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Unnithan VB, Rowland T, George K, Bakhshi A, Beaumont A, Sculthorpe N, Lord RN, Oxborough DL. The effect of long-term soccer training on changes in cardiac function during exercise in elite youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:892-902. [PMID: 35114040 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear what the effect of long-term, high-volume soccer training has on left ventricular (LV) function during exercise in youth soccer players. This study evaluated changes in LV function during submaximal exercise in a group of highly-trained male soccer players (SP) as they transitioned over a three-year period from pre-adolescent to adolescent athletes. Data were compared to age-and sex-matched recreationally active controls (CON) over the same time period. Twenty-two SP from two professional English Premier League youth soccer academies (age: 12.0 ± 0.3 years at start of the study) and 15 CON (age: 11.7 ± 0.3 years) were recruited. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to quantify LV function during exercise at the same submaximal metabolic load (approx. 45%VO2 peak) across the 3 years. After controlling for growth and maturation, there were training-induced changes and superiority (p<0.001) in cardiac index (QIndex) from year 1 in the SP compared to CON. SP (year 1: 6.13 ± 0.76; year 2: 6.94 ± 1.31 and year 3: 7.20 ± 1.81 L/min/m2 ) compared to CON (year 1: 5.15 ± 1.12; year 2: 4.67 ± 1.04 and year 3: 5.49 ± 1.06 L/min/m2 ). Similar training-induced increases were noted for mitral inflow velocity (E): SP (year 1: 129 ± 12; year 2: 143 ± 16 and year 3: 135 ± 18 cm/s) compared to CON (year 1: 113 ± 10; year 2: 111 ± 12 and year 3: 121 ± 9 cm/s).This study indicated that there was evidence of yearly, training-induced increases in left ventricular function during submaximal exercise independent from the influence of growth and maturation in elite youth SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Balagopalan Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Rowland
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachel Nia Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Lee Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Herling L, Johnson J, Ferm-Widlund K, Zamprakou A, Westgren M, Acharya G. Automated quantitative evaluation of fetal atrioventricular annular plane systolic excursion. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 58:853-863. [PMID: 34096674 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of automated measurement of fetal atrioventricular (AV) plane displacement (AVPD) over several cardiac cycles using myocardial velocity traces obtained by color tissue Doppler imaging (cTDI). The secondary objectives were to establish reference ranges for AVPD during the second half of normal pregnancy, to assess fetal AVPD in prolonged pregnancy in relation to adverse perinatal outcome and to evaluate AVPD in fetuses with a suspicion of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS The population used to develop the reference ranges consisted of women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy at 18-42 weeks of gestation (n = 201). The prolonged-pregnancy group comprised women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy at ≥ 41 + 0 weeks of gestation (n = 107). The third study cohort comprised women with a singleton pregnancy and suspicion of IUGR, defined as an estimated fetal weight < 2.5th centile or an estimated fetal weight < 10th centile and umbilical artery pulsatility index > 97.5th centile (n = 35). Cineloops of the four-chamber view of the fetal heart were recorded using cTDI. Regions of interest were placed at the AV plane in the left and right ventricular walls and the interventricular septum, and myocardial velocity traces were integrated and analyzed using an automated algorithm developed in-house to obtain mitral (MAPSE), tricuspid (TAPSE) and septal (SAPSE) annular plane systolic excursion. Gestational-age specific reference ranges were constructed and normalized for cardiac size. The correlation between AVPD measurements obtained using cTDI and those obtained by anatomic M-mode were evaluated, and agreement between these two methods was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. The mean Z-scores of fetal AVPD in the cohort of prolonged pregnancies were compared between cases with normal and those with adverse outcome using Mann-Whitney U-test. The mean Z-scores of fetal AVPD in IUGR fetuses were compared with those in the normal reference population using Mann-Whitney U-test. Inter- and intraobserver variability for acquisition of cTDI recordings and offline analysis was assessed by calculating coefficients of variation (CV) using the root mean square method. RESULTS Fetal MAPSE, SAPSE and TAPSE increased with gestational age but did not change significantly when normalized for cardiac size. The fitted mean was highest for TAPSE throughout the second half of gestation, followed by SAPSE and MAPSE. There was a significant correlation between MAPSE (r = 0.64; P < 0.001), SAPSE (r = 0.72; P < 0.001) and TAPSE (r = 0.84; P < 0.001) measurements obtained by M-mode and those obtained by cTDI. The geometric means of ratios between AVPD measured by cTDI and by M-mode were 1.38 (95% limits of agreement (LoA), 0.84-2.25) for MAPSE, 1.00 (95% LoA, 0.72-1.40) for SAPSE and 1.20 (95% LoA, 0.92-1.57) for TAPSE. In the prolonged-pregnancy group, the mean ± SD Z-scores for MAPSE (0.14 ± 0.97), SAPSE (0.09 ± 1.02) and TAPSE (0.15 ± 0.90) did not show any significant difference compared to the reference ranges. Twenty-one of the 107 (19.6%) prolonged pregnancies had adverse perinatal outcome. The AVPD Z-scores were not significantly different between pregnancies with normal and those with adverse outcome in the prolonged-pregnancy cohort. The mean ± SD Z-scores for SAPSE (-0.62 ± 1.07; P = 0.006) and TAPSE (-0.60 ± 0.89; P = 0.002) were significantly lower in the IUGR group compared to those in the normal reference population, but the differences were not significant when the values were corrected for cardiac size. The interobserver CVs for the automated measurement of MAPSE, SAPSE and TAPSE were 28.1%, 17.7% and 15.3%, respectively, and the respective intraobserver CVs were 33.5%, 15.0% and 17.9%. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that fetal AVPD can be measured automatically by integrating cTDI velocities over several cardiac cycles. Automated analysis of AVPD could potentially help gather larger datasets to facilitate use of machine-learning models to study fetal cardiac function. The gestational-age associated increase in AVPD is most likely a result of increasing cardiac size, as the AVPD normalized for cardiac size did not change significantly between 18 and 42 weeks. A decrease was seen in TAPSE and SAPSE in IUGR fetuses, but not after correction for cardiac size. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Herling
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Ferm-Widlund
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Zamprakou
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pregnancy and Delivery Medical Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Westgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Acharya
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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McCarthy FP, O’Driscoll JM, Seed PT, Placzek A, Gill C, Sparkes J, Poston L, Marber M, Shennan AH, Thilaganathan B, Leeson P, Chappell LC. Multicenter Cohort Study, With a Nested Randomized Comparison, to Examine the Cardiovascular Impact of Preterm Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2021; 78:1382-1394. [PMID: 34455811 PMCID: PMC8516808 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus P. McCarthy
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Ireland (F.P.M.)
| | - Jamie M. O’Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Science, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, United Kingdom (J.M.O.)
| | - Paul T. Seed
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Placzek
- Department of Cardiology, St George’s University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.M.O.)
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health (A.P.), University of Oxford
| | - Carolyn Gill
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenie Sparkes
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucilla Poston
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Marber
- Cardiovascular Division (M.M.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Shennan
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Basky Thilaganathan
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust and Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (B.T.)
