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Catalán-Tatjer D, Tzimou K, Nielsen LK, Lavado-García J. Unravelling the essential elements for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) production in animal cell-based platforms. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108370. [PMID: 38692443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) stand at the forefront of gene therapy applications, holding immense significance for their safe and efficient gene delivery capabilities. The constantly increasing and unmet demand for rAAVs underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding of AAV biology and its impact on rAAV production. In this literature review, we delved into AAV biology and rAAV manufacturing bioprocesses, unravelling the functions and essentiality of proteins involved in rAAV production. We discuss the interconnections between these proteins and how they affect the choice of rAAV production platform. By addressing existing inconsistencies, literature gaps and limitations, this review aims to define a minimal set of genes that are essential for rAAV production, providing the potential to advance rAAV biomanufacturing, with a focus on minimizing the genetic load within rAAV-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Catalán-Tatjer
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Konstantina Tzimou
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
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2
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Aksu Kuz C, Ning K, Hao S, Cheng F, Qiu J. Role of the membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP) in adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0063324. [PMID: 38775479 PMCID: PMC11237668 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00633-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) package a single-stranded (ss) DNA genome of 4.7 kb in their capsid of ~20 nm in diameter. AAV replication requires co-infection of a helper virus, such as adenovirus. During the optimization of recombinant AAV production, a small viral nonstructural protein, membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP), was identified. However, the function of the MAAP in the context of AAV infection remains unknown. Here, we investigated the expression strategy and function of the MAAP during infection of both AAV2 and AAV5 in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells. We found that AAV2 MAAP2 and AAV5 MAAP5 are expressed from the capsid gene (cap)-transcribing mRNA spliced from the donor to the second splice site that encodes VP2 and VP3. Thus, this AAV cap gene transcribes a multicistronic mRNA that can be translated to four viral proteins, MAAP, VP2, AAP, and VP3 in order. In AAV2 infection, MAAP2 predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, alongside the capsid, near the nuclear and plasma membranes, but a fraction of MAAP2 exhibited nuclear localization. In AAV5 infection, MAAP5 revealed a distinct pattern, predominantly localizing within the nucleus. In the cells infected with an MAAP knockout mutant of AAV2 or AAV5, both viral DNA replication and virus replication increased, whereas virus egress decreased, and the decrease in virus egress can be restored by providing MAAP in trans. In summary, MAAP, a novel AAV nonstructural protein translated from a multicistronic viral cap mRNA, not only facilitates cellular egress of AAV but also likely negatively affects viral DNA replication during infection. IMPORTANCE Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been used as a gene delivery vector in clinical gene therapy. In current gene therapies employing rAAV, a high dose of the vector is required. Consequently, there is a high demand for efficient and high-purity vector production systems. In this study, we demonstrated that membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP), a small viral nonstructural protein, is translated from the same viral mRNA transcript encoding VP2 and VP3. In AAV-infected cells, apart from its prevalent expression in the cytoplasm with localization near the plasma and nuclear membranes, the MAAP also exhibits notable localization within the nucleus. During AAV infection, MAAP expression increases the cellular egress of progeny virions and decreases viral DNA replication and progeny virion production. Thus, the choice of MAAP expression has pros and cons during AAV infection, which could provide a guide to rAAV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Aksu Kuz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kang Ning
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Siyuan Hao
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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3
