutrophils. METHODS Expression of voltage-gated sodium channels was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Distribution of Nav1.3 was determined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in mouse models of ischemic heart and kidney injury. Adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis of neutrophils to endothelial cells and collagen were investigated with voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitors and lidocaine in vitro. Sodium currents were examined with a whole cell patch clamp. RESULTS Mouse and human neutrophils express multiple voltage-gated sodium channels. Only Nav1.3 was detected in neutrophils recruited to ischemic mouse heart (25 ± 7%, n = 14) and kidney (19 ± 2%, n = 6) in vivo. Endothelial adhesion of mouse neutrophils was reduced by tetrodotoxin (56 ± 9%, unselective Nav-inhibitor), ICA121431 (53 ± 10%), and Pterinotoxin-2 (55 ± 9%; preferential inhibitors of Nav1.3, n = 10). Tetrodotoxin (56 ± 19%), ICA121431 (62 ± 22%), and Pterinotoxin-2 (59 ± 22%) reduced transmigration of human neutrophils through endothelial cells, and also prevented chemotactic migration (n = 60, 3 × 20 cells). Lidocaine reduced neutrophil adhesion to 60 ± 9% (n = 10) and transmigration to 54 ± 8% (n = 9). The effect of lidocaine was not increased by ICA121431 or Pterinotoxin-2. CONCLUSIONS Nav1.3 is expressed in neutrophils in vivo; regulates attachment, transmigration, and chemotaxis in vitro; and may serve as a relevant target for antiinflammatory effects of lidocaine.
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16
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Emerging roles of proteoglycans in cardiac remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2018; 278:192-198. [PMID: 30528626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is the response of the heart to a range of pathological stimuli. Cardiac remodeling is initially adaptive; however, if sustained, it ultimately causes adverse clinical outcomes. Cardiomyocyte loss or hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of cardiac remodeling. Proteoglycans, which are composed of glycosaminoglycans and a core protein, are a non-structural component of the extracellular matrix. The lack of proteoglycans results in cardiovascular defects during development. Moreover, emerging evidence has indicated that proteoglycans act as significant modifiers in ischemia and pressure overload-related cardiac remodeling. Proteoglycans may also provide novel therapeutic strategies for further improvement in the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.
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17
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Chen LL, Gao GX, Shen FX, Chen X, Gong XH, Wu WJ. SDC4 Gene Silencing Favors Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Apoptosis and Inhibits Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Mol Cells 2018; 41:853-867. [PMID: 30165731 PMCID: PMC6182223 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common type of endocrine malignancy, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for 85-90% of all thyroid cancers. In this study, we presented the hypothesis that SDC4 gene silencing could effectively attenuate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and promote cell apoptosis via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human PTC cells. Bioinformatics methods were employed to screen the determined differential expression levels of SDC4 in PTC and adjacent normal samples. PTC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were prepared and their respective levels of SDC4 protein positive expression, in addition to the mRNA and protein levels of SDC4, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, EMT and apoptosis related genes were all detected accordingly. Flow cytometry was applied in order to detect cell cycle entry and apoptosis. Finally, analyses of PTC migration and invasion abilities were assessed by using a Transwell assay and scratch test. In PTC tissues, activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, increased EMT and repressed cell apoptosis were determined. Moreover, the PTC K1 and TPC-1 cell lines exhibiting the highest SDC4 expression were selected for further experiments. In vitro experiments revealed that SDC4 gene silencing could suppress cell migration, invasion and EMT, while acting to promote the apoptosis of PTC cells by inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Besides, si-β-catenin was observed to inhibit the promotion of PTC cell migration and invasion caused by SDC4 overexpression. Our study revealed that SDC4 gene silencing represses EMT, and enhances cell apoptosis by suppressing the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010,
P.R. China
| | - Ge-Xin Gao
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000,
P.R. China
| | - Fei-Xia Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015,
P.R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015,
P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015,
P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015,
P.R. China
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18
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Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis: Cell biological mechanisms, molecular pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:70-99. [PMID: 30056242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathophysiologic companion of most myocardial diseases, and is associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmogenesis, and adverse outcome. Because the adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capacity, death of a large number of cardiomyocytes results in reparative fibrosis, a process that is critical for preservation of the structural integrity of the infarcted ventricle. On the other hand, pathophysiologic stimuli, such as pressure overload, volume overload, metabolic dysfunction, and aging may cause interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the absence of infarction. Activated myofibroblasts are the main effector cells in cardiac fibrosis; their expansion following myocardial injury is primarily driven through activation of resident interstitial cell populations. Several other cell types, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells may contribute to the fibrotic process, by producing proteases that participate in matrix metabolism, by