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Ito M, Tajima Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Nishida H, Nosaki S, Noda M, Sotta N, Kawade K, Kamiya T, Fujiwara T, Matsubayashi Y, Suzaki T. IMA peptides regulate root nodulation and nitrogen homeostasis by providing iron according to internal nitrogen status. Nat Commun 2024; 15:733. [PMID: 38286991 PMCID: PMC10825120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Legumes control root nodule symbiosis (RNS) in response to environmental nitrogen availability. Despite the recent understanding of the molecular basis of external nitrate-mediated control of RNS, it remains mostly elusive how plants regulate physiological processes depending on internal nitrogen status. In addition, iron (Fe) acts as an essential element that enables symbiotic nitrogen fixation; however, the mechanism of Fe accumulation in nodules is poorly understood. Here, we focus on the transcriptome in response to internal nitrogen status during RNS in Lotus japonicus and identify that IRON MAN (IMA) peptide genes are expressed during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We show that LjIMA1 and LjIMA2 expressed in the shoot and root play systemic and local roles in concentrating internal Fe to the nodule. Furthermore, IMA peptides have conserved roles in regulating nitrogen homeostasis by adjusting nitrogen-Fe balance in L. japonicus and Arabidopsis thaliana. These findings indicate that IMA-mediated Fe provision plays an essential role in regulating nitrogen-related physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoyo Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuri Tajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Rhelixa Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momona Noda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sotta
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Suo Z, Cummings DA, Puri AW, Schaefer AL, Greenberg EP. A Mesorhizobium japonicum quorum sensing circuit that involves three linked genes and an unusual acyl-homoserine lactone signal. mBio 2023; 14:e0101023. [PMID: 37227303 PMCID: PMC10470506 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01010-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Mesorhizobium, which are core components of the rhizosphere and specific symbionts of legume plants, possess genes for acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing (QS). Here we show Mesorhizobium japonicum MAFF 303099 (formerly M. loti) synthesizes and responds to N-[(2E, 4E)-2,4-dodecadienoyl] homoserine lactone (2E, 4E-C12:2-HSL). We show that the 2E, 4E-C12:2-HSL QS circuit involves one of four luxR-luxI-type genes found in the sequenced genome of MAFF 303099. We refer to this circuit, which appears to be conserved among Mesorhizobium species, as R1-I1. We show that two other Mesorhizobium strains also produce 2E, 4E-C12:2-HSL. The 2E, 4E-C12:2-HSL is unique among known AHLs in its arrangement of two trans double bonds. The R1 response to 2E, 4E-C12:2-HSL is extremely selective in comparison with other LuxR homologs, and the trans double bonds appear critical for R1 signal recognition. Most well-studied LuxI-like proteins use S-adenosylmethionine and an acyl-acyl carrier protein as substrates for synthesis of AHLs. Others that form a subgroup of LuxI-type proteins use acyl-coenzyme A substrates rather than acyl-acyl carrier proteins. I1 clusters with the acyl-coenzyme A-type AHL synthases. We show that a gene linked to the I1 AHL synthase is involved in the production of the QS signal. The discovery of the unique I1 product enforces the view that further study of acyl-coenzyme A-dependent LuxI homologs will expand our knowledge of AHL diversity. The involvement of an additional enzyme in AHL generation leads us to consider this system a three-component QS circuit. IMPORTANCE We report a Mesorhizobium japonicum quorum sensing (QS) system involving a novel acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal. This system is known to be involved in root nodule symbiosis with host plants. The chemistry of the newly described QS signal indicated that there may be a dedicated cellular enzyme involved in its synthesis in addition to the types known for production of other AHLs. Indeed, we report that an additional gene is required for synthesis of the unique signal, and we propose that this is a three-component QS circuit as opposed to the canonical two-component AHL QS circuits. The signaling system is exquisitely selective. The selectivity may be important when this species resides in the complex microbial communities around host plants and may make this system useful in various synthetic biology applications of QS circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Suo
- Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dale A. Cummings
- Department of Chemistry and the Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genomes Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Aaron W. Puri
- Department of Chemistry and the Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genomes Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amy L. Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E. Peter Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Quides KW, Lee Y, Hur T, Atamian HS. Evaluation of qPCR to Detect Shifts in Population Composition of the Rhizobial Symbiont Mesorhizobium japonicum during Serial in Planta Transfers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020277. [PMID: 36829553 PMCID: PMC9953586 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts range from mutualistic to commensal to antagonistic. While these roles are distinct in their outcome, they are also fluid in a changing environment. Here, we used the Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium japonicum symbiosis to investigate short-term and long-term shifts in population abundance using an effective, fast, and low-cost tracking methodology for M. japonicum. We use quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to track previously generated signature-tagged M. japonicum mutants targeting the Tn5 transposon insertion and the flanking gene. We used a highly beneficial wild type and moderately beneficial and non-beneficial mutants of M. japonicum sp. nov. to demonstrate the specificity of these primers to estimate the relative abundance of each genotype within individual nodules and after serial transfers to new hosts. For the moderate and non-beneficial genotypes, qPCR allowed us to differentiate genotypes that are phenotypically indistinguishable and investigate host control with suboptimal symbionts. We consistently found the wild type increasing in the proportion of the population, but our data suggest a potential reproductive trade-off between the moderate and non-beneficial genotypes. The multi-generation framework we used, coupled with qPCR, can easily be scaled up to track dozens of M. japonicum mutants simultaneously. Moreover, these mutants can be used to explore M. japonicum genotype abundance in the presence of a complex soil community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro W. Quides
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yoobeen Lee
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Teresa Hur
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
