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Al-Shujaa EA, Al-Awdi HH, Al-Wesabi SN, Lubamba GP, Altayar BA, Sakran KA, Telha W, Xia X, Liu B, Xie F. Maxillary sinus volume and facial asymmetry after unilateral zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture reduction with 2, 3, and 4 fixation points: CBCT-based investigation. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024; 125:101537. [PMID: 37336318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the maxillary sinus volume (MSV), Chronic Sinusitis incidence, and asymmetry of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) following ZMC fracture surgery with various numbers of fixation points. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a prospective non-randomized cohort, 50 adults with unilateral ZMC fractures who treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) between November 2019 and October 2021 were assigned to accomplish this study. They distributed into three groups as per fixation points (2, 3, or 4 Points). Preoperative (T1), Immediate postoperative (T2), and follow-up (T3) cone beam computed topography were analyzed using the Mimics software. The main measures were MSV and asymmetry indexes (ASI) of six paired bilateral anatomical landmarks (Orbital, Suprajugal, Jugale, Zygon, Maxillozygion 1, and Maxillozygion 2). RESULTS MSV decreased significantly on the affected sides postoperatively in 2P and 3P groups, both in T2 and T3. Further, the T2-T3 comparisons showed a significant MSV change (p = 0.001). ASI reduced considerably to clinically tolerated levels (<3 mm) on landmarks near the fixation sites postoperatively. The ASI on the Zygon and Maxillozygion 1 landmarks showed significant changes among the three groups in both T2 and T3. Interestingly, only five cases had reported postoperative sinusitis symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Although the MSV was changed among the different fixation point groups, the incidence of chronic sinusitis was uncommon. Bilateral asymmetry affected by number and position of the fixation points, fixation with 4 points provide more symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa Abdo Al-Shujaa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Hebah Hasan Al-Awdi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen; Department of Orthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Saddam Noman Al-Wesabi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Grace Paka Lubamba
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bassam A Altayar
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Karim Ahmed Sakran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Wael Telha
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fuqiang Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Winiarska N, Stachura A, Roszkowski B, Pietruski P, Włodarski P, Paskal W. Anthropometry and Current Aesthetic Concept of the Lower Third of the Face and Lips in Caucasian Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03930-5. [PMID: 38467850 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of standardization of the norms and aesthetic concept of the lower third of the face and lips creates challenges in reconstructive surgery and aesthetic procedures. A large-scale, anthropometric measurements summary poses an alternative for establishing universal patterns. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Web of Science using keywords: lip, face, aesthetics, beauty, anthropometry and Caucasian. Seventy records were included in the review and checked in detail in terms of available data. RESULTS The study contains a meta-analysis of twelve parameters with sufficient quantitative data-lip width, nose width, facial width, lower third of the face height, midline mandible height, total height of the upper and lower lip, upper and lower vermilion height, cutaneous upper lip height and nasolabial and mentolabial angle. CONCLUSIONS The review provides a detailed database of primary anthropometric studies of lips and perioral regions of the healthy Caucasian population. The attractiveness of the region is focused on uniformity of proportions. Notably, results acquired with different methods of measurement are not interchangeable. Despite many published anthropometric studies, systems for conducting the measurements and reporting the results are not sufficiently unified to quantitatively assess meticulous key aesthetic clinical parameters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Winiarska
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albert Stachura
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Roszkowski
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietruski
- Private Practice, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B St, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gkantidis N, Opacic J, Kanavakis G, Katsaros C, Halazonetis D. Facial asymmetry and midsagittal plane definition in 3D: A bias-free, automated method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294528. [PMID: 38011159 PMCID: PMC10681257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry is a fundamental biological concept in all living organisms. It is related to a variety of physical and social traits ranging from genetic background integrity and developmental stability to the perception of physical appearance. Within this context, the study of human facial asymmetry carries a unique significance. Here, we validated an efficient method to assess 3D facial surface symmetry by best-fit approximating the original surface to its mirrored one. Following this step, the midsagittal plane of the face was automatically defined at the midpoints of the contralateral corresponding vertices of the superimposed models and colour coded distance maps were constructed. The method was tested by two operators using facial models of different surface size. The results show that the midsagittal plane definition was highly reproducible (maximum error < 0.1 mm or°) and remained robust for different extents of the facial surface model. The symmetry assessments were valid (differences between corresponding bilateral measurement areas < 0.1 mm), highly reproducible (error < 0.01 mm), and were modified by the extent of the initial surface model. The present landmark-free, automated method to assess facial asymmetry and define the midsagittal plane of the face is accurate, objective, easily applicable, comprehensible and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Opacic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB–University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Silinevica S, Lokmane K, Vuollo V, Jakobsone G, Pirttiniemi P. The association between dental and facial symmetry in adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 164:340-350. [PMID: 37005109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial aesthetics have become one of the most important objectives of orthodontic treatment. The correction