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.L.), University of Oxford
| | - Lucy C. Chappell
- From the Department of Women and Children’s Health (F.P.M., P.T.S., C.G., J.S., L.P., A.H.S., L.C.C.), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Meah VL, Strynadka MC, Steinback CD, Davenport MH. Cardiac Responses to Prenatal Resistance Exercise with and without the Valsalva Maneuver. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1260-1269. [PMID: 33394898 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise guidelines recommend incorporating resistance exercise (RE) into a regular aerobic training program during pregnancy. However, few women do so because of uncertainties about the safety of prenatal RE, particularly regarding the Valsalva maneuver (VM). The aim of this study was to determine the acute cardiovascular responses to prenatal RE at different intensities, with and without VM. METHODS Healthy pregnant (n = 15; 22.9 ± 5.9 wk of gestation) and nonpregnant women (n = 15) were recruited. Maximal strength over 10 repetitions (10RM) for semireclined leg press was determined. Women underwent standardized assessments of cardiac structure, function and mechanics (echocardiography), heart rate (ECG), and blood pressure (photoplethysmography) at baseline, during RE at 20%, 40%, and 60% 10RM while free-breathing, and at 40% 10RM with VM. Significant differences were identified between subjects at baseline (independent t-tests), between and within subjects during free-breathing RE (general linear model, baseline as a covariate), and between and within subjects for 40% 10RM free-breathing versus VM (mixed-effects model). RESULTS Resting cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were greater in pregnant women, without differences in blood pressure, ejection fraction, or cardiac mechanics. During free-breathing RE, pregnant women had a greater ejection fraction compared with nonpregnant women; however, all other hemodynamic variables were not different between groups. Cardiac mechanics during free-breathing RE across all intensities were not different between groups, with the exception that pregnant women had a lower apical circumferential strain that did not affect global cardiac function. No differences were observed between groups during 40% 10RM RE with and without VM. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women have proportionate cardiac responses to light-moderate RE, both with and without the VM. These findings reinforce the safety of RE in healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Meah
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Morgan C Strynadka
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
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Dawkins TG, Curry BA, Wright SP, Meah VL, Yousef Z, Eves ND, Shave RE, Stembridge M. Right Ventricular Function and Region-Specific Adaptation in Athletes Engaged in High-Dynamic Sports: A Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:e012315. [PMID: 33993732 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.120.012315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) is widely documented in athletes. However, functional adaptation, including RV pressure generation and systolic free-wall longitudinal mechanics, remains equivocal. This meta-analysis compared RV pressure and function in athletes and controls. METHODS A systematic review of online databases was conducted up to June 4, 2020. Meta-analyses were performed on RV systolic pressures, at rest and during exercise, tricuspid annular plane systolic displacement, myocardial velocity (S'), and global and regional longitudinal strain. Bias was assessed using Egger regression for asymmetry. Data were analyzed using random-effects models with weighted mean difference and 95% CI. RESULTS Fifty-three studies were eligible for inclusion. RV systolic pressure was obtained from 21 studies at rest (n=1043:1651; controls:athletes) and 8 studies during exercise (n=240:495) and was significantly greater in athletes at rest (weighted mean difference, 2.9 mmHg [CI, 1.3-4.5 mmHg]; P=0.0005) and during exercise (11.0 [6.5-15.6 mm Hg]; P<0.0001) versus controls. Resting tricuspid annular plane systolic displacement (P<0.0001) and S' (P=0.001) were greater in athletes. In contrast, athletes had similar RV free-wall longitudinal strain (17 studies; n=450:605), compared with controls but showed greater longitudinal apical strain (16 studies; n=455:669; 0.9%, 0.1%-1.8%; P=0.03) and lower basal strain (-2.5% [-1.4 to -3.5%]; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Functional RV adaptation, characterized by increased tricuspid annular displacement and velocity and a greater base-to-apex strain gradient, is a normal feature of the athlete's heart, together with a slightly elevated RV systolic pressure. These findings contribute to our understanding of RV in athletes and highlight the importance of considering RV function in combination with structure in the clinical interpretation of the athlete's heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (T.G.D., B.A.C., M.S.)
| | - Bryony A Curry
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (T.G.D., B.A.C., M.S.).,Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada (B.A.C., S.P.W., N.D.E., R.E.S.)
| | - Stephen P Wright
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada (B.A.C., S.P.W., N.D.E., R.E.S.)
| | - Victoria L Meah
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada (V.L.M.).,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Canada (V.L.M.).,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Canada (V.L.M.)
| | - Zaheer Yousef
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Z.Y.)
| | - Neil D Eves
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada (B.A.C., S.P.W., N.D.E., R.E.S.)
| | - Rob E Shave
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada (B.A.C., S.P.W., N.D.E., R.E.S.)
| | - Michael Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (T.G.D., B.A.C., M.S.)
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Meah VL, Backx K, Cockcroft JR, Shave RE, Stöhr EJ. Cardiac Responses to Submaximal Isometric Contraction and Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Pregnancy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1010-1020. [PMID: 33148970 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increased physiological demand of pregnancy results in the profound adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular system, reflected by greater resting cardiac output and left ventricular (LV) deformation. Whether the increased resting demand alters acute cardiac responses to exercise in healthy pregnant women is not well understood. METHODS Healthy nonpregnant (n = 18), pregnant (n = 14, 22-26 wk gestation), and postpartum women (n = 13, 12-16 wk postdelivery) underwent assessments of cardiac function and LV mechanics at rest, during a sustained isometric forearm contraction (30% maximum), and during low-intensity (LOW) and moderate-intensity (MOD) dynamic cycling exercise (25% and 50% peak power output). Significant differences (α = 0.05) were determined using ANCOVA and general linear model (resting value included as covariate). RESULTS When accounting for higher resting cardiac output in pregnant women, pregnant women had greater cardiac output during isometric contraction (2.0 ± 0.3 L·min-1·m-1.83; nonpregnant, 1.3 ± 0.2 L·min-1·m-1.83; postpartum, 1.5 ± 0.5 L·min-1·m-1.83; P = 0.02) but similar values during dynamic cycling exercise (pregnant, LOW = 2.8 ± 0.4 L·min-1·m-1.83, MOD = 3.4 ± 0.7 L·min-1·m-1.83; nonpregnant, LOW = 2.4 ± 0.3 L·min-1·m-1.83, MOD = 3.0 ± 0.3 L·min-1·m-1.83; postpartum, LOW = 2.3 ± 0.4 L·min-1·m-1.83, MOD = 3.0 ± 0.5 L·min-1·m-1.83; P = 0.96). Basal circumferential strain was higher in pregnant women at rest, during the sustained isometric forearm contraction (-23.5% ± 1.2%; nonpregnant, -14.6% ± 1.4%; P = 0.001), and during dynamic cycling exercise (LOW = -27.0% ± 4.9%, MOD = -27.4% ± 4.6%; nonpregnant, LOW = -15.8% ± 4.5%, MOD = -15.2% ± 6.7%; P = 0.012); however, other parameters of LV mechanics were not different between groups. CONCLUSION The results support that the maternal heart can appropriately respond to additional cardiac demand and altered loading experienced during acute isometric and dynamic exercise, although subtle differences in responses to these challenges were observed. In addition, the LV mechanics that underpin global cardiac function are greater in pregnant women during exercise, leading to the speculation that the hormonal milieu of pregnancy influences regional deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Meah
