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Ang SP, Chia JE, Krittanawong C, Lee K, Iglesias J, Misra K, Mukherjee D. Sex Differences and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e035329. [PMID: 39082413 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.124.035329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is more common in women, it is unknown whether sex is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with MINOCA. We aimed to investigate the relationship between sex differences and outcomes of patients with MINOCA. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases from their inception until August 2023 for relevant studies. End points were pooled using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random-effects model as odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs. Nine studies, involving 30 281 patients with MINOCA (comprising 18 079 women and 12 202 men), were included in the study. Women were older and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and stroke compared with men. The median duration of follow-up was 3.5 years, with an interquartile range of 2.2 to 4.2 years. Pooled analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the risk of all-cause mortality (OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.87-1.22]), major adverse cardiovascular events (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.89-1.58]), heart failure (OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.57-3.03]), stroke (OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.56-2.26]), and myocardial infarction (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.29-3.76]) between the 2 groups. Regarding short-term outcomes, women had a significantly higher risk of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events compared with men (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.16-1.53]) whereas there was no significant difference in the risk of in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.64-1.28]) between the 2 patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite the differences in demographics and comorbidity profiles, there was no significant difference in the long-term outcomes for patients with MINOCA between sexes. However, it is noteworthy that women experienced a higher risk of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events compared with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song P Ang
- Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers Health/Community Medical Center Toms River NJ
| | - Jia E Chia
- Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso TX
| | | | - Kwan Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Phoenix AZ
| | - Jose Iglesias
- Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers Health/Community Medical Center Toms River NJ
- Department of Internal Medicine Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine Nutley NJ
| | - Kanchan Misra
- Department of Radiology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick NJ
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso TX
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso TX
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López-Palop R, Carrillo P, Lozano Í. Impact of Sex in the Incidence of Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2024; 21:354-366. [PMID: 38703306 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the available evidence concerning the incidence of heart failure in patients with chronic coronary syndrome, with a focus on gender differences. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of heart failure in the context of chronic coronary syndrome presents conflicting data. Most of the available information stems from studies involving stable patients' post-acute coronary syndrome, revealing a wide range of incidence rates, from less than 3% to over 20%, observed over 5 years of follow-up. Regarding the gender differences in heart failure incidence, there is no consensus about whether women exhibit a higher incidence, particularly in the presence of evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. However, in cases where obstructive coronary artery disease is absent, women may face a more unfavourable prognosis due to a higher prevalence of microvascular disease and heart failure with preserved ventricular function. The different profile of ischaemic heart disease in women difficult to establish differences in prognosis independently associated with female sex. Targeted investigations are essential to discern the incidence of heart failure in chronic coronary syndrome and explore potential gender-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón López-Palop
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Ctra. Murcia-Cartagena s/n. 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Carrillo
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Ctra. Murcia-Cartagena s/n. 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Íñigo Lozano
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Itoh T. Just Because the Acute Myocardial Infarction Patient Is Simply Elderly, or Is There Something Else? - We Need to Acknowledge Sex Differences. Circ J 2024; 88:1208-1210. [PMID: 37952971 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-23-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Itoh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Iwate Medical University
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4
