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Ye Q, Henrickson A, Demeler B, Serrão VHB, Davies PL. Human calpain-3 and its structural plasticity: dissociation of a homohexamer into dimers on binding titin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582628. [PMID: 38464089 PMCID: PMC10925265 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Calpain-3 is an intracellular Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease abundant in skeletal muscle. Its physiological role in the sarcomere is thought to include removing damaged muscle proteins after exercise. Loss-of-function mutations in its single-copy gene cause a dystrophy of the limb-girdle muscles. These mutations, of which there are over 500 in humans, are spread all along this 94-kDa multi-domain protein that includes three 40+-residue sequences (NS, IS1, and IS2). The latter sequences are unique to this calpain isoform and are hypersensitive to proteolysis. To investigate the whole enzyme structure and how mutations might affect its activity, we produce the proteolytically more stable 85-kDa calpain-3 ΔNS ΔIS1 form with a C129A inactivating mutation as a recombinant protein in E. coli. During size-exclusion chromatography, this calpain-3 was consistently eluted as a much larger 0.5-MDa complex rather than the expected 170-kDa dimer. Its size, which was confirmed by SEC-MALS, Blue Native PAGE, and AUC, made the complex amenable to single-particle cryo-EM analysis. From two data sets, we obtained a 3.85-Å reconstruction map that shows the complex is a trimer of calpain-3 dimers with six penta-EF-hand domains at its core. Calpain-3 has been reported to bind the N2A region of the giant muscle protein titin. When this 37-kDa region of titin was co-expressed with calpain-3 the multimer was reduced to a 320-kDa particle, which appears to be the calpain dimer bound to several copies of the titin fragment. We suggest that newly synthesized calpain-3 is kept as an inactive hexamer until it binds the N2A region of titin in the sarcomere, whereupon it dissociates into functional dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Ye
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Amy Henrickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Vitor Hugo Balasco Serrão
- Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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2
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Müller T, Reichlmeir M, Hau AC, Wittig I, Schulte D. The neuronal transcription factor MEIS2 is a calpain-2 protease target. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261482. [PMID: 38305737 PMCID: PMC10941658 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight control over transcription factor activity is necessary for a sensible balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation in the embryo and during tissue homeostasis by adult stem cells, but mechanistic details have remained incomplete. The homeodomain transcription factor MEIS2 is an important regulator of neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) adult stem cell niche in mice. We here identify MEIS2 as direct target of the intracellular protease calpain-2 (composed of the catalytic subunit CAPN2 and the regulatory subunit CAPNS1). Phosphorylation at conserved serine and/or threonine residues, or dimerization with PBX1, reduced the sensitivity of MEIS2 towards cleavage by calpain-2. In the adult V-SVZ, calpain-2 activity is high in stem and progenitor cells, but rapidly declines during neuronal differentiation, which is accompanied by increased stability of MEIS2 full-length protein. In accordance with this, blocking calpain-2 activity in stem and progenitor cells, or overexpression of a cleavage-insensitive form of MEIS2, increased the production of neurons, whereas overexpression of a catalytically active CAPN2 reduced it. Collectively, our results support a key role for calpain-2 in controlling the output of adult V-SVZ neural stem and progenitor cells through cleavage of the neuronal fate determinant MEIS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Müller
- Goethe University, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), MSNZ Junior Group Translational Neurooncology, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Cancer Research (DoCR), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), 1445 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), MSNZ Junior Group Translational Neurooncology, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Goethe University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Functional Proteomics, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Goethe University, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Šafranek M, Shumbusho A, Johansen W, Šarkanová J, Voško S, Bokor B, Jásik J, Demko V. Membrane-anchored calpains - hidden regulators of growth and development beyond plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1289785. [PMID: 38173928 PMCID: PMC10762896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1289785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Calpains are modulatory proteases that modify diverse cellular substrates and play essential roles in eukaryots. The best studied are animal cytosolic calpains. Here, we focus on enigmatic membrane-anchored calpains, their structural and functional features as well as phylogenetic distribution. Based on domain composition, we identified four types of membrane-anchored calpains. Type 1 and 2 show broad phylogenetic distribution among unicellular protists and streptophytes suggesting their ancient evolutionary origin. Type 3 and 4 diversified early and are present in brown algae and oomycetes. The plant DEK1 protein is the only representative of membrane-anchored calpains that has been functionally studied. Here, we present up to date knowledge about its structural features, putative regulation, posttranslational modifications, and biological role. Finally, we discuss potential model organisms and available tools for functional studies of membrane-anchored calpains with yet unknown biological role. Mechanistic understanding of membrane-anchored calpains may provide important insights into fundamental principles of cell polarization, cell fate control, and morphogenesis beyond plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šafranek
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alain Shumbusho
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Júlia Šarkanová
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Voško
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Jásik
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktor Demko
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Hartley B, Bassiouni W, Schulz R, Julien O. The roles of intracellular proteolysis in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:38. [PMID: 37768438 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of human mortality worldwide. One form of ischemic heart disease is ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by the reintroduction of blood supply to ischemic cardiac muscle. The short and long-term damage that occurs due to ischemia-reperfusion injury is partly due to the proteolysis of diverse protein substrates inside and outside of cardiomyocytes. Ischemia-reperfusion activates several diverse intracellular proteases, including, but not limited to, matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases. This review will focus on the biological roles, intracellular localization, proteolytic targets, and inhibitors of these proteases in cardiomyocytes following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recognition of the intracellular function of each of these proteases includes defining their activation, proteolytic targets, and their inhibitors during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review is a step toward a better understanding of protease activation and involvement in ischemic heart disease and developing new therapeutic strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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5
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Metwally E, Al-Abbadi HA, Hussain T, Murtaza G, Abdellatif AM, Ahmed MF. Calpain signaling: from biology to therapeutic opportunities in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235163. [PMID: 37732142 PMCID: PMC10507866 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a major and growing healthcare challenge globally. Among the numerous molecular pathways implicated in their pathogenesis, calpain signaling has emerged as a crucial player in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Calpain is a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that is involved in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, cytoskeleton remodeling, and protein turnover. Dysregulation of calpain activation and activity has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Understanding the intricate structure of calpains is crucial for unraveling their roles in cellular physiology and their implications in pathology. In addition, the identification of diverse abnormalities in both humans and other animal models with deficiencies in calpain highlights the significant progress made in understanding calpain biology. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the recent roles attributed to calpains and provide an overview of the mechanisms that govern their activity during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The possibility of utilizing calpain inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for treating neuronal dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders would be an area of interest in future calpain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hatim A. Al-Abbadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F. Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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6