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Karianne Backx
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John R Cockcroft
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Beaumont A, Campbell A, Unnithan V, Grace F, Knox A, Sculthorpe N. Long-term athletic training does not alter age-associated reductions of left-ventricular mid-diastolic lengthening or expansion at rest. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2059-2073. [PMID: 32623518 PMCID: PMC7419356 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The interaction of ageing and exercise training status on left-ventricular (LV) peak strain is unclear. Additionally, strain analysis across the entire cardiac cycle facilitates a more detailed assessment of deformation, yet this has not been implemented to characterize the ageing LV and in association with training status. This study investigated healthy ageing and training status on LV systolic and diastolic strain utilizing novel echocardiographic applications. Methods Forty healthy males were included and allocated into four groups; young recreationally active (YRA,n = 9; 28 ± 5 years), old recreationally active (ORA, n = 10; 68 ± 6), young trained (YT,n = 10; 27 ± 6 years), and old trained (OT, n = 11, 64 ± 4 years) groups. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography was performed to ascertain peak LV longitudinal and circumferential strain (base and apex) strain within each myocardial layer and at 5% increments across the cardiac cycle. Results Older groups had lower diastolic longitudinal lengthening and circumferential expansion between 40–85% mid-diastole, regardless of training status (P < 0.05). Whereas, strain throughout systole was similar between groups (P > 0.05). Longitudinal and circumferential (base and apex) peak and layer-specific strain did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Novel applications of diastolic strain revealed lower age-associated LV longitudinal lengthening and circumferential expansion in older age. Yet, diastolic strain profiles did not differ based on chronic habits of exercise training and, thus, older trained men did not demonstrate an attenuation of age-associated differences in mid-diastolic LV strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-020-04418-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Campbell
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Stephenson Place, Hamilton International Technology Park Blantyre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Stephenson Place, Hamilton International Technology Park Blantyre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fergal Grace
- Faculty of Health, School of Health Science and Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Knox
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Stephenson Place, Hamilton International Technology Park Blantyre, Glasgow, UK.
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8
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Meah VL, Backx K, Cockcroft JR, Shave RE, Stöhr EJ. Left ventricular mechanics in late second trimester of healthy pregnancy. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2019; 54:350-358. [PMID: 30426576 DOI: 10.1002/uog.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate left ventricular (LV) mechanics in the second trimester of healthy pregnancy and to determine the influence of underpinning hemodynamics (heart rate (HR), preload and afterload) on LV mechanics during gestation. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 18 non-pregnant, 14 nulliparous pregnant (22-26 weeks' gestation) and 13 primiparous postpartum (12-16 weeks after delivery) women. All pregnant and postpartum women had uncomplicated, singleton gestations. Cardiac structure and function were assessed using echocardiography. LV mechanics, specifically longitudinal strain, circumferential strain and twist/untwist, were measured using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Differences between groups were identified using ANCOVA, with age, HR, end-diastolic volume (EDV) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) as covariates. Relationships between LV mechanics and hemodynamics were examined using Pearson's correlation. RESULTS There were no significant differences in LV structure and traditional measurements of systolic and diastolic function between the three groups. Pregnant women, compared with non-pregnant ones, had significantly higher resting longitudinal strain (-22 ± 2% vs -17 ± 3%; P = 0.002) and basal circumferential strain (-23 ± 4% vs -16 ± 2%; P = 0.001). Apical circumferential strain and LV twist and untwist mechanics were similar between the three groups. No statistically significant relationships were observed between LV mechanics and HR, EDV or SBP within the groups. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the non-pregnant state, pregnant women in the second trimester of a healthy pregnancy have significantly greater resting systolic function, as assessed by LV longitudinal and circumferential strain. Contrary to previous work, these data show that healthy pregnant women should not exhibit reductions in resting systolic function between 22 and 26 weeks' gestation. The enhanced myocardial contractile function during gestation does not appear to be related to hemodynamic load and could be the result of other physiological adaptations to pregnancy. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Meah
- Department of Physiology and Health, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - K Backx
- Department of Physiology and Health, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J R Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Shave
- Department of Physiology and Health, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - E J Stöhr
- Department of Physiology and Health, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Herling L, Johnson J, Ferm-Widlund K, Bergholm F, Elmstedt N, Lindgren P, Sonesson SE, Acharya G, Westgren M. Automated analysis of fetal cardiac function using color tissue Doppler imaging in second half of normal pregnancy. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2019; 53:348-357. [PMID: 29484743 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Color tissue Doppler imaging (cTDI) is a promising tool for the assessment of fetal cardiac function. However, the analysis of myocardial velocity traces is cumbersome and time-consuming, limiting its application in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate fetal cardiac function during the second half of pregnancy and to develop reference ranges using an automated method to analyze cTDI recordings from a cardiac four-chamber view. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study including 201 normal singleton pregnancies between 18 and 42 weeks of gestation. During fetal echocardiography, a four-chamber view of the heart was visualized and cTDI was performed. Regions of interest were positioned at the level of the atrioventricular plane in the left ventricular (LV), right ventricular (RV) and septal walls of the fetal heart, to obtain myocardial velocity traces that were analyzed offline using the automated algorithm. Peak myocardial velocities during atrial contraction (Am), ventricular ejection (Sm) and rapid ventricular filling, i.e. early diastole (Em), as well as the Em/Am ratio, mechanical cardiac time intervals and myocardial performance index (cMPI) were evaluated, and gestational age-specific reference ranges were constructed. RESULTS At 18 weeks of gestation, the peak myocardial velocities, presented as fitted mean with 95% CI, were: LV Am, 3.39 (3.09-3.70) cm/s; LV Sm, 1.62 (1.46-1.79) cm/s; LV Em, 1.95 (1.75-2.15) cm/s; septal Am, 3.07 (2.80-3.36) cm/s; septal Sm, 1.93 (1.81-2.06) cm/s; septal Em, 2.57 (2.32-2.84) cm/s; RV Am, 4.89 (4.59-5.20) cm/s; RV Sm, 2.31 (2.16-2.46) cm/s; and RV Em, 2.94 (2.69-3.21) cm/s. At 42 weeks of gestation, the peak myocardial velocities had increased to: LV Am, 4.25 (3.87-4.65) cm/s; LV Sm, 3.53 (3.19-3.89) cm/s; LV Em, 4.55 (4.18-4.94) cm/s; septal Am, 4.49 (4.17-4.82) cm/s; septal Sm, 3.36 (3.17-3.55) cm/s; septal Em, 3.76 (3.51-4.03) cm/s; RV Am, 6.52 (6.09-6.96) cm/s; RV Sm, 4.95 (4.59-5.32) cm/s; and RV Em, 5.42 (4.99-5.88) cm/s. The mechanical cardiac time intervals generally remained more stable throughout the second half of pregnancy, although, with increased gestational age, there was an increase in duration of septal and RV atrial contraction, LV pre-ejection and septal and RV ventricular ejection, while there was a decrease in duration of septal postejection. Regression equations used for the construction of gestational age-specific reference ranges for peak myocardial velocities, Em/Am ratios, mechanical cardiac time intervals and cMPI are presented. CONCLUSION Peak myocardial velocities increase with gestational age, while the mechanical time intervals remain more stable throughout the second half of pregnancy. Using an automated method to analyze cTDI-derived myocardial velocity traces, it was possible to construct reference ranges, which could be used in distinguishing between normal and abnormal fetal cardiac function. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Herling