secreting fibrogenic mediators and matricellular proteins, or by exerting contact-dependent actions on fibroblast phenotype. The mechanisms of induction of fibrogenic signals are dependent on the type of primary myocardial injury. Activation of neurohumoral pathways stimulates fibroblasts both directly, and through effects on immune cell populations. Cytokines and growth factors, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, chemokines, members of the Transforming Growth Factor-β family, IL-11, and Platelet-Derived Growth Factors are secreted in the cardiac interstitium and play distinct roles in activating specific aspects of the fibrotic response. Secreted fibrogenic mediators and matricellular proteins bind to cell surface receptors in fibroblasts, such as cytokine receptors, integrins, syndecans and CD44, and transduce intracellular signaling cascades that regulate genes involved in synthesis, processing and metabolism of the extracellular matrix. Endogenous pathways involved in negative regulation of fibrosis are critical for cardiac repair and may protect the myocardium from excessive fibrogenic responses. Due to the reparative nature of many forms of cardiac fibrosis, targeting fibrotic remodeling following myocardial injury poses major challenges. Development of effective therapies will require careful dissection of the cell biological mechanisms, study of the functional consequences of fibrotic changes on the myocardium, and identification of heart failure patient subsets with overactive fibrotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Jaroszyński AJ, Jaroszyńska A, Przywara S, Zaborowski T, Książek A, Dąbrowski W. Syndecan-4 Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause as Well as Cardiovascular Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163532. [PMID: 27685148 PMCID: PMC5042500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated withincreased mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Syndecan-4 plays a role in many processes that are involved in the heart fibrosis and hypertrophy.We designed this study to prospectively determine whether syndecan-4 was predictive of mortality in a group of HD patients. Methods In total, 191 HD patients were included. Clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic parameters were recorded. HD patients were followed-up for 23.18 ± 4.02 months. Results Syndecan-4 levels correlated strongly with geometrical echocardiographic parameters and ejection fraction. Relations with pressure-related parameters were weak and only marginally significant. Using the receiver operating characteristics the optimal cut-off points in predicting all-cause as well as cardiovascular (CV) mortality were evaluated and patients were divided into low and high syndecan-4 groups. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the cumulative incidences of all-cause as well as CV mortality were higher in high serum syndecan-4 group compared with those with low serum syndecan-4 (p<0.001 in both cases).A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed syndecan-4 concentration to be an independent and significant predictor of all-cause (hazard ratio, 2.99; confidence interval, 2.34 to 3.113; p<0.001)as well as CV mortality (hazard ratio, 2.81;confidence interval, 2.28to3.02; p<0.001). Conclusions Serum syndecan-4 concentration reflects predominantly geometrical echocardiographic parameters. In HD patients serum syndecan-4 concentration is independently associated with all-cause as well as CV mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej J. Jaroszyński
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Jaroszyńska
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław Przywara
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaborowski
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Książek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dąbrowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Hu G, Guan R, Li L. Nucleated Red Blood Cell Count in Maternal Peripheral Blood and Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnant Women. Am J Med Sci 2016; 351:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Xie J, He G, Chen Q, Sun J, Dai Q, Lu J, Li G, Wu H, Li R, Chen J, Xu W, Xu B. Syndecan-4 Signaling Is Required for Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Mol Med 2016; 22:192-201. [PMID: 26835698 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy can be broadly classified as either physiological or pathological. Physiological stimuli such as exercise cause adaptive cardiac hypertrophy and normal heart function. Pathological stimuli including hypertension and aortic valvular stenosis cause maladaptive cardiac remodeling and ultimately heart failure. Syndecan-4 (synd4) is a transmembrane proteoglycan identified as being involved in cardiac adaptation after injury, but whether it takes part in physiological cardiac hypertrophy is unclear. We observed upregulation of synd4 in exercise-induced hypertrophic myocardium. To evaluate the role of synd4 in the physiological form of cardiac hypertrophy, mice lacking synd4 (synd4-/-) were exercised by swimming for 4 wks. Ultrasonic cardiogram (UCG) and histological analysis revealed that swimming induced the hypertrophic phenotype but was blunted in synd4-/- compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The swimming-induced activation of Akt, a key molecule in physiological hypertrophy was also more decreased than in WT controls. In cultured cardiomyocytes, synd4 overexpression could induce cell enlargement, protein synthesis and distinct physiological molecular alternation. Akt activation also was observed in synd4-overexpressed cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) prevented the synd4-induced hypertrophic phenotype and Akt phosphorylation. This study identified an essential role of synd4 in mediation of physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixin He
