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Gerber Y, Gabriel KP, Jacobs DR, Liu JY, Rana JS, Sternfeld B, Carr JJ, Thompson PD, Sidney S. The Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Coronary Artery Calcification to Cardiovascular Disease Events in CARDIA Participants. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024:zwae272. [PMID: 39158112 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and coronary artery calcification (CAC) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While a U-shaped relationship between CRF or MVPA and CAC has been reported, the presence of CAC among highly fit individuals might be benign. We examined interactive associations of CRF or MVPA and CAC with outcomes and evaluated the relationship of CRF and MVPA to CAC incidence. METHODS CARDIA participants with CAC assessed in 2005-06 were included (n=3,141, mean age 45). MVPA was assessed by self-report and accelerometer. CRF was estimated with a maximal graded exercise test. Adjudicated CVD events and mortality data were obtained through 2019. CAC was reassessed in 2010-11. Cox models were constructed to assess hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mortality in groups defined by CAC presence/absence and lower/higher CRF or MVPA levels. Logistic models were constructed to assess associations with CAC incidence. Adjustment was made for sociodemographic and CVD risk factors. RESULTS Relative to participants with no CAC and higher CRF, the adjusted HRs for CVD were 4.68 for CAC and higher CRF, 2.22 for no CAC and lower CRF, and 3.72 for CAC and lower CRF. For CHD, the respective HRs were 9.98, 2.28, and 5.52. For mortality, the HRs were 1.15, 1.58, and 3.14, respectively. Similar findings were observed when MVPA, measured either by self-report or accelerometer, was substituted for CRF. A robust inverse association of CRF and accelerometer-derived MVPA with CAC incidence was partly accounted for by adjusting for CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged adults, CRF and MVPA demonstrated an inverse association with CAC incidence but did not mitigate the increased cardiovascular risk associated with CAC, indicating that CAC is not benign in individuals with higher CRF or MVPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yariv Gerber
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Jamal S Rana
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - J Jeffrey Carr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kazemi A, Soltani S, Aune D, Hosseini E, Mokhtari Z, Hassanzadeh Z, Jayedi A, Pitanga F, Akhlaghi M. Leisure-time and occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence: a systematic-review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:45. [PMID: 38659024 PMCID: PMC11044601 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Physical activity has benefits for the cardiovascular system, however, what levels and types of activity provide optimal cardiovascular health is unclear. We aimed to determine the level of physical activity that has the most benefits against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for prospective cohort studies on leisure-time (LTPA) or occupational physical activity (OPA) as the exposure and major types of CVD (total CVD, coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, and atrial fibrillation [AF]) incidence as the outcome. Risk of bias of studies was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. Summary hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using random-effects pairwise model. RESULTS A total of 103 studies were included in the analysis. The highest versus the lowest LTPA was associated with a lower risk of overall CVD (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.77-0.86), CHD (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), and stroke (HR = 0.83; 0.79-0.88), but not AF (HR = 0.98; 0.92-1.05). Linear dose-response analyses showed a 10%, 12%, 9%, and 8% risk reduction in CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF incidence, respectively, for every 20 MET-hours/week increase in LTPA. In nonlinear dose-response analyses, there were inverse associations up to 20 MET-hours/week with 19% and 20% reduction in CVD and CHD risk, and up to 25 MET-hours/week with 22% reduction in stroke, with no further risk reduction at higher LTPA levels. For AF, there was a U-shaped nonlinear association with the maximum 8% risk reduction at 10 MET-hours/week of LTPA. Higher levels of OPA were not associated with risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, or AF. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results showed an inverse dose-response relationship between LTPA and risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, and AF. Running was the most beneficial LTPA but the risk was similar among various LTPA intensities. OPA showed no benefits in total or any type of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassanzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Razi Blvd, 7153675541, Shiraz, Iran.