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Johnson
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Ferm-Widlund
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Bergholm
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Elmstedt
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S-E Sonesson
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Acharya
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - M Westgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology - CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Unnithan VB, Rowland TW, George K, Lord R, Oxborough D. Left ventricular function during exercise in trained pre-adolescent soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2330-2338. [PMID: 29968944 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear, what the underlying cardiovascular mechanisms are that give rise to the high level of aerobic fitness seen in youth soccer players. The aim of the study was to evaluate global and regional markers of systolic and diastolic function in a group of pre-adolescent soccer players during an incremental exercise test. Twenty-two, male soccer players (SP) from two professional soccer clubs (age: 12.0 ± 0.3 years) volunteered for the study. Fifteen recreationally active boys (CON), of similar age (age: 11.7 ± 0.2 years) were also recruited. All boys underwent a cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. Cardiac dimensions were determined using M-mode echocardiography. During submaximal and maximal exercise, continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound techniques were used to derive stroke volume (SVIndex). Tissue-Doppler imaging was used to quantify systolic (S'adj) and diastolic function (E; E'adj and E/E') at rest and both submaximal and maximal exercise intensities. Speckle tracking echocardiography was used to determine peak longitudinal ε at submaximal exercise intensities. SP demonstrated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater peak VO2 values than CON (SP: 48.0 ± 5.0 vs CON: 40.1 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min). Allometrically scaled to body surface area left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was larger (P ≤ 0.05) in the SP (51.3 ± 9.0) compared to CON (44.6 ± 5.8 mL·BSA1.5 ). At the same relative, submaximal exercise intensities, the SP demonstrated greater SVIndex, cardiac output (QIndex), and E. No differences were noted for peak longitudinal ε during submaximal exercise. Factors that augment pre-load and LV volume appear to determine the superior aerobic fitness seen in the soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Thomas W Rowland
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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The relationship between left ventricular structure and function in the elite rugby football league athlete as determined by conventional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. Int J Cardiol 2018; 261:211-217. [PMID: 29657045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to establish the left ventricular (LV) phenotype in rugby football league (RFL) athletes and to mathematically model the association between LV size, strain (ɛ) and ejection fraction (EF). METHODS AND RESULTS 139 male athletes underwent echocardiographic LV evaluation including ɛ imaging. Non-athletic males were used for comparison. All absolute and scaled structural indices were significantly larger (P < 0.05) in athletes with a predominance for normal LV geometry. EF and global ɛ were similar between groups but strain rates (SR) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in athletes. Lower apical rotation (P < 0.001) and twist (P = 0.010) were exhibited in athletes. CONCLUSION Normal EF is explained by divergent effects of LV internal diastolic dimension (LVIDd) and mean wall thickness (MWT) on LV function. Reductions in SR and twist may be part of normal physiological LV adaptation in RFL athletes.
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12
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Seng MC, Shen X, Wang K, Chong DT, Fam JM, Hamid N, Amanullah MR, Yeo KK, Ewe SH, Chua TS, Ding ZP, Sahlén A. Allometric Relationships for Cardiac Size and Longitudinal Function in Healthy Chinese Adults - Normal Ranges and Clinical Correlates. Circ J 2018; 82:1836-1843. [PMID: 29695648 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac size measurements require indexing to body size. Allometric indexing has been investigated in Caucasian populations but a range of different values for the so-called allometric power exponent (b) have been proposed, with uncertainty as to whether allometry offers clinical utility above body surface area (BSA)-based indexing. We derived optimal values for b in normal echocardiograms and validated them externally in cardiac patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Values for b were derived in healthy adult Chinese males (n=1,541), with optimal b for left ventricular mass (LVM) of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.41-1.92). LV hypertrophy (LVH) defined as indexed LVM >75 g/m1.66 was associated with adverse outcomes in an external validation cohort (n=738) of patients with acute coronary syndrome (odds ratio for reinfarction: 2.4 (1.1-5.4)). In contrast, LVH defined by BSA-based indexing or allometry using exponent 2.7 exhibited no significant association with outcomes (P=NS for both). Cardiac longitudinal function also varied with body size: septal and RV free wall s', TAPSE and lateral e' all scaled allometrically (b=0.3-0.9). CONCLUSIONS An optimal b of 1.66 for LVM in healthy Chinese was found to validate well, with superior clinical utility both to that of BSA-based indexing and to b=2.7. The effect of allometric indexing of cardiac function requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anders Sahlén
- National Heart Centre Singapore.,Karolinska Institutet
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13
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Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, Patteson M. Echocardiographic assessments of longitudinal left ventricular function in healthy English Springer spaniels. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:339-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Patey O. Re: Differential effect of assisted reproductive technology and small-for-gestational age on fetal cardiac remodeling. B. Valenzuela-Alcaraz, F. Crispi, M. Cruz-Lemini, B. Bijnens, L. García-Otero, M. Sitges, J. Balasch and E. Gratacós. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50: 63-70. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 50:17-18. [PMID: 28681952 DOI: 10.1002/uog.17521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Patey
- Brompton Centre for Fetal Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St. George's University of London & St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, London, UK
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15
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Peverill RE, Chou B, Donelan L, Mottram PM, Gelman JS. Possible Mechanisms Underlying Aging-Related Changes in Early Diastolic Filling and Long Axis Motion-Left Ventricular Length and Blood Pressure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158302. [PMID: 27351745 PMCID: PMC4924872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transmitral E wave and the peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion (e`) both decrease with age, but the mechanisms underlying these age-related changes are incompletely understood. This study investigated the possible contributions of blood pressure (BP) and left ventricular end-diastolic length (LVEDL) to age-related reductions in E and e`. Methods The study group were 82 healthy adult subjects <55 years of age who were not obese or hypertensive. Transmitral flow and mitral annular motion were recorded using pulsed-wave Doppler. LVEDL was measured from the mitral annular plane to the apical endocardium. Results Age was positively correlated with diastolic BP and septal wall thickness (SWT), inversely correlated with LVEDL (β = -0.25) after adjustment for sex and body surface area, but was not related to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). Age was also inversely correlated with E (r = -0.36), septal e`(r = -0.53) and lateral e`(r = -0.53). On multivariable analysis, E was inversely correlated with diastolic BP and LVEDD, septal e`was inversely correlated with diastolic BP and positively correlated with SWT and LVEDL, after adjusting for body mass index, whilst lateral e`was inversely correlated with diastolic BP and positively correlated with LVEDL. Conclusion The above findings are consistent with higher BP being a contributor to age-related reductions in both E and e`and shortening of LVEDL with age being a contributor to the age-related reduction in e`. An implication of these findings is that slowing of myocyte relaxation is unlikely to be the sole, and may not be the main, mechanism underlying age-related decreases in E and e`.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E. Peverill