- Correspondence:
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Fukudome M, Ishizaki H, Shimokawa Y, Mori T, Uchi-Fukudome N, Umnajkitikorn K, Murakami EI, Uchiumi T, Kawaguchi M. Reactive Sulfur Species Produced by Cystathionine γ-lyase Function in the Establishment of Mesorhizobium loti-Lotus japonicus Symbiosis. Microbes Environ 2023; 38:ME23021. [PMID: 37704435 PMCID: PMC10522845 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are present in root nodules; however, their role in symbiosis and the mechanisms underlying their production remain unclear. We herein investigated whether RSS produced by the cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) of microsymbionts are involved in root nodule symbiosis. A cse mutant of Mesorhizobium loti exhibited the decreased production of hydrogen sulfide and other RSS. Although the CSE mutation of M. loti did not affect the early stages of symbiosis, i.e., infection and nodulation, with Lotus japonicus, it reduced the nitrogenase activity of nodules and induced their early senescence. Additionally, changes in the production of sulfur compounds and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in the infected cells of nodules induced by the cse mutants. The effects of CSE inhibitors in the L. japonicus rhizosphere on symbiosis with M. loti were also investigated. All three CSE inhibitors suppressed infection and nodulation by M. loti concomitant with decreased RSS levels and increased ROS and nitric oxide levels. Therefore, RSS derived from the CSE activity of both the microsymbiont and host plant are required for symbiosis, but function at different stages of symbiosis, possibly with crosstalk with other reactive mole-cular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761–0795, Japan
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
| | - Haruka Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1–21–35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1–21–35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mori
- Trans-Omics Facility, Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uchi-Fukudome
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8–35–1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8544, Japan
| | - Kamolchanok Umnajkitikorn
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Ei-ichi Murakami
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
- Nihon Pall Ltd. Scientific and Laboratory Service, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300–0315, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1–21–35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
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Bunbury F, Deery E, Sayer AP, Bhardwaj V, Harrison EL, Warren MJ, Smith AG. Exploring the onset of B 12 -based mutualisms using a recently evolved Chlamydomonas auxotroph and B 12 -producing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3134-3147. [PMID: 35593514 PMCID: PMC9545926 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin (vitamin B12 ) is a cofactor for essential metabolic reactions in multiple eukaryotic taxa, including major primary producers such as algae, and yet only prokaryotes can produce it. Many bacteria can colonize the algal phycosphere, forming stable communities that gain preferential access to photosynthate and in return provide compounds such as B12 . Extended coexistence can then drive gene loss, leading to greater algal-bacterial interdependence. In this study, we investigate how a recently evolved B12 -dependent strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, metE7, forms a mutualism with certain bacteria, including the rhizobium Mesorhizobium loti and even a strain of the gut bacterium E. coli engineered to produce cobalamin. Although metE7 was supported by B12 producers, its growth in co-culture was slower than the B12 -independent wild-type, suggesting that high bacterial B12 provision may be necessary to favour B12 auxotrophs and their evolution. Moreover, we found that an E. coli strain that releases more B12 makes a better mutualistic partner, and although this trait may be more costly in isolation, greater B12 release provided an advantage in co-cultures. We hypothesize that, given the right conditions, bacteria that release more B12 may be selected for, particularly if they form close interactions with B12 -dependent algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Bunbury
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Andrew P Sayer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Vaibhav Bhardwaj
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Ellen L Harrison
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Lineage-Specific Rewiring of Core Pathways Predating Innovation of Legume Nodules Shapes Symbiotic Efficiency. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e01299-20. [PMID: 33850043 PMCID: PMC8547004 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01299-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interkingdom coevolution innovated the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The application of this nitrogen-fixing system in sustainable agriculture is usually impeded by incompatible interactions between partners. However, the progressive evolution of rhizobium-legume compatibility remains elusive. In this work, deletions of rhcV encoding a structural component of the type three secretion system allow related Sinorhizobium strains to nodulate a previously incompatible soybean cultivar (Glycine max). These rhcV mutants show low to medium to high symbiotic efficiency on the same cultivated soybean while being indistinguishable on wild soybean plants (Glycine soja). The dual pantranscriptomics reveals nodule-specific activation of core symbiosis genes of Sinorhizobium and Glycine genes associated with genome duplication events along the chronogram. Unexpectedly, symbiotic efficiency is in line with lineage-dependent transcriptional profiles of core pathways which predate the diversification of Fabaceae and Sinorhizobium. This is supported by further physiological and biochemical experiments. Particularly, low-efficiency nodules show disordered antioxidant activity and low-energy status, which restrict nitrogen fixation activity. Collectively, the ancient core pathways play a crucial role in optimizing the function of later-evolved mutualistic arsenals in the rhizobium-legume coevolution. IMPORTANCE Significant roles of complex extracellular microbiota in environmental adaptation of eukaryotes in ever-changing circumstances have been revealed. Given the intracellular infection ability, facultative endosymbionts can be considered pioneers within complex extracellular microbiota and are ideal organisms for understanding the early stage of interkingdom adaptation. This work reveals that the later innovation of key symbiotic arsenals and the lineage-specific network rewiring in ancient core pathways, predating the divergence of legumes and rhizobia, underline the progressive evolution of rhizobium-legume compatibility. This insight not only is significant for improving the application benefits of rhizobial inoculants in sustainable agriculture but also advances our general understanding of the interkingdom coevolution which is theoretically explored by all host-microbiota interactions.