of dental arches should be performed in accordance with the face. This study explored the association between occlusal and facial asymmetries in adolescents, particularly emphasizing a Class II subdivision. METHODS Eighty-one adolescents (43 males, 38 females) with a median age of 15.9 (interquartile range, 15.17-16.33) years were enrolled. Of these patients, 30 had a Class II subdivision (right side, n = 12; left side, n = 18). Three-dimensional facial scans were analyzed using surface- and landmark-based methods. Chin asymmetry was determined using the chin volume asymmetry score. Three-dimensional intraoral scans were analyzed to assess occlusal asymmetry. RESULTS The surface matching scores were 59.0% ± 11.3% for the whole face and 39.0% ± 19.2% for the chin. Chin volume was larger on the right side than on the left side in most patients (n = 51, 63%), and it was associated with a dental midline shift to the corresponding subdivision side. A correlation between dental and facial asymmetries was noted. In addition, the dental midline shifted to the left in patients with a Class II subdivision, regardless of the side, and to the right in those with a symmetrical Class II subdivision. However, several patients did not possess asymmetrical occlusal traits sufficient for statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Dental asymmetry was weak but significantly correlated with facial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Silinevica
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | | | - Ville Vuollo
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gundega Jakobsone
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pertti Pirttiniemi
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Zhong Y, Chen Z, Lei B, Sun T, Li B, Ma H, Yang B. A Novel and Simplified Parameter for Mandible Angle Asymmetry Evaluation in Chinese Females. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:1287-1290. [PMID: 36872506 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a novel and simplified parameter for mandible angle asymmetry (MAA) evaluation for facial countering surgeries in Chinese females. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 250 craniofacial computer tomography of healthy Chinese individuals were collected in this retrospective study. Mimics 21.0 was applied for 3-dimensional anthropometry. The Frankfort and Green planes were set as referenced vertical and horizontal planes for measuring the distances to gonions. The differences in both orientations were analyzed to verify the symmetry. Mandible angle asymmetry (∠Go-N-ANS, MAA) which comprehensively represented horizontal and vertical placements was defined qas the novel parameter for asymmetric evaluation and quantitative analysis was conducted to generate referenced materials. RESULTS Mandible angle asymmetry was divided into horizontal and vertical asymmetry. No significant differences were found in either horizontal or vertical orientations. The horizontal difference was 3.09±2.52 mm, the reference range was (0.28, 7.54) mm, whereas the±ertical difference was 2.59±2.48 mm, the reference range was (0.12, 6.34) mm. The difference of MAA was 1.74±1.30 degrees, and the reference range was (0.10,4.32)degrees. CONCLUSION This study provided a novel parameter for asymmetric evaluation in the mandible angle region through quantitative 3-dimensional anthropometry, arousing plastic surgeons' attention to both aesthetics and symmetry in facial contouring surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Zhong
- Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Zhewei Chen
- Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Bowen Lei
- Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Tiecheng Sun
- Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Binghang Li
- Digital Technology Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyuan Ma
- Digital Technology Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
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Park SY, Hwang HJ, Park KN. Development of a Cranial Suture Traction Therapy Program for Facial Asymmetry Correction Using the New Delphi Technique. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070869. [PMID: 35888588 PMCID: PMC9315778 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: We aimed to develop a cranial suture traction therapy program, a non-surgical therapeutic method for facial asymmetry correction. Materials and Methods: Six experts, including rehabilitation medicine specialists, oriental medical doctors, dentistry specialists, five experts, including Master’s or doctoral degree holders in skin care and cosmetology with more than 10 years of experience in the field, 4 experts including educators in the field of skin care, a total of 15 people participated in the validation of the development of the cranial suture traction therapy program in stages 1 to 3. Open questions were used in the primary survey. In the second survey, the results of the first survey were summarized and the degree of agreement regarding the questions in each category was presented. In the third survey, the degree of agreement for each item in the questionnaire was analyzed statistically. Results: Most of the questions attained a certain level of consensus by the experts (average of ≥ 4.0). The difference between the mean values was the highest for the third survey at 0.33 and was the lowest between the second and third surveys at 0.47. The results regarding the perceived degree of importance for each point of the evaluation in both the second and third stages of the cranial suture traction therapy program were verified using the content validity ratio. The ratio for the 13 evaluation points was within the range of 0.40−1.00; thus, the Delphi program for cranial suture traction therapy verified that the content was valid. Conclusions: As most questions attained a certain level of consensus by the experts, it can be concluded that these questions are suitable, relevant, and important. The commercialization of the cranial suture traction treatment program will contribute to the correction and prevention of facial dislocations or asymmetry, and the developed treatment will be referred to as cranial suture traction therapy (CSTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeon Park
- Majoring in Public Health, Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, Cha University, Seongnam-si 13503, Korea;
| | - Hea-Ju Hwang
- Majoring in Public Health, Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, Cha University, Seongnam-si 13503, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.H.); (K.-N.P.); Tel.: +82-010-5507-3953 (H.-J.H.); +82-010-5180-0751 (K.-N.P.)
| | - Kyu-Nam Park
- Majoring in Medical Beauty Industry, Graduate School of Public Health Industry, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13503, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.H.); (K.-N.P.); Tel.: +82-010-5507-3953 (H.-J.H.); +82-010-5180-0751 (K.-N.P.)
