1
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Pathania AS, Chava H, Balusu R, Pasupulati AK, Coulter DW, Challagundla KB. The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and cell-cycle events: A new frontier in cancer therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200785. [PMID: 38595981 PMCID: PMC10973673 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle comprises sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genome and divides it into two daughter cells. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that the daughter cell receives identical copied chromosomal DNA and that any errors in the DNA during replication are correctly repaired. Cyclins and their enzyme partners, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are critical regulators of G- to M-phase transitions during the cell cycle. Mitogenic signals induce the formation of the cyclin/CDK complexes, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the CDKs. Once activated, cyclin/CDK complexes phosphorylate specific substrates that drive the cell cycle forward. The sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-CDK complexes are tightly controlled by activating and inactivating phosphorylation events induced by cell-cycle proteins. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not code for proteins, regulate cell-cycle proteins at the transcriptional and translational levels, thereby controlling their expression at different cell-cycle phases. Deregulation of ncRNAs can cause abnormal expression patterns of cell-cycle-regulating proteins, resulting in abnormalities in cell-cycle regulation and cancer development. This review explores how ncRNA dysregulation can disrupt cell division balance and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting these ncRNAs to control cell-cycle events in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup S. Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Haritha Chava
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anil K. Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Don W. Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kishore B. Challagundla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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2
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Yates M, Marois I, St-Hilaire E, Ronato DA, Djerir B, Brochu C, Morin T, Hammond-Martel I, Gezzar-Dandashi S, Casimir L, Drobetsky E, Cappadocia L, Masson JY, Wurtele H, Maréchal A. SMARCAL1 ubiquitylation controls its association with RPA-coated ssDNA and promotes replication fork stability. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002552. [PMID: 38502677 PMCID: PMC10950228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Impediments in replication fork progression cause genomic instability, mutagenesis, and severe pathologies. At stalled forks, RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) activates the ATR kinase and directs fork remodeling, 2 key early events of the replication stress response. RFWD3, a recently described Fanconi anemia (FA) ubiquitin ligase, associates with RPA and promotes its ubiquitylation, facilitating late steps of homologous recombination (HR). Intriguingly, RFWD3 also regulates fork progression, restart and stability via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we used proteomics to identify putative RFWD3 substrates during replication stress in human cells. We show that RFWD3 interacts with and ubiquitylates the SMARCAL1 DNA translocase directly in vitro and following DNA damage in vivo. SMARCAL1 ubiquitylation does not trigger its subsequent proteasomal degradation but instead disengages it from RPA thereby regulating its function at replication forks. Proper regulation of SMARCAL1 by RFWD3 at stalled forks protects them from excessive MUS81-mediated cleavage in response to UV irradiation, thereby limiting DNA replication stress. Collectively, our results identify RFWD3-mediated SMARCAL1 ubiquitylation as a novel mechanism that modulates fork remodeling to avoid genome instability triggered by aberrant fork processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlyn Yates
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marois
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Edlie St-Hilaire
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daryl A. Ronato
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Chloé Brochu
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Théo Morin
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | | | - Lisa Casimir
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Elliot Drobetsky
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada
- Medicine Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Laurent Cappadocia
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada
- Medicine Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- CHUS Research Center and Cancer Research Institute, Sherbrooke, Canada
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3
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Singh D, Banerjee G, Verma N, Sinha AK. MAP kinases may mediate regulation of the cell cycle in rice by E2F2 phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2993-3009. [PMID: 37843487 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
E2F is the key transcription factor that determines the proliferative status of cells by regulating the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. In this study, we show that in rice (Oryza sativa), OsE2F2 is a phosphorylation target of MAP kinases. The MAP kinases OsMPK3, OsMPK4, and OsMPK6 interact with and phosphorylate OsE2F2. Next, we determined the serine and threonine residues that could play a role in the phosphorylation of OsE2F2. Subsequently, our study suggests a possible link between MAP kinase-mediated OsE2F2 phosphorylation and its impact on DNA proliferation in the roots of rice seedlings. Finally, we found positive feedback regulation of OsMPK4 by OsE2F2. Therefore, our study hints at the potential impact of MAP kinase signaling on the cell cycle of rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanraj Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gopal Banerjee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi, New Delhi, India
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4
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Knoblochova L, Duricek T, Vaskovicova M, Zorzompokou C, Rayova D, Ferencova I, Baran V, Schultz RM, Hoffmann ER, Drutovic D. CHK1-CDC25A-CDK1 regulate cell cycle progression and protect genome integrity in early mouse embryos. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56530. [PMID: 37694680 PMCID: PMC10561370 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After fertilization, remodeling of the oocyte and sperm genomes is essential to convert these highly differentiated and transcriptionally quiescent cells into early cleavage-stage blastomeres that are transcriptionally active and totipotent. This developmental transition is accompanied by cell cycle adaptation, such as lengthening or shortening of the gap phases G1 and G2. However, regulation of these cell cycle changes is poorly understood, especially in mammals. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a protein kinase that regulates cell cycle progression in somatic cells. Here, we show that CHK1 regulates cell cycle progression in early mouse embryos by restraining CDK1 kinase activity due to CDC25A phosphatase degradation. CHK1 kinase also ensures the long G2 phase needed for genome activation and reprogramming gene expression in two-cell stage mouse embryos. Finally, Chk1 depletion leads to DNA damage and chromosome segregation errors that result in aneuploidy and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Knoblochova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Duricek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskovicova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Chrysoula Zorzompokou
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Diana Rayova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Ferencova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Vladimir Baran
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of SciencesKosiceSlovakia
| | - Richard M Schultz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - David Drutovic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesLibechovCzech Republic
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5
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Williams KS, Secomb TW, El-Kareh AW. An autonomous mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle. J Theor Biol 2023; 569:111533. [PMID: 37196820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle is developed as a system of 13 coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The variables and interactions included in the model are based on detailed consideration of available experimental data. A novel feature of the model is inclusion of cycle tasks such as origin licensing and initiation, nuclear envelope breakdown and kinetochore attachment, and their interactions with controllers (molecular complexes involved in cycle control). Other key features are that the model is autonomous, except for a dependence on external growth factors; the variables are continuous in time, without instantaneous resets at phase boundaries; mechanisms to prevent rereplication are included; and cycle progression is independent of cell size. Eight variables represent cell cycle controllers: the Cyclin D1-Cdk4/6 complex, APCCdh1, SCFβTrCP, Cdc25A, MPF, NuMA, the securin-separase complex, and separase. Five variables represent task completion, with four for the status of origins and one for kinetochore attachment. The model predicts distinct behaviors corresponding to the main phases of the cell cycle, showing that the principal features of the mammalian cell cycle, including restriction point behavior, can be accounted for in a quantitative mechanistic way based on known interactions among cycle controllers and their coupling to tasks. The model is robust to parameter changes, in that cycling is maintained over at least a five-fold range of each parameter when varied individually. The model is suitable for exploring how extracellular factors affect cell cycle progression, including responses to metabolic conditions and to anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Ng LY, Ma HT, Poon RYC. Cyclin A-CDK1 suppresses the expression of the CDK1 activator CDC25A to safeguard timely mitotic entry. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102957. [PMID: 36717077 PMCID: PMC9986519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin A and CDC25A are both activators of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): cyclin A acts as an activating subunit of CDKs and CDC25A a phosphatase of the inhibitory phosphorylation sites of the CDKs. In this study, we uncovered an inverse relationship between the two CDK activators. As cyclin A is an essential gene, we generated a conditional silencing cell line using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and degron-tagged cyclin A. Destruction of cyclin A promoted an acute accumulation of CDC25A. The increase of CDC25A after cyclin A depletion occurred throughout the cell cycle and was independent on cell cycle delay caused by cyclin A deficiency. Moreover, we determined that the inverse relationship with cyclin A was specific for CDC25A and not for other CDC25 family members or kinases that regulate the same sites in CDKs. Unexpectedly, the upregulation of CDC25A was mainly caused by an increase in transcriptional activity instead of a change in the stability of the protein. Reversing the accumulation of CDC25A severely delayed G2-M in cyclin A-depleted cells. Taken together, these data provide evidence of a compensatory mechanism involving CDC25A that ensures timely mitotic entry at different levels of cyclin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Yan Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Das S, Chandrasekaran AP, Jo KS, Ko NR, Oh SJ, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. HAUSP stabilizes Cdc25A and protects cervical cancer cells from DNA damage response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118835. [PMID: 32860838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to DNA-damaging agents is one of the main reasons for the low survival of cervical cancer patients. Previous reports have suggested that the Cdc25A oncoprotein significantly affects the level of susceptibility to DNA-damaging agents, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used Western blot and flow cytometry analyses to demonstrate that the deubiquitinating enzyme HAUSP stabilizes Cdc25A protein level. Furthermore, in a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we found that HAUSP interacts with and deubiquitinates Cdc25A both exogenously and endogenously. HAUSP extends the half-life of the Cdc25A protein by circumventing turnover. HAUSP knockout in HeLa cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system caused a significant delay in Cdc25A-mediated cell cycle progression, cell migration, and colony formation and attenuated tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, HAUSP-mediated stabilization of the Cdc25A protein produced enhanced resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Overall, our study suggests that targeting Cdc25A and HAUSP could be a promising combinatorial approach to halt progression and minimize antineoplastic resistance in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Das
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Ki-Sang Jo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na Re Ko
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Palmer N, Kaldis P. Less-well known functions of cyclin/CDK complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:54-62. [PMID: 32386818 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by cyclins, which play important roles in dictating the actions of CDK/cyclin complexes. Cyclin binding influences the substrate specificity of these complexes in addition to their susceptibility to inhibition or degradation. CDK/cyclin complexes are best known to promote cell cycle progression in the mitotic cell cycle but are also crucial for important cellular processes not strictly associated with cellular division. This chapter primarily explores the understudied topic of CDK/cyclin complex functionality during the DNA damage response. We detail how CDK/cyclin complexes perform dual roles both as targets of DNA damage checkpoint signaling as well as effectors of DNA repair. Additionally, we discuss the potential CDK-independent roles of cyclins in these processes and the impact of such roles in human diseases such as cancer. Our goal is to place the spotlight on these important functions of cyclins either acting as independent entities or within CDK/cyclin complexes which have attracted less attention in the past. We consider that this will be important for a more complete understanding of the intricate functions of cell cycle proteins in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Palmer
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A⁎STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore; National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Biochemistry, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A⁎STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore; National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Biochemistry, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Box 50332, SE-202 13, Malmö, Sweden.
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9
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Crncec A, Hochegger H. Triggering mitosis. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2868-2888. [PMID: 31602636 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is triggered by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). This simple reaction rapidly and irreversibly sets the cell up for division. Even though the core step in triggering mitosis is so simple, the regulation of this cellular switch is highly complex, involving a large number of interconnected signalling cascades. We do have a detailed knowledge of most of the components of this network, but only a poor understanding of how they work together to create a precise and robust system that ensures that mitosis is triggered at the right time and in an orderly fashion. In this review, we will give an overview of the literature that describes the Cdk1 activation network and then address questions relating to the systems biology of this switch. How is the timing of the trigger controlled? How is mitosis insulated from interphase? What determines the sequence of events, following the initial trigger of Cdk1 activation? Which elements ensure robustness in the timing and execution of the switch? How has this system been adapted to the high levels of replication stress in cancer cells?
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Crncec
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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10
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Cerchia C, Nasso R, Mori M, Villa S, Gelain A, Capasso A, Aliotta F, Simonetti M, Rullo R, Masullo M, De Vendittis E, Ruocco MR, Lavecchia A. Discovery of Novel Naphthylphenylketone and Naphthylphenylamine Derivatives as Cell Division Cycle 25B (CDC25B) Phosphatase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Inhibition Mechanism, and in Vitro Efficacy against Melanoma Cell Lines. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7089-7110. [PMID: 31294975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CDC25 phosphatases play a critical role in the regulation of the cell cycle and thus represent attractive cancer therapeutic targets. We previously discovered the 4-(2-carboxybenzoyl)phthalic acid (NSC28620) as a new CDC25 inhibitor endowed with promising anticancer activity in breast, prostate, and leukemia cells. Herein, we report a structure-based optimization of NSC28620, leading to the identification of a series of novel naphthylphenylketone and naphthylphenylamine derivatives as CDC25B inhibitors. Compounds 7j, 7i, 6e, 7f, and 3 showed higher inhibitory activity than the initial lead, with Ki values in the low micromolar range. Kinetic analysis, intrinsic fluorescence studies, and induced fit docking simulations provided a mechanistic understanding of the activity of these derivatives. All compounds were tested in the highly aggressive human melanoma cell lines A2058 and A375. Compound 4a potently inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, causing an increase of the G2/M phase and a reduction of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory , University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano, 49 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Rosarita Nasso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy.,Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness , University of Naples "Parthenope" , 80133 Naples , Italy
| | - Matteo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli, 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Stefania Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli, 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Arianna Gelain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli, 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandra Capasso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Federica Aliotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Martina Simonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Rosario Rullo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy.,Institute for the Animal Production Systems in the Mediterranean Environment , Via Argine 1085 , 80147 Naples , Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness , University of Naples "Parthenope" , 80133 Naples , Italy
| | - Emmanuele De Vendittis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples Federico II , Via S. Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory , University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano, 49 , 80131 Naples , Italy
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11
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Job A, Schmitt LM, von Wenserski L, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Gress TM, Buchholz M, Gallmeier E. Inactivation of PRIM1 Function Sensitizes Cancer Cells to ATR and CHK1 Inhibitors. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1135-1143. [PMID: 30257222 PMCID: PMC6154763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase ATR is a central regulator of the DNA damage response. Its chemical inhibition eliminates subsets of cancer cells in various tumor types. This effect is caused at least partly by the synthetically lethal relationship between ATR and certain DNA repair genes. In a previous screen using an siRNA library against DNA repair genes, we identified PRIM1, a part of the polymerase α-primase complex, as acting synthetically lethal with ATR. Applying a genetic ATR knock-in model of colorectal cancer cells, we confirmed that PRIM1 depletion inhibited proliferation of ATR-deficient cells and excluded artifacts due to clonal variation using an ATR reexpressing cell clone. We expanded these data by demonstrating in different cell lines that also chemical inhibition of ATR or its main effector kinase CHK1 reduces proliferation upon depletion of PRIM1. Mechanistically, PRIM1 depletion in ATR-deficient cells caused S-phase stasis in the absence of increased DNA damage followed by Wee1-mediated activation of caspase 8 and apoptosis. As PRIM1 inactivation sensitizes cancer cells to ATR and CHK1 inhibitors, mutations in PRIM1 or other components of the polymerase α-primase complex could represent novel targets for individualized tumor therapeutic approaches using ATR/CHK1 inhibitors, as has been previously demonstrated for POLD1, the catalytic subunit of polymerase δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Job