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Department of VIP, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianrong Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guannan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianzhou Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Cokkinos DV, Belogianneas C. Left Ventricular Remodelling: A Problem in Search of Solutions. Eur Cardiol 2016; 11:29-35. [PMID: 30310445 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2015:9:3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling (REM) is a generally unfavourable process that leads to left ventricular dilation in response to cardiac injury, predominantly acute myocardial infarction (AMI). REM occurs in around 30 % of anterior infarcts despite timely primary coronary intervention and the use of drugs, i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, aldosterone inhibitors and statins. In order to diagnose REM, many imaging modalities (echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, scintigraphy) are employed together with an increasing number of serum biomarkers including microRNAs. The most widely used definition of REM is a >20 % increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). There is also evidence that regression of REM can occur, i.e. reverse REM. The latter is defined as a ≥10 % decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and confers a more favourable outcome. Many therapeutic agents may be used during primary intervention and over the long term; however, few have demonstrated significant benefits. Revascularisation, anti-REM surgery and, where indicated, cardiac resynchronisation therapy can be of benefit. Gene therapy by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA-2a) transfer has been investigated but data from the Calcium upregulation by percutaneous administration of gene therapy in patients with cardiac disease (CUPID 2) trial were disappointing. Progenitor cell therapy shows promise. In conclusion, therapy for REM remains inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis V Cokkinos
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Belogianneas
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
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Strand ME, Aronsen JM, Braathen B, Sjaastad I, Kvaløy H, Tønnessen T, Christensen G, Lunde IG. Shedding of syndecan-4 promotes immune cell recruitment and mitigates cardiac dysfunction after lipopolysaccharide challenge in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 88:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Gopal S, Søgaard P, Multhaupt HAB, Pataki C, Okina E, Xian X, Pedersen ME, Stevens T, Griesbeck O, Park PW, Pocock R, Couchman JR. Transmembrane proteoglycans control stretch-activated channels to set cytosolic calcium levels. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1199-211. [PMID: 26391658 PMCID: PMC4586746 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecans regulate members of the transient receptor potential family to control cytosolic calcium levels with impact on cell adhesion, junction formation, and neuronal guidance. Transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate multiple aspects of cell behavior, but the molecular basis of their signaling is unresolved. The major family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the syndecans, present in virtually all nucleated cells, but with mostly unknown functions. Here, we show that syndecans regulate transient receptor potential canonical (TRPCs) channels to control cytosolic calcium equilibria and consequent cell behavior. In fibroblasts, ligand interactions with heparan sulfate of syndecan-4 recruit cytoplasmic protein kinase C to target serine714 of TRPC7 with subsequent control of the cytoskeleton and the myofibroblast phenotype. In epidermal keratinocytes a syndecan–TRPC4 complex controls adhesion, adherens junction composition, and early differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the TRPC orthologues TRP-1 and -2 genetically complement the loss of syndecan by suppressing neuronal guidance and locomotory defects related to increases in neuronal calcium levels. The widespread and conserved syndecan–TRPC axis therefore fine tunes cytoskeletal organization and cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Søgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaojie Xian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael E Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
| | - Oliver Griesbeck
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Roger Pocock
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Zhang G, Shi H, Wang L, Zhou M, Wang Z, Liu X, Cheng L, Li W, Li X. MicroRNA and transcription factor mediated regulatory network analysis reveals critical regulators and regulatory modules in myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135339. [PMID: 26258537 PMCID: PMC4530868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe coronary artery disease and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms of MI have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we compiled MI-related genes, MI-related microRNAs (miRNAs) and known human transcription factors (TFs), and we then identified 1,232 feed-forward loops (FFLs) among these miRNAs, TFs and their co-regulated target genes through integrating target prediction. By merging these FFLs, the first miRNA and TF mediated regulatory network for MI was constructed, from which four regulators (SP1, ESR1, miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p) and three regulatory modules that might play crucial roles in MI were then identified. Furthermore, based on the miRNA and TF mediated regulatory network and literature survey, we proposed a pathway model for miR-21-5p, the miR-29 family and SP1 to demonstrate their potential co-regulatory mechanisms in cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis and angiogenesis. The majority of the regulatory relations in the model were confirmed by previous studies, which demonstrated the reliability and validity of this miRNA and TF mediated regulatory network. Our study will aid in deciphering the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in MI and provide putative therapeutic targets for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangde Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
- * E-mail: (XQL); (WML)
| | - Xueqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
- * E-mail: (XQL); (WML)
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27