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Medical Centre), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bon Chou
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Medical Centre), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley Donelan
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Medical Centre), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip M. Mottram
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Medical Centre), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John S. Gelman
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Medical Centre), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Wasfy MM, Weiner RB, Wang F, Berkstresser B, Lewis GD, DeLuca JR, Hutter AM, Picard MH, Baggish AL. Endurance Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Not All Sports Are Created Equal. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:1434-40. [PMID: 26361851 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term endurance sport (ES) is broadly used to characterize any exercise that requires maintenance of high cardiac output over extended time. However, the relative amount of isotonic (volume) versus isometric (pressure) cardiac stress varies across ES disciplines. To what degree ES-mediated cardiac remodeling varies, as a function of superimposed isometric stress, is uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiac remodeling characteristics associated with two common yet physiologically distinct forms of ES. METHODS Healthy competitive male long-distance runners (high isotonic, low isometric stress; n = 40) and rowers (high isotonic, high isometric stress; n = 40) were comparatively studied after 3 months of sport-specific exercise training with conventional and speckle-tracking two-dimensional echocardiography. RESULTS Rowers demonstrated dilated left ventricular (LV) volumes and elevated LV mass (i.e., eccentric LV hypertrophy), whereas runners demonstrated normal LV mass (runners, 88 ± 11 g/m(2); rowers, 108 ± 13 g/m(2); P < .001) despite comparatively larger LV volumes (runners, 101 ± 10 mL/m(2); rowers, 89 ± 13 mL/m(2); P < .001) consistent with eccentric LV remodeling. Increasing LV mass was associated with increased reliance on early diastolic filling (LV mass vs E'/A' ratio, R = 0.47, P < .001) indicating "mass-dependent" diastolic function. Right ventricular dilation of similar magnitude and LV systolic function, as assessed by numerous complementary indices, were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac adaptations differ significantly as a function of ES discipline. Further work is required to determine the mechanisms for this differential adaptation, to develop definitive ES discipline-specific normative values, and to evaluate the optimal therapeutic use of specific ES disciplines among patients with common cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Wasfy
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rory B Weiner
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francis Wang
- Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gregory D Lewis
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James R DeLuca
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adolph M Hutter
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael H Picard
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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17
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Smith DL, DeBlois JP, Wharton M, Rowland T. Myocardial functional responses do not contribute to maximal exercise performance in the heat. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 26207175 PMCID: PMC4512040 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the extent and means by which maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) is depressed by elevated ambient temperature are uncertain. Particularly, information is currently unavailable regarding the possible influence of alterations in myocardial function on [Formula: see text] and performance during exercise in the heat. This study investigated the effects of environmental heat on [Formula: see text], peak work capacity, and myocardial function during a standard, progressive cycle test to exhaustion. Twelve euhydrated men (aged 20.7 ± 1.7 years) performed a maximal cycle test in an environmental chamber in both heat stress [35°C, 30% relative humidity (RH)] and temperate (20°C, 30% RH) conditions with measurement of standard gas exchange variables, core temperature, and echocardiographic measures of cardiac function. RESULTS A small but statistically significant reduction of peak work capacity was observed in the heat stress versus temperate conditions (253 ± 30 and 259 ± 30 W, respectively, p = 0.02). Mean [Formula: see text] was not statistically different in the two conditions (p = 0.16) but values were 3.4% lower in the heat, and 9 of 12 participants demonstrated lower values in the heat stress trial. No differences in responses of heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, core temperature, hydration status, or myocardial systolic or diastolic function were observed between the two conditions, but perceived body temperature was higher in the heat. CONCLUSIONS The small, negative impact of heat on exercise performance and [Formula: see text] could not be explained by disturbances in myocardial functional responses to exercise in young adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Smith
- />First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | - Jacob P DeBlois
- />First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | | | - Thomas Rowland
- />First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
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18
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The impact of chronic endurance and resistance training upon the right ventricular phenotype in male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1673-82. [PMID: 25779702 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The traditional view of differential left ventricular adaptation to training type has been questioned. Right ventricular (RV) data in athletes are emerging but whether training type mediates this is not clear. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the RV phenotype in endurance- vs. resistance-trained male athletes. Secondary aims included comparison of RV function in all groups using myocardial speckle tracking, and the impact of allometric scaling on RV data interpretation. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional design assessed RV structure and function in 19 endurance-trained (ET), 21 resistance-trained (RT) and 21 sedentary control subjects (CT). Standard 2D tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography assessed RV structure and function. Indexing of RV structural parameters to body surface area (BSA) was undertaken using allometric scaling. RESULTS A higher absolute RV diastolic area was observed in ET (mean ± SD: 27 ± 4 cm(2)) compared to CT (22 ± 4 cm(2); P < 0.05) that was maintained after scaling. Whilst absolute RV longitudinal dimension was greater in ET (88 ± 9 mm) than CT (81 ± 10 mm; P < 0.05), this difference was removed after scaling. Wall thickness was not different between ET and RT and there were no between group differences in global or regional RV function. CONCLUSION We present some evidence of RV adaptation to chronic ET in male athletes but limited structural characteristics of an athletic heart were observed in RT. Global and regional RV functions were comparable between groups. Allometric scaling altered data interpretation in some variables.