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Blasi A, Nucera R, Ronsivalle V, Candida E, Grippaudo C. Asymmetry index for the photogrammetric assessment of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:394-402. [PMID: 35562291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial asymmetry is common and can be clinically related to dental malocclusion, facial bone development, muscular imbalance, and soft tissues thickness, which should be assessed during diagnosis to choose proper treatment options. This study aimed to quantify the amount of symmetry/asymmetry in previously defined symmetrical and asymmetrical subjects, analyzing full-face 3-dimensional images. METHODS Seventy-six orthodontic patients' 3-dimensional face images were obtained with the 3dMD Trio-system (Atlanta, Ga) and processed with the Geomagic Control (64-bit; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC) software. Patients were divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical groups through a surface-based technique. Sixteen facial landmarks were positioned, an asymmetry index was calculated for each landmark, and an evaluation diagram of facial asymmetry was created through the asymmetry index mean and standard deviation of symmetrical and asymmetrical landmarks. RESULTS The asymmetry index mean varied from 0.05 to 1.51 in the symmetrical group and from 0.05 to 2.84 in the asymmetrical group. This study suggests that landmarks located in the lower third of the face have a greater asymmetry index than other landmarks. CONCLUSIONS The landmark-based technique does not exhibit statistically significant differences among asymmetrical and symmetrical patients for some landmarks. This approach provides useful information about the localization and the extension of asymmetry, in which bilateral landmarks showed a higher amount of asymmetry than median landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blasi
- Head and Neck Department, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico "A. Gemelli," Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nucera
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Orthodontics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ettore Candida
- Head and Neck Department, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico "A. Gemelli," Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Grippaudo
- Head and Neck Department, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico "A. Gemelli," Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Pedersoli L, Dalessandri D, Tonni I, Bindi M, Isola G, Oliva B, Visconti L, Bonetti S. Facial Asymmetry Detected with 3D Methods in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review. Open Dent J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v16-e2111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Historically, the development of two-dimensional (2D) imaging techniquesforerun that of three-dimensional (3D) ones. Some 2D methods are still considered valid and effective to diagnose facial asymmetry but 3D techniques may provide more precise and accurate measurements.
Objective:
The aim of this work is to analyze the accuracy and reliability of the imaging techniques available for the diagnosis of facial asymmetry in orthodontics and find the most reliable.
Methods:
A search strategy was implemented using PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI).
Results:
A total of 3201 papers were identified in electronic searches. 90 articles, available in full text, were included in the qualitative synthesis consisting of 8 reviews on the diagnosis of facial asymmetry, 22 in vivo and in vitro studies on 2D methods and 60 in vivo and in vitro studies on 3D methods to quantify the asymmetry.
Conclusion:
2D techniques include X-ray techniques such as posterior-anterior cephalogram, which still represents the first level exam in the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. 3D techniques represent the second level exam in the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. The most current used techniques are CBCT, stereophotogrammetry, laser scanning, 3D optical sensors and contact digitization. The comparison between bilateral parameters (linear distances, angles, areas, volumes and contours) and the calculation of an asymmetry index represent the best choices for clinicians who use CBCT. The creation of a color-coded distance map seems to represent the most accurate, reliable and validated methods for clinicians who use stereophotogrammetry, laser scanning and 3D optical sensors.
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Heikkinen EV, Vuollo V, Harila V, Sidlauskas A, Heikkinen T. Facial asymmetry and chewing sides in twins. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:197-202. [PMID: 34619067 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1985166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To resolve how the preferred chewing side (PCS) affects facial asymmetry in twins, whether there are differences between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, and whether the twins with PCS have more asymmetric faces compared to symmetrically chewing twins. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 106 Lithuanian twin pairs of the same sex, 59 MZ and 47 DZ pairs. The data were analysed from facial 3D images and manually added landmarks. 3D images were analysed by Rapidform2006 software and statistical analyses were done by using the R software environment version 4.1.0. RESULTS The contralateral effect of PCS and larger chin side was dominant among right and non-right side chewing twins. Being female increased the whole face symmetry. CONCLUSION The volume of the chin becomes larger on the side opposite to the twins' habitual chewing side. As the results are quite similar in both twin types, functional factors are more prominent than heredity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina V. Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Vuollo
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antanas Sidlauskas
- Clinic of Orthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tuomo Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Svalina A, Vuollo V, Serlo W, Sinikumpu JJ, Silvola AS, Salokorpi N. Craniofacial characteristics and cosmetic satisfaction of patients with sagittal and metopic synostosis: a case-control study using 3D photogrammetric imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:781-788. [PMID: 34940889 PMCID: PMC8940850 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the craniofacial and aesthetic characteristics of adult metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis patients operated on in early childhood compared to controls. The goal was to find objective measurements that would correlate with the patient's subjective self-evaluation of their own cosmetic appearance. METHODS The study population consisted of 49 patients from whom 41 had premature fusion of the sagittal and in 8 of metopic suture. There were 65 age and gender matching controls from The Finish National Register. The 3D photogrammetric models were created from all patients and controls. The images were analysed using Rapidform 2006. Facial landmarks were set by the standard Farkas points. Facial symmetry parameters were calculated by using the landmarks and the mirror shell of the face. Aesthetic evaluation was done from standard photographs using panels. Subjective satisfaction with one's own appearance was evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS Patients had the greatest asymmetry in the forehead area when compared to controls (symmetry percentage 59% versus 66%, p = 0.013). In the control group, the gap between the eyes was smaller than in the case group, resulting in an absolute 2 mm difference (p = 0.003). The area of the chin and the landmarks were more located on the left side in the patient group, resulting in up to a 1.1 mm difference between the groups (p = 0.003). Only a weak association was found between craniofacial symmetry and appearance evaluations. CONCLUSION Patients operated on because of sagittal and metopic synostoses were found to have facial asymmetry at long follow-up. However, the differences were < 3 mm and not clinically important. The long-term aesthetical outcome of the surgery performed because of sagittal or metopic craniosynostosis based on the 3D image evaluation was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Svalina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ville Vuollo
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Willy Serlo
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Children and Adolescent, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,PEDEGO Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha-Jaakko Sinikumpu
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Children and Adolescent, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,PEDEGO Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Sofia Silvola
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niina Salokorpi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Aesthetic Preference in the Transverse Orientation of the Occlusal Plane in Rehabilitation: Perspective of Laypeople and Dentists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212258. [PMID: 34832013 PMCID: PMC8623891 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study had a convenience sample with 236 laypeople and 242 dentists who completed an online questionnaire to choose the most attractive image among six pairs for comparison. Control image: symmetric (parallelism between occlusal plane (OP), commissural line (CL), and interpupillary line (IL)). Change of Control, obtaining three images with a 3-degree inclination of the labial commissures. Image A: OP parallel to IL; Image B: OP parallel to CL; Image C: OP at 1.5 degree mean angulation between IL and CL. Non-parametric comparison (IBM© SPSS Statistics vs. 27.0, p < 0.05). The “Dentists” group’s decreasing order of preference (attractiveness) of the images is: Control > A > C > B (p < 0.05). In the “Lay” group, it is: Control > A > (C not ≠ B). Dentists significantly prefer more the Control and Image A than laypeople (p < 0.001). Sex (single exception in laypeople), age, and dentist’s area of activity did not interfere in the perception of attractiveness. Dentists and laypeople preferred the Control when compared to images with CL canted. In the existence of CL inclination, the preference of the groups was the IL as a reference for OP orientation, with the mean angulation or coincident with the CL being considered less aesthetic.
