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Khan AA, Zafar MS, Fareed MA, AlMufareh NA, Alshehri F, AlSunbul H, Lassila L, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK. Fiber-reinforced composites in dentistry - An insight into adhesion aspects of the material and the restored tooth construct. Dent Mater 2023; 39:141-151. [PMID: 36604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to highlight the insight into adhesion aspects within the components of the glass FRC (i.e., fiber and matrix) and between resin luting material and the glass FRC construction. METHODS The fundamentals of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) based FRCs and their advantages in forming a solid adhesive interface with indirect FRC restoration, dental adhesive, and luting cement are elaborated. The important resin matrix systems and glass fibers used in FRCs are discussed. This is principally based on a survey of the literature over Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and a review of the relevant studies and publications in scientific papers in international peer-reviewed journals for the specific topic of biomaterials science. The keywords used for the search approach were: adhesion, fiber-reinforced composite, glass fiber, and semi-interpenetrating polymer network. RESULTS The polymer matrix systems of semi-IPN-based FRCs and formation of secondary-IPN layer are pivotal for bonding of multiphasic indirect dental constructs and repair. Additionally, describing areas of indication for FRCs in dentistry, explaining the adhesion aspects of FRC for the cohesion of the material itself, and for obtaining durable adhesion when the FRC construct is luted to tooth and remaining dentition. Current progress in the field of FRC research and future directions are summarized and presented. SIGNIFICANCE By understanding the isotropic-anisotropic nature of fibers and the interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC; between resin cement and the FRC construction, the clinically successful FRC-based multiphasic indirect tooth construct can be achieved. The interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC and between resin luting material and the FRC construction play a key role in adhesion-based unibody dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah, Medina, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amber Fareed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawaf Abdulrahman AlMufareh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Special Health Care Needs, Ministry of Health, Abha Specialist Dental Center, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alshehri
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan AlSunbul
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Kalevi Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Turku, Finland
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Ohtonen J, Lassila L, Säilynoja E, Vallittu PK. The Effect of Material Type and Location of an Orthodontic Retainer in Resisting Axial or Buccal Forces. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092319. [PMID: 33947055 PMCID: PMC8125435 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of retainer material and retainer position on a tooth to resist movement of the tooth in a simulation model. Bidirectional continuous glass fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) retainers and control retainers of steel wires were tested. The FRC retainers had a polymer matrix of bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate (bis-GMA) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and it was cured with a photoinitiator system. The retainers were adhered to a lower jaw Frasaco model in two different positions. Resistance against the movement of one tooth was measured from two directions. The average load values within the FRC retainer groups were higher than within the metal retainer groups. The load values for the groups loaded from the axial direction were higher than those loaded from the buccal direction. FRC retainers, which were located 1–2 mm from the incisal edge, showed higher load values than those located 4–5 mm from the incisal edge. There was a significant difference in load values between FRC retainers and metal retainers (p < 0.01). The wire position and the direction of force also had significant effects (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between metal retainer groups. The results of this study suggest that metal retainers are more flexible, allowing for tooth movements of larger magnitude than with FRC retainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Ohtonen
- BioCity Turku Biomaterials and Medical Device Research Program, Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (P.K.V.)
- City of Kotka Municipal Health Centre, 48600 Kotka, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Lippo Lassila
- BioCity Turku Biomaterials and Medical Device Research Program, Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (P.K.V.)
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Säilynoja
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- GC Group, Stick Tech Ltd., 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pekka K. Vallittu
- BioCity Turku Biomaterials and Medical Device Research Program, Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (P.K.V.)
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- City of Turku Welfare Division, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Krishnakumar S, Senthilvelan T. Polymer composites in dentistry and orthopedic applications-a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sfondrini MF, Vallittu PK, Lassila LVJ, Viola A, Gandini P, Scribante A. Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Orthodontic Retainer: In Vitro Effect of Tooth Brushing on the Surface Wear and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1028. [PMID: 32106404 PMCID: PMC7084318 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) are metal free materials that have many applications in dentistry. In clinical orthodontics, they are used as retainers after active treatment in order to avoid relapse. However, although the modulus of the elasticity of FRCs is low, the rigidity of the material in the form of a relatively thick retainer with a surface cover of a flowable resin composite is known to have higher structural rigidity than stainless steel splints. The aim of the present study is to measure load and bending stress of stainless steel wires, as well as flowable resin composite covered and spot‑bonded FRC retainer materials after tooth brushing. These materials were tested with a three point bending test for three different conditions: no brushing, 26 min of brushing, and 60 min of brushing. SEM images were taken before and after different times of tooth brushing. Results showed that stainless steel was not significantly affected by tooth brushing. On the other hand, a significant reduction of values at maximum load at fracture was reported for both FRC groups, and uncovered FRCs were most affected. Concerning maximum bending stress, no significant reduction by pretreatment conditions was reported for the materials tested. SEM images showed no evident wear for stainless steel. Flowable resin composite covered FRCs showed some signs of composite wear, whereas spot‑bonded FRCs, i.e., without the surface cover of a flowable resin composite, showed signs of wear on the FRC and exposed glass fibers from the FRC's polymer matrix. Because of the significant changes of the reduction of maximum load values and the wear for spot‑bonded FRCs, this technique needs further in vitro and in vivo tests before it can be performed routinely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Sfondrini
- Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.S.); (A.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Pekka Kalevi Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland; (P.K.V.); (L.V.J.L.)