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Johari YB, Pohle TH, Whitehead J, Scarrott JM, Liu P, Mayer A, James DC. Molecular design of controllable recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) expression systems for enhanced vector production. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300685. [PMID: 38900035 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the leading vector for the delivery of gene therapies. However, low viral genome (VG) titers are common and the proportion of "full" capsids containing the therapeutic gene payload can be highly variable. The coordinated molecular design of plasmids encoding viral components and Helper functions remains a major challenge for rAAV manufacturing. Here we present the design of improved Rep/Cap and Helper plasmids for rAAV2/8 production, (i) a Rep/Cap expression vector harboring independently controllable rep and cap genes and (ii) an improved Helper plasmid harboring E4 gene deletion variants. First, an optimized Rep/Cap vector utilized a truncated p5 promoter, a p5 cis-regulatory element at the 3' end in combination with a heterologous promoter to drive Cap expression and an additional copy of the rep52/40 gene to overexpress short Rep proteins. We demonstrate that Rep78 is essential for efficient rAAV2/8 production in HEK293 cells, and a higher ratio of short Rep to long Rep proteins enhances genome packaging. Second, we identified regulators and open reading frames within the Helper plasmid that contribute to increased rAAV2/8 production. While L4-33k/22k is integral to optimal production, the use of E4orf6-6/7 subset significantly enhanced VG titer. Together, an optimal combination of engineered Rep/Cap and Helper plasmid variants increased VG titer by 3.1-fold. This study demonstrates that configuring and controlling the expression of the different AAV genetic elements contributes toward high rAAV production and product quality (full/empty capsid ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thilo H Pohle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Syngensys Ltd., Sheffield, UK
| | - Jared Whitehead
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ping Liu
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayda Mayer
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Syngensys Ltd., Sheffield, UK
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4
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Lu M, Lee Z, Hu WS. Multi-omics kinetic analysis of recombinant adeno-associated virus production by plasmid transfection of HEK293 cells. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3428. [PMID: 38289617 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is among the most commonly used vectors for gene therapy. It is commonly produced by transfection of HEK293 cells with three plasmids each containing the vector genome including gene of interest (GOI), helper functions, and rep and cap genes for genome replication and capsid formation. To meet the potential clinical needs, the productivity of the production system needs to be enhanced. A better process characterization of the production system will further advance our insights into ways to enhance productivity. Here, we employed transcriptomic analysis to quantify the dynamics of different isoforms of viral transcripts and to assess the shift of cellular physiology, and deployed targeted proteomic analysis for absolute quantification of viral proteins and tandem mass tags (TMTs) for assessing cellular responses at the protein level. Functional analysis at transcriptome and proteome levels identified defense and immune response, unfolded protein response, p53 signaling as enriched. The small molecule additive intervention study based on functional analysis showed the potential of such omics-guided productivity enhancement. Together, multi-omics analysis advanced understanding of rAAV production and provided insight into enhancing rAAV production by plasmid transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zion Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Fu Q, Park SY, Lee YS, Park SY, Lee DY, Yoon S. Decoding cellular mechanism of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) and engineering host-cell factories toward intensified viral vector manufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108322. [PMID: 38336188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is one of the prominent gene delivery vehicles that has opened promising opportunities for novel gene therapeutic approaches. However, the current major viral vector production platform, triple transfection in mammalian cells, may not meet the increasing demand. Thus, it is highly required to understand production bottlenecks from the host cell perspective and engineer the cells to be more favorable and tolerant to viral vector production, thereby effectively enhancing rAAV manufacturing. In this review, we provided a comprehensive exploration of the intricate cellular process involved in rAAV production, encompassing various stages such as plasmid entry to the cytoplasm, plasmid trafficking and nuclear delivery, rAAV structural/non-structural protein expression, viral capsid assembly, genome replication, genome packaging, and rAAV release/secretion. The knowledge in the fundamental biology of host cells supporting viral replication as manufacturing factories or exhibiting defending behaviors against viral production is summarized for each stage. The control strategies from the perspectives of host cell and materials (e.g., AAV plasmids) are proposed as our insights based on the characterization of molecular features and our existing knowledge of the AAV viral life cycle, rAAV and other viral vector production in the Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America.