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Yoder MW, Wright NT, Borzok MA. Calpain Regulation and Dysregulation-Its Effects on the Intercalated Disk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11726. [PMID: 37511485 PMCID: PMC10380737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intercalated disk is a cardiac specific structure composed of three main protein complexes-adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions-that work in concert to provide mechanical stability and electrical synchronization to the heart. Each substructure is regulated through a variety of mechanisms including proteolysis. Calpain proteases, a class of cysteine proteases dependent on calcium for activation, have recently emerged as important regulators of individual intercalated disk components. In this review, we will examine how calcium homeostasis regulates normal calpain function. We will also explore how calpains modulate gap junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions activity by targeting specific proteins, and describe the molecular mechanisms of how calpain dysregulation leads to structural and signaling defects within the heart. We will then examine how changes in calpain activity affects cardiomyocytes, and how such changes underlie various heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah W Yoder
- Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physics Department, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, 31 Academy St., Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Maegen A Borzok
- Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physics Department, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, 31 Academy St., Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
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7
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Geddes JW, Bondada V, Croall DE, Rodgers DW, Gal J. Impaired activity and membrane association of most calpain-5 mutants causal for neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166747. [PMID: 37207905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (NIV) is a rare eye disease that ultimately leads to complete blindness and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding calpain-5 (CAPN5), with six pathogenic mutations identified. In transfected SH-SY5Y cells, five of the mutations resulted in decreased membrane association, diminished S-acylation, and reduced calcium-induced autoproteolysis of CAPN5. CAPN5 proteolysis of the autoimmune regulator AIRE was impacted by several NIV mutations. R243, L244, K250 and the adjacent V249 are on β-strands in the protease core 2 domain. Conformational changes induced by Ca2+binding result in these β-strands forming a β-sheet and a hydrophobic pocket which docks W286 side chain away from the catalytic cleft, enabling calpain activation based on comparison with the Ca2+-bound CAPN1 protease core. The pathologic variants R243L, L244P, K250N, and R289W are predicted to disrupt the β-strands, β-sheet, and hydrophobic pocket, impairing calpain activation. The mechanism by which these variants impair membrane association is unclear. G376S impacts a conserved residue in the CBSW domain and is predicted to disrupt a loop containing acidic residues which may contribute to membrane binding. G267S did not impair membrane association and resulted in a slight but significant increase in autoproteolytic and proteolytic activity. However, G267S is also identified in individuals without NIV. Combined with the autosomal dominant pattern of NIV inheritance and evidence that CAPN5 may dimerize, the results are consistent with a dominant negative mechanism for the five pathogenic variants which resulted in impaired CAPN5 activity and membrane association and a gain-of-function for the G267S variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Dorothy E Croall
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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8
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Role of calcium-sensor proteins in cell membrane repair. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232522. [PMID: 36728029 PMCID: PMC9970828 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane repair is a critical process used to maintain cell integrity and survival from potentially lethal chemical, and mechanical membrane injury. Rapid increases in local calcium levels due to a membrane rupture have been widely accepted as a trigger for multiple membrane-resealing models that utilize exocytosis, endocytosis, patching, and shedding mechanisms. Calcium-sensor proteins, such as synaptotagmins (Syt), dysferlin, S100 proteins, and annexins, have all been identified to regulate, or participate in, multiple modes of membrane repair. Dysfunction of membrane repair from inefficiencies or genetic alterations in these proteins contributes to diseases such as muscular dystrophy (MD) and heart disease. The present review covers the role of some of the key calcium-sensor proteins and their involvement in membrane repair.
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9
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Lebart MC, Trousse F, Valette G, Torrent J, Denus M, Mestre-Frances N, Marcilhac A. Reg-1α, a New Substrate of Calpain-2 Depending on Its Glycosylation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158591. [PMID: 35955718 PMCID: PMC9369050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg-1α/lithostathine, a protein mainly associated with the digestive system, was previously shown to be overexpressed in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro, the glycosylated protein was reported to form fibrils at physiological pH following the proteolytic action of trypsin. However, the nature of the protease able to act in the central nervous system is unknown. In the present study, we showed that Reg-1α can be cleaved in vitro by calpain-2, the calcium activated neutral protease, overexpressed in neurodegenerative diseases. Using chemical crosslinking experiments, we found that the two proteins can interact with each other. Identification of the cleavage site using mass spectrometry, between Gln4 and Thr5, was found in agreement with the in silico prediction of the calpain cleavage site, in a position different from the one reported for trypsin, i.e., Arg11-Ile12 peptide bond. We showed that the cleavage was impeded by the presence of the neighboring glycosylation of Thr5. Moreover, in vitro studies using electron microscopy showed that calpain-cleaved protein does not form fibrils as observed after trypsin cleavage. Collectively, our results show that calpain-2 cleaves Reg-1α in vitro, and that this action is not associated with fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-6714-3889
| | - Françoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Joan Torrent
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Mestre-Frances
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
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10
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Bär J, Popp Y, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Mikhaylova M. Regulation of microtubule detyrosination by calcium and conventional calpains. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274960. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detyrosination is a major post-translational modification of microtubules (MTs), which has significant impact on MT function in cell division, differentiation, growth, migration, and intracellular trafficking. Detyrosination of α-tubulin occurs mostly via the recently identified complex of vasohibin1/2 (VASH1/2) and small vasohibin binding protein (SVBP). However, there is still remaining detyrosinating activity in the absence of VASH1/2:SVBP, and little is known about the regulation of detyrosination. Here, we found that intracellular calcium is required for efficient MT detyrosination. Furthermore, we show that calcium-dependent proteases calpains 1 and 2 regulate MT detyrosination in VASH1:SVBP overexpressing human embryonal kidney (HEK293T) cells. We identified new calpain cleavage sites in the N-terminal disordered region of VASH1. However, this cleavage did not affect the enzymatic activity of VASH. In conclusion, we suggest that the regulation of VASH1-mediated MT detyrosination by calpains could occur independent of VASH catalytic activity or via another yet unknown tubulin carboxypeptidase. Importantly, calpains’ calcium dependency could allow a fine regulation of MT detyrosination. Thus, identifying the calpain-regulated pathway of MT detyrosination can be of major importance for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bär
- AG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Guest Group “Neuronal Protein Transport”, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannes Popp
- AG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Guest Group “Neuronal Protein Transport”, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- AG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Guest Group “Neuronal Protein Transport”, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Schulze-Niemand E, Naumann M, Stein M. Substrate-assisted activation and selectivity of the bacterial RavD effector deubiquitinylase. Proteins 2021; 90:947-958. [PMID: 34825414 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinylases (DUBs) catalyze the peptide bond cleavage of specific ubiquitin linkages at distinct protein substrates. Pathogens from viruses and bacteria independently developed effector proteins with DUB activity to mimic host DUB functions and circumvent immune responses. The effector protein RavD from Legionella pneumophila cleaves linear ubiquitin chains with an exclusive methionine-1 selectivity. It thus performs as a functional analogue of the human DUB OTULIN, which achieves its selectivity only via a specialized proximal ubiquitin S1' binding site as well as a substrate-assisted activation of the catalytic triad. An analysis of the crystal structures of bacterial RavD in its free and di-ubiquitin-bound forms, in order to rationalize the structural basis for its selectivity and activation mechanism, is not fully conclusive. As these ambiguities might arise from the introduced double mutation of the di-ubiquitin substrate in the RavD-di-ubiquitin complex crystal structure, biomolecular modeling, and molecular dynamics sampling (1-2 μs for each system of RavD and OTULIN) were employed to reconstitute the physiological RavD-di-ubiquitin complex. The simulations show that the distal S1 ubiquitin binding sites of RavD and OTULIN are similar in terms of interface area, composition, and ubiquitin binding affinity. The proximal S1' site of RavD, in contrast, is significantly smaller and ubiquitin binding is weaker and more flexible than in OTULIN. Upon substrate access, the residues of the catalytic triad of RavD show a reduction of flexibility and a conformational transition toward a catalytically active state. Thus, the enzymatic activation of RavD is presumably also substrate-assisted and a clear rationale for the common M1-substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulze-Niemand