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa-Maria Schmitt
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa von Wenserski
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Lankat-Buttgereit
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eike Gallmeier
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Zhang W, Zeng Q, Ban Z, Cao J, Chu T, Lei D, Liu C, Guo W, Zeng X. Effects of let-7c on the proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells by targeted regulation of CDC25a gene expression. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5543-5550. [PMID: 30405749 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs serve a role in the development of ovarian cancer (OC). The present study investigated whether let-7c is able to regulate the proliferation of OC cells by targeting cell division cycle 25A (CDC25a). The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of let-7c in OC specimens. Let-7c agomir was transfected into OC cells, and the proliferation and apoptosis of OC cells were detected. A dual-luciferase assay and western blotting were performed to analyze whether CDC25a was the target gene of let-7c as well as its interaction site. The results revealed that, in OC tissue, let-7c was downregulated when compared with normal ovarian tissue. A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry demonstrated that increased expression of let-7c was able to inhibit the proliferation and increase the apoptosis of OC cells. Western blotting revealed that upregulated let-7c is able to decrease the expression of CDC25a, and a dual-luciferase assay and a recovery assay demonstrated that let-7c was able to regulate the expression of the 3' untranslated region of CDC25a. Therefore, the roles of let-7c in inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of OC cells may be realized through the regulation of the expression of CDC25a. The results of the present study revealed that let-7c may be a novel target in the diagnosis and treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Qingru Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhenying Ban
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Lei
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Wentao Guo
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, The Basic Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Xianxu Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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14
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BRE/BRCC45 regulates CDC25A stability by recruiting USP7 in response to DNA damage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:537. [PMID: 29416040 PMCID: PMC5803202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 is essential for maintaining genomic integrity. BRCA2-deficient primary cells are either not viable or exhibit severe proliferation defects. Yet, BRCA2 deficiency contributes to tumorigenesis. It is believed that mutations in genes such as TRP53 allow BRCA2 heterozygous cells to overcome growth arrest when they undergo loss of heterozygosity. Here, we report the use of an insertional mutagenesis screen to identify a role for BRE (Brain and Reproductive organ Expressed, also known as BRCC45), known to be a part of the BRCA1-DNA damage sensing complex, in the survival of BRCA2-deficient mouse ES cells. Cell viability by BRE overexpression is mediated by deregulation of CDC25A phosphatase, a key cell cycle regulator and an oncogene. We show that BRE facilitates deubiquitylation of CDC25A by recruiting ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7) in the presence of DNA damage. Additionally, we uncovered the role of CDC25A in BRCA-mediated tumorigenesis, which can have implications in cancer treatment. Loss of BRCA2 leads to cancer formation. Here, the authors use an insertional mutagenesis approach and identify a multiprotein complex consisting of BRE, USP7 and CDC25A that can support the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells.
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15
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Lozada EM, Andrysik Z, Yin M, Redilla N, Rice K, Stambrook PJ. Acetylation and deacetylation of Cdc25A constitutes a novel mechanism for modulating Cdc25A functions with implications for cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20425-39. [PMID: 26967250 PMCID: PMC4991465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A is a key regulator of the cell cycle that promotes cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin-dependent kinases. In response to genotoxicants, Cdc25A undergoes posttranslational modifications which contribute to its proteasome-mediated degradation and consequent cell cycle checkpoint arrest. The most thoroughly studied Cdc25A modification is phosphorylation. We now provide the first evidence that Cdc25A can be acetylated and that it directly interacts with the ARD1 acetyltransferase which acetylates Cdc25A both biochemically and in cultured cells. When acetylated, Cdc25A has an extended half-life. We have also identified the class IV histone deacetylase, HDAC11, as a Cdc25A deacetylase. We further show that DNA damage, such as exposure to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), etoposide or arsenic, increases Cdc25A acetylation. Importantly, this acetylation modulates Cdc25A phosphatase activity and its function as a cell cycle regulator, and may reflect a cellular response to DNA damage. Since Cdc25A, ARD1, and HDAC11 are frequently dysregulated in multiple types of cancer, our findings may provide insight into a novel mechanism in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enerlyn M Lozada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Moying Yin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Nicholas Redilla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Kathryn Rice
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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16
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Liu H, Luo Q, Cui H, Deng H, Kuang P, Lu Y, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Sodium fluoride causes hepatocellular S-phase arrest by activating ATM-p53-p21 and ATR-Chk1-Cdc25A pathways in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4318-4337. [PMID: 29435105 PMCID: PMC5796976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, experimental pathology, flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot (WB) were used to evaluate the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on hepatocellular cell cycle progression in mice. A total of 240 ICR mice were divided equally into four groups; the experimental groups received 12, 24, or 48 mg/kg NaF intragastrically for 42 days, while the control group received distilled water. Doses of NaF above 12 mg/kg increased the percentage of cells in S phase (S-phase arrest), reduced percentages of cells in G0/G1 or G2/M phase, and activated the ATM-p53-p21 and ATR-Chk1-Cdc25A pathways. Activation of these pathways was characterized by up-regulation of ATM, p53, p21, ATR, and Chk1 mRNA and protein expression, and down-regulation of Cdc25A, cyclin E, cyclin A, CDK2, CDK4, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA and protein expression. These results indicate that NaF caused S-phase arrest by activating the ATM-p53-p21 and ATR-Chk1-Cdc25A pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
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17
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Wang Y, Ren N, Rankin GO, Li B, Rojanasakul Y, Tu Y, Chen YC. Anti-proliferative effect and cell cycle arrest induced by saponins extracted from tea ( Camellia sinensis) flower in human ovarian cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2017; 37:310-321. [PMID: 32719725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) flower saponins (TFS) have various biological properties. However, the anti-cancer effects of TFS have not been investigated in any detail. Here, we evaluated the anti-cancer effects of TFS using human ovarian cancer cell lines. TFS (1.5 μg/ml) produced significant antiproliferative effects against A2780/CP70 and OVCAR-3 cells by inducing p53-dependent apoptosis and S phase arrest. Further study showed that TFS decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, activated Caspase-3/7, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 activities, and that the p53 inhibitor PFT-α reversed the TFS-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, TFS inhibited the expression of Cdc25A, Cdk2, and CyclinD1 and upregulated Cyclin E and Cyclin A, suggesting that the Cdc25A-Cdk2-Cyclin E/A pathway was involved in TFS-induced S phase arrest. Furthermore, the S phase arrest was associated with a Chk2-Cdc25A DNA damage response. These results demonstrated that TFS has promising potential serving as functional food components for prevention of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.,College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV 26416, USA
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Gary O Rankin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV25755, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV 26416, USA
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18
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CDC25 Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia-A Study of Patient Heterogeneity and the Effects of Different Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030446. [PMID: 28287460 PMCID: PMC6155411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) protein phosphatases regulate cell cycle progression through the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), but they are also involved in chromatin modulation and transcriptional regulation. CDC25 inhibition is regarded as a possible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We investigated the in vitro effects of CDC25 inhibitors on primary human AML cells derived from 79 unselected patients in suspension cultures. Both the previously well-characterized CDC25 inhibitor NSC95397, as well as five other inhibitors (BN82002 and the novel small molecular compounds ALX1, ALX2, ALX3, and ALX4), only exhibited antiproliferative effects for a subset of patients when tested alone. These antiproliferative effects showed associations with differences in genetic abnormalities and/or AML cell differentiation. However, the responders to CDC25 inhibition could be identified by analysis of global gene expression profiles. The differentially expressed genes were associated with the cytoskeleton, microtubules, and cell signaling. The constitutive release of 28 soluble mediators showed a wide variation among patients and this variation was maintained in the presence of CDC25 inhibition. Finally, NSC95397 had no or only minimal effects on AML cell viability. In conclusion, CDC25 inhibition has antiproliferative effects on primary human AML cells for a subset of patients, and these patients can be identified by gene expression profiling.