| | - Lippo Veli Juhana Lassila
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland; (P.K.V.); (L.V.J.L.)
| | - Annalisa Viola
- Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.S.); (A.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Paola Gandini
- Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.S.); (A.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Andrea Scribante
- Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.S.); (A.V.); (P.G.)
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Alsanea JA, Al Shehri H. Evaluation of Nanomechanical Properties, Surface Roughness, and Color Stability of Esthetic Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019; 9:33-39. [PMID: 30923691 PMCID: PMC6402247 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_365_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the surface roughness, nanomechancial properties the color stability of three brands of coated (rhodium, epoxy, and Teflon) nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic archwires. Materials and Methods: Three brands of coated (rhodium, epoxy, and Teflon) esthetic NiTi archwires and three brands of uncoated (NiTi) archwires from the same manufactures were evaluated for the surface roughness, nanomechanical properties, and color stability. The specimens with 20 mm length (n = 5) were cut from the straight buccal segments of the coated and uncoated archwires. The specimens with 20 mm length (n = 10) were subjected to color measurement after immersion in a coffee staining solution. The color measurement was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after immersion in staining solution using color eye 7000 spectrophotometer. The experimental data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Epoxy (1.517 ± 0.071) and rhodium (0.297 ± 0.015) coated archwires showed the highest and lower value of surface roughness. All the intergroup comparisons showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in surface roughness except between rhodium and control group (P = 0.998). There were significant differences between control and the experimental groups for both nanohardness and elastic modulus was observed. All the three NiTi-coated esthetic archwires demonstrated trace” (extremely slight change) color changes as measured by the National Bureau of Standards units after 4 weeks of immersion. Conclusion: Surface roughness of rhodium-coated archwires was almost similar to that of uncoated wires. Whereas Teflon and epoxy coated archwires showed a significant difference in surface roughness compared to uncoated archwires. Uncoated archwires showed higher nanohardness values compared to the coated archwires. Teflon-coated archwires demonstrated significantly slight color change after 4 weeks of immersion in staining solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal A Alsanea
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Namuthajiya Campus, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Al Shehri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Olaya Campus, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Shirakawa N, Iwata T, Miyake S, Otuka T, Koizumi S, Kawata T. Mechanical properties of orthodontic wires covered with a polyether ether ketone tube. Angle Orthod 2018; 88:442-449. [PMID: 29561658 DOI: 10.2319/082417-572.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the esthetics and frictional force of an orthodontic wire passed through a newly designed tube made of a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of standard PEEK tubes were prepared at 0.5 × 0.6ф and 0.8 × 0.9ф, and different archwires were passed through the tubes. Color values were determined according to brightness and hues. Friction was assessed with different bracket-wire combinations, and surface roughness was determined by stereomicroscopy before and after the application of friction. RESULTS The PEEK tube showed a color difference that was almost identical to that of coated wires conventionally used in clinical practice, indicating a sufficient esthetic property. The result of the friction test showed that the frictional force was greatly reduced by passing the archwire through the PEEK tube in almost all of the archwires tested. CONCLUSIONS Use of the new PEEK tube demonstrated a good combination of esthetic and functional properties for use in orthodontic appliances.