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Kusaba I, Nakao T, Maita H, Sato S, Chijiiwa R, Yamada E, Arima S, Kojoma M, Ishimaru K, Akashi R, Suzuki A. Mesorhizobium sp. J8 can establish symbiosis with Glycyrrhiza uralensis, increasing glycyrrhizin production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:57-66. [PMID: 34177325 PMCID: PMC8215473 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is a medicinal plant that contains glycyrrhizin (GL), which has various pharmacological activities. Because licorice is a legume, it can establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. However, the effect of this symbiosis on GL production is unknown. Rhizobia were isolated from root nodules of Glycyrrhiza glabra, and a rhizobium that can form root nodules in G. uralensis was selected. Whole-genome analysis revealed a single circular chromosome of 6.7 Mbp. This rhizobium was classified as Mesorhizobium by phylogenetic analysis and was designated Mesorhizobium sp. J8. When G. uralensis plants grown from cuttings were inoculated with J8, root nodules formed. Shoot biomass and SPAD values of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of uninoculated controls, and the GL content of the roots was 3.2 times that of controls. Because uninoculated plants from cuttings showed slight nodule formation, we grew plants from seeds in plant boxes filled with sterilized vermiculite, inoculated half of the seedlings with J8, and grew them with or without 100 µM KNO3. The SPAD values of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of uninoculated plants. Furthermore, the expression level of the CYP88D6 gene, which is a marker of GL synthesis, was 2.5 times higher than in inoculated plants. These results indicate that rhizobial symbiosis promotes both biomass and GL production in G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kusaba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Maita
- Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijiiwa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Emi Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Arima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kanji Ishimaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Nishi Gakuen-kibanadai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Rhizobiales-Specific RirA Represses a Naturally "Synthetic" Foreign Siderophore Gene Cluster To Maintain Sinorhizobium-Legume Mutualism. mBio 2021; 13:e0290021. [PMID: 35130720 PMCID: PMC8822346 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02900-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is strictly regulated in cellular organisms. The Rhizobiales order enriched with symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria has evolved a lineage-specific regulator, RirA, responding to iron fluctuations. However, the regulatory role of RirA in bacterium-host interactions remains largely unknown. Here, we report that RirA is essential for mutualistic interactions of Sinorhizobium fredii with its legume hosts by repressing a gene cluster directing biosynthesis and transport of petrobactin siderophore. Genes encoding an inner membrane ABC transporter (fat) and the biosynthetic machinery (asb) of petrobactin siderophore are sporadically distributed in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. An outer membrane siderophore receptor gene (fprA) was naturally assembled with asb and fat, forming a long polycistron in S. fredii. An indigenous regulation cascade harboring an inner membrane protease (RseP), a sigma factor (FecI), and its anti-sigma protein (FecR) were involved in direct activation of the fprA-asb-fat polycistron. Operons harboring fecI and fprA-asb-fat, and those encoding the indigenous TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex delivering energy to the outer membrane transport activity, were directly repressed by RirA under iron-replete conditions. The rirA deletion led to upregulation of these operons and iron overload in nodules, impaired intracellular persistence, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation of rhizobia. Mutualistic defects of the rirA mutant can be rescued by blocking activities of this naturally "synthetic" circuit for siderophore biosynthesis and transport. These findings not only are significant for understanding iron homeostasis of mutualistic interactions but also provide insights into assembly and integration of foreign machineries for biosynthesis and transport of siderophores, horizontal transfer of which is selected in microbiota. IMPORTANCE Iron is a public good explored by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The abundant ferric form is insoluble under neutral and basic pH conditions, and many bacteria secrete siderophores forming soluble ferric siderophore complexes, which can be then taken up by specific receptors and transporters. Siderophore biosynthesis and uptake machineries can be horizontally transferred among bacteria in nature. Despite increasing attention on the importance of siderophores in host-microbiota interactions, the regulatory integration process of transferred siderophore biosynthesis and transport genes is poorly understood in an evolutionary context. By focusing on the mutualistic rhizobium-legume symbiosis, here, we report how a naturally synthetic foreign siderophore gene cluster was integrated with the rhizobial indigenous regulation cascade, which is essential for maintaining mutualistic interactions.