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Fan Y, He W, Chen G, Song G, Matthews H, Claes P, Jiang R, Xu T. Facial asymmetry assessment in skeletal Class III patients with spatially-dense geometric morphometrics. Eur J Orthod 2021; 44:155-162. [PMID: 34180974 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantification and visualization of the location and magnitude of facial asymmetry is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. The objective of this study was to analyze the asymmetric features of the face for skeletal Class III patients using spatially-dense geometric morphometrics. METHODS Three-dimensional facial images were obtained for 86 skeletal Class III patients. About 7160 uniformly sampled quasi-landmarks were automatically identified on each face using template mapping technique. The pointwise surface-to-surface distance between original and mirror face was measured and visualized for the whole face after robust Procrustes superimposition. The degree of overall asymmetry in an individual was scored using a root-mean-squared-error. Automatic partitioning of the face was obtained, and the severity of the asymmetry compared among seven facial regions. RESULTS Facial asymmetry was mainly located on, but not limited to, the lower two-thirds of the face in skeletal Class III patients. The lower cheek and nose asymmetry were detected to have more extensive and of a greater magnitude of asymmetry than other facial anatomical regions but with various individual variations. The overall facial asymmetry index and the regional facial asymmetry indices were higher in males and patients with chin deviation. CONCLUSIONS Soft tissue asymmetry is predominately presented in the lower-third of the face in skeletal Class III patients and with various variations on other facial anatomical regions. Morphometric techniques and computer intensive analysis have allowed sophisticated quantification and visualization of the pointwise asymmetry on the full face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Facial Science, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Gui Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangying Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Harold Matthews
- Facial Science, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Facial Science, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruoping Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Qiu T, Xue Z, Wu L, Yang R, Liu X, Wang X, Li Z. Three-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of the Reproducibility of Verbal and Nonverbal Facial Expressions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:22-31. [PMID: 33882695 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the short- and long-term reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial expressions of normal people using dynamic 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional, controlled study. SETTING Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven participants, 12 males and 15 females, were recruited for this study. METHODS A 3-D dynamic system was applied to capture the process of 4 nonverbal facial expressions (smile lips closed, smile lips open, lip purse, cheek puff) and 2 verbal facial expressions (/i:/, /u:/) at an initial time point, 15 minutes later, and 1 week later. Key frames were selected from each expression recording sequence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The root mean square (RMS) between each key frame and its corresponding frame at rest was calculated. ΔRMS reflected the difference of the same key frames between the different sessions of the same expression of the same participant. The reproducibility of different facial expressions at different time intervals were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in verbal and nonverbal expression repeatability during a 15-minute interval, except for cheek puff motion. Following a 1-week interval, verbal expression repeatability was superior to that of nonverbal expressions (P < .01). Compared with nonverbal expressions, the repeatability of verbal expressions did not obviously decrease with the increase in recording interval. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic 3-D imaging is a useful technique for facial expression analysis. Verbal expressions showed greater reproducibility than nonverbal expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zulin Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Shen LH, Xie TY, Jiang RP, Jiang YR, Chen G, Xu TM, Han B. Measurement of three-dimensional changes in lip vermilion in adult female patients after orthodontic extraction: a retrospective longitudinal study. Head Face Med 2021; 17:9. [PMID: 33741006 PMCID: PMC7976701 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3D facial scanning has changed the way facial aesthetic is evaluated and has numerous advantages for facial analysis. The specific relationship between lip vermilion morphological changes after orthodontic extraction treatment has not been fully explained. The objective of this study was to evaluate 3D morphological changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in lip vermilion of adult females with dentoalveolar protrusion using a structured light-based scanner. Methods Forty-two female subjects (25.2 ± 1.9 years) were recruited as the treatment group; these patients had undergone extraction treatment and achieved better sagittal profiles. Twenty female subjects (25.5 ± 2.1 years) were enrolled in the non-treatment group; these patients did not require any orthodontic treatment. The follow up time for the treatment group was more than 24 months and for the non-treatment group was more than 12 months. 3D facial scans were captured using 3D CaMega. Six landmarks (Ls, Li, R.Chp, L.Chp, R.Ch, and L.Ch), three linear measurements (mouth height, philtrum width, and mouth width), and three area measurements (upper, lower, and total vermilion area) were measured. The spatial deviations of three volumetric measurements (upper, lower, and total vermilion) were constructed for quantitative analysis. Color-coded displacement map were constructed for visualization of the soft-tissue displacement as qualitative evaluation. Results Mouth height and philtrum width decreased (-0.93 mm and − 1.08 mm, respectively) significantly (p = 0.008 and p = 0.027, respectively), and no significant (p = 0.488) change in mouth width was observed in the treatment group. The lower and total vermilion surface areas decreased (-51.00mm2 and − 69.82mm2, respectively) significantly (p = 0.003 and p = 0.031, respectively) in the treatment group, but no statistically significant (p = 0.752) change was detected in the upper vermilion. In the treatment group, significant retractions were observed in the color-coded displacement map, and three volumetric measurements of vermilion changed significantly (p = 0.012, p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Significant differences were found between the treatment group and the non-treatment group in the linear, area and volumetric measurements. Conclusions This study established a method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the lip vermilion. Significant 3D retraction of the lip vermilion after the extraction treatment was found, with morphological variation between upper and lower vermilion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Shen