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Gonuguntla K, Badu I, Duhan S, Sandhyavenu H, Chobufo MD, Taha A, Thyagaturu H, Sattar Y, Keisham B, Ali S, Khan MZ, Latchana S, Naeem M, Shaik A, Balla S, Gulati M. Sex and Racial Disparities in Proportionate Mortality of Premature Myocardial Infarction in the United States: 1999 to 2020. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033515. [PMID: 38842272 PMCID: PMC11255752 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of premature myocardial infarction (PMI) in women (<65 years and men <55 years) is increasing. We investigated proportionate mortality trends in PMI stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity. METHODS AND RESULTS CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) was queried to identify PMI deaths within the United States between 1999 and 2020, and trends in proportionate mortality of PMI were calculated using the Joinpoint regression analysis. We identified 3 017 826 acute myocardial infarction deaths, with 373 317 PMI deaths corresponding to proportionate mortality of 12.5% (men 12%, women 14%). On trend analysis, proportionate mortality of PMI increased from 10.5% in 1999 to 13.2% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 1.0 [0.8-1.2, P <0.01]) with a significant increase in women from 10% in 1999 to 17% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 2.4 [1.8-3.0, P <0.01]) and no significant change in men, 11% in 1999 to 10% in 2020 (average annual percent change of -0.2 [-0.7 to 0.3, P=0.4]). There was a significant increase in proportionate mortality in both Black and White populations, with no difference among American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, or Hispanic people. American Indian/Alaska Natives had the highest PMI mortality with no significant change over time. CONCLUSIONS Over the last 2 decades, there has been a significant increase in the proportionate mortality of PMI in women and the Black population, with persistently high PMI in American Indian/Alaska Natives, despite an overall downtrend in acute myocardial infarction-related mortality. Further research to determine the underlying cause of these differences in PMI mortality is required to improve the outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irisha Badu
- Department of MedicineOnslow Memorial HospitalJacksonvilleNC
| | - Sanchit Duhan
- Department of MedicineSinai Hospital of BaltimoreBaltimoreMD
| | | | | | - Amro Taha
- Department of MedicineWeiss Memorial HospitalChicagoIL
| | | | - Yasar Sattar
- Department of CardiologyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV
| | - Bijeta Keisham
- Department of MedicineSinai Hospital of BaltimoreBaltimoreMD
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State UniversityShreveportLA
| | | | - Sharaad Latchana
- American University of Integrative Sciences School of MedicineBridgetownBarbados
| | - Minahil Naeem
- Department of Internal MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Ayesha Shaik
- Department of CardiologyHartford HospitalHartfordCT
| | - Sudarshan Balla
- Department of CardiologyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV
| | - Martha Gulati
- Department of Cardiology, Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart CenterSmidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
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Fisher T, Hill N, Kalakoutas A, Lahlou A, Rathod K, Proudfoot A, Warren A. Sex differences in treatments and outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and epidemiological meta-analysis. Crit Care 2024; 28:192. [PMID: 38845019 PMCID: PMC11157877 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are at higher risk of mortality from many acute cardiovascular conditions, but studies have demonstrated differing findings regarding the mortality of cardiogenic shock in women and men. To examine differences in 30-day mortality and mechanical circulatory support use by sex in patients with cardiogenic shock. MAIN BODY Cochrane Central, PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched in April 2024. Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials or observational studies, included adult patients with cardiogenic shock, and reported at least one of the following outcomes by sex: raw mortality, adjusted mortality (odds ratio) or use of mechanical circulatory support. Out of 4448 studies identified, 81 met inclusion criteria, pooling a total of 656,754 women and 1,018,036 men. In the unadjusted analysis for female sex and combined in-hospital and 30-day mortality, women had higher odds of mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.44, p < 0.001). Pooled unadjusted mortality was 35.9% in men and 40.8% in women (p < 0.001). When only studies reporting adjusted ORs were included, combined in-hospital/30-day mortality remained higher in women (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.15, p < 0.001). These effects remained consistent across subgroups of acute myocardial infarction- and heart failure- related cardiogenic shock. Overall, women were less likely to receive mechanical support than men (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.57-0.79, p < 0.001); specifically, they were less likely to be treated with intra-aortic balloon pump (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.89, p < 0.001) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR = 0.84, 95% 0.71-0.99, p = 0.045). No significant difference was seen with use of percutaneous ventricular assist devices (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.51-1.33, p = 0.42). CONCLUSION Even when adjusted for confounders, mortality for cardiogenic shock in women is approximately 10% higher than men. This effect is seen in both acute myocardial infarction and heart failure cardiogenic shock. Women with cardiogenic shock are less likely to be treated with mechanical circulatory support than men. Clinicians should make immediate efforts to ensure the prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of cardiogenic shock in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fisher
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Rd, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Nicole Hill
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Combe Park, Bath, Avon, BA1 3NG, UK
| | | | - Assad Lahlou
- Barts Health Library Services, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Krishnaraj Rathod
- Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Alastair Proudfoot
- Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
- Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Alex Warren
- Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK.
- Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, W Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK.
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.