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19
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Yuan X, Sun X, Shi X, Jiang C, Yu D, Zhang W, Ding Y. USP39 regulates the growth of SMMC-7721 cells via FoxM1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1506-1513. [PMID: 28413501 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated ubiquitin specific peptidase 39 (USP39) gene knockdown on SMMC-7721 cells in vitro and in vivo, and the role of USP39 in regulating the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Two small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were constructed, which targeted the USP39 gene and control sequences were synthesized and inserted into a pGCSIL-GFP lentiviral vector. The full length of USP39 cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pEGFP-N2, and the recombinant plasmids were transfected into cells. Knockdown efficiency and upregulation of USP39 was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The impact of USP39 on the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in vitro was examined using an MTT assay, colony formation, flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemical staining. The impact of USP39 on the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in vivo was examined by assessing tumorigenicity in nude mice. Western blotting was performed to examine the mechanism of USP39 regulation on SMMC-7721 cell growth. Recombinant vectors containing specific and scrambled USP39 siRNA sequences were constructed and transfected into SMMC-7721 cells. USP39 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in SMMC-7721 cells, while upregulation of USP39 promoted the growth of tumor cells. FCM indicated that USP39 knockdown led to G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. USP39 knockdown inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice and led to the downregulation of the transcription factor Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1). Gene expression of FoxM1 targets, including polo-like kinase 1, cyclin B1 and centromere protein A also decreased following USP39 knockdown. The results suggest that knockdown of USP39 inhibits the growth of HCC in vitro and in vivo, potentially through the induction of G2/M arrest by regulating the pre-mRNA splicing of FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xitai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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20
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Ligand-based chemoinformatic discovery of a novel small molecule inhibitor targeting CDC25 dual specificity phosphatases and displaying in vitro efficacy against melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40202-22. [PMID: 26474275 PMCID: PMC4741889 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CDC25 phosphatases are important regulators of the cell cycle and represent promising targets for anticancer drug discovery. We recently identified NSC 119915 as a new quinonoid CDC25 inhibitor with potent anticancer activity. In order to discover more active analogs of NSC 119915, we performed a range of ligand-based chemoinformatic methods against the full ZINC drug-like subset and the NCI lead-like set. Nine compounds (3, 5-9, 21, 24, and 25) were identified with Ki values for CDC25A, -B and -C ranging from 0.01 to 4.4 μM. One of these analogs, 7, showed a high antiproliferative effect on human melanoma cell lines, A2058 and SAN. Compound 7 arrested melanoma cells in G2/M, causing a reduction of the protein levels of CDC25A and, more consistently, of CDC25C. Furthermore, an intrinsic apoptotic pathway was induced, which was mediated by ROS, because it was reverted in the presence of antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Finally, 7 decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated Akt and increased those of p53, thus contributing to the regulation of chemosensitivity through the control of downstream Akt pathways in melanoma cells. Taken together, our data emphasize that CDC25 could be considered as a possible oncotarget in melanoma cells and that compound 7 is a small molecule CDC25 inhibitor that merits to be further evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent for melanoma, likely in combination with other therapeutic compounds.
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21
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Mazzolini L, Broban A, Froment C, Burlet-Schiltz O, Besson A, Manenti S, Dozier C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A on SER283 in late S/G2 by CDK/cyclin complexes accelerates mitotic entry. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2742-52. [PMID: 27580187 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cdc25A phosphatase is an essential activator of CDK-cyclin complexes at all steps of the eukaryotic cell cycle. The activity of Cdc25A is itself regulated in part by positive and negative feedback regulatory loops performed by its CDK-cyclin substrates that occur in G1 as well as during the G1/S and G2/M transitions. However, the regulation of Cdc25A during G2 phase progression before mitotic entry has not been intensively characterized. Here, we identify by mass spectrometry analysis a new phosphorylation event of Cdc25A on Serine283. Phospho-specific antibodies revealed that the phosphorylation of this residue appears in late S/G2 phase of an unperturbed cell cycle and is performed by CDK-cyclin complexes. Overexpression studies of wild-type and non-phosphorylatable mutant forms of Cdc25A indicated that Ser283 phosphorylation increases the G2/M-promoting activity of the phosphatase without impacting its stability or subcellular localization. Our results therefore identify a new positive regulatory loop between Cdc25A and its CDK-cyclin substrates which contributes to accelerate entry into mitosis through the regulation of Cdc25A activity in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mazzolini
- a Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS ERL5294 , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France.,b Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le Cancer , CNRS ERL5294 , Toulouse , France
| | - Anaïs Broban
- a Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS ERL5294 , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | - Carine Froment
- c Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse , CNRS UMR5089 , Toulouse , France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- c Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse , CNRS UMR5089 , Toulouse , France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- a Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS ERL5294 , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France.,b Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le Cancer , CNRS ERL5294 , Toulouse , France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- a Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS ERL5294 , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France.,b Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le Cancer , CNRS ERL5294 , Toulouse , France
| | - Christine Dozier
- a Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1037, CNRS ERL5294 , Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France.,b Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le Cancer , CNRS ERL5294 , Toulouse , France
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22
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Abstract
The preimplantation development stage of mammalian embryogenesis consists of a series of highly conserved, regulated, and predictable cell divisions. This process is essential to allow the rapid expansion and differentiation of a single-cell zygote into a multicellular blastocyst containing cells of multiple developmental lineages. This period of development, also known as the germinal stage, encompasses several important developmental transitions, which are accompanied by dramatic changes in cell cycle profiles and dynamics. These changes are driven primarily by differences in the establishment and enforcement of cell cycle checkpoints, which must be bypassed to facilitate the completion of essential cell cycle events. Much of the current knowledge in this area has been amassed through the study of knockout models in mice. These mouse models are powerful experimental tools, which have allowed us to dissect the relative dependence of the early embryonic cell cycles on various aspects of the cell cycle machinery and highlight the extent of functional redundancy between members of the same gene family. This chapter will explore the ways in which the cell cycle machinery, their accessory proteins, and their stimuli operate during mammalian preimplantation using mouse models as a reference and how this allows for the usually well-defined stages of the cell cycle to be shaped and transformed during this unique and critical stage of development.
