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Sun J, Koski TM, Wickham JD, Baranchikov YN, Bushley KE. Emerald Ash Borer Management and Research: Decades of Damage and Still Expanding. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:239-258. [PMID: 37708417 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-012323-032231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the ash tree (Fraxinus spp.) killer emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis) in the United States in 2002 and Moscow, Russia in 2003, substantial detection and management efforts have been applied to contain and monitor its spread and mitigate impacts. Despite these efforts, the pest continues to spread within North America. It has spread to European Russia and Ukraine and is causing sporadic outbreaks in its native range in China. The dynamics of EAB's range expansion events appear to be linked to the lack of resistant ash trees in invaded ranges, facilitated by the abundance of native or planted North American susceptible ash species. We review recently gained knowledge of the range expansion of EAB; its ecological, economic, and social impacts; and past management efforts with their successes and limitations. We also highlight advances in biological control, mechanisms of ash resistance, and new detection and management approaches under development, with the aim of guiding more effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Sun
- Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions/Collece of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China; ,
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions/Collece of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China; ,
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- A.N. Severstov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation;
| | - Yuri N Baranchikov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation;
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York, USA;
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Attack dynamics and impacts of emerald ash borer on wild white fringetree populations. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Joga MR, Mogilicherla K, Smagghe G, Roy A. RNA Interference-Based Forest Protection Products (FPPs) Against Wood-Boring Coleopterans: Hope or Hype? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733608. [PMID: 34567044 PMCID: PMC8461336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Forest insects are emerging in large extension in response to ongoing climatic changes, penetrating geographic barriers, utilizing novel hosts, and influencing many hectares of conifer forests worldwide. Current management strategies have been unable to keep pace with forest insect population outbreaks, and therefore novel and aggressive management strategies are urgently required to manage forest insects. RNA interference (RNAi), a Noble Prize-winning discovery, is an emerging approach that can be used for forest protection. The RNAi pathway is triggered by dsRNA molecules, which, in turn, silences genes and disrupts protein function, ultimately causing the death of the targeted insect. RNAi is very effective against pest insects; however, its proficiency varies significantly among insect species, tissues, and genes. The coleopteran forest insects are susceptible to RNAi and can be the initial target, but we lack practical means of delivery, particularly in systems with long-lived, endophagous insects such as the Emerald ash borer, Asian longhorn beetles, and bark beetles. The widespread use of RNAi in forest pest management has major challenges, including its efficiency, target gene selection, dsRNA design, lack of reliable dsRNA delivery methods, non-target and off-target effects, and potential resistance development in wood-boring pest populations. This review focuses on recent innovations in RNAi delivery that can be deployed against forest pests, such as cationic liposome-assisted (lipids), nanoparticle-enabled (polymers or peptides), symbiont-mediated (fungi, bacteria, and viruses), and plant-mediated deliveries (trunk injection, root absorption). Our findings guide future risk analysis of dsRNA-based forest protection products (FPPs) and risk assessment frameworks incorporating sequence complementarity-based analysis for off-target predictions. This review also points out barriers to further developing RNAi for forest pest management and suggests future directions of research that will build the future use of RNAi against wood-boring coleopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Reddy Joga
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- EVA.4 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Light Limitation Impacts Growth but Not Constitutive or Jasmonate Induced Defenses Relevant to Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) or Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra). J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1117-1130. [PMID: 33037529 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
White fringetree is a host for the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) but is of lower quality than the related and highly susceptible black ash. Field observations suggest that host trees grown in full sun are more resistant to EAB than those in shade, however the impact of light limitation on chemical defenses has not been assessed. We quantified constitutive and jasmonate-induced phloem defenses and growth patterns of white fringetree and black ash under differential light conditions and related them to EAB larval performance. White fringetree had significantly lower constitutive and induced activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-glucosidase, chitinase and lignin content, but significantly higher gallic acid equivalent soluble phenolic, soluble sugar, and oleuropein concentrations compared to black ash. Multivariate analyses based on tissue chemical attributes displayed clear separation of species and induced defense responses. Further, EAB performed significantly worse on white fringetree than black ash, consistent with previous studies. Light limitation did not impact measured defenses or EAB larval performance, but it did decrease current year growth and increase photosynthetic efficiency. Overall our results suggest that phenolic profiles, metabolite abundance, and growth traits are important in mediating white fringetree resistance to EAB, and that short-term light limitation does not influence phloem chemistry or larval success.