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Molecular Simulations and Design Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Characterizing SERCA Function in Murine Skeletal Muscles after 35-37 Days of Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111764. [PMID: 34769190 PMCID: PMC8584217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that microgravity exposure causes significant muscle weakness and atrophy via muscle unloading. On Earth, muscle unloading leads to a disproportionate loss in muscle force and size with the loss in muscle force occurring at a faster rate. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, a role for Ca2+ dysregulation has been suggested. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump actively brings cytosolic Ca2+ into the SR, eliciting muscle relaxation and maintaining low intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). SERCA dysfunction contributes to elevations in [Ca2+]i, leading to cellular damage, and may contribute to the muscle weakness and atrophy observed with spaceflight. Here, we investigated SERCA function, SERCA regulatory protein content, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) protein adduction in murine skeletal muscle after 35–37 days of spaceflight. In male and female soleus muscles, spaceflight led to drastic impairments in Ca2+ uptake despite significant increases in SERCA1a protein content. We attribute this impairment to an increase in RONS production and elevated total protein tyrosine (T) nitration and cysteine (S) nitrosylation. Contrarily, in the tibialis anterior (TA), we observed an enhancement in Ca2+ uptake, which we attribute to a shift towards a faster muscle fiber type (i.e., increased myosin heavy chain IIb and SERCA1a) without elevated total protein T-nitration and S-nitrosylation. Thus, spaceflight affects SERCA function differently between the soleus and TA.
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Spinozzi S, Albini S, Best H, Richard I. Calpains for dummies: What you need to know about the calpain family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140616. [PMID: 33545367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review was written in memory of our late friend, Dr. Hiroyuki Sorimachi, who, following the steps of his mentor Koichi Suzuki, a pioneer in calpain research, has made tremendous contributions to the field. During his career, Hiro also wrote several reviews on calpain, the last of which, published in 2016, was comprehensive. In this manuscript, we decided to put together a review with the basic information a novice may need to know about calpains. We also tried to avoid similarities with previous reviews and reported the most significant new findings, at the same time highlighting Hiro's contributions to the field. The review will cover a short history of calpain discovery, the presentation of the family, the life of calpain from transcription to activity, human diseases caused by calpain mutations and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spinozzi
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Sonia Albini
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Heather Best
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France.
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14
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Nian H, Ma B. Calpain-calpastatin system and cancer progression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:961-975. [PMID: 33470511 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calpain system is required by many important physiological processes, including the cell cycle, cytoskeleton remodelling, cellular proliferation, migration, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, survival, autophagy, apoptosis and signalling, as well as the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders, in which it may function to promote tumorigenesis. Calpains are intracellular conserved calcium-activated neutral cysteine proteinases that are involved in mediating cancer progression via catalysing and regulating the proteolysis of their specific substrates, which are important signalling molecules during cancer progression. μ-calpain, m-calpain, and their specific inhibitor calpastatin are the three molecules originally identified as comprising the calpain system and they contain several crucial domains, specific motifs, and functional sites. A large amount of data supports the roles of the calpain-calpastatin system in cancer progression via regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and cellular survival and death, as well as inflammation and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis, implying that the inhibition of calpain activity may be a potential anti-cancer intervention strategy targeting cancer cell survival, invasion and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, U.S.A
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15
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Tian X, Inoue K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sperati CJ, Pedigo CE, Zhao T, Yan M, Groener M, Moledina DG, Ebenezer K, Li W, Zhang Z, Liebermann DA, Greene L, Greer P, Parikh CR, Ishibe S. Inhibiting calpain 1 and 2 in cyclin G associated kinase-knockout mice mitigates podocyte injury. JCI Insight 2020; 5:142740. [PMID: 33208557 PMCID: PMC7710277 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for reduced expression of cyclin G associated kinase (GAK) in glomeruli of patients with chronic kidney disease was observed in the Nephroseq human database, and GAK was found to be associated with the decline in kidney function. To examine the role of GAK, a protein that functions to uncoat clathrin during endocytosis, we generated podocyte-specific Gak-knockout mice (Gak-KO), which developed progressive proteinuria and kidney failure with global glomerulosclerosis. We isolated glomeruli from the mice carrying the mutation to perform messenger RNA profiling and unearthed evidence for dysregulated podocyte calpain protease activity as an important contributor to progressive podocyte damage. Treatment with calpain inhibitor III specifically inhibited calpain-1/-2 activities, mitigated the degree of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, and led to a striking increase in survival in the Gak-KO mice. Podocyte-specific deletion of Capns1, essential for calpain-1 and calpain-2 activities, also improved proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in Gak-KO mice. Increased podocyte calpain activity-mediated proteolysis of IκBα resulted in increased NF-κB p65-induced expression of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta in the Gak-KO mice. Our results suggest that loss of podocyte-associated Gak induces glomerular injury secondary to calcium dysregulation and aberrant calpain activation, which when inhibited, can provide a protective role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors
- Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/therapy
- Female
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/etiology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/therapy
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kazunori Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - C. John Sperati
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E. Pedigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meihua Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marwin Groener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis G. Moledina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen Ebenezer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan A. Liebermann
- Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lois Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Greer
- Queen’s Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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16
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Proteome-wide modulation of S-nitrosylation in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes upon interaction with the host extracellular matrix. J Proteomics 2020; 231:104020. [PMID: 33096306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes adhere to extracellular matrix (ECM) to invade mammalian host cells regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Herein, resin-assisted enrichment of thiols combined with mass spectrometry were employed to map site-specific S-nitrosylated (SNO) proteins from T. cruzi trypomastigotes incubated (MTy) or not (Ty) with ECM. We confirmed the reduction of S-nitrosylation upon incubation with ECM, associated with a rewiring of the subcellular distribution and intracellular signaling pathways. Forty, 248 and 85 SNO-peptides were identified only in MTy, Ty or in both conditions, respectively. SNO proteins were enriched in ribosome, transport, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. Nitrosylation of histones H2B and H3 on Cys64 and Cys126, respectively, is described. Protein-protein interaction networks revealed ribosomal proteins, proteins involved in carbon and fatty acid metabolism to be among the enriched protein complexes. Kinases, phosphatases and enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids were identified as nitrosylated and phosphorylated, suggesting a post-translational modifications crosstalk. In silico mapping of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes, previously uncharacterized, matched to four putative T. cruzi proteins expressing C-terminal NOS domain. Our results provide the first site-specific characterization