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The rhizobial autotransporter determines the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity of Lotus japonicus in a host-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1806-1815. [PMID: 31900357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913349117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with rhizobia and form root nodules in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. The host plant and intracellular rhizobia strictly control this symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We recently reported a Lotus japonicus Fix- mutant, apn1 (aspartic peptidase nodule-induced 1), that impairs symbiotic nitrogen fixation. APN1 encodes a nodule-specific aspartic peptidase involved in the Fix- phenotype in a rhizobial strain-specific manner. This host-strain specificity implies that some molecular interactions between host plant APN1 and rhizobial factors are required, although the biological function of APN1 in nodules and the mechanisms governing the interactions are unknown. To clarify how rhizobial factors are involved in strain-specific nitrogen fixation, we explored transposon mutants of Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO, which normally form Fix- nodules on apn1 roots, and identified TONO mutants that formed Fix+ nodules on apn1 The identified causal gene encodes an autotransporter, part of a protein secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria. Expression of the autotransporter gene in M. loti strain MAFF3030399, which normally forms Fix+ nodules on apn1 roots, resulted in Fix- nodules. The autotransporter of TONO functions to secrete a part of its own protein (a passenger domain) into extracellular spaces, and the recombinant APN1 protein cleaved the passenger protein in vitro. The M. loti autotransporter showed the activity to induce the genes involved in nodule senescence in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we conclude that the nodule-specific aspartic peptidase, APN1, suppresses negative effects of the rhizobial autotransporter in order to maintain effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
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Duan L, Pei J, Ren Y, Li H, Zhou X, Zhu H, Duanmu D, Wen J, Mysore KS, Cao Y, Zhang Z. A Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase-Like Protein Interacts with NFR5 and Regulates Rhizobial Infection in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:401-412. [PMID: 30295579 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In almost all symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and leguminous plants, host flavonoid-induced synthesis of Nod factors in rhizobia is required to initiate symbiotic response in plants. In this study, we found that Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptor 5 (LjNFR5) might directly regulate flavonoid biosynthesis during symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that a dihydroflavonol-4-reductase-like protein (LjDFL1) interacts with LjNFR5. The interaction between MtDFL1 and MtNFP, two Medicago truncatula proteins with homology to LjDFL1 and LjNFR5, respectively, was also shown, suggesting that interaction between these two proteins might be conserved in different legumes. LjDFL1 was highly expressed in root hairs and epidermal cells of root tips. Lotus ljdfl1 mutants and Medicago mtdfl1 mutants produced significantly fewer infection threads (ITs) than the wild-type control plants following rhizobial treatment. Furthermore, the roots of stable transgenic L. japonicus plants overexpressing LjDFL1 formed more ITs than control roots after exposure to rhizobia. These data indicated that LjDFL1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic signaling. However, the expression of LjDFL1 was suppressed by rhizobial treatment, suggesting that a negative feedback loop might be involved in regulation of the symbiotic response in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujian Duan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Junqing Pei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Yaping Ren
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Xiangzhen Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hui Zhu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- 2 Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yangrong Cao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
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Yamaya-Ito H, Shimoda Y, Hakoyama T, Sato S, Kaneko T, Hossain MS, Shibata S, Kawaguchi M, Hayashi M, Kouchi H, Umehara Y. Loss-of-function of ASPARTIC PEPTIDASE NODULE-INDUCED 1 (APN1) in Lotus japonicus restricts efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with specific Mesorhizobium loti strains. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:5-16. [PMID: 29086445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes and Rhizobium bacteria is established by complex interactions between the two symbiotic partners. Legume Fix- mutants form apparently normal nodules with endosymbiotic rhizobia but fail to induce rhizobial nitrogen fixation. These mutants are useful for identifying the legume genes involved in the interactions essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We describe here a Fix- mutant of Lotus japonicus, apn1, which showed a very specific symbiotic phenotype. It formed ineffective nodules when inoculated with the Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO. In these nodules, infected cells disintegrated and successively became necrotic, indicating premature senescence typical of Fix- mutants. However, it formed effective nodules when inoculated with the M. loti strain MAFF303099. Among nine different M. loti strains tested, four formed ineffective nodules and five formed effective nodules on apn1 roots. The identified causal gene, ASPARTIC PEPTIDASE NODULE-INDUCED 1 (LjAPN1), encodes a nepenthesin-type aspartic peptidase. The well characterized Arabidopsis aspartic peptidase CDR1 could complement the strain-specific Fix- phenotype of apn1. LjAPN1 is a typical late nodulin; its gene expression was exclusively induced during nodule development. LjAPN1 was most abundantly expressed in the infected cells in the nodules. Our findings indicate that LjAPN1 is required for the development and persistence of functional (nitrogen-fixing) symbiosis in a rhizobial strain-dependent manner, and thus determines compatibility between M. loti and L. japonicus at the level of nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yamaya-Ito
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0800, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hakoyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kaneko