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19
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Oxborough D, Ghani S, Harkness A, Lloyd G, Moody W, Ring L, Sandoval J, Senior R, Sheikh N, Stout M, Utomi V, Willis J, Zaidi A, Steeds R. Impact of methodology and the use of allometric scaling on the echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root and arch: a study by the Research and Audit Sub-Committee of the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract 2014; 1:1-9. [PMID: 26693286 PMCID: PMC4676464 DOI: 10.1530/erp-14-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to establish the impact of 2D echocardiographic methods on absolute values for aortic root dimensions and to describe any allometric relationship to body size. We adopted a nationwide cross-sectional prospective multicentre design using images obtained from studies utilising control groups or where specific normality was being assessed. A total of 248 participants were enrolled with no history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension or abnormal findings on echocardiography. Aortic root dimensions were measured at the annulus, the sinus of Valsalva, the sinotubular junction, the proximal ascending aorta and the aortic arch using the inner edge and leading edge methods in both diastole and systole by 2D echocardiography. All dimensions were scaled allometrically to body surface area (BSA), height and pulmonary artery diameter. For all parameters with the exception of the aortic annulus, dimensions were significantly larger in systole (P<0.05). All aortic root and arch measurements were significantly larger when measured using the leading edge method compared with the inner edge method (P<0.05). Allometric scaling provided a b exponent of BSA(0.6) in order to achieve size independence. Similarly, ratio scaling to height in subjects under the age of 40 years also produced size independence. In conclusion, the largest aortic dimensions occur in systole while using the leading edge method. Reproducibility of measurement, however, is better when assessing aortic dimensions in diastole. There is an allometric relationship to BSA and, therefore, allometric scaling in the order of BSA(0.6) provides a size-independent index that is not influenced by the age or gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 9UT, UK
| | - Saqib Ghani
- Department of Cardiology, Southend University Hospital NHS Trust,
Westcliffe on Sea, UK
| | - Allan Harkness
- Cardiology Department, Colchester Hospital NHS Trust, Colchester, UK
| | - Guy Lloyd
- Cardiology Department, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Eastbourne, UK
| | - William Moody
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Liam Ring
- Cardiology Department, West Suffolk Hospital NHS Trust, Bury St Edmonds, UK
| | - Julie Sandoval
- Cardiac Ultrasound, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Roxy Senior
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nabeel Sheikh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin Stout
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James Willis
- Department of Cardiology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | - Abbas Zaidi
- Cardiology Department, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Richard Steeds
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Vitiello D, Cassirame J, Menetrier A, Rupp T, Schuster I, Reboul C, Obert P, Tordi N, Nottin S. Depressed systolic function after a prolonged and strenuous exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:2072-9. [PMID: 23657162 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318298a585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged and strenuous exercise (PSE) induces transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Although a consensus exists regarding the decrease in diastolic function, the existence of a decrease in systolic function by a PSE remains controversial, probably due to the transient tachycardia and changes in loading conditions observed upon the completion of exercise. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate LV systolic function before and after a PSE using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography not only at rest but also during incremental tests to adjust heart rates (HR). METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen healthy young men (23 ± 3 yr old) performed a 3-h period of intensity-controlled upright cycling. LV strain (S), systolic strain rate (SR), rotation, and systolic rotational rate were evaluated by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography before and after a 3-h period of PSE at rest and during incremental tests. Posttest evaluation was performed once the HR had returned to the pretest value. Under resting conditions, parameters of systolic function were either unchanged or increased after the PSE. However, during the incremental test, all LV systolic SR and apical rotational rates were decreased after PSE (radial SR at workload 3 (W3): 2.21 ± 0.12.s(-1) vs 1.87 ± 0.10.s(-1), P < 0.01 and apical rotational rate at W3: 128 ± 28 deg.s(-1) vs 105 ± 26 deg.s(-1), P < 0.05). Regression analyses between LV systolic SR and HR showed lower y-intercepts without differences in slopes, suggesting a decrease of both global and regional systolic functions irrespective of HR after the PSE. CONCLUSION Our findings based on LV S and SR data during incremental tests demonstrate that the 3-h period of PSE induces LV systolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vitiello
- 1EA-4278, Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Faculty of Sciences, University of Avignon, Avignon, FRANCE; 2EA-3920, Physiopathologie cardiovasculaire et prévention, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Franche Comté, Besançon, FRANCE; 3HP2 Laboratory (INSERM), Joseph Fourier University and Exercise Research Unit, University Hospital, Grenoble, FRANCE; and 4Department of Vascular Medicine, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, FRANCE
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Utomi V, Oxborough D, Ashley E, Lord R, Fletcher S, Stembridge M, Shave R, Hoffman MD, Whyte G, Somauroo J, Sharma S, George K. Predominance of normal left ventricular geometry in the male ‘athlete's heart’. Heart 2014; 100:1264-71. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Hedman K, Tamás É, Henriksson J, Bjarnegård N, Brudin L, Nylander E. Female athlete's heart: Systolic and diastolic function related to circulatory dimensions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:372-81. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Hedman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Heart & Medicine Centre Linköping Sweden
| | - É. Tamás
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Heart & Medicine Centre Linköping Sweden
| | - J. Henriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Bjarnegård
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - L. Brudin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology County Hospital Kalmar Sweden
| | - E. Nylander
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Heart & Medicine Centre Linköping Sweden
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Lung Ultrasound Predicts Interstitial Syndrome and Hemodynamic Profile in Parturients with Severe Preeclampsia. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:906-14. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
The role of lung ultrasound has never been evaluated in parturients with severe preeclampsia. The authors’ first aim was to assess the ability of lung ultrasound to detect pulmonary edema in severe preeclampsia. The second aim was to highlight the relation between B-lines and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressures.
Methods:
This prospective cohort study was conducted in a level-3 maternity during a 12-month period. Twenty parturients with severe preeclampsia were consecutively enrolled. Both lung and cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed before (n = 20) and after delivery (n = 20). Each parturient with severe preeclampsia was compared with a control healthy parturient. Pulmonary edema was determined using two scores: the B-pattern and the Echo Comet Score. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography.
Results:
Lung ultrasound detected interstitial edema in five parturients (25%) with severe preeclampsia. A B-pattern was associated to increased mitral valve early diastolic peak E (116 vs. 90 cm/s; P = 0.05) and to increased E/E’ ratio (9.9 vs. 6.6; P < 0.001). An Echo Comet Score of greater than 25 predicted an increase in filling pressures (E/E’ ratio >9.5) with a sensitivity and specificity of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.00) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.92), respectively.
Conclusions:
In parturients with severe preeclampsia, lung ultrasound detects both pulmonary edema and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. The finding of a B-pattern should restrict the use of fluid. However, these preliminary results are associations from a single sample. They need to be replicated in a larger, definitive study.
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Cruz-Lemini M, Crispi F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, Figueras F, Sitges M, Gómez O, Bijnens B, Gratacós E. Value of annular M-mode displacement vs tissue Doppler velocities to assess cardiac function in intrauterine growth restriction. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2013; 42:175-181. [PMID: 23280816 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the ability of two different methods for longitudinal annular motion measurement, M-mode and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), to demonstrate cardiac dysfunction in intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. METHODS Cardiac longitudinal annular motion in the basal free wall of the left ventricle (mitral annulus), interventricular septum and tricuspid annulus was assessed in 23 early-onset IUGR cases and 43 controls by TDI (annular peak velocities) and M-mode (displacement). RESULTS All annular parameters were significantly decreased in the IUGR group with respect to controls using both methods. M-mode showed a trend towards equal performance as classifier between cases and controls, as compared to TDI, mainly in the tricuspid annulus. CONCLUSIONS Both M-mode and TDI demonstrate annular motion changes and consequently cardiac dysfunction in IUGR fetuses. M-mode imaging is simpler to perform and could be as sensitive as TDI for detecting subtle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cruz-Lemini
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, Barcelona, Spain
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Chirinos JA, Segers P, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Raja MW, Claessens T, De Bacquer D, St. John Sutton M, Gillebert TC. Early and Late Systolic Wall Stress Differentially Relate to Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation in Middle-Aged Adults. Hypertension 2013; 61:296-303. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Chirinos
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Patrick Segers
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Ernst R. Rietzschel
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Marc L. De Buyzere
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Muhammad W. Raja
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Tom Claessens
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Dirk De Bacquer
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Martin St. John Sutton
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
| | - Thierry C. Gillebert
- From the Philadelphia VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (J.A.C., M.W.R., M.S.J.S.); Institute Biomedical Technology (P.S., T.C.) and Department of Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.); and Department of Mechanics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (T.C.)