of S-nitrosylated proteins in T. cruzi and their modulation upon ECM incubation before infection of the mammalian hosts. SIGNIFICANCE: Protein S-nitrosylation represents a major molecular mechanism for signal transduction by nitric oxide. We present for the first time a proteomic profile of S-nitrosylated proteins from infective forms of T. cruzi, showing a decrease in SNO proteins after incubation of the parasite with the extracellular matrix, a necessary step for the parasite invasion of the host mammalian cells. We also show for the first time nitrosylation of H2B (Cys64) and H3 (Cys126) histones, sites not conserved in higher eukaryotic cells, and suggest that some specific histone isoforms are sensitive to NO signaling. S-nitrosylation in H2B and H3 histones are more abundant in MTy. Moreover, proteins involved in translation, glycolytic pathway and fatty acid metabolism are enriched in the present dataset. Comparison of the SNO proteome and the phosphoproteome, obtained previously under the same experimental conditions, show that most of the proteins sharing both modifications are involved in metabolic pathways, transport and ribosome function. The data suggest that both PTMs are involved in reprogramming the metabolism of T. cruzi in response to environmental changes. Although NO synthesis was detected in T. cruzi, the identification of NOS remains elusive. Analysis in silico showed two genes similar in domains to NADPH-dependent cytochrome-P450 reductase and two putative oxidoreductases, but no oxygenase domain of NOS was mapped in the T. cruzi genome. It is tempting to speculate that NO synthase-like from T. cruzi and its early NO-mediated pathways triggered in response to host interaction constitute potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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17
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Kim DH, Beckett JD, Nagpal V, Seman-Senderos MA, Gould RA, Creamer TJ, MacFarlane EG, Chen Y, Bedja D, Butcher JT, Mitzner W, Rouf R, Hata S, Warren DS, Dietz HC. Calpain 9 as a therapeutic target in TGFβ-induced mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/501/eaau2814. [PMID: 31316008 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathologic outcome of chronic disease resulting in the replacement of normal tissue parenchyma with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. Although the progenitor cell types and cellular programs giving rise to myofibroblasts through mesenchymal transition can vary between tissues and diseases, their contribution to fibrosis initiation, maintenance, and progression is thought to be pervasive. Here, we showed that the ability of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) to efficiently induce myofibroblast differentiation of cultured epithelial cells, endothelial cells, or quiescent fibroblasts is dependent on the induced expression and activity of dimeric calpains, a family of non-lysosomal cysteine proteases that regulate a variety of cellular events through posttranslational modification of diverse substrates. siRNA-based gene silencing demonstrated that TGFβ-induced mesenchymal transition of a murine breast epithelial cell line was dependent on induction of expression of calpain 9 (CAPN9), an isoform previously thought to be restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Mice lacking functional CAPN9 owing to biallelic targeting of Capn9 were viable and fertile but showed overt protection from bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis, and angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. A predicted loss-of-function allele of CAPN9 is common in Southeast Asia, with the frequency of homozygosity matching the prediction of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Together with the highly spatially restricted pattern of CAPN9 expression under physiologic circumstances and the heartiness of the murine knockout, these data provide a strong signature for tolerance of therapeutic strategies for fibrosis aimed at CAPN9 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James D Beckett
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Varun Nagpal
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Manuel A Seman-Senderos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Russell A Gould
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tyler J Creamer
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yichun Chen
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rosanne Rouf
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shoji Hata
- Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Daniel S Warren
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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18
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Uryash A, Flores V, Adams JA, Allen PD, Lopez JR. Memory and Learning Deficits Are Associated With Ca 2+ Dyshomeostasis in Normal Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:224. [PMID: 32765253 PMCID: PMC7378956 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is critical to the normal physiological functions of neurons and neuronal Ca2+ dyshomeostasis has been associated with the age-related decline of cognitive functions. Accumulated evidence indicates that the underlying mechanism for this is that abnormal intracellular Ca2+ levels stimulate the dysregulation of intracellular signaling, which subsequently induces neuronal cell death. We examined intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cortical (in vivo) and hippocampal (in vitro) neurons from young (3-months), middle-age (12-months), and aged (24-months) wild type C57BL6J mice. We found a progressive age-related elevation of intracellular resting calcium ([Ca2+]r) in cortical (in vivo) and hippocampal (in vitro) neurons associated with increased hippocampal neuronal calpain activity and reduced cell viability. In vitro, removal of extracellular Ca2+ or treatment with SAR7334 or dantrolene reduced [Ca2+]r in all age groups and dantrolene treatment lowered calpain activity and increased cell viability. In vivo, both middle-aged and aged mice showed cognitive deficits compared to young mice, which improved after dantrolene treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+ dyshomeostasis is a major mechanism underlying the cognitive deficits seen in both normal aging and degenerative neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Valentina Flores
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jose A. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul D. Allen
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
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19
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Perroud PF, Meyberg R, Demko V, Quatrano RS, Olsen OA, Rensing SA. DEK1 displays a strong subcellular polarity during Physcomitrella patens 3D growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1029-1041. [PMID: 31913503 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Defective Kernel 1 (DEK1) is genetically at the nexus of the 3D morphogenesis of land plants. We aimed to localize DEK1 in the moss Physcomitrella patens to decipher its function during this process. To detect DEK1 in vivo, we inserted the tdTomato fluorophore into PpDEK1 gene locus. Confocal microscopy coupled with the use of time-gating allowed the precise DEK1 subcellular localization during 3D morphogenesis. DEK1 localization displays a strong polarized signal, as it is restricted to the plasma membrane domain between recently divided cells during the early steps of 3D growth development as well as during the subsequent vegetative growth. The signal furthermore displays a clear developmental pattern because it is only detectable in recently divided and elongating cells. Additionally, DEK1 localization appears to be independent of its calpain domain proteolytic activity. The DEK1 polar subcellular distribution in 3D tissue developing cells defines a functional cellular framework to explain its role in this developmental phase. Also, the observation of DEK1 during spermatogenesis suggests another biological function for this protein in plants. Finally the DEK1-tagged strain generated here provides a biological platform upon which further investigations into 3D developmental processes can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Viktor Demko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Ralph S Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Dr., Campus, Box 1137, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Odd-Arne Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Aas, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79104, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg, 35043, Germany
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20
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A muscle-specific calpain, CAPN3, forms a homotrimer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140411. [PMID: 32200007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calpain-3 (CAPN3), a 94-kDa member of the calpain protease family, is abundant in skeletal muscle. Mutations in the CAPN3 gene cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, indicating that CAPN3 plays important roles in muscle physiology. CAPN3 has several unique features. A crystallographic study revealed that its C-terminal penta-EF-hand domains form a homodimer, suggesting that CAPN3 functions as a homodimeric protease. To analyze complex formation of CAPN3 in a more convenient manner, we performed blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found that the observed molecular weight of native CAPN3, as well as recombinant CAPN3, was larger than 240 kDa. Further analysis by cross-linking and sequential immunoprecipitation revealed that CAPN3 in fact forms a homotrimer. Trimer formation was abolished by the deletion of the PEF domain, but not the CAPN3-specific insertion sequences NS, IS1, and IS2. The PEF domain alone formed a homodimer, as reported, but addition of the adjacent CBSW domain to its N-terminus reinforced the trimer-forming property. Collectively, these results suggest that CAPN3 forms a homotrimer in which the PEF domain's dimer-forming ability is influenced by other domains.