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Zilio F, Musella F, Ceriello L, Ciliberti G, Pavan D, Manes MT, Selimi A, Scicchitano P, Iannopollo G, Albani S, Fortuni F, Grimaldi M, Colivicchi F, Oliva F. Sex differences in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: a state-of-the-art review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102486. [PMID: 38428554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular conditions in the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes are characterized by sex differences with regard to pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, invasive and pharmacologic treatment, and outcomes. This review delves into these differences, including specific subsets like myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries or Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection, and alternative diagnoses like Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. Moreover, practical considerations are enclosed, on how a sex-specific approach should be integrated in clinical practice: in fact, personal history should focus on female-specific risk factors, and hormonal status and hormonal therapy should be assessed. Moreover, physical and psychological stressors should be investigated, particularly in the event of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zilio
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS, 2, Largo Medaglie d'Oro, Trento 38123, Italy.
| | - Francesca Musella
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiology Department, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Ceriello
- Cardiology Department, Ospedale Civile G. Mazzini, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciliberti
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Pavan
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria "Friuli Occidentale", Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Adelina Selimi
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Gianmarco Iannopollo
- Department of Cardiology, Maggiore Hospital Carlo Alberto Pizzardi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Albani
- Division of Cardiology, U. Parini Hospital, Aosta, Italy; Cardiovascular Institute Paris Sud, Massy, France
| | - Federico Fortuni
- Department of Cardiology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Foligno, Italy; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Grimaldi
- Department of Cardiology, General Regional Hospital "F. Miulli", Bari, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Oliva
- Cardiologia 1, A. De Gasperis Cardicocenter, ASST Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Lopez-Candales A, Sawalha K, Asif T. Nonobstructive epicardial coronary artery disease: an evolving concept in need of diagnostic and therapeutic guidance. Postgrad Med 2024; 136:366-376. [PMID: 38818874 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2360888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
For decades, we have been treating patients presenting with angina and concerning electrocardiographic changes indicative of ischemia or injury, in whom no culprit epicardial coronary stenosis was found during diagnostic coronary angiography. Unfortunately, the clinical outcomes of these patients were not better than those with recognized obstructive coronary disease. Improvements in technology have allowed us to better characterize these patients. Consequently, an increasing number of patients with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) or myocardial infarction in the absence of coronary artery disease (MINOCA) have now gained formal recognition and are more commonly encountered in clinical practice. Although both entities might share functional similarities at their core, they pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Unless we become more proficient in identifying these patients, particularly those at higher risk, morbidity and mortality outcomes will not improve. Though this field remains in constant flux, data continue to become available. Therefore, we thought it would be useful to highlight important milestones that have been recognized so we can all learn about these clinical entities. Despite all the progress made regarding INOCA and MINOCA, many important knowledge gaps continue to exist. For the time being, prompt identification and early diagnosis remain crucial in managing these patients. Even though we are still not clear whether intensive medical therapy alters clinical outcomes, we remain vigilant and wait for more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lopez-Candales
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division University Health Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Khalid Sawalha
- Cardiometabolic Fellowship, University Health Truman Medical Center and the University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - Talal Asif
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Health Truman Medical Center and the University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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8
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Kunadian V. Role of Physiology in the Management of Nonculprit Lesions in Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1527-1529. [PMID: 38588006 DOI: 10.1056/nejme2403527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kunadian
- From the Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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La S, Beltrame J, Tavella R. Sex-specific and ethnicity-specific differences in MINOCA. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:192-202. [PMID: 37775559 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Suspected myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has received increasing attention over the past decade. Given the heterogeneity in the mechanisms underlying acute myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary arteries, the syndrome of MINOCA is considered a working diagnosis that requires further investigation after diagnostic angiography studies have been performed, including coronary magnetic resonance angiography and functional angiography. Although once considered an infrequent and low-risk form of myocardial infarction, recent data have shown that the prognosis of MINOCA is not as benign as previously assumed. However, despite increasing awareness of the condition, many questions remain regarding the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of MINOCA. Women seem to be more susceptible to MINOCA, but studies on the sex-specific differences of the disease are scarce. Similarly, ethnicity-specific factors might explain discrepancies in the observed prevalence or underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of MINOCA but data are also scarce. Therefore, in this Review, we provide an update on the latest evidence available on the sex-specific and ethnicity-specific differences in the clinical features, pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment and prognosis of MINOCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarena La