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Rowland T, Unnithan V, Barker P, Guerra M, Roche D, Lindley M. Orthostatic effects on echocardiographic measures of ventricular function. Echocardiography 2012; 29:523-7. [PMID: 22329868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthostatic-induced alterations in Doppler echocardiographic measures of ventricular function have not been well-defined. Identifying such changes may provide useful insights regarding the responses of these measures to variations in ventricular loading conditions. Standard assessment of mitral inflow velocity and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of left ventricular longitudinal myocardial velocities was performed on 14 young males (mean age 17.9 ± 0.7 years) in the supine position and then 5 minutes after assuming a sitting position with legs dependent. Upon sitting, average values of stroke volume and cardiac output fell by 28% and 18%, respectively, while heart rate increased from 64 ± 10 to 73 ± 12 beats/min (+14%) and calculated systemic vascular resistance rose from 12.9 ± 2.2 to 16.4 ± 3.1 units (+27%). Mitral E peak velocity declined from 87 ± 16 to 64 ± 16 cm/sec, and average TDI-E' and TDI-S both decreased (by -44% and -20%, respectively). When adjusted for orthostatic decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, the mean decrease in TDI-E' was reduced to -29 (P < 0.01), but no significant decline was observed in adjusted TDI-S. Average E/E' rose with sitting by 40% (P = 0.02). These findings suggest that (a) decreases in TDI measures when assuming the upright position reflect the reduction of left ventricular size; (b) orthostatic fall in TDI-E' is also related to smaller ventricular size but, in addition, to a nonspecified reduction in ventricular relaxation; and (c) values of E/E' do not reflect alterations in ventricular preload, which occur during an orthostatic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA.
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Odland HH, Brun H, Sejersted Y, Dalen M, Edvardsen T, Saugstad OD, Thaulow E. Longitudinal myocardial contribution to peak systolic flow and stroke volume in the neonatal heart. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:345-51. [PMID: 21691252 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318229032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Systolic longitudinal myocardial function is important for cardiac ejection. Data describing hemodynamic determinants and the time course of myocardial longitudinal contraction as measured by tissue Doppler are lacking. Ten newborn pigs were used for invasive hemodynamic investigation. Tissue Doppler assessment of the lateral part of the mitral valve annulus during systole was performed during pharmacological modulation of inotropy, cardiac pacing, and modulations of loading conditions. The strongest association was found between peak systolic velocity (S') and peak systolic flow (PSF) and end-systolic pressure (ESP), respectively (β = 0.09 cm/mL, p < 0.001 and β = -0.07 cm/mL, p = 0.003). Displacement (D) was mostly influenced by stroke volume (SV) (β = 0.05 cm/mL, p < 0.001). Ejection time, SV, ESP, maximum first derivative of pressure (dP/dtmax), and PSF were all associated with S' and D under different states of hemodynamic modulation; however, the ratio between PSF and S', SV, and D were stable during hemodynamic modulations. Normalized cross correlations indicate that S' and D follow the same trajectory as flow and SV, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides validity of accounting systolic D in the long axis as the longitudinal contribution to SV and peak systolic tissue velocity as the longitudinal contribution to PSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Odland
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Rowland T, Unnithan V, Roche D, Garrard M, Holloway K, Marwood S. Myocardial function and aerobic fitness in adolescent females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1991-7. [PMID: 21249382 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A recent report indicated that variations in myocardial functional (systolic and diastolic) responses to exercise do not contribute to inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness (peak VO(2)) among young males. This study was designed to investigate the same question among adolescent females. Thirteen highly fit adolescent football (soccer) players (peak VO(2) 43.5 ± 3.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and nine untrained girls (peak VO(2) 36.0 ± 5.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) matched for age underwent a progressive cycle exercise test to exhaustion. Cardiac variables were measured by standard echocardiographic techniques. Maximal stroke index was greater in the high-fit group (50 ± 5 vs. 41 ± 4 ml m(-2)), but no significant group differences were observed in maximal heart rate or arterial venous oxygen difference. Increases in markers of both systolic (ejection rate, tissue Doppler S') and diastolic (tissue Doppler E', mitral E velocity) myocardial functions at rest and during the acute bout of exercise were similar in the two groups. This study suggests that among healthy adolescent females, like young males, myocardial systolic and diastolic functional capacities do not contribute to inter-individual variability in physiologic aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01106, USA.