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Hayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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12
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Quides KW, Stomackin GM, Lee HH, Chang JH, Sachs JL. Lotus japonicus alters in planta fitness of Mesorhizobium loti dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185568. [PMID: 28957401 PMCID: PMC5619806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobial bacteria are known for their capacity to fix nitrogen for legume hosts. However ineffective rhizobial genotypes exist and can trigger the formation of nodules but fix little if any nitrogen for hosts. Legumes must employ mechanisms to minimize exploitation by the ineffective rhizobial genotypes to limit fitness costs and stabilize the symbiosis. Here we address two key questions about these host mechanisms. What stages of the interaction are controlled by the host, and can hosts detect subtle differences in nitrogen fixation? We provide the first explicit evidence for adaptive host control in the interaction between Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti. In both single inoculation and co-inoculation experiments, less effective rhizobial strains exhibited reduced in planta fitness relative to the wildtype M. loti. We uncovered evidence of host control during nodule formation and during post-infection proliferation of symbionts within nodules. We found a linear relationship between rhizobial fitness and symbiotic effectiveness. Our results suggest that L. japonicus can adaptively modulate the fitness of symbionts as a continuous response to symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro W. Quides
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Glenna M. Stomackin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Hsu-Han Lee
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeff H. Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Joel L. Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Regus JU, Quides KW, O'Neill MR, Suzuki R, Savory EA, Chang JH, Sachs JL. Cell autonomous sanctions in legumes target ineffective rhizobia in nodules with mixed infections. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1299-1312. [PMID: 29885243 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John U. Regus
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
| | - Kenjiro W. Quides
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
| | - Matthew R. O'Neill
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
| | - Rina Suzuki
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Savory
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Jeff H. Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, 2701 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Joel L. Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, 2142 Batchelor Hall, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, 5406 Boyce Hall, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 USA
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14
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Caufield JH, Wimble C, Shary S, Wuchty S, Uetz P. Bacterial protein meta-interactomes predict cross-species interactions and protein function. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:171. [PMID: 28298180 PMCID: PMC5353844 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) can offer compelling evidence for protein function, especially when viewed in the context of proteome-wide interactomes. Bacteria have been popular subjects of interactome studies: more than six different bacterial species have been the subjects of comprehensive interactome studies while several more have had substantial segments of their proteomes screened for interactions. The protein interactomes of several bacterial species have been completed, including several from prominent human pathogens. The availability of interactome data has brought challenges, as these large data sets are difficult to compare across species, limiting their usefulness for broad studies of microbial genetics and evolution. Results In this study, we use more than 52,000 unique protein-protein interactions (PPIs) across 349 different bacterial species and strains to determine their conservation across data sets and taxonomic groups. When proteins are collapsed into orthologous groups (OGs) the resulting meta-interactome still includes more than 43,000 interactions, about 14,000 of which involve proteins of unknown function. While conserved interactions provide support for protein function in their respective species data, we found only 429 PPIs (~1% of the available data) conserved in two or more species, rendering any cross-species interactome comparison immediately useful. The meta-interactome serves as a model for predicting interactions, protein functions, and even full interactome sizes for species with limited to no experimentally observed PPI, including Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enterica which are predicted to have up to 18,000 and 31,000 PPIs, respectively. Conclusions In the course of this work, we have assembled cross-species interactome comparisons that will allow interactomics researchers to anticipate the structures of yet-unexplored microbial interactomes and to focus on well-conserved yet uncharacterized interactors for further study. Such conserved interactions should provide evidence for important but yet-uncharacterized aspects of bacterial physiology and may provide targets for anti-microbial therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1585-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harry Caufield
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher Wimble
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Semarjit Shary
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Stefan Wuchty
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Uetz
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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15
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Whole-Genome Sequence of the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Rhizobium Mesorhizobium loti Strain TONO. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01016-16. [PMID: 27795235 PMCID: PMC5054308 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01016-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesorhizobium loti is the nitrogen-fixing microsymbiont for legumes of the genus Lotus Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of a Mesorhizobium loti strain, TONO, which is used as a symbiont for the model legume Lotus japonicus The whole-genome sequence of the strain TONO will be a solid platform for comparative genomics analyses and for the identification of genes responsible for the symbiotic properties of Mesorhizobium species.