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Beltrame
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosanna Tavella
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Nadarajah R, Ludman P, Laroche C, Appelman Y, Brugaletta S, Budaj A, Bueno H, Huber K, Kunadian V, Leonardi S, Lettino M, Milasinovic D, Gale CP. Sex-specific presentation, care, and clinical events in individuals admitted with NSTEMI: the ACVC-EAPCI EORP NSTEMI registry of the European Society of Cardiology. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2024; 13:36-45. [PMID: 37926912 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Women have historically been disadvantaged in terms of care and outcomes for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). We describe patterns of presentation, care, and outcomes for NSTEMI by sex in a contemporary and geographically diverse cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS Prospective cohort study including 2947 patients (907 women, 2040 men) with Type I NSTEMI from 287 centres in 59 countries, stratified by sex. Quality of care was evaluated based on 12 guideline-recommended care interventions. The all-or-none scoring composite performance measure was used to define receipt of optimal care. Outcomes included acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, repeat myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, BARC Type ≥3 bleeding, or death in-hospital, as well as 30-day mortality. Women admitted with NSTEMI were older, more comorbid, and more frequently categorized as at higher ischaemic (GRACE >140, 54.0% vs. 41.7%, P < 0.001) and bleeding (CRUSADE >40, 51.7% vs. 17.6%, P < 0.001) risk than men. Women less frequently received invasive coronary angiography (ICA; 83.0% vs. 89.5%, P < 0.001), smoking cessation advice (46.4% vs. 69.5%, P < 0.001), and P2Y12 inhibitor prescription at discharge (81.9% vs. 90.0%, P < 0.001). Non-receipt of ICA was more often due to frailty for women than men (16.7% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.010). At ICA, more women than men had non-obstructive coronary artery disease or angiographically normal arteries (15.8% vs. 6.3%, P < 0.001). Rates of in-hospital adverse outcomes and 30-day mortality were low and did not differ by sex. CONCLUSION In contemporary practice, women presenting with NSTEMI, compared with men, less frequently receive antiplatelet prescription, smoking cessation advice, or are considered eligible for ICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nadarajah
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, 6 Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9DA, UK
- Leeds Institute of Data Analytics, University of Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Ludman
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cécile Laroche
- EURObservational Research Programme, European Society of Cardiology, European Heart House, 2035 Route des Colles, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yolande Appelman
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC-Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Brugaletta
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector Bueno
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinic Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), Vienna, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vijay Kunadian
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sergio Leonardi
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S.Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maddalena Lettino
- Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Dejan Milasinovic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia and Faculty of Medicine, University of Begrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chris P Gale
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, 6 Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9DA, UK
- Leeds Institute of Data Analytics, University of Leeds, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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11
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Lu X, Zhu S, Lu Y, Li Y. Long term all-cause mortality after myocardial infarction with non-obstructed vs obstructed coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of adjusted data. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:9. [PMID: 38166759 PMCID: PMC10763149 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The difference in the long-term outcomes of myocardial infarction in patients with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) and patients with myocardial infarction with obstructed coronary artery disease (MI-CAD) is not clear. The current study aimed to pool adjusted data to compare long-term outcomes of MINOCA vs MI-CAD. METHODS Electronic literature search of PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases was done for publications up to 18th June 2023. Only studies reporting multivariable-adjusted data with > 1 year of follow-up were included. RESULTS Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Our meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the risk of all-cause mortality between MINOCA and MI-CAD patients (HR: 0.90 95% CI 0.68, 1.19 I2 = 94% p = 0.48). Analysis of the limited data showed a reduced combined risk of all-cause mortality and MI (HR: 0.54 95% CI 0.39, 0.76 I2 = 72% p = 0.003) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (HR: 0.66 95% CI 0.51, 0.84 I2 = 51% p = 0.0009) in patients with MINOCA vs MI-CAD, and no difference in the risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.81 95% CI 0.54, 1.22 I2 = 0% p = 0.31) and readmission between the two groups (HR: 0.85 95% CI 0.61, 1.19 I2 = 90% p = 0.35). CONCLUSION A pooled analysis of adjusted outcomes from the available studies indicated that MINOCA and MI-CAD patients have similar long-term all-cause mortality risk. Our conclusions on the risk of cardiovascular mortality, MACE and readmission rates need to be taken with caution due to a lack of adequate studies. Further research is needed to strengthen the evidence on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Lu
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Baogong Hubei Road, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, China.