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Tanimoto Y, Inami T, Yamaguchi M, Nishiyama N, Kasai K. Preparation, mechanical, and in vitro properties of glass fiber-reinforced polycarbonate composites for orthodontic application. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:743-50. [PMID: 25052046 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Generally, orthodontic treatment uses metallic wires made from stainless steel, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy, β-titanium alloy, and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy. However, these wires are not esthetically pleasing and may induce allergic or toxic reactions. To correct these issues, in the present study we developed glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) orthodontic wires made from polycarbonate and E-glass fiber by using pultrusion. After fabricating these GFRP round wires with a diameter of 0.45 mm (0.018 inch), we examined their mechanical and in vitro properties. To investigate how the glass-fiber diameter affected their physical properties, we prepared GFRP wires of varying diameters (7 and 13 µm). Both the GFRP with 13-µm fibers (GFRP-13) and GFRP with 7 µm fibers (GFRP-7) were more transparent than the metallic orthodontic wires. Flexural strengths of GFRP-13 and GFRP-7 were 690.3 ± 99.2 and 938.1 ± 95.0 MPa, respectively; flexural moduli of GFRP-13 and GFRP-7 were 25.4 ± 4.9 and 34.7 ± 7.7 GPa, respectively. These flexural properties of the GFRP wires were nearly equivalent to those of available Ni-Ti wires. GFRP-7 had better flexural properties than GFRP-13, indicating that the flexural properties of GFRP increase with decreasing fiber diameter. Using thermocycling, we found no significant change in the flexural properties of the GFRPs after 600 or 1,200 cycles. Using a cytotoxicity detection kit, we found that the glass fiber and polycarbonate components comprising the GFRP were not cytotoxic within the limitations of this study. We expect this metal-free GFRP wire composed of polycarbonate and glass fiber to be useful as an esthetically pleasing alternative to current metallic orthodontic wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tanimoto
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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Chng CK, Foong K, Gandedkar NH, Chan YH, Chew CL. A new esthetic fiber-reinforced polymer composite resin archwire: a comparative atomic force microscope (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) study. Prog Orthod 2014; 15:39. [PMID: 24950433 PMCID: PMC4884033 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-014-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) archwires could provide an esthetic solution to conventional orthodontic archwires. This study was carried out with the following aims: (1) to compare the sliding friction of FRPC archwire with nickel titanium archwire using various archwire-bracket combinations and (2) to determine the correlation between surface roughness and friction of the FRPC and NiTi archwires. Methods Four different brackets (Gemini® (Gemini-3M Unitek, St. Paul, MN, USA), ICE® (ICE-Ormco- Orange, CA, USA), Clarity® (Clarity-3M Unitek, St. Paul, MN, USA), and SmartClip® (SmartClip-3M Unitek, St. Paul, MN, USA)) in combination with FRPC wires and NiTi wires (0.018 in) were studied for archwire friction with simulated wear and surface roughness using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. Statistical analysis of frictional wear generated and surface roughness between the various archwire and bracket groups was evaluated by one-way ANOVA at 5% level. Least significant difference (LSD) multiple comparisons were used to determine the archwire-bracket group difference. Results Gemini®-FRPC group generated the highest frictional wear (mean, 313.10; SD, 802.59) and ICE®-FRPC group produced the highest roughness values among all the groups tested (Ra = 496.13 nm, RMS = 635.49 nm). No correlation was found between frictional wear and surface roughness of the archwires of the various groups. Conclusions FRPC archwire shows promise in its application as an esthetic aligning archwire. However, further research and refinement in its manufacture would be necessary to fully realize its potential as an esthetic archwire. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40510-014-0039-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Narayan H Gandedkar
- Department of Craniofacial Dentistry, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
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Kantola R, Sivén M, Kurunmäki H, Tolvanen M, Vallittu PK, Kemppainen P. Laser Doppler imaging of skin microcirculation under fiber-reinforced composite framework of facial prosthesis. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:106-12. [PMID: 23822905 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.805429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glass-fiber reinforced composite has been suggested to be used as framework material in silicone elastomer facial prostheses. The glass-fiber reinforced framework makes it possible to make the margin of the prosthesis very tight, so that it will lean tightly against the skin even during facial expressions and jaw movements. The purpose of this study was to study how the compression of the glass-fiber reinforced framework would affect the microcirculation of the facial skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A face mask, with a compression pad corresponding to the outer margin of a glass fiber-reinforced composite framework beam of a facial prosthesis, was used to apply pressure on the facial skin of healthy volunteers. The skin blood flow during touch, light and moderate compression of the skin was measured by laser Doppler imaging technique. RESULTS None of the compressions had any marked effects on local skin blood flow. No significant differences between the blood flow of the compressed skin, compared to the baseline values, were found. CONCLUSIONS The pressure applied to the skin by the tight margins of a facial prosthesis, fabricated with a framework of glass-fiber reinforced composite, does not remarkably alter the skin blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Kantola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Vaasa Central Hospital , Vaasa , Finland
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