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16
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Shimomura A, Naka A, Miyazaki N, Moriuchi S, Arima S, Sato S, Hirakawa H, Hayashi M, Maymon M, Hirsch AM, Suzuki A. Blue Light Perception by Both Roots and Rhizobia Inhibits Nodule Formation in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:786-796. [PMID: 27611874 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0048-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In many legumes, roots that are exposed to light do not form nodules. Here, we report that blue light inhibits nodulation in Lotus japonicus roots inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti. Using RNA interference, we suppressed the expression of the phototropin and cryptochrome genes in L. japonicus hairy roots. Under blue light, plants transformed with an empty vector did not develop nodules, whereas plants exhibiting suppressed expression of cry1 and cry2 genes formed nodules. We also measured rhizobial growth to investigate whether the inhibition of nodulation could be caused by a reduced population of rhizobia in response to light. Although red light had no effect on rhizobial growth, blue light had a strong inhibitory effect. Rhizobial growth under blue light was partially restored in signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) strains in which LOV-HK/PAS- and photolyase-related genes were disrupted. Moreover, when Ljcry1A and Ljcry2B-silenced plants were inoculated with the STM strains, nodulation was additively increased. Our data show that blue light receptors in both the host plant and the symbiont have a profound effect on nodule development. The exact mechanism by which these photomorphogenetic responses function in the symbiosis needs further study, but they are clearly involved in optimizing legume nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shimomura
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Naka
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyazaki
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Sayaka Moriuchi
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Arima
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- 3 Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- 4 Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- 5 RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maskit Maymon
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
- 7 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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17
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Tatsukami Y, Ueda M. Rhizobial gibberellin negatively regulates host nodule number. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27998. [PMID: 27307029 PMCID: PMC4910070 DOI: 10.1038/srep27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In legume-rhizobia symbiosis, the nodule number is controlled to ensure optimal growth of the host. In Lotus japonicus, the nodule number has been considered to be tightly regulated by host-derived phytohormones and glycopeptides. However, we have discovered a symbiont-derived phytohormonal regulation of nodule number in Mesorhizobium loti. In this study, we found that M. loti synthesized gibberellic acid (GA) under symbiosis. Hosts inoculated with a GA-synthesis-deficient M. loti mutant formed more nodules than those inoculated with the wild-type form at four weeks post inoculation, indicating that GA from already-incorporated rhizobia prevents new nodule formation. Interestingly, the genes for GA synthesis are only found in rhizobial species that inhabit determinate nodules. Our findings suggest that the already-incorporated rhizobia perform GA-associated negative regulation of nodule number to prevent delayed infection by other rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tatsukami
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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18
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Wang D, Wang YC, Wu LJ, Liu JX, Zhang P, Jiao J, Yan H, Liu T, Tian CF, Chen WX. Construction and pilot screening of a signature-tagged mutant library of Sinorhizobium fredii. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:91-9. [PMID: 26472206 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii is well known for its ability to establish symbiosis with diverse legumes such as Glycine max (soybean, determinate nodules) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea, indeterminate nodules). In order to make screening of S. fredii genes related to symbiosis cost-effective, we constructed a large Tn5 insertion mutant library of S. fredii CCBAU45436 using the signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) technique. This STM library contains a total of 25,500 independent mutants distributed in 17 sublibraries tagged by corresponding distinct DNA bar-code sequences. After the pilot screening of 255 mutants in 15 batches, Tag85-4, Tag4-17, Tag4-11 and Tag10-13 were found to have attenuated competitiveness (0-30 % in nodule occupation) compared to the wild-type strain when inoculated on soybean. Further characterization of these mutants suggests that Tag4-11 (a pyrC mutant) and Tag10-13 (a nrdJ mutant) are defective in establishing symbiosis with soybean. The pyrC mutant induced uninfected pseudonodules while the nrdJ mutant formed significantly more nodules containing bacteroids with poor persistence ability. When these two mutants were tested on pigeon pea, host-specific symbiotic defects were found. These results demonstrated the STM library as a valuable resource for identifying S. fredii genes relevant to symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Ghobakhlou AF, Johnston A, Harris L, Antoun H, Laberge S. Microarray transcriptional profiling of Arctic Mesorhizobium strain N33 at low temperature provides insights into cold adaption strategies. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:383. [PMID: 25975821 PMCID: PMC4432818 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arctic Mesorhizobium strain N33 was isolated from nodules of the legume Oxytropis arctobia in Canada’s eastern Arctic. This symbiotic bacterium can grow at temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 °C, fix nitrogen at 10 °C, and is one of the best known cold-adapted rhizobia. Despite the economic potential of this bacterium for northern regions, the key molecular mechanisms of its cold adaptation remain poorly understood. Results Using a microarray printed with 5760 Arctic Mesorhizobium genomic clones, we performed a partial transcriptome analysis of strain N33 grown under eight different temperature conditions, including both sustained and transient cold treatments, compared with cells grown at room temperature. Cells treated under constant (4 and 10 °C) low temperatures expressed a prominent number of induced genes distinct from cells treated to short-term cold-exposure (<60 min), but exhibited an intermediate expression profile when exposed to a prolonged cold exposure (240 min). The most prominent up-regulated genes encode proteins involved in metabolite transport, transcription regulation, protein turnover, oxidoreductase activity, cryoprotection (mannitol, polyamines), fatty acid metabolism, and membrane fluidity. The main categories of genes affected in N33 during cold treatment are sugar transport and protein translocation, lipid biosynthesis, and NADH oxidoreductase (quinone) activity. Some genes were significantly down-regulated and classified in secretion, energy production and conversion, amino acid transport, cell motility, cell envelope and outer membrane biogenesis functions. This might suggest growth cessation or reduction, which is an important strategy to adjust cellular function and save energy under cold stress conditions. Conclusion Our analysis revealed a complex series of changes associated with cold exposure adaptation and constant growth at low temperatures. Moreover, it highlighted some of the strategies and different physiological states that Mesorhizobium strain N33 has developed to adapt to the cold environment of the Canadian high Arctic and has revealed candidate genes potentially involved in cold adaptation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1611-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah-Fardin Ghobakhlou
- Graduate Programs in Agri-Food Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Anne Johnston
- Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Linda Harris
- Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Hani Antoun
- Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Serge Laberge
- Soils and Crops Research Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 2 J3, Canada.