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Masson W, Barbagelata L, Falconi M, Arenaza DPD. Association between physical activity and coronary artery calcification estimated by computed tomography: A systematic review. CLÍNICA E INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2022:S0214-9168(22)00130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jae SY, Kim HJ, Lee KH, Kunutsor SK, Heffernan KS, Choi YH, Kang M. Joint Associations of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Coronary Artery Calcium Composition: IS THERE EVIDENCE FOR FAT-BUT-FIT? J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2022; 42:202-207. [PMID: 35135962 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the individual and joint associations of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with indices of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 2090 middle-aged men. METHODS Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and a waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm. Cardiorespiratory fitness was operationally defined as peak oxygen uptake (V˙o2peak) directly measured using gas analysis. Participants were then divided into unfit and fit categories based on age-specific V˙o2peak percentiles. Agatston scores >100 and volume and density scores >75th percentile were defined as indices of CAC, signifying advanced subclinical atherosclerosis. RESULTS Obese men had increased CAC Agatston, volume, and density scores, while higher CRF was associated with lower Agatston and volume scores after adjusting for potential confounders. In the joint analysis, unfit-obese men had higher CAC Agatston and CAC volume. The fit-obesity category was not associated with CAC Agatston (OR = 0.91: 95% CI, 0.66-1.25, for BMI and OR = 1.21: 95% CI, 0.86-1.70, for WC) and CAC volume (OR = 1.14: 95% CI, 0.85-1.53, for BMI and OR = 1.23: 95% CI, 0.90-1.69, for WC), which were similar to estimates for the fit-normal weight category. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that while obesity is positively associated with the prevalence of moderate to severe CAC scores, CRF is inversely associated with the prevalence of moderate to severe CAC scores. Additionally, the combination of being fit and obese was not associated with CAC scores, which could potentially reinforce the fat-but-fit paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Young Jae
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea (Drs Jae and Kim); Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Mr Lee and Drs Choi and Kang); National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (Dr Kunutsor); Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK (Dr Kunutsor); Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (Dr Heffernan); and Division of Urban Social Health, Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea (Dr Jae)
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Mu X, Yu K, Long P, Niu R, Li W, Chen H, Gao H, Li X, Yuan Y, Yang H, Zhang X, He MA, Liu G, Guo H, Wu T. Leisure-time physical activity and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in Chinese retired adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24202. [PMID: 34921190 PMCID: PMC8683485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimum amounts and types of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention among Chinese retired adults are unclear. The prospective study enrolled 26,584 participants (mean age [SD]: 63.3 [8.4]) without baseline disease from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort in 2013. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a mean 5.0 (1.5) years of follow-up, 5704 incident CVD cases were documented. Compared with less than 7.5 metabolic equivalent of task-hours per week (MET-hours/week) of LTPA, participating LTPA for 22.5-37.5 MET-hours/week, which was equivalent to 3 to 5 times the world health organization (WHO) recommended minimum, was associated with a 18% (95% CI 9 to 25%) lower CVD risk; however, no significant additional benefit was gained when exceeding 37.5 MET-hours/week. Each log10 increment of MET-hours/week in square dancing and cycling was associated with 11% (95% CI 2 to 20%) and 32% (95% CI 21 to 41%), respectively, lower risk of incident CVD. In Chinese retired adults, higher LTPA levels were associated with lower CVD risk, with a benefit threshold at 3 to 5 times the recommended physical activity minimum. Encouraging participation in square dancing and cycling might gain favourable cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Mu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Pinpin Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Rundong Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wending Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mei-An He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Edvardsen T, Donal E, Marsan NA, Maurovich-Horvat P, Dweck MR, Maurer G, Petersen SE, Cosyns B. The year 2020 in the European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging: part I. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:1219-1227. [PMID: 34463734 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging was launched in 2012 and has during these 9 years become one of the leading multimodality cardiovascular imaging journals. The journal is currently ranked as number 20 among all cardiovascular journals. Our journal is well established as one of the top cardiovascular journals and is the most important cardiovascular imaging journal in Europe. The most important studies published in our Journal in 2020 will be highlighted in two reports. Part I of the review will focus on studies about myocardial function and risk prediction, myocardial ischaemia, and emerging techniques in cardiovascular imaging, while Part II will focus on valvular heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950 Nydalen, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute for clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erwan Donal
- Department of Cardiology and CIC-IT1414, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, University Rennes-1, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Nina A Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pál Maurovich-Horvat
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 2 Korányi u., 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marc R Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gerald Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Wahringer Gurtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen E Petersen
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, CharterhouseSquare, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Cardiology, CHVZ (Centrum voor Hart en Vaatziekten), ICMI (In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging) Laboratory, Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, 109 Laarbeeklaan, Brussels 1090, Belgium
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Sung KC, Hong YS, Lee JY, Lee SJ, Chang Y, Ryu S, Zhao D, Cho J, Guallar E, Lima JAC. Physical activity and the progression of coronary artery calcification. Heart 2021; 107:1710-1716. [PMID: 34544807 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of physical activity with the development and progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the prospective association between physical activity and CAC scores in apparently healthy adults. METHODS Prospective cohort study of men and women free of overt cardiovascular disease who underwent comprehensive health screening examinations between 1 March 2011 and 31 December 2017. Baseline physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and categorised into three groups (inactive, moderately active and health-enhancing physically active (HEPA)). The primary outcome was the difference in the 5-year change in CAC scores by physical activity category at baseline. RESULTS We analysed 25 485 participants with at least two CAC score measurements. The proportions of participants who were inactive, moderately active and HEPA were 46.8%, 38.0% and 15.2%, respectively. The estimated adjusted average baseline CAC scores (95% confidence intervals) in participants who were inactive, moderately active and HEPA were 9.45 (8.76, 10.14), 10.20 (9.40, 11.00) and 12.04 (10.81, 13.26). Compared with participants who were inactive, the estimated adjusted 5-year average increases in CAC in moderately active and HEPA participants were 3.20 (0.72, 5.69) and 8.16 (4.80, 11.53). Higher physical activity was association with faster progression of CAC scores both in participants with CAC=0 at baseline and in those with prevalent CAC. CONCLUSION We found a positive, graded association between physical activity and the prevalence and the progression of CAC, regardless of baseline CAC scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Chul Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yun Soo Hong
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Di Zhao
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juhee Cho
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joao A C Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Ferguson JF, Gupta DK, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Lee CD, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Ma J, Mackey J, Martin SS, Matchar DB, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Roth GA, Samad Z, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Stokes A, VanWagner LB, Wang NY, Tsao CW. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021; 143:e254-e743. [PMID: 33501848 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3176] [Impact Index Per Article: 1058.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
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Kofoed KF. Physical activity and coronary artery calcification. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 21:141-142. [PMID: 31800027 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus F Kofoed
- Department of Cardiology & Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100-CPH, Denmark
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