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23
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Helmke C, Becker S, Strebhardt K. The role of Plk3 in oncogenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:135-47. [PMID: 25915845 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The polo-like kinases (Plks) encompass a family of five serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential roles in many cellular processes involved in the control of the cell cycle, including entry into mitosis, DNA replication and the response to different types of stress. Plk1, which has been validated as a cancer target, came into the focus of many pharmaceutical companies for the development of small-molecule inhibitors as anticancer agents. Recently, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has granted a breakthrough therapy designation to the Plk inhibitor BI 6727 (volasertib), which provided a survival benefit for patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. However, the various ATP-competitive inhibitors of Plk1 that are currently in clinical development also inhibit the activities of Plk2 and Plk3, which are considered as tumor suppressors. Plk3 contributes to the control and progression of the cell cycle while acting as a mediator of apoptosis and various types of cellular stress. The aberrant expression of Plk3 was found in different types of tumors. Recent progress has improved our understanding of Plk3 in regulating stress signaling and tumorigenesis. When using ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors, the biological roles of Plk1-related family members like Plk3 in cancer cells need to be considered carefully to improve treatment strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Helmke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Becker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Yuan X, Sun X, Shi X, Jiang C, Yu D, Zhang W, Guan W, Zhou J, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Ding Y. USP39 promotes the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:823-32. [PMID: 26081192 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease 39 (USP39) plays an important role in mRNA splicing. In the present study, we investigated the role of USP39 in regulating the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We detected USP39 expression in more than 100 HCC clinical samples. The USP39 expression was significantly higher in the tumor tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues, and was strongly associated with the pathological grade of HCC. USP39 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro in the HepG2 cells, while upregulation of USP39 promoted tumor cell growth. FCM assay showed that USP39 knockdown led to G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. USP39 knockdown by shRNA inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, USP39 knockdown led to the upregulation of p-Cdc2 and downregulation of p-Cdc25c and p-myt1, while the expression of total Cdc2, Cdc25c and myt1 was not changed in the USP39-knockdown cells. We also found that p-Cdc2 was decreased in the USP39-overexpressing cells and was upregulated in the xenografted tumors derived from the HepG2/KD cells from nude mice. Meanwhile, the expression levels of FoxM1 and its target genes PLK1 and cyclin B1 were decreased in the USP39-knockdown cells. These results suggest that USP39 may contribute to FoxM1 splicing in HCC tumor cells. Our data indicate that USP39 knockdown inhibited the growth of HCC both in vitro and in vivo through G2/M arrest, which was partly achieved via the inhibition of FoxM1 splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xitai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yafu Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Brown JS, Jackson SP. Ubiquitylation, neddylation and the DNA damage response. Open Biol 2015; 5:150018. [PMID: 25833379 PMCID: PMC4422126 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of accurate DNA damage sensing and repair mechanisms manifests as a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, immunodeficiency, infertility and cancer. The accuracy and efficiency of DNA damage detection and repair, collectively termed the DNA damage response (DDR), requires the recruitment and subsequent post-translational modification (PTM) of a complex network of proteins. Ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) SUMO have established roles in regulating the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). A role for other UBLs, such as NEDD8, is also now emerging. This article provides an overview of the DDR, discusses our current understanding of the process and function of PTM by ubiquitin and NEDD8, and reviews the literature surrounding the role of ubiquitylation and neddylation in DNA repair processes, focusing particularly on DNA DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Brown
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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Liu L, Zuo LF, Zuo J, Wang J. Artesunate induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of Eca109 and Ec9706 human esophageal cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1465-72. [PMID: 25816175 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor worldwide with a high incidence rate in China and it is a great threat to human health. Combined modality therapy is used for chemotherapeutic treatment of esophageal cancer; however, drug resistance and side effects of the drugs is a major barrier to the success of chemotherapy. As chemotherapy with common drugs is far from providing satisfactory clinical outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer, more efficient drugs are urgently required. Artesunate (Art) is the first-line treatment option for malaria; however, it was recently revealed that Art has remarkable anti-tumor activity, making it a novel candidate for cancer chemotherapy. Although the anti-cancer effects of Art have been well documented, its potential against esophageal cancer has rarely been explored. The present study aimed to investigate the significance and mechanism of the anti-proliferative activity of Art on esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments, Art inhibited the growth as well as induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of esophageal cancer cell lines (Eca109 and Ec9706) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, downregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and CDC25A, as well as upregulation of BCL-2‑associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 expression in Art-treated cells were identified. In addition, an in vivo study showed that Art produced a dose-dependent tumor regression in nude mice, while side effects were low. The anti-tumor activity of 200 mg/kg Art was similar to that of 3 mg/kg cisplatin. In conclusion, Art exerted concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against esophageal cancer in vivo and in vitro by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through affecting mitochondrial membrane potential, BCL-2, Bax, caspase-3 and CDC25A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of FCM Analysis, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Fu Zuo
- Department of FCM Analysis, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Department of FCM Analysis, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of FCM Analysis, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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Lee PS, Fang J, Jessop L, Myers T, Raj P, Hu N, Wang C, Taylor PR, Wang J, Khan J, Jasin M, Chanock SJ. RAD51B Activity and Cell Cycle Regulation in Response to DNA Damage in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2014; 8:135-44. [PMID: 25368520 PMCID: PMC4213955 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s17766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Common genetic variants mapping to two distinct regions of RAD51B, a paralog of RAD51, have been associated with breast cancer risk in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RAD51B is a plausible candidate gene because of its established role in the homologous recombination (HR) process. How germline genetic variation in RAD51B confers susceptibility to breast cancer is not well understood. Here, we investigate the molecular function of RAD51B in breast cancer cell lines by knocking down RAD51B expression by small interfering RNA and treating cells with DNA-damaging agents, namely cisplatin, hydroxyurea, or methyl-methanesulfonate. Our results show that RAD51B-depleted breast cancer cells have increased sensitivity to DNA damage, reduced efficiency of HR, and altered cell cycle checkpoint responses. The influence of RAD51B on the cell cycle checkpoint is independent of its role in HR and further studies are required to determine whether these functions can explain the RAD51B breast cancer susceptibility alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe S Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lea Jessop
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Myers
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Preethi Raj
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Downregulation of LncRNAH19 and MiR-675 promotes migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through AKT/GSK-3β/Cdc25A signaling pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:363-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Discovery and characterization of novel imidazopyridine derivative CHEQ-2 as a potent CDC25 inhibitor and promising anticancer drug candidate. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:293-307. [PMID: 24922544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle (CDC) 25 proteins are key phosphatases regulating cell cycle transition and proliferation via the interactions with CDK/Cyclin complexes. Overexpression of CDC25 proteins is frequently observed in cancer and is related to aggressiveness, high-grade tumors and poor prognosis. Thus, inhibiting CDC25 activity in cancer treatment appears a good therapeutic strategy. In this article, refinement of the initial hit XDW-1 by synthesis and screening of a focused compound library led to the identification of a novel set of imidazopyridine derivatives as potent CDC25 inhibitors. Among them, the most potent molecule was CHEQ-2, which could efficiently inhibit the activities of CDC25A/B enzymes as well as the proliferation of various different types of cancer cell lines in vitro assay. Moreover, CHEQ-2 triggered S-phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7, HepG2 and HT-29 cell lines, accompanied by generation of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Besides, oral administration of CHEQ-2 (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited xenografted human liver tumor growth in nude mice, while demonstrated extremely low toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg). These findings make CHEQ-2 a good starting point for further investigation and structure modification.