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20
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Saeki K, Ronson CW. Genome Sequence and Gene Functions in Mesorhizobium loti and Relatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44270-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Genomic analysis of cyclic-di-GMP-related genes in rhizobial type strains and functional analysis in Rhizobium etli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4589-602. [PMID: 24728599 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can fix nitrogen in symbiosis with leguminous plants or exist free living in the rhizosphere. Crucial to their complex lifestyle is the ability to sense and respond to diverse environmental stimuli, requiring elaborate signaling pathways. In the majority of bacteria, the nucleotide-based second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is involved in signal transduction. Surprisingly, little is known about the importance of c-di-GMP signaling in rhizobia. We have analyzed the genome sequences of six well-studied type species (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Mesorhizobium loti, Rhizobium etli, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Sinorhizobium fredii, and Sinorhizobium meliloti) for proteins possibly involved in c-di-GMP signaling based on the presence of four domains: GGDEF (diguanylate cyclase), EAL and HD-GYP (phosphodiesterase), and PilZ (c-di-GMP sensor). We find that rhizobia possess a high number of these proteins. Conservation analysis suggests that c-di-GMP signaling proteins modulate species-specific pathways rather than ancient rhizobia-specific processes. Two hybrid GGDEF-EAL proteins were selected for functional analysis, R. etli RHE_PD00105 (CdgA) and RHE_PD00137 (CdgB). Expression of cdgA and cdgB is repressed by the alarmone (p)ppGpp. cdgB is significantly expressed on plant roots and free living. Mutation of cdgA, cdgB, or both does not affect plant root colonization, nitrogen fixation capacity, biofilm formation, motility, and exopolysaccharide production. However, heterologous expression of the individual GGDEF and EAL domains of each protein in Escherichia coli strongly suggests that CdgA and CdgB are bifunctional proteins, possessing both diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities. Taken together, our results provide a platform for future studies of c-di-GMP signaling in rhizobia.
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Chungopast S, Thapanapongworakul P, Matsuura H, Van Dao T, Asahi T, Tada K, Tajima S, Nomura M. Glutamine synthetase I-deficiency in Mesorhizobium loti differentially affects nodule development and activity in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:104-108. [PMID: 24484964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the effect of glutamine synthetase (GSI) activity in Mesorhizobium loti on the symbiosis between the host plant, Lotus japonicus, and the bacteroids. We used a signature-tagged mutant of M. loti (STM30) with a transposon inserted into the GSI (mll0343) gene. The L. japonicus plants inoculated with STM30 had significantly more nodules, and the occurrence of senesced nodules was much higher than in plants inoculated with the wild-type. The acetylene reduction activity (ARA) per nodule inoculated with STM30 was lowered compared to the control. Also, the concentration of chlorophyll, glutamine, and asparagine in leaves of STM30-infected plants was found to be reduced. Taken together, these data demonstrate that a GSI deficiency in M. loti differentially affects legume-rhizobia symbiosis by modifying nodule development and metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinapa Chungopast
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Pilunthana Thapanapongworakul
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Tan Van Dao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toshimasa Asahi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kuninao Tada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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23
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Matas IM, Lambertsen L, Rodríguez-Moreno L, Ramos C. Identification of novel virulence genes and metabolic pathways required for full fitness of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi in olive (Olea europaea) knots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:1182-1196. [PMID: 23088618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomics and functional analysis of Pseudomonas syringae and related pathogens have mainly focused on diseases of herbaceous plants; however, there is a general lack of knowledge about the virulence and pathogenicity determinants required for infection of woody plants. Here, we applied signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) to Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi during colonization of olive (Olea europaea) knots, with the goal of identifying the range of genes linked to growth and symptom production in its plant host. A total of 58 different genes were identified, and most mutations resulted in hypovirulence in woody olive plants. Sequence analysis of STM mutations allowed us to identify metabolic pathways required for full fitness of P. savastanoi in olive and revealed novel mechanisms involved in the virulence of this pathogen, some of which are essential for full colonization of olive knots by the pathogen and for the lysis of host cells. This first application of STM to a P. syringae-like pathogen provides confirmation of functional capabilities long believed to play a role in the survival and virulence of this group of pathogens but not adequately tested before, and unravels novel factors not correlated previously with the virulence of other plant or animal bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lotte Lambertsen
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Moreno
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Teatinos s/n, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
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24
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Sánchez C, Mercante V, Babuin MF, Lepek VC. Dual effect of Mesorhizobium loti T3SS functionality on the symbiotic process. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 330:148-56. [PMID: 22428564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 has a functional type III secretory system (T3SS) involved in the nodulation process on Lotus tenuis and Lotus japonicus. Four putative M. loti T3SS effectors (Mlr6358, Mlr6331, Mlr6361, and Mlr6316) have been previously described, and it has been demonstrated that the N-terminal regions of Mlr6361 and Mlr6358 mediate the secretion via a T3SS. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of Mlr6316 and Mlr6331 N-terminal regions to direct the secretion of a translational fusion to a reporter peptide through T3SS. By using single, double, and triple mutants, we demonstrated the positive and negative participation of some of these proteins in the determination of competitiveness on Lotus spp. Low competitiveness values correlated with low nodulation efficiency for a mutant deficient in three of the putative M. loti effectors. Our data suggest that the net effect of M. loti T3SS function on symbiotic process with Lotus results from a balance between positive and negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas 'Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde', Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (IIB-UNSAM), CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Hashiguchi M, Abe J, Aoki T, Anai T, Suzuki A, Akashi R. The National BioResource Project (NBRP) Lotus and Glycine in Japan. BREEDING SCIENCE 2012; 61:453-61. [PMID: 23136485 PMCID: PMC3406794 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.61.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the National BioResource Project (NBRP) in Japan is to collect, conserve and distribute biological materials for life sciences research. The project consists of twenty-eight bioresources, including animal, plant, microorganism and DNA resources. NBRP Lotus and Glycine aims to support the development of legume research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of these bioresources. Lotus japonicus is a perennial legume that grows naturally throughout Japan and is widely used as a model plant for legumes because of such advantages as its small genome size and short life cycle. Soybean (Glycine max) has been cultivated as an important crop since ancient times, and numerous research programs have generated a large amount of basic research information and valuable bioresources for this crop. We have also developed a "LegumeBase" a specialized database for the genera Lotus and Glycine, and are maintaining this database as a part of the NBRP. In this paper we will provide an overview of the resources available from the NBRP Lotus and Glycine database site, called "LegumeBase".