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21
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Dókus LE, Yousef M, Bánóczi Z. Modulators of calpain activity: inhibitors and activators as potential drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:471-486. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1722638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Endre Dókus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Cresser-Brown J, Rizkallah P, Jin Y, Roth C, Miller DJ, Allemann RK. An unexpected co-crystal structure of the calpain PEF(S) domain with Hfq reveals a potential chaperone function of Hfq. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:81-85. [PMID: 32039889 PMCID: PMC7010360 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain is a Ca2+-activated, heterodimeric cysteine protease consisting of a large catalytic subunit and a small regulatory subunit. Dysregulation of this enzyme is involved in a range of pathological conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and thus calpain I is a drug target with potential therapeutic applications. Difficulty in the production of this enzyme has hindered structural and functional investigations in the past, although heterodimeric calpain I can be generated by Escherichia coli expression in low yield. Here, an unexpected structure discovered during crystallization trials of heterodimeric calpain I (CAPN1C115S + CAPNS1ΔGR) is reported. A novel co-crystal structure of the PEF(S) domain from the dissociated regulatory small subunit of calpain I and the RNA-binding chaperone Hfq, which was likely to be overproduced as a stress response to the recombinant expression conditions, was obtained, providing unexpected insight in the chaperone function of Hfq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cresser-Brown
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Christian Roth
- Carbohydrates: Structure and Function, Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David J. Miller
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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23
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Maki M. Structures and functions of penta-EF-hand calcium-binding proteins and their interacting partners: enigmatic relationships between ALG-2 and calpain-7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:651-660. [PMID: 31814542 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1700099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The penta-EF-hand (PEF) protein family includes ALG-2 (gene name, PDCD6) and its paralogs as well as classical calpain family members. ALG-2 is a prototypic PEF protein that is widely distributed in eukaryotes and interacts with a variety of proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Mammalian ALG-2 and its interacting partners have various modulatory roles including roles in cell death, signal transduction, membrane repair, ER-to-Golgi vesicular transport, and RNA processing. Some ALG-2-interacting proteins are key factors that function in the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system. On the other hand, mammalian calpain-7 (CAPN7) lacks the PEF domain but contains two microtubule-interacting and trafficking (MIT) domains in tandem. CAPN7 interacts with a subset of ESCRT-III proteins through the MIT domains and regulates EGF receptor downregulation. Structures and functions of ALG-2 and those of its interacting partners as well as relationships with the calpain family are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Maki
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Chaimon S, Limpanont Y, Reamtong O, Ampawong S, Phuphisut O, Chusongsang P, Ruangsittichai J, Boonyuen U, Watthanakulpanich D, O'Donoghue AJ, Caffrey CR, Adisakwattana P. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the Schistosoma mekongi Ca 2+-dependent cysteine protease (calpain). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:383. [PMID: 31362766 PMCID: PMC6668146 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma mekongi, which causes schistosomiasis in humans, is an important public health issue in Southeast Asia. Treatment with praziquantel is the primary method of control but emergence of praziquantel resistance requires the development of alternative drugs and vaccines. Calcium-dependent cysteine protease (calpain) is a novel vaccine candidate that has been studied in S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and protozoans including malaria, leishmania and trypanosomes. However, limited information is available on the properties and functions of calpain in other Schistosoma spp., including S. mekongi. In this study, we functionally characterized calpain 1 of S. mekongi (SmeCalp1). Results Calpain 1 of S. mekongi was obtained from transcriptomic analysis of S. mekongi; it had the highest expression level of all isoforms tested and was predominantly expressed in the adult male. SmeCalp1 cDNA is 2274 bp long and encodes 758 amino acids, with 85% to 90% homology with calpains in other Schistosoma species. Recombinant SmeCalp1 (rSmeCalp1), with a molecular weight of approximately 86.7 kDa, was expressed in bacteria and stimulated a marked antibody response in mice. Native SmeCalp1 was detected in crude worm extract and excretory-secretory product, and it was mainly localized in the tegument of the adult male; less signal was detected in the adult female worm. Thus, SmeCalp1 may play a role in surface membrane synthesis or host–parasite interaction. We assessed the protease activity of rSmeCalp1 and demonstrated that rSmeCalp1 could cleave the calpain substrate N-succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, that was inhibited by calpain inhibitors (MDL28170 and E64c). Additionally, rSmeCalp1 could degrade the biological substrates fibronectin (blood clotting protein) and human complement C3, indicating important roles in the intravascular system and in host immune evasion. Conclusions SmeCalp1 is expressed on the tegumental surface of the parasite and can cleave host defense molecules; thus, it might participate in growth, development and survival during the entire life-cycle of S. mekongi. Information on the properties and functions of SmeCalp1 reported herein will be advantageous in the development of effective drugs and vaccines against S. mekongi and other schistosomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3639-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salisa Chaimon
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Orawan Phuphisut
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phiraphol Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Villalobo A, González-Muñoz M, Berchtold MW. Proteins with calmodulin-like domains: structures and functional roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2299-2328. [PMID: 30877334 PMCID: PMC11105222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of modular proteins is a widespread phenomenon during the evolution of proteins. The combinatorial arrangement of different functional and/or structural domains within a single polypeptide chain yields a wide variety of activities and regulatory properties to the modular proteins. In this review, we will discuss proteins, that in addition to their catalytic, transport, structure, localization or adaptor functions, also have segments resembling the helix-loop-helix EF-hand motifs found in Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM). These segments are denoted CaM-like domains (CaM-LDs) and play a regulatory role, making these CaM-like proteins sensitive to Ca2+ transients within the cell, and hence are able to transduce the Ca2+ signal leading to specific cellular responses. Importantly, this arrangement allows to this group of proteins direct regulation independent of other Ca2+-sensitive sensor/transducer proteins, such as CaM. In addition, this review also covers CaM-binding proteins, in which their CaM-binding site (CBS), in the absence of CaM, is proposed to interact with other segments of the same protein denoted CaM-like binding site (CLBS). CLBS are important regulatory motifs, acting either by keeping these CaM-binding proteins inactive in the absence of CaM, enhancing the stability of protein complexes and/or facilitating their dimerization via CBS/CLBS interaction. The existence of proteins containing CaM-LDs or CLBSs substantially adds to the enormous versatility and complexity of Ca2+/CaM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Edificio IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María González-Muñoz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Guo S, Campbell R, Davies PL, Allingham JS. Phasing with calcium at home. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 75:377-384. [PMID: 31045567 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19004151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With better tools for data processing and with synchrotron beamlines that are capable of collecting data at longer wavelengths, sulfur-based native single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing has become the `first-choice' method for de novo protein structure determination. However, for many proteins native SAD phasing can be simplified by taking advantage of their interactions with natural metal cofactors that are stronger anomalous scatterers than sulfur. This is demonstrated here for four unique domains of a 1.5 MDa calcium-dependent adhesion protein using the anomalous diffraction of the chelated calcium ions. In all cases, low anomalous multiplicity X-ray data were collected on a home-source diffractometer equipped with a chromium rotating anode (λ = 2.2909 Å). In all but one case, calcium SAD phasing alone was sufficient to allow automated model building and refinement of the protein model after the calcium substructure had been determined. Given that Ca atoms will be present in a significant percentage of proteins that remain uncharacterized, many aspects of the data-collection and processing methods described here could be broadly applied for routine de novo structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Guo