- Third Clinical Division, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Xie
- Second Clinical Division, Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Ping Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yi-Ran Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Gui Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Tian-Min Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Lin HH, Chiang WC, Yang CT, Cheng CT, Zhang T, Lo LJ. On construction of transfer learning for facial symmetry assessment before and after orthognathic surgery. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105928. [PMID: 33485074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orthognathic surgery (OGS) is frequently used to correct facial deformities associated with skeletal malocclusion and facial asymmetry. An accurate evaluation of facial symmetry is a critical for precise surgical planning and the execution of OGS. However, no facial symmetry scoring standard is available. Typically, orthodontists or physicians simply judge facial symmetry. Therefore, maintaining accuracy is difficult. We propose a convolutional neural network with a transfer learning approach for facial symmetry assessment based on 3-dimensional (3D) features to assist physicians in enhancing medical treatments. We trained a new model to score facial symmetry using transfer learning. Cone-beam computed tomography scans in 3D were transformed into contour maps that preserved 3D characteristics. We used various data preprocessing and amplification methods to determine the optimal results. The original data were enlarged by 100 times. We compared the quality of the four models in our experiment, and the neural network architecture was used in the analysis to import the pretraining model. We also increased the number of layers, and the classification layer was fully connected. We input random deformation data during training and dropout to prevent the model from overfitting. In our experimental results, the Xception model and the constant data amplification approach achieved an accuracy rate of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Imaging Laboratory, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wen-Chung Chiang
- Department of Tourism and Recreation Management, Hsiuping University of Science and Technology, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chao-Tung Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan, (R.O.C.); Research Center for Nanotechnology, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan, (R.O.C.).
| | - Chun-Tse Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Lun-Jou Lo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. An exploration of adolescent facial shape changes with age via multilevel partial least squares regression. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105935. [PMID: 33485077 PMCID: PMC7920996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multilevel statistical models represent the existence of hierarchies or clustering within populations of subjects (or shapes in this work). This is a distinct advantage over single-level methods that do not. Multilevel partial-least squares regression (mPLSR) is used here to study facial shape changes with age during adolescence in Welsh and Finnish samples comprising males and females. METHODS 3D facial images were obtained for Welsh and Finnish male and female subjects at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old. 1000 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, including level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The mathematical formalism of mPLSR is given in an Appendix. RESULTS Differences in facial shape between the ages of 12 and 17 predicted by mPLSR agree well with previous results of multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA); buccal fat is reduced with increasing age and features such as the nose, brow, and chin become larger and more distinct. Differences due to ethnicity and sex are also observed. Plausible simulated faces are predicted from the model for different ages, sexes and ethnicities. Our models provide good representations of the shape data by consideration of appropriate measures of model fit (RMSE and R2). CONCLUSIONS Repeat measures in our dataset for the same subject at different ages can only be modelled indirectly at the lowest level of the model at discrete ages via mPCA. By contrast, mPLSR models age explicitly as a continuous covariate, which is a strong advantage of mPLSR over mPCA. These investigations demonstrate that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPLSR can be used to describe such age-related changes for dense 3D point data. mPLSR might be of much use in future for the prediction of facial shapes for missing persons at specific ages or for simulating shapes for syndromes that affect facial shape in new subject populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Lo LJ, Yang CT, Ho CT, Liao CH, Lin HH. Automatic Assessment of 3-Dimensional Facial Soft Tissue Symmetry Before and After Orthognathic Surgery Using a Machine Learning Model: A Preliminary Experience. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:S224-S228. [PMID: 33443885 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An objective and quantitative assessment of facial symmetry is essential for the surgical planning and evaluation of treatment outcomes in orthognathic surgery (OGS). This study applied the transfer learning model with a convolutional neural network based on 3-dimensional (3D) contour line features to evaluate the facial symmetry before and after OGS. METHODS A total of 158 patients were recruited in a retrospective cohort study for the assessment and comparison of facial symmetry before and after OGS from January 2018 to March 2020. Three-dimensional facial photographs were captured by the 3dMD face system in a natural head position, with eyes looking forward, relaxed facial muscles, and habitual dental occlusion before and at least 6 months after surgery. Three-dimensional contour images were extracted from 3D facial images for the subsequent Web-based automatic assessment of facial symmetry by using the transfer learning with a convolutional neural network model. RESULTS The mean score of postoperative facial symmetry showed significant improvements from 2.74 to 3.52, and the improvement degree of facial symmetry (in percentage) after surgery was 21% using the constructed machine learning model. A Web-based system provided a user-friendly interface and quick assessment results for clinicians and was an effective doctor-patient communication tool. CONCLUSIONS This work was the first attempt to automatically assess the facial symmetry before and after surgery in an objective and quantitative value by using a machine learning model based on the 3D contour feature map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Jou Lo