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Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication checkpoint activation. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:147-75. [PMID: 24705291 PMCID: PMC3978517 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge of the cell cycle is to deliver an intact, and fully duplicated, genetic material to the daughter cells. To this end, progression of DNA synthesis is monitored by a feedback mechanism known as replication checkpoint that is untimely linked to DNA replication. This signaling pathway ensures coordination of DNA synthesis with cell cycle progression. Failure to activate this checkpoint in response to perturbation of DNA synthesis (replication stress) results in forced cell division leading to chromosome fragmentation, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. In this review, we will describe current knowledge of the molecular determinants of the DNA replication checkpoint in eukaryotic cells and discuss a model of activation of this signaling pathway crucial for maintenance of genomic stability.
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CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment. Neoplasia 2014; 15:579-90. [PMID: 23730206 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDC25A-CDK2 pathway has been proposed as critical for the oncogenic action of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in mammary epithelial cells. In particular, transgenic expression of CDC25A cooperates with HER2 in promoting mammary tumors, whereas CDC25A hemizygous loss attenuates the HER2-induced tumorigenesis penetrance. On the basis of this evidence of a synergism between HER2 and the cell cycle regulator CDC25A in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, we investigated the role of CDC25A in human HER2-positive breast cancer and its possible implications in therapeutic response. HER2 status and CDC25A expression were assessed in 313 breast cancer patients and we found statistically significant correlation between HER2 and CDC25A (P = .007). Moreover, an HER2-positive breast cancer subgroup with high levels of CDC25A and very aggressive phenotype was identified (P = .005). Importantly, our in vitro studies on breast cancer cell lines showed that the HER2 inhibitor efficacy on cell growth and viability relied also on CDC25A expression and that such inhibition induces CDC25A down-regulation through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and DNA damage response activation. In line with this observation, we found a statistical significant association between CDC25A overexpression and trastuzumab-combined therapy response rate in two different HER2-positive cohorts of trastuzumab-treated patients in either metastatic or neoadjuvant setting (P = .018 for the metastatic cohort and P = .021 for the neoadjuvant cohort). Our findings highlight a link between HER2 and CDC25A that positively modulates HER2-targeted therapy response, suggesting that, in HER2-positive breast cancer patients, CDC25A overexpression affects trastuzumab sensitivity.
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14-3-3 proteins in cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lee KH, Tsutsui T, Honda K, Asano R, Kumagai I, Ohtake H, Omasa T. Generation of high-producing cell lines by overexpression of cell division cycle 25 homolog A in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:754-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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TGF-β-Smad2 dependent activation of CDC 25A plays an important role in cell proliferation through NFAT activation in metastatic breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 26:240-52. [PMID: 24269534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In late stages of cancer, TGF-β promotes the metastasis process by enhancing the invasiveness of cancer cells and inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that is concomitantly associated with breast cancer metastasis. Metastasis comprises of multiple steps with the regulation of complex network of signaling. Metastasis is associated with both the EMT and cell proliferation, but yet it has not been clearly distinguished how the balance between the cell proliferation and EMT is maintained together. Recently, it has been accounted that a transcription factor, NFAT has an important role for switching tumor suppressive to progressive effect of TGF-β and NFAT has a role in TGF-β mediated EMT by regulating N-cadherin. CDC 25A phosphatase, an important cell cycle regulator is overexpressed in breast cancer. Our results demonstrate that TGF-β regulating the CDC 25A in a Smad2 dependent way, translocates NFAT to nucleus and NFAT in co-operation with Smad2 promotes the tumor progression by upregulating the CDK2, CDK4, and cyclin E. This result signifies that TGF-β by regulating NFAT in different ways maintains the balance between EMT and cell proliferation mechanism concurrently during the late stage of breast cancer.
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Aqil M, Deliu Z, Elseth KM, Shen G, Xue J, Radosevich JA. Part II-mechanism of adaptation: A549 cells adapt to high concentration of nitric oxide through bypass of cell cycle checkpoints. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2417-25. [PMID: 24241959 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown enhanced survival capacity in high nitric oxide (HNO)-adapted tumor cells. In Part I of this series of manuscripts, we have shown that A549-HNO cells demonstrate an improved growth profile under UV and X-ray radiation treatment. These cells exhibit increased expression of proteins involved in DNA damage recognition and repair pathway, both the non-homologous end joining pathway and homologous recombination. These include Ku80, DNA-PK, XLF ligase and MRN complex proteins. Further, the A549-HNO cells show high levels of ATM, ATR, Chk1 and Chk2, and phospho-p53. Activation of these molecules may lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis due to DNA damage. This is observed in parent A549 cells in response to NO donor treatment; however, the A549-HNO cells proliferate and inhibit apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis showed slowed progression through S phase which will allow time for DNA repair. Thus, to better understand the increased growth rate in A549-HNO when compared to the parent cell line A549, we studied molecular mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation in A549-HNO cells. During the initial time period of NO donor treatment, we observe high levels of cyclin/Cdk complexes involved in regulating various stages of the cell cycle. This would lead to bypass of G1-S and G2-M checkpoints. The HNO cells also show much higher expression of Cdc25A. Cdc25A activates Cdk molecules involved in different phases of the cell cycle. In addition, there is enhanced phosphorylation of the Rb protein in HNO cells. This leads to inactivation of Rb/E2F checkpoint regulating G1-S transition. This may lead to faster progression in S phase. Thus, all of these perturbations in HNO cells lead to accelerated cell cycle progression and a higher growth rate. We also assessed expression of cell cycle inhibitors in HNO cells. Interestingly, the HNO cells show a significant decline in p21CIP1 at initial time points, but with prolonged exposure, the levels were much higher than those of the parent cells. This suggests an initial bypass of cell cycle checkpoints as p21CIP1 can inhibit the activity of all cyclin/Cdk complexes. p21CIP1 is also known to inhibit p53-induced apoptosis. This could be important during later phases of the cell cycle to allow time for repair of damaged DNA and thus better survival of HNO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Aqil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Vogel S, Herzinger T. The epithelium specific cell cycle regulator 14-3-3sigma is required for preventing entry into mitosis following ultraviolet B. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2013; 29:300-10. [PMID: 24102700 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxyribonucleic acid damage activates cell cycle checkpoints in order to maintain genomic stability. We assessed the role of different checkpoint genes in response to ultraviolet B irradiation. METHODS Cell lines expressing a dominant negative mutant of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (Atr) protein or overexpressing Cdc25A, cells deficient for 14-3-3σ, Nijmegen breakage syndrome (Nbs), or Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) were treated with ultraviolet B (UVB) and harvested after 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h for analysis by flow cytometry. RESULTS Functional loss of Atm, Atr, or Nbs did not result in a significant alteration of the cell cycle profile. Overexpression of Cdc25A led to a delayed arrest at the G1/S transition in response to low doses of UVB. Loss of 14-3-3σ, a negative cell cycle regulator and downstream target of p53, caused a transient arrest at the G2/M boundary. CONCLUSIONS Loss of 14-3-3σ sensitizes cells to UVB. After a transient cell cycle arrest, 14-3-3σ-deficient cells die by undergoing mitotic catastrophe. Cdc25A overexpression causes a delayed arrest in response to low doses of UVB. After higher doses, Cdc25A is no longer able to overrun the checkpoint. Atm, Atr, or Nbs are not essential for the checkpoint response to UVB, suggesting the existence of redundant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vogel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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The DNA damage response during mitosis. Mutat Res 2013; 750:45-55. [PMID: 23880065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with a cell-intrinsic signaling network called the DNA damage response (DDR). This signaling network recognizes DNA lesions and initiates various downstream pathways to coordinate a cell cycle arrest with the repair of the damaged DNA. Alternatively, the DDR can mediate clearance of affected cells that are beyond repair through apoptosis or senescence. The DDR can be activated in response to DNA damage throughout the cell cycle, although the extent of DDR signaling is different in each cell cycle phase. Especially in response to DNA double strand breaks, only a very marginal response was observed during mitosis. Early on it was recognized that cells which are irradiated during mitosis continued division without repairing broken chromosomes. Although these initial observations indicated diminished DNA repair and lack of an acute DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, insight into the mechanistic re-wiring of DDR signaling during mitosis was only recently provided. Different mechanisms appear to be at play to inactivate specific signaling axes of the DDR network in mitosis. Importantly, mitotic cells not simply inactivate the entire DDR, but appear to mark their DNA damage for repair after mitotic exit. Since the treatment of cancer frequently involves agents that induce DNA damage as well as agents that block mitotic progression, it is clinically relevant to obtain a better understanding of how cancer cells deal with DNA damage during interphase versus mitosis. In this review, the molecular details concerning DDR signaling during mitosis as well as the consequences of encountering DNA damage during mitosis for cellular fate are discussed.