- Protein Function Discovery Group and The Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert Campbell
- Protein Function Discovery Group and The Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Protein Function Discovery Group and The Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Protein Function Discovery Group and The Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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27
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28
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Translating genetic, biochemical and structural information to the calpain view of development. Mech Dev 2018; 154:240-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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McCartney CSE, Ye Q, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Insertion sequence 1 from calpain-3 is functional in calpain-2 as an internal propeptide. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17716-17730. [PMID: 30254072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular, calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Calpain-3 is abundant in skeletal muscle, where its mutation-induced loss of function causes limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Unlike the small subunit-containing calpain-1 and -2, the calpain-3 isoform homodimerizes through pairing of its C-terminal penta-EF-hand domain. It also has two unique insertion sequences (ISs) not found in the other calpains: IS1 within calpain-3's protease core and IS2 just prior to the penta-EF-hand domain. Production of either native or recombinant full-length calpain-3 to characterize the function of these ISs is challenging. Therefore, here we used recombinant rat calpain-2 as a stable surrogate and inserted IS1 into its equivalent position in the protease core. As it does in calpain-3, IS1 occupied the catalytic cleft and restricted the enzyme's access to substrate and inhibitors. Following activation by Ca2+, IS1 was rapidly cleaved by intramolecular autolysis, permitting the enzyme to freely accept substrate and inhibitors. The surrogate remained functional until extensive intermolecular autoproteolysis inactivated the enzyme, as is typical of calpain-2. Although the small-molecule inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin limited intermolecular autolysis of the surrogate, they did not block the initial intramolecular cleavage of IS1, establishing its role as a propeptide. Surprisingly, the large-molecule calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, completely blocked enzyme activity, even with IS1 intact. We suggest that calpastatin is large enough to oust IS1 from the catalytic cleft and take its place. We propose an explanation for why calpastatin can inhibit calpain-2 bearing the IS1 insertion but cannot inhibit WT calpain-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Scott E McCartney
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Qilu Ye
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Domínguez-Fernández T, Rodríguez MA, Sánchez Monroy V, Gómez García C, Medel O, Pérez Ishiwara DG. A Calpain-Like Protein Is Involved in the Execution Phase of Programmed Cell Death of Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:339. [PMID: 30319995 PMCID: PMC6167430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen or nitrogen oxidative species and chemical stress induce the programmed cell death (PCD) of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. PCD caused by the aminoglycoside G418 is reduced by incubation with the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64; however, no typical caspases or metacaspases have been detected in this parasite. Calpain, a cysteine protease activated by calcium, has been suggested to be part of a specific PCD pathway in this parasite because the specific calpain inhibitor Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al diminishes the PCD of trophozoites. Here, we predicted the hypothetical 3D structure of a calpain-like protein of E. histolytica and produced specific antibodies against it. We detected the protein in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus. Its expression gradually increased during incubation with G418, with the highest level after 9 h of treatment. In addition, a specific calpain-like siRNA sequence reduced the cell death rate by 65%. All these results support the hypothesis that the calpain-like protein is one of the proteases involved in the execution phase of PCD in E. histolytica. The hypothetical interactome of the calpain-like protein suggests that it may activate or regulate other proteins that probably participate in PCD, including those with EF-hand domains or other calcium-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Virginia Sánchez Monroy
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Gómez García
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Olivia Medel
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Guillermo Pérez Ishiwara
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Bhat Z, Morton JD, Mason SL, Bekhit AEDA. Role of calpain system in meat tenderness: A review. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Getz AM, Wijdenes P, Riaz S, Syed NI. Uncovering the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synapse Formation and Functional Specificity Using Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29528213 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
All functions of the nervous system are contingent upon the precise organization of neuronal connections that are initially patterned during development, and then continually modified throughout life. Determining the mechanisms that specify the formation and functional modulation of synaptic circuitry are critical to advancing both our fundamental understanding of the nervous system as well as the various neurodevelopmental, neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders that are met in clinical practice when these processes go awry. Defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development, function, and pathology has proven challenging, due mainly to the complexity of the vertebrate brain. Simple model system approaches with invertebrate preparations, on the other hand, have played pivotal roles in elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying the formation and plasticity of individual synapses, and the contributions of individual neurons and their synaptic connections that underlie a variety of behaviors, and learning and memory. In this Review, we discuss the experimental utility of the invertebrate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, with a particular emphasis on in vitro cell culture, semi-intact and in vivo preparations, which enable molecular and electrophysiological identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the formation, plasticity, and specificity of individual synapses at a single-neuron or single-synapse resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Getz
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Wijdenes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Saba Riaz
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Naweed I. Syed
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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An T, Li Z. An orphan kinesin controls trypanosome morphology transitions by targeting FLAM3 to the flagellum. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007101. [PMID: 29813136 PMCID: PMC5993322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei undergoes life cycle form transitions from trypomastigotes to epimastigotes in the insect vector by re-positioning the mitochondrial genome and re-locating the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structures. The mechanism underlying these dramatic morphology transitions remains poorly understood. Here we report the regulatory role of the orphan kinesin KIN-E in controlling trypanosome morphology transitions. KIN-E localizes to the flagellum and is enriched at the flagellar tip, and this localization depends on the C-terminal m-calpain domain III-like domains. Depletion of KIN-E in the trypomastigote form of T. brucei causes major morphology changes and a gradual increase in the level of EP procyclin, generating epimastigote-like cells. Mechanistically, through its C-terminal importin α-like domain, KIN-E targets FLAM3, a flagellar protein involved in morphology transitions, to the flagellum to promote elongation of the flagellum attachment zone and positioning of the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structure, thereby maintaining trypomastigote cell morphology. Our findings suggest that morphology transitions in trypanosomes require KIN-E-mediated transport of FLAM3 to the flagellum. Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle in sub-Saharan Africa, has a complex life cycle by alternating between the tsetse fly vector and the mammalian hosts. In the gut of tsetse flies, trypanosomes undergo life cycle transitions from the trypomastigote form to the epimastigote form by re-positioning the mitochondrial genome and re-locating the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structures. Previous work demonstrated that elongation of the flagellum attachment zone plays an important role in controlling morphology transitions, but how it is regulated remains poorly understood. This work discovered that an orphan kinesin plays an essential role in regulating trypanosome morphology transitions. This novel kinesin localizes to the flagellum and targets FLAM3, one of the two flagellar proteins involved in morphology transitions, to the flagellum. This work suggests that trypanosome morphology transitions require kinesin-mediated transport of FLAM3 to the flagellum to promote the elongation of the flagellum attachment zone, thereby maintaining flagellum-cell body attachment and positioning the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structures to assume trypomastigote cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai An