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Rowland T, Unnithan V, Garrard M, Roche D, Holloway K, Sandoval J, Marwood S. Sex influence on myocardial function with exercise in adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 22:680-2. [PMID: 20737616 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ventricular systolic functional response to exercise has been reported to be superior in adult men compared to women. This study explored myocardial responses to maximal upright progressive exercise in late pubertal males and females. METHODS Doppler echocardiographic techniques were utilized to estimate myocardial function response to a bout of progressive cycle exercise. RESULTS Systolic functional capacity, as indicated by ejection rate (12.5 +/- 2.8 and 13.1 +/- 1.0 [x10(-2)] ml s(-1) cm(-2) for boys and girls, respectively) and peak aortic velocity (208 +/- 45 and 196 +/- 12 cm s(-1), respectively) at maximal exercise, did not differ between the two groups. Similarly, peak values as well as increases in transmitral pressure gradient (mitral E flow velocity), ventricular relaxation (tissue Doppler imaging E'), and left ventricular filling pressure (E/E' ratio) as estimates of diastolic function were similar in males and females. CONCLUSIONS This study failed to reveal qualitative or quantitative differences between adolescent boys and girls in ventricular systolic or diastolic functional responses to maximal cycle exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
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Baggish AL. RESPONSE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181f49261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rowland T. MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION IN ROWERS. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:192; author reply 193. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181f4924c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rasmussen S. Charts to assess fetal wellbeing. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 37:2-5. [PMID: 21182105 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rasmussen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Comas M, Crispi F, Gómez O, Puerto B, Figueras F, Gratacós E. Gestational age- and estimated fetal weight-adjusted reference ranges for myocardial tissue Doppler indices at 24-41 weeks' gestation. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 37:57-64. [PMID: 21046540 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To construct gestational age (GA)- and estimated fetal weight (EFW)-adjusted reference ranges for tissue Doppler cardiac function parameters from 24 to 41 weeks' gestation. METHODS This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study involving 213 singleton pregnancies between 24 and 41 weeks' gestation. Myocardial peak velocities and myocardial performance index (MPI') were measured by tissue Doppler ultrasonography (values indicated by 'prime') in the left and right annulus and interventricular septum. Left and right atrioventricular parameters were also measured by conventional Doppler and ratios between the values found by the two methods calculated. Regression analysis was used to determine GA- and EFW-adjusted reference ranges and to construct nomograms for tissue Doppler parameters. RESULTS All myocardial peak velocities, left and right E'/A' and left MPI' showed a progressive increase with GA. In contrast, left and right E/E' showed a progressive decline. Septal E'/A', and right and septal MPI' remained constant. Myocardial peak velocities showed a progressive increase with increasing fetal weight. CONCLUSIONS Normal data of fetal myocardial peak velocities, their ratios and MPI' by tissue Doppler adjusted by GA and EFW are provided. The reported reference values may be useful in research or clinical studies and can be used in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comas
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine (Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia), Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Melchiorre K, Sutherland GR, Baltabaeva A, Liberati M, Thilaganathan B. Maternal Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling in Women With Preeclampsia at Term. Hypertension 2011; 57:85-93. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.162321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Melchiorre
- From the Fetal Maternal Medicine Unit (K.M., B.T.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.M., G.R.S., A.B.), St Georges Hospital, University of London, London, UK; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.M., M.L.), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - George Ross Sutherland
- From the Fetal Maternal Medicine Unit (K.M., B.T.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.M., G.R.S., A.B.), St Georges Hospital, University of London, London, UK; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.M., M.L.), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Aigul Baltabaeva
- From the Fetal Maternal Medicine Unit (K.M., B.T.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.M., G.R.S., A.B.), St Georges Hospital, University of London, London, UK; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.M., M.L.), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Liberati
- From the Fetal Maternal Medicine Unit (K.M., B.T.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.M., G.R.S., A.B.), St Georges Hospital, University of London, London, UK; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.M., M.L.), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Basky Thilaganathan
- From the Fetal Maternal Medicine Unit (K.M., B.T.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.M., G.R.S., A.B.), St Georges Hospital, University of London, London, UK; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.M., M.L.), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Oxborough D, Birch K, Shave R, George K. “Exercise-Induced Cardiac Fatigue”-A Review of the Echocardiographic Literature. Echocardiography 2010; 27:1130-40. [PMID: 20678128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Oxborough
- The Leeds Institute for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Ejection time-corrected systolic velocity improves accuracy in the evaluation of myocardial dysfunction: a study in piglets. Pediatr Cardiol 2010; 31:1070-8. [PMID: 20721662 PMCID: PMC2948161 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of correcting for the impact of heart rate (HR) or ejection time (ET) on myocardial velocities in the long axis in piglets undergoing hypoxia. The ability to eject a higher volume at a fixed ET is a characteristic of contractility in the heart. Systolic velocity of the atrioventricular annulus displacement is directly related to volume changes of the ventricle. Both ET and systolic velocity may be measured in a single heartbeat. In 29 neonatal pigs, systolic velocity and ET were measured with tissue Doppler techniques in the mitral valve annulus, the tricuspid valve annulus, and the septum. All ejection time corrected velocities (S((ET)), mean ± SEM, cm/s) decreased significantly during hypoxia (S(mva(ET)) 15.5 ± 0.2 to 13.2 ± 0.3 (p < 0.001), S(septal(ET)) 9.9 ± 0.1 to 7.8 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001), S(tva(ET)) 12.1 ± 0.2 to 9.8 ± 0.3 (p < 0.001)). The magnitude of change from baseline to hypoxia was greater for ejection time corrected systolic velocities than for RR-interval corrected velocities (mean ± SEM, cm/s); ΔS(mva(ET)) 2.3 ± 2.0 vs. ΔS(mva(RR)) 1.6 ± 1.1 (p = 0.02), ΔS(septal(ET)) 2.1 ± 1.0 vs. ΔS(septal(RR)) 1.6 ± 1.0 (p < 0.01), ΔS(tva(ET)) 2.3 ± 1.1 vs. ΔS(tva(RR)) 1.8 ± 1.3 (p = 0.04). The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) showed superior performance of S((ET)) compared with uncorrected velocities. The decrease in S((ET)) during hypoxia was not influenced by important hemodynamic determinants. ET-corrected systolic velocity improves accuracy and decreases variability in the evaluation of systolic longitudinal function and contractility during global hypoxia in neonatal pigs compared with systolic velocity alone. It is robust toward hemodynamic changes. This novel method has the potential of becoming a useful tool in clinical practice.
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Diastolic function in healthy humans: non-invasive assessment and the impact of acute and chronic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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ROWLAND THOMASW, GARRARD MAX, MARWOOD SIMON, GUERRA MIRIAME, ROCHE DENISE, UNNITHAN VISWANATHB. Myocardial Performance during Progressive Exercise in Athletic Adolescent Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1721-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a06cb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ho CY, Carlsen C, Thune JJ, Havndrup O, Bundgaard H, Farrohi F, Rivero J, Cirino AL, Andersen PS, Christiansen M, Maron BJ, Orav EJ, Køber L. Echocardiographic strain imaging to assess early and late consequences of sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:314-21. [PMID: 20031602 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.862128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic testing identifies sarcomere mutation carriers (G+) before clinical diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), allowing characterization of initial disease manifestations. Previous studies demonstrated that impaired relaxation develops before left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The precise impact of sarcomere mutations on systolic function in early and late disease is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Comprehensive echocardiography with strain imaging was performed on 146 genotyped individuals with mutations in 5 sarcomere genes. Contractile parameters were compared in 68 preclinical (G+/LVH-), 40 overt (G+/LVH+) subjects with HCM, and 38 mutation (-) normal control relatives. All subjects had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. In preclinical HCM, global and regional peak systolic strain (epsilon(sys)) and longitudinal systolic strain rate were not significantly different from controls, but early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Ea) was reduced by 13%. In overt HCM, there was a significant 27% and 14% decrease in global longitudinal epsilon(sys) and systolic strain rate, respectively, compared with both preclinical HCM and controls (P<0.013 for all comparisons), and a 33% reduction in Ea. CONCLUSIONS Sarcomere mutations have disparate initial effects on diastolic and systolic functions. Preclinical HCM is characterized by impaired relaxation but preserved systolic strain. In contrast, both diastolic and longitudinal systolic abnormalities are present in overt disease despite normal ejection fraction. We propose that diastolic dysfunction is an early consequence of sarcomere mutations, whereas systolic dysfunction results from mutations combined with subsequent pathological remodeling. Identifying mechanistic pathways triggered by these mutations may begin to reshape the clinical paradigm for treatment, based on early diagnosis and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Y Ho
- Cardiovascular Division, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Oxborough D, Batterham AM, Shave R, Artis N, Birch KM, Whyte G, Ainslie PN, George KP. Interpretation of two-dimensional and tissue Doppler-derived strain ( ) and strain rate data: is there a need to normalize for individual variability in left ventricular morphology? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2009; 10:677-82. [DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jep037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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