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Chao-Tung Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung
| | - Cheng-Ting Ho
- Division of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
| | - Chun-Hao Liao
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Sharma S, Kumar V. 3D landmark‐based face restoration for recognition using variational autoencoder and triplet loss. IET BIOMETRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1049/bme2.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Sharma
- Computer Science and Engineering Department Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Computer Science and Engineering Department National Institute of Technology Hamirpur India
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Quantitative evaluation of symmetry after navigation-guided surgical recontouring of zygomatic fibrous dysplasia: a comparative study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 49:1640-1647. [PMID: 32595065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zygomatic fibrous dysplasia is a slowly progressive disorder of bone, which commonly causes facial asymmetry. Precise surgical recontouring can effectively improve facial aesthetics. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of surgical navigation guidance in correcting zygomatic asymmetry. The study included 26 patients with unilateral zygomatic fibrous dysplasia who underwent bony recontouring. They were divided into two groups according to the use of intraoperative surgical navigation (navigation group and conventional group; n=13 in each group). Clinical outcomes were evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography. Six pairs of landmarks were identified, and the coordinates were used to calculate asymmetry indices. The curvature of protruding regions in the surgical area was measured to determine facial skeletal symmetry in three dimensions. The results were compared between the groups. All patients recovered uneventfully and their facial symmetry and aesthetics improved. For three of the six pairs of landmarks, symmetry was better in the navigation group than in the conventional group (all P≤ 0.02). The postoperative curvature ratios were better (more symmetrical) in the navigation group (P= 0.01). Surgical navigation enhances postoperative facial symmetry. However, the clinical significance of this enhancement when compared to conventional non-navigation surgery needs further investigation.
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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. Multilevel principal components analysis of three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 188:105272. [PMID: 31865094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The study of age-related facial shape changes across different populations and sexes requires new multivariate tools to disentangle different sources of variations present in 3D facial images. Here we wish to use a multivariate technique called multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA) to study three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. METHODS These facial shapes were captured for Welsh and Finnish subjects (both male and female) at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old (i.e., repeated-measures data). 1000 "dense" 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using a deformable template via "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, namely: level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The technicalities underpinning the mPCA method are presented in Appendices. RESULTS Eigenvalues via mPCA predicted that: level 1 (ethnicity/sex) contained 7.9% of variation; level 2 contained 71.5%; and level 3 (age) contained 20.6%. The results for the eigenvalues via mPCA followed a similar pattern to those results of single-level PCA. Results for modes of variation made sense, where effects due to ethnicity, sex, and age were reflected in modes at appropriate levels of the model. Standardised scores at level 1 via mPCA showed much stronger differentiation between sex and ethnicity groups than results of single-level PCA. Results for standardised scores from both single-level PCA and mPCA at level 3 indicated that females had different average "trajectories" with respect to these scores than males, which suggests that facial shape matures in different ways for males and females. No strong evidence of differences in growth patterns between Finnish and Welsh subjects was observed. CONCLUSIONS mPCA results agree with existing research relating to the general process of facial changes in adolescents with respect to age quoted in the literature. They support previous evidence that suggests that males demonstrate larger changes and for a longer period of time compared to females, especially in the lower third of the face. These calculations are therefore an excellent initial test that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPCA can be used to describe such age-related changes for "dense" 3D point data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Fluctuating asymmetry of dynamic smiles in normal individuals. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 48:1372-1379. [PMID: 30940397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the fluctuating dynamic facial asymmetry during smiling in a group of 'normal' adults, using three-dimensional (3D) motion facial capture technology. Fifty-four male and 54 female volunteers were recruited. Each subject was imaged using a passive markerless 3D motion capture system (DI4D). Eighteen landmarks were tracked through the 3D capture sequence. A facial asymmetry score was calculated based on either a clinically derived midline or Procrustes alignment; scores were based on the Euclidean distance between landmark pairs. Facial asymmetry scores were determined at three time points: rest, median, and maximum frame. Based on the clinically derived midline and on Procrustes alignment, the differences between male and female volunteers, as well as those at the three different time points, were not clinically significant. However, throughout a smile, facial and lip asymmetry scores increased over the duration of the smile. Fluctuating facial asymmetry exists within individuals, as well as between individuals. Procrustes superimposition and the clinically derived midline produced similar asymmetry scores and both are valid for symmetrical faces. However, with facial asymmetry, Procrustes superimposition may not be a valid measure, and the use of the clinically derived midline may be more appropriate, although this requires further investigation.