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ye Q, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Structures of human calpain-3 protease core with and without bound inhibitor reveal mechanisms of calpain activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4056-4070. [PMID: 29382717 PMCID: PMC5857979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2a arises from mutations in the Ca2+-activated intracellular cysteine protease calpain-3. This calpain isoform is abundant in skeletal muscle and differs from the main isoforms, calpain-1 and -2, in being a homodimer and having two short insertion sequences. The first of these, IS1, interrupts the protease core and must be cleaved for activation and substrate binding. Here, to learn how calpain-3 can be regulated and inhibited, we determined the structures of the calpain-3 protease core with IS1 present or proteolytically excised. To prevent intramolecular IS1 autoproteolysis, we converted the active-site Cys to Ala. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of the C129A mutant suggested that IS1 is disordered and mobile enough to occupy several locations. Surprisingly, this was also true for the apo version of this mutant. We therefore concluded that IS1 might have a binding partner in the sarcomere and is unstructured in its absence. After autoproteolytic IS1 removal from the active Cys129 calpain-3 protease core, we could solve its crystal structures with and without the cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin covalently bound to the active-site cysteine. In each structure, the active state of the protease core was assembled by the cooperative binding of two Ca2+ ions to the equivalent sites used in calpain-1 and -2. These structures of the calpain-3 active site with residual IS1 and with bound E-64 and leupeptin may help guide the design of calpain-3-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Ye
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bano D, Ankarcrona M. Beyond the critical point: An overview of excitotoxicity, calcium overload and the downstream consequences. Neurosci Lett 2018; 663:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpains represent a family of neutral, calcium-dependent proteases, which modify the function of their target proteins by partial truncation. These proteases have been implicated in numerous cell functions, including cell division, proliferation, migration, and death. In the CNS, where calpain-1 and calpain-2 are the main calpain isoforms, their activation has been linked to synaptic plasticity as well as to neurodegeneration. This review will focus on the role of calpain-2 in acute neuronal injury and discuss the possibility of developing selective calpain-2 inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. Areas covered: This review covers the literature showing how calpain-2 is implicated in neuronal death in a number of pathological conditions. The possibility of developing new selective calpain-2 inhibitors for treating these conditions is discussed. Expert opinion: As evidence accumulates that calpain-2 activation participates in acute neuronal injury, there is interest in developing therapeutic approaches using selective calpain-2 inhibitors. Recent data indicate the potential use of such inhibitors in various pathologies associated with acute neuronal death. The possibility of extending the use of such inhibitors to more chronic forms of neurodegeneration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Wang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- Department of Basic Science, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Michel Baudry
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
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Cordara G, Manna D, Krengel U. Family of Papain-Like Fungal Chimerolectins with Distinct Ca2+-Dependent Activation Mechanism. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4689-4700. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cordara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Targeting calpains: A novel immunomodulatory approach for microbial infections. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:28-44. [PMID: 28789934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of Ca2+ dependent cytosolic non-lysosomal proteases with well conserved cysteine-rich domains for enzymatic activity. Due to their functional dependency on Ca2+ concentrations, they are involved in various cellular processes that are regulated by intracellular ca2+ concentration (i.e. embryo development, cell development and migration, maintenance of cellular architecture and structure etc.). Calpains are widely studied proteases in mammalian (i.e. mouse and human) physiology and pathophysiology due to their ubiquitous presence. For example, these proteases have been found to be involved in various inflammatory disorders such as neurodegeneration, cancer, brain and myocardial ischemia and infarction, cataract and muscular dystrophies etc. Besides their role in these sterile inflammatory conditions, calpains have also been shown to regulate a wide range of infectious diseases (i.e. sepsis, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea and bacillary dysentery etc.). One of these regulatory mechanisms mediated by calpains (i.e. calpain 1 and 2) during microbial infections involves the regulation of innate immune response, inflammation and cell death. Thus, the major emphasis of this review is to highlight the importance of calpains in the pathogenesis of various microbial (i.e. bacterial, fungal and viral) diseases and the use of calpain modulators as potential immunomodulators in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Laboratory of innate immunity, CHU Ste-Justine Research Center/Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, 3175 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5.
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Wang H, Zhai N, Chen Y, Xu H, Huang K. Cadmium induces Ca 2+ mediated, calpain-1/caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in primary cultured rat proximal tubular cells. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhang Y, Liu NM, Wang Y, Youn JY, Cai H. Endothelial cell calpain as a critical modulator of angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1326-1335. [PMID: 28366876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent non-lysosomal cysteine proteases. In particular, calpains residing in the endothelial cells play important roles in angiogenesis. It has been shown that calpain activity can be increased in endothelial cells by growth factors, primarily vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF/VEGFR2 induces calpain 2 dependent activation of PI3K/AMPK/Akt/eNOS pathway, and consequent nitric oxide production and physiological angiogenesis. Under pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis, endothelial calpains can be activated by hypoxia. This review focuses on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of calpain activation, and the newly identified mechanistic roles and downstream signaling events of calpains in physiological angiogenesis, and in the conditions of pathological tumor angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing, as well as retinopathy and atherosclerosis that are also associated with an increase in calpain activity. Further discussed include the differential strategies of modulating angiogenesis through manipulating calpain expression/activity in different pathological settings. Targeted limitation of angiogenesis in cancer and targeted promotion of angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via modulations of calpains and calpain-dependent signaling mechanisms are of significant translational potential. Emerging strategies of tissue-specific targeting, environment-dependent targeting, and genome-targeted editing may turn out to be effective regimens for targeted manipulation of angiogenesis through calpain pathways, for differential treatments including both attenuation of tumor angiogenesis and potentiation of diabetic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Norika Mengchia Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongchen Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