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Neelsen KJ, Zanini IMY, Herrador R, Lopes M. Oncogenes induce genotoxic stress by mitotic processing of unusual replication intermediates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:699-708. [PMID: 23479741 PMCID: PMC3601361 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Processing of unusual replication intermediates such as reversed forks by MUS81 contributes to oncogene-induced double-strand breaks and depends on mitotic entry. Oncogene-induced DNA replication stress activates the DNA damage response (DDR), a crucial anticancer barrier. DDR inactivation in these conditions promotes genome instability and tumor progression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. We found that overexpression of both Cyclin E and Cdc25A rapidly slowed down replication forks and induced fork reversal, suggestive of increased topological stress. Surprisingly, these phenotypes, per se, are neither associated with chromosomal breakage nor with significant DDR activation. Oncogene-induced DNA breakage and DDR activation instead occurred upon persistent G2/M arrest or, in a checkpoint-defective context, upon premature CDK1 activation. Depletion of MUS81, a cell cycle–regulated nuclease, markedly limited chromosomal breakage and led to further accumulation of reversed forks. We propose that nucleolytic processing of unusual replication intermediates mediates oncogene-induced genotoxicity and that limiting such processing to mitosis is a central anti-tumorigenic function of the DNA damage checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J Neelsen
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Collins JC, Armstrong A, Chapman KL, Cordingley HC, Jaxa-Chamiec AA, Judd KE, Mann DJ, Scott KA, Tralau-Stewart CJ, Low CMR. Prospective use of molecular field points in ligand-based virtual screening: efficient identification of new reversible Cdc25 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Chiu YT, Liu J, Tang K, Wong YC, Khanna KK, Ling MT. Inactivation of ATM/ATR DNA damage checkpoint promotes androgen induced chromosomal instability in prostate epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51108. [PMID: 23272087 PMCID: PMC3525593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATM/ATR DNA damage checkpoint functions in the maintenance of genetic stability and some missense variants of the ATM gene have been shown to confer a moderate increased risk of prostate cancer. However, whether inactivation of this checkpoint contributes directly to prostate specific cancer predisposition is still unknown. Here, we show that exposure of non-malignant prostate epithelial cells (HPr-1AR) to androgen led to activation of the ATM/ATR DNA damage response and induction of cellular senescence. Notably, knockdown of the ATM gene expression in HPr-1AR cells can promote androgen-induced TMPRSS2: ERG rearrangement, a prostate-specific chromosome translocation frequently found in prostate cancer cells. Intriguingly, unlike the non-malignant prostate epithelial cells, the ATM/ATR DNA damage checkpoint appears to be defective in prostate cancer cells, since androgen treatment only induced a partial activation of the DNA damage response. This mechanism appears to preserve androgen induced autophosphorylation of ATM and phosphorylation of H2AX, lesion processing and repair pathway yet restrain ATM/CHK1/CHK2 and p53 signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that ATM/ATR inactivation is a crucial step in promoting androgen-induced genomic instability and prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tuen Chiu
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kaidun Tang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yong-Chuan Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Lavecchia A, Di Giovanni C, Pesapane A, Montuori N, Ragno P, Martucci NM, Masullo M, De Vendittis E, Novellino E. Discovery of new inhibitors of Cdc25B dual specificity phosphatases by structure-based virtual screening. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4142-58. [PMID: 22524450 DOI: 10.1021/jm201624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25) proteins are highly conserved dual specificity phosphatases that regulate cyclin-dependent kinases and represent attractive drug targets for anticancer therapies. To discover more potent and diverse inhibitors of Cdc25 biological activity, virtual screening was performed by docking 2.1 million compounds into the Cdc25B active site. An initial subset of top-ranked compounds was selected and assayed, and 15 were found to have enzyme inhibition activity at micromolar concentration. Among these, four structurally diverse inhibitors with a different inhibition profile were found to inhibit human MCF-7, PC-3, and K562 cancer cell proliferation and significantly affect the cell cycle progression. A subsequent hierarchical similarity search with the most active reversible Cdc25B inhibitor found led to the identification of an additional set of 19 ligands, three of which were confirmed as Cdc25B inhibitors with IC(50) values of 7.9, 4.2, and 9.9 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Drug Discovery Laboratory, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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42
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Shen T, Huang S. The Role of Cdc25A in the Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 12:631-9. [DOI: 10.2174/187152012800617678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Cullin/RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL) comprise the largest subfamily of ubiquitin ligases. CRLs are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR), development, immune response, transcriptional regulation, circadian rhythm, viral infection, and protein quality control. One of the main functions of CRLs is to regulate the DDR, a fundamental signaling cascade that maintains genome integrity. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of CRL ubiquitin ligases and their roles in control of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitory phosphorylation in a CDK2AF knock-in mouse causes misregulation of DNA replication and centrosome duplication. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1421-32. [PMID: 22331465 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06721-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibitory phosphorylation controls the onset of mitosis and is essential for the checkpoint pathways that prevent the G(2)- to M-phase transition in cells with unreplicated or damaged DNA. To address whether CDK2 inhibitory phosphorylation plays a similar role in cell cycle regulation and checkpoint responses at the start of the S phase, we constructed a mouse strain in which the two CDK2 inhibitory phosphorylation sites, threonine 14 and tyrosine 15, were changed to alanine and phenylalanine, respectively (CDK2AF). This approach showed that inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK2 had a major role in controlling cyclin E-associated kinase activity and thus both determined the timing of DNA replication in a normal cell cycle and regulated centrosome duplication. Further, DNA damage in G(1) CDK2AF cells did not downregulate cyclin E-CDK2 activity when the CDK inhibitor p21 was also knocked down. We were surprised to find that this was insufficient to cause cells to bypass the checkpoint and enter the S phase. This led to the discovery of two previously unrecognized pathways that control the activity of cyclin A at the G(1) DNA damage checkpoint and may thereby prevent S-phase entry even when cyclin E-CDK2 activity is deregulated.