| | - Shengnan Zhu
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Baogong Hubei Road, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanjiao Lu
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Baogong Hubei Road, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanming Li
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Baogong Hubei Road, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, China
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12
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Lawless M, Damluji A, Dirjayanto VJ, Mills G, Pompei G, Rubino F, Kunadian V. Differences in treatment and clinical outcomes in patients aged ≥75 years compared with those aged ≤74 years following acute coronary syndromes: a prospective multicentre study. Open Heart 2023; 10:e002418. [PMID: 38151262 PMCID: PMC10753737 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the differences in treatment and clinical outcomes in patients aged ≥75 years compared with those aged ≤74 years presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and undergoing invasive management. METHODS A large-scale cohort study of patients with ST-elevation/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI)/unstable angina underwent coronary angiography (January 2015-December 2019). Patients were classified as older (≥75 years) and younger (≤74 years). Regression analysis was used to yield adjusted risks of mortality for older versus younger patients (adjusted for history of heart failure, hypercholesterolaemia, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, presence of ST-elevation MI on presenting ECG, female sex and cardiogenic shock at presentation). RESULTS In total, 11 763 patients were diagnosed with ACS, of which 39% were aged ≥75 years. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in fewer older patients than younger patients (81.2% vs 86.2%, p<0.001). At discharge, older patients were prescribed less secondary-prevention medications than younger patients. Median follow-up was 4.57 years. Older patients had a greater risk of in-hospital mortality than younger patients (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.12, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.78, p<0.001). Older patients diagnosed with ST-elevation MI had greater adjusted odds of dying in-hospital (aOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.79 to 3.41, p<0.001). Older age was not an independent prognostic factor of mortality at 1 year (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.09, p=0.460) and at longer term (aHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.10, p=0.684). CONCLUSIONS Older patients are discharged with less secondary prevention. Patients aged ≥75 years are more likely to die in-hospital than younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lawless
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Abdulla Damluji
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Gregory Mills
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graziella Pompei
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francesca Rubino
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vijay Kunadian
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cardiothoracic Directorate, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Zhang X. Outcomes of PCSK9 Inhibitors: Does Sex Matter? JACC. ADVANCES 2023; 2:100667. [PMID: 38938735 PMCID: PMC11198390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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14
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Lawless M, Brown S, Kunadian V. Raising awareness about cardiovascular disease in women. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3110-3112. [PMID: 37528655 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lawless
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sarah Brown
- Cardiovascular Care Partnership, British Cardiovascular Society, 9 Fitzroy Square, London W1T 5HW, UK
| | - Vijay Kunadian
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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15
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Pasupathy S, La S, Tavella R, Zeitz C, Worthley M, Sinhal A, Arstall M, Beltrame JF. Do Chest Pain Characteristics in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Differ between Those with and without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease? J Clin Med 2023; 12:4595. [PMID: 37510709 PMCID: PMC10380967 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The universal definition of acute myocardial infarction (MI) requires both evidence of myocardial injury and myocardial ischaemia. In MINOCA (MI with non-obstructive coronary arteries), patients must fulfil this MI criteria, but is their chest pain similar to those who have MI with obstructive CAD (MICAD)? This study compares prospectively collected chest pain features between patients with MINOCA and MICAD. Utilising the Coronary Angiogram Database of South Australia (CADOSA), consecutive MI patients were categorized as MINOCA or MICAD based on angiographic findings. Chest pain data were collected via direct patient interviews by trained staff members. Of 6811 consecutive patients fulfilling a clinical MI diagnosis, 411 (6.0%) were MINOCA, and 5948 MICAD. The MINOCA patients were younger, more often female and had less cardiovascular risk factors than those with MICAD. There were no significant differences in chest pain characteristics between the MINOCA and MICAD cohorts in relation to pain location, quality, associated symptoms, or duration. In conclusion, MINOCA patients have chest pain characteristics that are indistinguishable from MICAD patients, suggesting that their pain is ischaemic in nature. Thus, in the presence of positive myocardial injury markers, ischaemic chest pain fulfils the universal criteria for MI, despite the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivabaskari Pasupathy
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Sarena La
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Rosanna Tavella
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Christopher Zeitz
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew Worthley
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ajay Sinhal
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Margaret Arstall
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5112, Australia
| | - John F Beltrame
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
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