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6
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Jalšić L, Lytvyn V, Elahi SM, Hrapovic S, Nassoury N, Chahal PS, Gaillet B, Gilbert R. Inducible HEK293 AAV packaging cell lines expressing Rep proteins. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:259-275. [PMID: 37560197 PMCID: PMC10407821 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Packaging or producer cell lines for scalable recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) production have been notoriously difficult to create due in part to the cytostatic nature of the Rep proteins required for AAV production. The most difficult challenge being creating AAV packaging cell lines using HEK293 parental cells, currently the best mammalian platform for rAAV production due to the constitutive expression of E1A in HEK293 cells, a key REP transcription activator. Using suspension and serum-free media adapted HEK293SF carrying a gene expression regulation system induced by addition of cumate and coumermycin, we were able to create REP-expressing AAV packaging cells. This was achieved by carefully choosing two of the AAV Rep proteins (Rep 40 and 68), using two inducible promoters with different expression levels and integrating into the cells through lentiviral vector transduction. Three of our best clones produced rAAV titers comparable to titers obtained by standard triple plasmid transfection of their parental cells. These clones were stable for up to 7 weeks under continuous cultures condition. rAAV production from one clone was also validated at scale of 1 L in a wave bioreactor using serum-free suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Jalšić
- Département de Génie Chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Viktoria Lytvyn
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Seyyed Mehdy Elahi
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Advanced Biomaterials and Chemical Synthesis Team, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Nasha Nassoury
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Parminder Singh Chahal
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Département de Génie Chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Département de Génie Chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0E9 Canada
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7
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Scarrott JM, Johari YB, Pohle TH, Liu P, Mayer A, James DC. Increased recombinant adeno-associated virus production by HEK293 cells using small molecule chemical additives. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200450. [PMID: 36495042 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has established itself as a highly efficacious gene delivery vector with a well characterised safety profile allowing broad clinical application. Recent successes in rAAV-mediated gene therapy clinical trials will continue to drive demand for improved rAAV production processes to reduce costs. Here, we demonstrate that small molecule bioactive chemical additives can significantly increase recombinant AAV vector production by human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells up to three-fold. Nocodazole (an anti-mitotic agent) and M344 (a selective histone deacetylase inhibitor) were identified as positive regulators of rAAV8 genome titre in a microplate screening assay. Addition of nocodazole to triple-transfected HEK293 suspension cells producing rAAV arrested cells in G2/M phase, increased average cell volume and reduced viable cell density relative to untreated rAAV producing cells at harvest. Final crude genome vector titre from nocodazole treated cultures was >2-fold higher compared to non-treated cultures. Further investigation showed nocodazole addition to cultures to be time critical. Genome titre improvement was found to be scalable and serotype independent across two distinct rAAV serotypes, rAAV8 and rAAV9. Furthermore, a combination of M344 and nocodazole produced a positive additive effect on rAAV8 genome titre, resulting in a three-fold increase in genome titre compared to untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thilo H Pohle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ping Liu
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayda Mayer
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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8
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Ning K, Kuz CA, Cheng F, Feng Z, Yan Z, Qiu J. Adeno-Associated Virus Monoinfection Induces a DNA Damage Response and DNA Repair That Contributes to Viral DNA Replication. mBio 2023; 14:e0352822. [PMID: 36719192 PMCID: PMC9973366 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03528-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) belongs to the Dependoparvovirus genus of the Parvoviridae family. AAV replication relies on a helper virus, such as adenovirus (Ad). Co-infection of AAV and Ad induces a DNA damage response (DDR), although its function in AAV DNA replication remains unknown. In this study, monoinfection of AAV2 in HEK293T cells expressing a minimal set of Ad helper genes was used to investigate the role of the DDR solely induced by AAV. We found that AAV2 DNA replication, but not single stranded (ss)DNA genome accumulation and Rep expression only, induced a robust DDR in HEK293T cells. The induced DDR featured the phosphorylation of replication protein A32 (RPA32), histone variant H2AX (H2A histone family member X), and all 3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). We also found that the kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) plays a major role in AAV2 DNA replication and that Y family DNA repair DNA polymerases η (Pol η) and Pol κ contribute to AAV2 DNA replication both in vitro and in HEK293T cells. Knockout of Pol η and Pol κ in HEK293T cells significantly decreased wild-type AAV2 replication and recombinant AAV2 production. Thus, our study has proven that AAV2 DNA replication induces a DDR, which in turn initiates a DNA repairing process that partially contributes to the viral genome amplification in HEK293T cells. IMPORTANCE Recombinant AAV (rAAV) has emerged as one of the preferred delivery vectors for clinical gene therapy. rAAV production in HEK293 cells by transfection of a rAAV transgene plasmid, an AAV Rep and Cap expression packaging plasmid, and an Ad helper plasmid remains the popular method. Here, we demonstrated that the high fidelity Y family DNA repair DNA polymerase, Pol η, and Pol κ, plays a significant role in AAV DNA replication and rAAV production in HEK293T cells. Understanding the AAV DNA replication mechanism in HEK293T cells could provide clues to increase rAAV vector yield produced from the transfection method. We also provide evidence that the ATR-mediated DNA repair process through Pol η and Pol κ is one of the mechanisms to amplify AAV genome, which could explain AAV replication and rAAV ssDNA genome conversion in mitotic quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ning