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Ghosh S, Saha T. Central Role of Ubiquitination in Genome Maintenance: DNA Replication and Damage Repair. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:146748. [PMID: 27398234 PMCID: PMC4908256 DOI: 10.5402/2012/146748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic information through generations ensures genomic stability and integrity. However, genetic alterations occur every now and then during the course of genome duplication. In order to repair these genetic defects and lesions, nature has devised several repair pathways which function promptly to prevent the cell from accumulating permanent mutations. These repair mechanisms seem to be significantly impacted by posttranslational modifications of proteins like phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Protein ubiquitination is emerging as a critical regulatory mechanism of DNA damage response. Non-proteolytic, proteasome-independent functions of ubiquitin involving monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination of DNA repair proteins contribute significantly to the signaling of DNA repair pathways. In this paper, we will particularly highlight the work on ubiquitin-mediated signaling in the repair processes involving the Fanconi anemia pathway, translesional synthesis, nucleotide excision repair, and repair of double-strand breaks. We will also discuss the role of ubiquitin ligases in regulating checkpoint mechanisms, the role of deubiquitinating enzymes, and the growing possibilities of therapeutic intervention in this ubiquitin-conjugation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tapas Saha
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Widdrol activates DNA damage checkpoint through the signaling Chk2-p53-Cdc25A-p21-MCM4 pathway in HT29 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:281-9. [PMID: 22160829 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Widdrol is an odorant compound isolated from Juniperus chinensis. We previously reported that widdrol induces Gap 1 (G1) phase cell cycle arrest and leads to apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells. It was also reported that this cell cycle arrest is associated with the induction of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), p53 phosphorylation and cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 expression. In this paper, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of widdrol on the activation of G1 DNA damage checkpoint at early phase when DNA damages occurred in HT29 cells. First of all, we examined that widdrol breaks DNA directly or not. As the results of DNA electrophoresis and formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) foci in HT29 cells, widdrol generates DNA double-strand breaks directly within 0.5 h both in vitro and in vivo. Based on this result, the change of proteins related in checkpoint pathway was examined over a time course of 0.5-24 h. Treatment of HT29 cells with widdrol elicits the following: (1) phosphorylation of Chk2 and p53, (2) reduction of cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A) expression, (3) increase of Cdk inhibitor p21 expression, and (4) decrease of the levels of Cdk2 and cyclin E expression in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, only the expression level of mini-chromosome maintenance 4 (MCM4) protein, a subunit of the eukaryotic DNA replicative helicase, is rapidly down-regulated in HT29 cells treated with widdrol over the same time course, but those of the other MCM proteins are unchanged. Overall, our results indicated that widdrol breaks DNA directly in HT29 cells, and this DNA damage results in checkpoint activation via Chk2-p53-Cdc25A-p21-MCM4 pathway and finally cells go to G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Gardino AK, Yaffe MB. 14-3-3 proteins as signaling integration points for cell cycle control and apoptosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:688-95. [PMID: 21945648 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins play critical roles in the regulation of cell fate through phospho-dependent binding to a large number of intracellular proteins that are targeted by various classes of protein kinases. 14-3-3 proteins play particularly important roles in coordinating progression of cells through the cell cycle, regulating their response to DNA damage, and influencing life-death decisions following internal injury or external cytokine-mediated cues. This review focuses on 14-3-3-dependent pathways that control cell cycle arrest and recovery, and the influence of 14-3-3 on the apoptotic machinery at multiple levels of regulation. Recognition of 14-3-3 proteins as signaling integrators that connect protein kinase signaling pathways to resulting cellular phenotypes, and their exquisite control through feedforward and feedback loops, identifies new drug targets for human disease, and highlights the emerging importance of using systems-based approaches to understand signal transduction events at the network biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Gardino
- Department of Biology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute for Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Lin-28 reactivation is required for let-7 repression and proliferation in human small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:257-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Spadafora ND, Doonan JH, Herbert RJ, Bitonti MB, Wallace E, Rogers HJ, Francis D. Arabidopsis T-DNA insertional lines for CDC25 are hypersensitive to hydroxyurea but not to zeocin or salt stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1183-92. [PMID: 20647223 PMCID: PMC3091795 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In yeasts and animals, cyclin-dependent kinases are key regulators of cell cycle progression and are negatively and positively regulated by WEE1 kinase and CDC25 phosphatase, respectively. In higher plants a full-length orthologue of CDC25 has not been isolated but a shorter gene with homology only to the C-terminal catalytic domain is present. The Arabidopis thaliana;CDC25 can act as a phosphatase in vitro. Since in arabidopsis, WEE1 plays an important role in the DNA damage/DNA replication checkpoints, the role of Arath;CDC25 in conditions that induce these checkpoints or induce abiotic stress was tested. Methods arath;cdc25 T-DNA insertion lines, Arath;CDC25 over-expressing lines and wild type were challenged with hydroxyurea (HU) and zeocin, substances that stall DNA replication and damage DNA, respectively, together with an abiotic stressor, NaCl. A molecular and phenotypic assessment was made of all genotypes Key RESULTS There was a null phenotypic response to perturbation of Arath;CDC25 expression under control conditions. However, compared with wild type, the arath;cdc25 T-DNA insertion lines were hypersensitive to HU, whereas the Arath;CDC25 over-expressing lines were relatively insensitive. In particular, the over-expressing lines consistently outgrew the T-DNA insertion lines and wild type when challenged with HU. All genotypes were equally sensitive to zeocin and NaCl. CONCLUSIONS Arath;CDC25 plays a role in overcoming stress imposed by HU, an agent know to induce the DNA replication checkpoint in arabidopsis. However, it could not enhance tolerance to either a zeocin treatment, known to induce DNA damage, or salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D. Spadafora
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main College, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - John H. Doonan
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert J. Herbert
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - M. Beatrice Bitonti
- Dipartimento di Ecologia, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, I-87030 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Emily Wallace
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main College, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hilary J. Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main College, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Dennis Francis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main College, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
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50
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Connell CM, Shibata A, Tookman LA, Archibald KM, Flak MB, Pirlo KJ, Lockley M, Wheatley SP, McNeish IA. Genomic DNA damage and ATR-Chk1 signaling determine oncolytic adenoviral efficacy in human ovarian cancer cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1283-97. [PMID: 21383502 DOI: 10.1172/jci43976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses replicate selectively within and lyse malignant cells. As such, they are being developed as anticancer therapeutics. However, the sensitivity of ovarian cancers to adenovirus cytotoxicity varies greatly, even in cells of similar infectivity. Using both the adenovirus E1A-CR2 deletion mutant dl922-947 and WT adenovirus serotype 5 in a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines that cover a 3-log range of sensitivity, we observed profound overreplication of genomic DNA only in highly sensitive cell lines. This was associated with the presence of extensive genomic DNA damage. Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-Chk1), but not ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), promoted genomic DNA damage and overreplication in resistant and partially sensitive cells. This was accompanied by increased adenovirus cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. We also demonstrated that Cdc25A was upregulated in highly sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines after adenovirus infection and was stabilized after loss of Chk1 activity. Knockdown of Cdc25A inhibited virus-induced DNA damage in highly sensitive cells and blocked the effects of Chk1 inhibition in resistant cells. Finally, inhibition of Chk1 decreased homologous recombination repair of virus-induced genomic DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, virus-induced host cell DNA damage signaling and repair are key determinants of oncolytic adenoviral activity, and promoting unscheduled DNA synthesis and/or impeding homologous recombination repair could potentiate the effects of oncolytic adenoviruses in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Connell
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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