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Peterson DL, Böröczky K, Tumlinson J, Cipollini D. Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112397. [PMID: 32387884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Specific cues used by emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) to select hosts are largely unknown. Attractants are likely general and the use of novel host plants provides an opportunity to investigate the commonality of these cues. We examined volatile profiles emitted by five plants that can host EAB and estimated their importance in explaining known oviposition preferences. Foliage volatiles were collected from potted black ash (Fraxinus nigra), Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica), blue ash (F. quadrangulata), white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), and olive (Olea europaea) and analyzed using GC-MS. Fifty-nine compounds were detected including eight green leaf volatiles (GLV), 12 monoterpenes, and 21 sesquiterpenes. Ordination plots show separation of species by full foliage profiles, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and known antennally active compounds, but GLVs were similar across hosts. Random Forest (RF) analysis revealed eight compounds that separated plant species with an error rate of ~19%, consisting mostly of sesquiterpenes. Similarity of GLV profiles among known hosts suggests they serve as general cues for host selection. Manchurian ash, a resistant host, produced the highest quantities and variety of sesquiterpenes indicating that some of these chemicals may be antixenotic. All compounds identified by RF have been implicated as deterrents or attractants to woodborers in other studies and should be investigated for adult antennal activity and attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640, Colonel Glenn Highway, 203 Biological Sciences I, Dayton, OH, USA; Current Institution: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Katalin Böröczky
- Chemical Ecology Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - James Tumlinson
- Chemical Ecology Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640, Colonel Glenn Highway, 203 Biological Sciences I, Dayton, OH, USA
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Peterson DL, Slager B, Anulewicz AC, Cipollini D. Feeding, Survival, and Fecundity of Adult Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Foliage of Two Novel Hosts and Implications for Host Range Expansion. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:709-716. [PMID: 32333020 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores are more likely to successfully use a novel host if the plant is closely related to the ancestral host and the insect is polyphagous. Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a specialist wood borer of ash (Fraxinus spp., Lamiales: Oleaceae) trees and one of the most destructive forest pests in North American forests. Recent studies have found that larvae can develop in stems of two ash relatives; white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus (L.) [Laminales: Oleaceae]) and cultivated olive (Olea europaea (L.) [Laminales: Oleaceae]). For EAB adults, the ability to consume, successfully mate, and lay viable eggs on foliage of these hosts is unknown. Thus, we conducted two no-choice assays with adult EAB on foliage of white fringetree and olive paired with positive controls of susceptible ash. Larval performance was also examined in a reciprocal study with cut stems of white fringetree and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) to determine whether adult diet impacted the success of progeny. Longevity, consumption rates, and fecundity of adults were similar on white fringetree and ash foliage. In contrast, adults consuming olive died quickly, consumed more over time, and females laid far fewer eggs compared to those on ash. Adult diet did not impact larval success, but larvae in white fringetree stems grew slower. These results indicate that white fringetree is a suitable host for EAB to complete its lifecycle, although larvae perform more poorly on this host than in susceptible ash species. In contrast, the more distantly related olive appears to be a poor host for adult EAB, although some viable eggs were produced by females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Ben Slager
- Emerald Ash Borer Rearing Facility, USDA APHIS, Brighton, MI
| | | | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Peterson DL, Cipollini D. Larval Performance of a Major Forest Pest on Novel Hosts and the Effect of Stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:482-488. [PMID: 31904831 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel hosts lacking a coevolutionary history with herbivores can often support improved larval performance over historic hosts; e.g., emerald ash borer [Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) Coleoptera: Buprestidae] on North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Whether trees are novel or ancestral, stress on plants increases emerald ash borer preference and performance. White fringetree [Chionanthus virginicus (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and olive [Olea europaea (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] are closely related non-ash hosts that support development of emerald ash borer to adulthood, but their relative suitability as hosts and the impact of plant stress on larval success has not been well studied. In a series of experiments, survival and growth of emerald ash borer larvae on these novel hosts were examined along with the impact of stress. In the first experiment, larvae grew more slowly in cut stems of olive than in green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Marshall) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and several adults successfully emerged from larger olive stems. In two experiments on young potted olive with photosynthesizing bark, larvae died within a week, but mechanical girdling increased the rate of gallery establishment. The final two experiments on field-grown fringetrees found increased larval survivorship and growth in previously emerald ash borer attacked and mechanically girdled plants than in healthy stems or stems treated with the defense hormone, methyl jasmonate. Our results demonstrate that these non-ash hosts are less suitable for emerald ash borer than preferred ash hosts, but previous emerald ash borer attack or girdling led to better survival and growth demonstrating the importance of stress for larval success. In potted olive, high mortality could be due to higher loads of toxic compounds or the presence of chlorophyllous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Host range expansion may provide enemy free space for the highly invasive emerald ash borer. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ecological Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer in Forests at the Epicenter of the Invasion in North America. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The potential for host switching via ecological fitting in the emerald ash borer-host plant system. Oecologia 2018; 187:507-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Development of RNAi method for screening candidate genes to control emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7379. [PMID: 28784998 PMCID: PMC5547101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) targeting essential genes in an insect could cause mortality. Based on this principle, a new generation of insect control methods using RNA interference (RNAi) are being developed. In this work, we developed a bioassay for oral delivery of dsRNA to an invasive forest and urban tree pest, the emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis). EAB feeds and develops beneath the bark, killing trees rapidly. This behavior, coupled with the lack of a reliable artificial diet for rearing larvae and adults, make them difficult to study. We found that dsRNA is transported and processed to siRNAs by EAB larvae within 72 h after ingestion. Also, feeding neonate larvae with IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) or COP (COPI coatomer, β subunit) dsRNA silenced their target genes and caused mortality. Both an increase in the concentration of dsRNA fed and sequential feeding of two different dsRNAs increased mortality. Here we provide evidence for successful RNAi in EAB, and demonstrate the development of a rapid and effective bioassay for oral delivery of dsRNA to screen additional genes.