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Bao T, Yu D, Luo Q, Wang H, Liu J, Zhu H. Quantitative assessment of symmetry recovery in navigation-assisted surgical reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Cassi D, Battistoni G, Magnifico M, Di Blasio C, Pedrazzi G, Di Blasio A. Three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with hemifacial microsomia using stereophotogrammetry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:179-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ekrami O, Claes P, White JD, Zaidi AA, Shriver MD, Van Dongen S. Measuring asymmetry from high-density 3D surface scans: An application to human faces. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207895. [PMID: 30586353 PMCID: PMC6306226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfect bilateral symmetry is the optimal outcome of the development of bilateral traits in the absence of developmental perturbations. Any random perturbation in this perfect symmetrical state is called Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA). Many studies have been conducted on FA as an indicator of Developmental Instability (DI) and its possible link with stress and individual quality in general and with attractiveness, health and level of masculinity or femininity in humans. Most human studies of facial asymmetry use 2D pictures and a limited number of landmarks. We developed a protocol to utilize high-density 3D scans of human faces to measure the level of asymmetry. A completely symmetric spatially dense anthropometric mask with paired vertices is non-rigidly mapped on target faces using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) registration algorithm. A set of 19 manually indicated landmarks were used to validate the mapping precision. The protocol's accuracy in FA calculation is assessed, and results show that a spatially dense approach is more accurate. In addition, it generates an integrated asymmetry estimate across the entire face. Finally, the automatic nature of the protocol provides a great advantage by omitting the tedious step of manual landmark indication on the biological structure of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ekrami
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Department of Electrical Engineering–ESAT, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D. White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arslan A. Zaidi
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Farnell DJJ, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Richmond S, Marshall D, Rosin PL, Al-Meyah K, Pirttiniemi P, Lähdesmäki R. What's in a Smile? Initial Analyses of Dynamic Changes in Facial Shape and Appearance. J Imaging 2018; 5:jimaging5010002. [PMID: 34470180 PMCID: PMC8320859 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-level principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-level PCA (mPCA) methods are applied here to a set of (2D frontal) facial images from a group of 80 Finnish subjects (34 male; 46 female) with two different facial expressions (smiling and neutral) per subject. Inspection of eigenvalues gives insight into the importance of different factors affecting shapes, including: biological sex, facial expression (neutral versus smiling), and all other variations. Biological sex and facial expression are shown to be reflected in those components at appropriate levels of the mPCA model. Dynamic 3D shape data for all phases of a smile made up a second dataset sampled from 60 adult British subjects (31 male; 29 female). Modes of variation reflected the act of smiling at the correct level of the mPCA model. Seven phases of the dynamic smiles are identified: rest pre-smile, onset 1 (acceleration), onset 2 (deceleration), apex, offset 1 (acceleration), offset 2 (deceleration), and rest post-smile. A clear cycle is observed in standardized scores at an appropriate level for mPCA and in single-level PCA. mPCA can be used to study static shapes and images, as well as dynamic changes in shape. It gave us much insight into the question “what’s in a smile?”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. J. Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Alexei I. Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Stephen Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - David Marshall
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Khtam Al-Meyah
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Pertti Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Lähdesmäki
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Dai F, Yu J, Chen G, Xu T, Jiang R. Changes in buccal facial depth of female patients after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments: A preliminary study. Korean J Orthod 2018; 48:172-181. [PMID: 29732303 PMCID: PMC5932319 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2018.48.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate buccal facial depth (BFD) changes after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments in post-adolescent and adult female patients, and to explore possible influencing factors. METHODS Twelve and nine female patients were enrolled in the extraction and nonextraction groups, respectively. Changes in BFD in the defined buccal region and six transverse and two coronal measuring planes were measured after registering pretreatment and posttreatment three-dimensional facial scans. Changes in posterior dentoalveolar arch widths were also measured. Treatment duration, changes in body mass index (BMI), and cephalometric variables were compared between the groups. RESULTS BFD in the buccal region decreased by approximately 1.45 mm in the extraction group, but no significant change was observed in the nonextraction group. In the extraction group, the decrease in BFD was identical between the two coronal measuring planes, whereas this differed among the six transverse measuring planes. Posterior dentoalveolar arch widths decreased in the extraction group, whereas these increased at the second premolar level in the nonextraction group. The treatment duration of the extraction group was twice that of the nonextraction group. No differences were found in BMI and Frankfort horizontal-mandibular plane angle changes between the groups. BFD changes in the buccal region moderately correlated with treatment duration and dental arch width change. CONCLUSIONS BFD decreased in adult female patients undergoing extraction, and this may be influenced by the long treatment duration and constriction of dentoalveolar arch width. However, nonextraction treatment did not significantly alter BFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Dai
- Second Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Gui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoping Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
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Quantifying Soft Tissue Shape and Symmetry: Patients with Cleft Lip/Palate and Facial Paralysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1715. [PMID: 29707466 PMCID: PMC5908516 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: The objective of this study was to demonstrate simple three-dimensional analyses of facial soft tissue shape and asymmetry. Methods: There were 2 study samples: one retrospective comprised patients with repaired cleft lip and palate (CL/P) and control subjects; and the other prospective comprised patients with unilateral facial paralysis (FP) and control subjects. The data collected were digitized three-dimensional facial landmarks. Scores for shape and asymmetry of subjects’ faces and for different facial regions were generated using Procrustes methods. Pivotal bootstrap methods and analysis of variance were used to test for significant differences in the scores between the patients and controls, and plots of the scores were generated to compare differences among the subjects. Results: (1) Shape scores: The CL/P patients demonstrated significant overall and regional facial differences (P ≤ 0.01). The patients were further from the control mean, especially those with unilateral CL/P. Patients with FP demonstrated significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the lower face only. (2) Asymmetry scores: CL/P and FP patients demonstrated significant overall and regional facial differences (CL/P, P ≤ 0.0001; FP, P ≤ 0.01). CL/P and FP patients were more asymmetric and were further from the control mean, and patients with unilateral CL/P were more asymmetric than the bilateral CL/P patients. Conclusion: Clinicians can use the analyses to isolate differences and/or changes in the face due to shape or asymmetry, or a combination of both; based on the score plots, the extent of the shape and asymmetry differences can be compared among subjects and the extent of changes due to surgery measured.