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Litosh VA, Rochman M, Rymer JK, Porollo A, Kottyan LC, Rothenberg ME. Calpain-14 and its association with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1762-1771.e7. [PMID: 28131390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of intracellular, calcium-dependent cysteine proteases involved in a variety of regulatory processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cycle progression, signal transduction, gene expression, and apoptosis. These enzymes have been implicated in a number of disease processes, notably for this review involving eosinophilic tissue inflammation, such as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic inflammatory disorder triggered by allergic hypersensitivity to food and associated with genetic variants in calpain 14 (CAPN14). Herein we review the genetic, structural, and biochemical properties of CAPN14 and its gene product CAPN14, and its emerging role in patients with EoE. The CAPN14 gene is localized at chromosome 2p23.1-p21 and is most homologous to CAPN13 (36% sequence identity), which is located 365 kb downstream of CAPN14. Structurally, CAPN14 has classical calpain motifs, including a cysteine protease core. In comparison with other human calpains, CAPN14 has a unique expression pattern, with the highest levels in the upper gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus. The CAPN14 gene is positioned in an epigenetic hotspot regulated by IL-13, a TH2 cytokine with increased levels in patients with EoE that has been shown to be a mediator of the disease. CAPN14 induces disruptive effects on the esophageal epithelium by impairing epithelial barrier function in association with loss of desmoglein-1 expression and has a regulatory role in repairing epithelial changes induced by IL-13. Thus CAPN14 is a unique protease with distinct tissue-specific expression and function in patients with EoE and is a potential therapeutic target for EoE and related eosinophilic and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Litosh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey K Rymer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Hata S, Kitamura F, Yamaguchi M, Shitara H, Murakami M, Sorimachi H. A Gastrointestinal Calpain Complex, G-calpain, Is a Heterodimer of CAPN8 and CAPN9 Calpain Isoforms, Which Play Catalytic and Regulatory Roles, Respectively. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27313-27322. [PMID: 27881674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains (CAPN) are a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that regulate various cellular functions by cleaving diverse substrates. Of the 15 mammalian calpains, CAPN8 and CAPN9 are two that are expressed predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract, where they interact to form a protease complex, termed G-calpain. However, because native G-calpain exhibits a highly restricted expression pattern, it has never been purified, and the interactions between CAPN8 and CAPN9 have not been characterized. Here, we clarified the molecular nature of G-calpain by using recombinant proteins and transgenic mice expressing FLAG-tagged CAPN8 (CAPN8-FLAG). Recombinant mouse CAPN8 and CAPN9 co-expressed in eukaryotic expression systems exhibited the same mobility as native mouse G-calpain in Blue Native-PAGE gels, and CAPN8-FLAG immunoprecipitation from stomach homogenates of the transgenic mice showed that CAPN9 was the only protein that associated with CAPN8-FLAG. These results indicated that G-calpain is a heterodimer of CAPN8 and CAPN9. In addition, active recombinant G-calpain was expressed and purified using an in vitro translation system, and the purified protease exhibited enzymatic properties that were comparable with that of calpain-2. We found that an active-site mutant of CAPN8, but not CAPN9, compromised G-calpain's substrate cleavage activity, and that the N-terminal helix region of CAPN8 and the C-terminal EF-hands of CAPN8 and CAPN9 were involved in CAPN8/9 dimerization. Furthermore, CAPN8 protein in Capn9-/- mice was almost completely lost, whereas CAPN9 was only partially lost in Capn8-/- mice. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CAPN8 and CAPN9 function as catalytic and chaperone-like subunits, respectively, in G-calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Midori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, and
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Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Chen YC, Cheng YH, Ingram P, Yoon E. Single Cell Proteolytic Assays to Investigate Cancer Clonal Heterogeneity and Cell Dynamics Using an Efficient Cell Loading Scheme. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27154. [PMID: 27283981 PMCID: PMC4901291 DOI: 10.1038/srep27154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical in cancer invasion, and recent work suggests that heterogeneous cancer populations cooperate in this process. Despite the importance of cell heterogeneity, conventional proteolytic assays measure average activity, requiring thousands of cells and providing limited information about heterogeneity and dynamics. Here, we developed a microfluidic platform that provides high-efficiency cell loading and simple valveless isolation, so the proteolytic activity of a small sample (10-100 cells) can be easily characterized. Combined with a single cell derived (clonal) sphere formation platform, we have successfully demonstrated the importance of microenvironmental cues for proteolytic activity and also investigated the difference between clones. Furthermore, the platform allows monitoring single cells at multiple time points, unveiling different cancer cell line dynamics in proteolytic activity. The presented tool facilitates single cell proteolytic analysis using small samples, and our findings illuminate the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Heng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA
| | - Patrick Ingram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel, Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel, Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
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Accumulation of human full-length tau induces degradation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 via activating calpain-2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27283. [PMID: 27277673 PMCID: PMC4899694 DOI: 10.1038/srep27283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic impairments and tau accumulation are hallmark pathologies in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, the intrinsic link between tau accumulation and cholinergic deficits is missing. Here, we found that overexpression of human wild-type full-length tau (termed hTau) induced a significant reduction of α4 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with an increased cleavage of the receptor producing a ~55kDa fragment in primary hippocampal neurons and in the rat brains, meanwhile, the α4 nAChR currents decreased. Further studies demonstrated that calpains, including calpain-1 and calpain-2, were remarkably activated with no change of caspase-3, while simultaneous suppression of calpain-2 by selective calpain-2 inhibitor but not calpain-1 attenuated the hTau-induced degradation of α4 nAChR. Finally, we demonstrated that hTau accumulation increased the basal intracellular calcium level in primary hippocampal neurons. We conclude that the hTau accumulation inhibits nAChRs α4 by activating calpain-2. To our best knowledge, this is the first evidence showing that the intracellular accumulation of tau causes cholinergic impairments.
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An eccentric calpain, CAPN3/p94/calpain-3. Biochimie 2016; 122:169-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rawlings ND. Bacterial calpains and the evolution of the calpain (C2) family of peptidases. Biol Direct 2015; 10:66. [PMID: 26527411 PMCID: PMC4631099 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologues of calpain, often thought to be an essential, cytoplasmic, calcium-dependent cysteine endopeptidase found exclusively in eukaryotes, have been found in bacterial proteomes. The homologues lack calcium-binding sites, have differing domain architectures, and can be secreted or membrane-associated. Homologues are rare and occur in a minority of bacterial phyla and often in a minority of species in a genus. However, the differences in domain architecture argue against a recent, horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryote. From analysis of a phylogenetic tree and absence of homologues in archaea, calpains in eukaryotes may be derived from genes horizontally transferred from a bacterium. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by L. Aravind and Frank Eisenhaber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair response is mounted that restores boundary integrity. Calcium has been identified as the key trigger to activate an effective membrane repair response that utilizes exocytosis and endocytosis to repair a membrane tear, or remove a membrane pore. We here review what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of membrane repair, with particular emphasis on the relevance of repair as it relates to disease pathologies. Collective evidence reveals membrane repair employs primitive yet robust molecular machinery, such as vesicle fusion and contractile rings, processes evolutionarily honed for simplicity and success. Yet to be fully understood is whether core membrane repair machinery exists in all cells, or whether evolutionary adaptation has resulted in multiple compensatory repair pathways that specialize in different tissues and cells within our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra T Cooper
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paul L McNeil
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Storr SJ, Thompson N, Pu X, Zhang Y, Martin SG. Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response. Pathobiology 2015; 82:133-41. [PMID: 26330354 DOI: 10.1159/000430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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Moretti D, Del Bello B, Allavena G, Maellaro E. Calpains and cancer: Friends or enemies? Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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