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Kanchan K, Fuxreiter M, Fésüs L. Physiological, pathological, and structural implications of non-enzymatic protein-protein interactions of the multifunctional human transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3009-35. [PMID: 25943306 PMCID: PMC11113818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. It is a multifunctional protein having several well-defined enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) functions. Unlike its enzymatic interactions, the significance of TG2's non-enzymatic regulation of its activities has recently gained importance. In this review, we summarize all the partners that directly interact with TG2 in a non-enzymatic manner and analyze how these interactions could modulate the crosslinking activity and cellular functions of TG2 in different cell compartments. We have found that TG2 mostly acts as a scaffold to bridge various proteins, leading to different functional outcomes. We have also studied how specific structural features, such as intrinsically disordered regions and embedded short linear motifs contribute to multifunctionality of TG2. Conformational diversity of intrinsically disordered regions enables them to interact with multiple partners, which can result in different biological outcomes. Indeed, ID regions in TG2 were identified in functionally relevant locations, indicating that they could facilitate conformational transitions towards the catalytically competent form. We reason that these structural features contribute to modulating the physiological and pathological functions of TG2 and could provide a new direction for detecting unique regulatory partners. Additionally, we have assembled all known anti-TG2 antibodies and have discussed their significance as a toolbox for identifying and confirming novel TG2 regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mónika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- MTA-DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
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28
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Pataki CA, Couchman JR, Brábek J. Wnt Signaling Cascades and the Roles of Syndecan Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:465-80. [PMID: 25910817 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415586961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling comprises a group of pathways emanating from the extracellular environment through cell-surface receptors into the intracellular milieu. Wnt signaling cascades can be divided into two main branches, the canonical/β-catenin pathway and the non-canonical pathways containing the Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/calcium signaling. Syndecans are type I transmembrane proteoglycans with a long evolutionary history, being expressed in all Bilateria and in almost all cell types. Both Wnt pathways have been extensively studied over the past 30 years and shown to have roles during development and in a multitude of diseases. Although the first evidence for interactions between syndecans and Wnts dates back to 1997, the number of studies connecting these pathways is low, and many open questions remained unanswered. In this review, syndecan's involvement in Wnt signaling pathways as well as some of the pathologies resulting from dysregulation of the components of these pathways are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla A Pataki
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JRC)
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
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29
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Takawale A, Sakamuri SS, Kassiri Z. Extracellular Matrix Communication and Turnover in Cardiac Physiology and Pathology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:687-719. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Herum KM, Lunde IG, Skrbic B, Louch WE, Hasic A, Boye S, Unger A, Brorson SH, Sjaastad I, Tønnessen T, Linke WA, Gomez MF, Christensen G. Syndecan-4 is a key determinant of collagen cross-linking and passive myocardial stiffness in the pressure-overloaded heart. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:217-26. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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31
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HE QIN, ZHOU WEI, XIONG CAIJIN, TAN GANG, CHEN MANHUA. Lycopene attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in post-myocardial infarction remodeling by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:374-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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Dalzell JR, Cannon JA, Jackson CE, Lang NN, Gardner RS. Emerging biomarkers for heart failure: an update. Biomark Med 2014; 8:833-40. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing array of biological pathways underpins the syndrome we recognize as heart failure. These include both deleterious pathways promoting its development and progression, as well as compensatory cardioprotective pathways. Components of these pathways can be utilized as biomarkers of this condition to aid diagnosis, prognostication and potentially guide management. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure deepens further candidate biomarkers are being identified. We provide an overview of the more recently emerging biomarkers displaying potential promise for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Jane A Cannon
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Colette E Jackson
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Roy S Gardner
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
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33
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Rienks M, Papageorgiou AP, Frangogiannis NG, Heymans S. Myocardial extracellular matrix: an ever-changing and diverse entity. Circ Res 2014; 114:872-88. [PMID: 24577967 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex architectural network consisting of structural and nonstructural proteins, creating strength and plasticity. The nonstructural compartment of the ECM houses a variety of proteins, which are vital for ECM plasticity, and can be divided into 3 major groups: glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. The common denominator for these groups is glycosylation, which refers to the decoration of proteins or lipids with sugars. This review will discuss the fundamental role of the matrix in cardiac development, homeostasis, and remodeling, from a glycobiology point of view. Glycoproteins (eg, thrombospondins, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, tenascins), proteoglycans (eg, versican, syndecans, biglycan), and glycosaminoglycans (eg, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate) are