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Corte CCD, Silveira BLD, Marquezan M. Influence of occlusal plane inclination and mandibular deviation on esthetics. Dental Press J Orthod 2017; 20:50-7. [PMID: 26560821 PMCID: PMC4644919 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.20.5.050-057.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the degree of perception of occlusal plane inclination and mandibular deviation in facial esthetics, assessed by laypeople, dentists and orthodontists. METHODS A woman with 5.88° of inclination and 5.54 mm of mandibular deviation was selected and, based on her original photograph, four new images were created correcting the deviations and creating more symmetric faces and smiles. Examiners assessed the images by means of a questionnaire. Their opinions were compared by qualitative and quantitative analyses. RESULTS A total of 45 laypeople, 27 dentists and 31 orthodontists filled out the questionnaires. All groups were able to perceive the asymmetry; however, orthodontists were more sensitive, identifying asymmetries as from 4.32° of occlusal plane inclination and 4.155 mm of mandibular deviation (p< 0.05). The other categories of evaluators identified asymmetries and assigned significantly lower grades, starting from 5.88° of occlusal plane inclination and 5.54 mm of mandibular deviation (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION Occlusal plane inclination and mandibular deviation were perceived by all groups, but orthodontists presented higher perception of deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Lopes da Silveira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Marquezan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Johal A, Chaggar A, Zou LF. A three-dimensional soft tissue analysis of Class III malocclusion: a case-controlled cross-sectional study. J Orthod 2017; 45:16-22. [PMID: 28678642 DOI: 10.1080/14653125.2017.1331893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study used the optical surface laser scanning technique to compare the facial features of patients aged 8-18 years presenting with Class I and Class III incisor relationship in a case-control design. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects with a Class III incisor relationship, aged 8-18 years, were age and gender matched with Class I control and underwent a 3-dimensional (3-D) optical surface scan of the facial soft tissues. RESULTS Landmark analysis revealed Class III subjects displayed greater mean dimensions compared to the control group most notably between the ages of 8-10 and 17-18 years in both males and females, in respect of antero-posterior (P = 0.01) and vertical (P = 0.006) facial dimensions. Surface-based analysis, revealed the greatest difference in the lower facial region, followed by the mid-face, whilst the upper face remained fairly consistent. CONCLUSION Significant detectable differences were found in the surface facial features of developing Class III subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Johal
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
| | - Amrit Chaggar
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
| | - Li Fong Zou
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
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Codari M, Pucciarelli V, Stangoni F, Zago M, Tarabbia F, Biglioli F, Sforza C. Facial thirds–based evaluation of facial asymmetry using stereophotogrammetric devices: Application to facial palsy subjects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Ozsoy U. Comparison of Different Calculation Methods Used to Analyze Facial Soft Tissue Asymmetry: Global and Partial 3-Dimensional Quantitative Evaluation of Healthy Subjects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 74:1847.e1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Three-dimensional evaluation of morphologic tooth symmetry in various malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 150:459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu J, Heike C, Birgfeld C, Evans K, Maga M, Morrison C, Saltzman B, Shapiro L, Tse R. Measuring Symmetry in Children With Unrepaired Cleft Lip: Defining a Standard for the Three-Dimensional Midfacial Reference Plane. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 53:695-704. [PMID: 26752127 DOI: 10.1597/15-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative measures of facial form to evaluate treatment outcomes for cleft lip (CL) are currently limited. Computer-based analysis of three-dimensional (3D) images provides an opportunity for efficient and objective analysis. The purpose of this study was to define a computer-based standard of identifying the 3D midfacial reference plane of the face in children with unrepaired cleft lip for measurement of facial symmetry. PARTICIPANTS The 3D images of 50 subjects (35 with unilateral CL, 10 with bilateral CL, five controls) were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS Five methods of defining a midfacial plane were applied to each image, including two human-based (Direct Placement, Manual Landmark) and three computer-based (Mirror, Deformation, Learning) methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Six blinded raters (three cleft surgeons, two craniofacial pediatricians, and one craniofacial researcher) independently ranked and rated the accuracy of the defined planes. RESULTS Among computer-based methods, the Deformation method performed significantly better than the others. Although human-based methods performed best, there was no significant difference compared with the Deformation method. The average correlation coefficient among raters was .4; however, it was .7 and .9 when the angular difference between planes was greater than 6° and 8°, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Raters can agree on the 3D midfacial reference plane in children with unrepaired CL using digital surface mesh. The Deformation method performed best among computer-based methods evaluated and can be considered a useful tool to carry out automated measurements of facial symmetry in children with unrepaired cleft lip.
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Kuijpers MA, Desmedt DJ, Nada RM, Bergé SJ, Fudalej PS, Maal TJ. Regional facial asymmetries in unilateral orofacial clefts. Eur J Orthod 2015; 37:636-42. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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