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Cipollini D, Rigsby CM, Peterson DL. Feeding and Development of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Cultivated Olive, Olea europaea. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1935-1937. [PMID: 28535197 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the suitability of cultivated olive, Olea europaea L., as a host for emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. In a bioassay using cut stems from a field-grown olive tree (cv. 'Manzanilla') we found that 45% of larvae that had emerged from eggs used to inoculate stems, were recovered alive, many as larvae or prepupae, during periodic debarking of a subset of stems. Three intact stems that 19 larvae successfully entered were exposed to a simulated overwintering treatment. Four live adults emerged afterwards, and an additional pupa and several prepupae were discovered after debarking these stems. Cultivated olive joins white fringetree as one of the two species outside of the genus Fraxinus capable of supporting the development of emerald ash borer from neonate to adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Sciences Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Chad M Rigsby
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Sciences Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Sciences Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435
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Rutledge CE, Arango-Velez A. Larval Survival and Growth of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on White Ash and White Fringetree Saplings Under Well-Watered and Water-Deficit Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:243-250. [PMID: 28175243 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) was recently found on a novel host in North America, white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus L.) (Oleaceae). In this study, we artificially infested 4-yr-old, naïve white fringetree and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) saplings under well-watered and water-deficit conditions with emerald ash borer eggs. We used physiological and phenotypical approaches to investigate both plant response to emerald ash borer and insect development at 21, 36, and 61 d postinfestation. Photosynthesis was reduced in both tree species by larval feeding, but not by water deficits. Emerald ash borer larvae established and survived successfully on white ash. Both establishment and survival were lower on white fringetree than on white ash. Larvae were larger, and had reached higher instars at all three time points on white ash than on white fringetrees. Larvae grew faster in white ash under water-deficit conditions; however, water-deficit conditions negatively impacted survival of larvae at 61 d postinfestation in white fringetrees, although head size did not differ among surviving larvae. White ash showed higher callus formation in well-watered trees, but no impact on larval survival was observed. In white fringetree, callus formation was not affected by water treatment, and was inversely related to larval survival. The higher rate of mortality and slow growth rate of larvae in white fringetree as compared to white ash suggest that populations of emerald ash borer may be sustained by white fringetree, but may grow more slowly than in white ash.
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Thiemann D, Lopez V, Ray AM, Cipollini D. The History of Attack and Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on White Fringetree in Southwestern Ohio. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:961-966. [PMID: 27325628 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an invasive insect that has caused widespread mortality of ash species in North America. The ability of emerald ash borer to utilize white fringetree as an alternate host was reported recently. We aimed to determine how long white fringetree has been under attack from emerald ash borer, the degree of attack, and the overall success of this beetle on this novel host. Stems from three of nine infested white fringetrees collected from the Dayton and Cincinnati, OH, areas in the winter of 2015 yielded four live adult emerald ash borers after being held in rearing containers, and numerous older exit holes were observed. Measurement and aging of feeding galleries on these stems indicated that emerald ash borer has been using this species since 2011, at least, with peak gallery densities reached in 2012 and 2013 on most of the harvested trees. On average, 32 galleries per square meter were found in these stems with about one-third of them being indicative of fourth-instar larvae. This supports the assertion that emerald ash borer has been using white fringetree as a host plant with moderate to good success for as long as ash species in these particular areas have been utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Thiemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 (; )
| | - Vanessa Lopez
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45207 (; ), and
| | - Ann M Ray
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45207 (; ), and
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ),
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