upregulated on cardiac injury and regulate key processes in the remodeling myocardium such as inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Albeit some parallels can be made regarding the processes these proteins are involved in, their specific functions are extremely diverse. In fact, under varying conditions, individual proteins can even have opposing functions, making spatiotemporal contribution of these proteins in the rearrangement of multifaceted ECM very hard to grasp. Alterations of protein characteristics by the addition of sugars may explain the immense, yet tightly regulated, variability of the remodeling cardiac matrix. Understanding the role of glycosylation in altering the ultimate function of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans in the myocardium may lead to the development of new biochemical structures or compounds with great therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- From Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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34
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Bertrand J, Stange R, Hidding H, Echtermeyer F, Nalesso G, Godmann L, Timmen M, Bruckner P, Dell'Accio F, Raschke MJ, Pap T, Dreier R. Syndecan 4 supports bone fracture repair, but not fetal skeletal development, in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:743-52. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Strand ME, Herum KM, Rana ZA, Skrbic B, Askevold ET, Dahl CP, Vistnes M, Hasic A, Kvaløy H, Sjaastad I, Carlson CR, Tønnessen T, Gullestad L, Christensen G, Lunde IG. Innate immune signaling induces expression and shedding of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes, affecting inflammation in the pressure-overloaded heart. FEBS J 2013; 280:2228-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Samarel AM. Syndecan-4: a component of the mechanosensory apparatus of cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 56:19-21. [PMID: 23266594 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Abstract
The term matricellular proteins describes a family of structurally unrelated extracellular macromolecules that, unlike structural matrix proteins, do not play a primary role in tissue architecture, but are induced following injury and modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. When released to the matrix, matricellular proteins associate with growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive effectors and bind to cell surface receptors transducing signaling cascades. Matricellular proteins are upregulated in the injured and remodeling heart and play an important role in regulation of inflammatory, reparative, fibrotic and angiogenic pathways. Thrombospondin (TSP)-1, -2, and -4 as well as tenascin-C and -X secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), osteopontin, periostin, and members of the CCN family (including CCN1 and CCN2/connective tissue growth factor) are involved in a variety of cardiac pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, aging-associated myocardial remodeling, myocarditis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. This review discusses the properties and characteristics of the matricellular proteins and presents our current knowledge on their role in cardiac adaptation and disease. Understanding the role of matricellular proteins in myocardial pathophysiology and identification of the functional domains responsible for their actions may lead to design of peptides with therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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38
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Syndecan-4 is essential for development of concentric myocardial hypertrophy via stretch-induced activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28302. [PMID: 22164265 PMCID: PMC3229559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained pressure overload leads to compensatory myocardial hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Further unraveling of the cellular processes involved is essential for development of new treatment strategies. We have investigated the hypothesis that the transmembrane Z-disc proteoglycan syndecan-4, a co-receptor for integrins, connecting extracellular matrix proteins to the cytoskeleton, is an important signal transducer in cardiomyocytes during development of concentric myocardial hypertrophy following pressure overload. Echocardiographic, histochemical and cardiomyocyte size measurements showed that syndecan-4−/− mice did not develop concentric myocardial hypertrophy as found in wild-type mice, but rather left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction following pressure overload. Protein and gene expression analyses revealed diminished activation of the central, pro-hypertrophic calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway. Cardiomyocytes from syndecan-4−/−-NFAT-luciferase reporter mice subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch, a hypertrophic stimulus, showed minimal activation of NFAT (1.6-fold) compared to 5.8-fold increase in NFAT-luciferase control cardiomyocytes. Accordingly, overexpression of syndecan-4 or introducing a cell-permeable membrane-targeted syndecan-4 polypeptide (gain of function) activated NFATc4 in vitro. Pull-down experiments demonstrated a direct intracellular syndecan-4-calcineurin interaction. This interaction and activation of NFAT were increased by dephosphorylation of serine 179 (pS179) in syndecan-4. During pressure overload, phosphorylation of syndecan-4 was decreased, and association between syndecan-4, calcineurin and its co-activator calmodulin increased. Moreover, calcineurin dephosphorylated pS179, indicating that calcineurin regulates its own binding and activation. Finally, patients with hypertrophic myocardium due to aortic stenosis had increased syndecan-4 levels with decreased pS179 which was associated with increased NFAT activation. In conclusion, our data show that syndecan-4 is essential for compensatory hypertrophy in the pressure overloaded heart. Specifically, syndecan-4 regulates stretch-induced activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway in cardiomyocytes. Thus, our data suggest that manipulation of syndecan-4 may provide an option for therapeutic modulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling.
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