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Hashiguchi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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26
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Blaby-Haas CE, de Crécy-Lagard V. Mining high-throughput experimental data to link gene and function. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:174-82. [PMID: 21310501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 2200 genomes that encode around 6 million proteins have now been sequenced. Around 40% of these proteins are of unknown function, even when function is loosely and minimally defined as 'belonging to a superfamily'. In addition to in silico methods, the swelling stream of high-throughput experimental data can give valuable clues for linking these unknowns with precise biological roles. The goal is to develop integrative data-mining platforms that allow the scientific community at large to access and utilize this rich source of experimental knowledge. To this end, we review recent advances in generating whole-genome experimental datasets, where this data can be accessed, and how it can be used to drive prediction of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crysten E Blaby-Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Borjigin N, Furukawa K, Shimoda Y, Tabata S, Sato S, Eda S, Minamisawa K, Mitsui H. Identification of Mesorhizobium loti Genes Relevant to Symbiosis by Using Signature-Tagged Mutants. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:165-71. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shima Eda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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28
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Kawaguchi M, Minamisawa K. Plant-microbe communications for symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1377-80. [PMID: 20841337 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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29
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Nishiyama E, Ohtsubo Y, Nagata Y, Tsuda M. Identification of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 genes induced in soil environment by in vivo expression technology. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2539-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Okazaki S, Okabe S, Higashi M, Shimoda Y, Sato S, Tabata S, Hashiguchi M, Akashi R, Göttfert M, Saeki K. Identification and functional analysis of type III effector proteins in Mesorhizobium loti. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:223-34. [PMID: 20064065 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-2-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099, a microsymbiont of the model legume Lotus japonicus, possesses a cluster of genes (tts) that encode a type III secretion system (T3SS). In the presence of heterologous nodD from Rhizobium leguminosarum and a flavonoid naringenin, we observed elevated expression of the tts genes and secretion of several proteins into the culture medium. Inoculation experiments with wild-type and T3SS mutant strains revealed that the presence of the T3SS affected nodulation at a species level within the Lotus genus either positively (L. corniculatus subsp. frondosus and L. filicaulis) or negatively (L. halophilus and two other species). By inoculating L. halophilus with mutants of various type III effector candidate genes, we identified open reading frame mlr6361 as a major determinant of the nodulation restriction observed for L. halophilus. The predicted gene product of mlr6361 is a protein of 3,056 amino acids containing 15 repetitions of a sequence motif of 40 to 45 residues and a shikimate kinase-like domain at its carboxyl terminus. Homologues with similar repeat sequences are present in the hypersensitive-response and pathogenicity regions of several plant pathogens, including strains of Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas species. These results suggest that L. halophilus recognizes Mlr6361 as potentially pathogen derived and subsequently halts the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Okazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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31
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Sánchez C, Iannino F, Deakin WJ, Ugalde RA, Lepek VC. Characterization of the Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 type-three protein secretion system. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:519-28. [PMID: 19348570 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-5-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS) have been found in several species of rhizobia. Proteins (termed effectors) secreted by this system are involved in host-range determination and influence nodulation efficiency. Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 possesses a functional T3SS in its symbiotic island whose expression is induced by flavonoids. As in other rhizobia, conserved cis-elements (tts box) were found in the promoter regions of genes or operons encoding T3SS components. Using a bioinformatics approach, we searched for other tts-box-controlled genes, and confirmed this transcriptional regulation for some of them using lacZ fusions to the predicted promoter regions. Translational fusions to a reporter peptide were created to demonstrate T3SS-mediated secretion of two new MAFF303099 effectors. Finally, we showed that mutation of the M. loti MAFF303099 T3SS affects its competitiveness on Lotus glaber and investigated, at the molecular level, responses of the model legume L. japonicus to the T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, INTECH, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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