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Cagla Aksu Kuz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Zehua Feng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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9
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Mattola S, Aho V, Bustamante‐Jaramillo LF, Pizzioli E, Kann M, Vihinen‐Ranta M. Nuclear entry and egress of parvoviruses. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:295-308. [PMID: 35974704 PMCID: PMC9805091 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parvoviruses are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses, which depend on host cell nuclear transcriptional and replication machinery. After endosomal exposure of nuclear localization sequence and a phospholipase A2 domain on the capsid surface, and escape into the cytosol, parvovirus capsids enter the nucleus. Due to the small capsid diameter of 18-26 nm, intact capsids can potentially pass into the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). This might be facilitated by active nuclear import, but capsids may also follow an alternative entry pathway that includes activation of mitotic factors and local transient disruption of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear entry is followed by currently undefined events of viral genome uncoating. After genome release, viral replication compartments are initiated and infection proceeds. Parvoviral genomes replicate during cellular S phase followed by nuclear capsid assembly during virus-induced S/G2 cell cycle arrest. Nuclear egress of capsids occurs upon nuclear envelope degradation during apoptosis and cell lysis. An alternative pathway for nuclear export has been described using active transport through the NPC mediated by the chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, CRM1, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of VP2. However, other alternative but not yet uncharacterized nuclear export pathways cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | | | - Edoardo Pizzioli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Kann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Sahlgrenska AcademyGothenburgSweden,Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Maija Vihinen‐Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
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10
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Zubkova E, Evtushenko E, Beloglazova I, Osmak G, Koshkin P, Moschenko A, Menshikov M, Parfyonova Y. Analysis of MicroRNA Profile Alterations in Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Overexpressing Stem Cell Factor. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:754025. [PMID: 34869342 PMCID: PMC8634878 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.754025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool to treat cardiovascular diseases. One mode of action through which MSCs exert their protective effects is secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recently, we demonstrated that rat adipose-derived MSC-overexpressing stem cell factor (SCF) can induce endogenous regenerative processes and improve cardiac function. In the present work, we isolated EVs from intact, GFP- or SCF-overexpressing rat MSC and analyzed microarray datasets of their miRNA cargo. We uncovered a total of 95 differentially expressed miRNAs. We did not observe significant differences between EVs from GFP-MSC and SCF-MSC that may indicate intrinsic changes in MSC after viral transduction. About 80 miRNAs were downregulated in EVs from both SCF- or GFP-MSC. We assembled the miRNA-based network and found several nodes of target genes among which Vim Sept3 and Vsnl1 are involved in regulation of cellular migration that is consistent with our previous EVs data. Topological analyses of the network also revealed that among the downregulated miRNA-rno-miRNA-128-3p that regulates plenty of targets is presumably associated with chemokine signaling pathways. Overall, our data suggest that genetic modification of MSC has a great impact on their miRNA composition and provide novel insights into the regulatory networks underlying EV effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zubkova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI), "National Medical Research Center of Cardiology," Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina Beloglazova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI), "National Medical Research Center of Cardiology," Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - German Osmak
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI), "National Medical Research Center of Cardiology," Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Moschenko
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Menshikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI), "National Medical Research Center of Cardiology," Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI), "National Medical Research Center of Cardiology," Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Barnes CR, Lee H, Ojala DS, Lewis KK, Limsirichai P, Schaffer DV. Genome-wide activation screens to increase adeno-associated virus production. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:94-103. [PMID: 34513296 PMCID: PMC8413672 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a genome-wide screening strategy to identify target genes whose modulation increases the capacity of a cell to produce recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Specifically, a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library for a CRISPR-based genome-wide transcriptional activation screen was inserted into an AAV vector, and iterative rounds of viral infection and rescue in HEK293 producer cells enabled the enrichment of sgRNAs targeting genes whose upregulation increased AAV production. Numerous gain-of-function targets were identified, including spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 (SKA2) and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor interacting protein (ITPRIP). Furthermore, individual or combinatorial modulation of these targets in stable producer cell lines increased vector genomic replication and loading into AAV virions, resulting in up to a 3.8-fold increase in AAV manufacturing capacity. Our study offers an efficient approach to engineer viral vector producer cell lines and enhances our understanding of the roles of SKA2 and ITPRIP in AAV packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David S. Ojala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kazuomori K. Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Zubkova ES, Beloglazova IB, Ratner EI, Dyikanov DT, Dergilev KV, Menshikov MY, Parfyonova YV. Transduction of rat and human adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells by adeno-associated viral vector serotype DJ. Biol Open 2021; 10:272104. [PMID: 34494647 PMCID: PMC8443863 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo, gene therapy is a powerful approach holding great promises for the treatment of both genetic and acquired diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a safe and efficient delivery system for modification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that could maximize their therapeutic benefits. Assessment of MSC viability and functional activity after infection with new AAV serotypes is necessary, due to AAV tropism to specific cell types. We infected human and rat adipose-tissue MSC with hybrid AAV-DJ serotype vectors carrying GFP and SCF genes. GFP expression from AAV-DJ was about 1.5-fold superior to that observed with AAV-2 and lasted for at least 21 days as was evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. AAV-DJ proves to be suitable for the infection of rat and human MSC with a similar efficiency. Infected MSC were still viable but showed a 25-30% growth-rate slowdown. Moreover, we found an increase of SERPINB2 mRNA expression in human MSC while expression of other oxidative stress markers and extracellular matrix proteins was not affected. These results suggest that there is a differential cellular response in MSC infected with AAV viral vectors, which should be taken into account as it can affect the expected outcome for the therapeutic application. Summary: Adeno-associated viral vectors are widely used for gene delivery but their impact on the different cell types varies greatly and is not well understood. We describe effects of two most popular AAV serotypes on mesenchymal stromal cells of rat and human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Zubkova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - I B Beloglazova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - E I Ratner
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - D T Dyikanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - K V Dergilev
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - M Yu Menshikov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Ye V Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation, Russia
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Bower JJ, Song L, Bastola P, Hirsch ML. Harnessing the Natural Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus to Enhance the Efficacy of Cancer Gene Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071205. [PMID: 34201599 PMCID: PMC8309980 DOI: 10.3390/v13071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was first characterized as small “defective” contaminant particles in a simian adenovirus preparation in 1965. Since then, a recombinant platform of AAV (rAAV) has become one of the leading candidates for gene therapy applications resulting in two FDA-approved treatments for rare monogenic diseases and many more currently in various phases of the pharmaceutical development pipeline. Herein, we summarize rAAV approaches for the treatment of diverse types of cancers and highlight the natural anti-oncogenic effects of wild-type AAV (wtAAV), including interactions with the cellular host machinery, that are of relevance to enhance current treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn J. Bower
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Liujiang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Prabhakar Bastola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew L. Hirsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
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14
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Manocha E, Bugatti A, Belleri M, Zani A, Marsico S, Caccuri F, Presta M, Caruso A. Avian Reovirus P17 Suppresses Angiogenesis by Promoting DPP4 Secretion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020259. [PMID: 33525607 PMCID: PMC7911508 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus p17 (ARV p17) is a non-structural protein known to activate autophagy, interfere with gene transcription and induce a significant tumor cell growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we show that ARV p17 is capable of exerting potent antiangiogenic properties. The viral protein significantly inhibited the physiological angiogenesis of human endothelial cells (ECs) by affecting migration, capillary-like structure and new vessel formation. ARV p17 was not only able to suppress the EC physiological angiogenesis but also rendered ECs insensitive to two different potent proangiogenic inducers, such as VEGF-A and FGF-2 in the three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel and spheroid assay. ARV p17 was found to exert its antiangiogenic activity by upregulating transcription and release of the well-known tumor suppressor molecule dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). The ability of ARV p17 to impact on angiogenesis is completely new and highlights the “two compartments” activity of the viral protein that is expected to hamper the tumor parenchymal/stromal crosstalk. The complex antitumor activities of ARV p17 open the way to a new promising field of research aimed to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating tumor and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Manocha
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Mirella Belleri
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Marco Presta
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Dergilev KV, Shevchenko EK, Tsokolaeva ZI, Beloglazova IB, Zubkova ES, Boldyreva MA, Menshikov MY, Ratner EI, Penkov D, Parfyonova YV. Cell Sheet Comprised of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Overexpressing Stem Cell Factor Promotes Epicardium Activation and Heart Function Improvement in a Rat Model of Myocardium Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249603. [PMID: 33339427 PMCID: PMC7766731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy of the post-infarcted myocardium is still far from clinical use. Poor survival of transplanted cells, insufficient regeneration, and replacement of the damaged tissue limit the potential of currently available cell-based techniques. In this study, we generated a multilayered construct from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) modified to secrete stem cell factor, SCF. In a rat model of myocardium infarction, we show that transplantation of SCF producing cell sheet induced activation of the epicardium and promoted the accumulation of c-kit positive cells in ischemic muscle. Morphometry showed the reduction of infarct size (16%) and a left ventricle expansion index (0.12) in the treatment group compared to controls (24-28%; 0.17-0.32). The ratio of viable myocardium was more than 1.5-fold higher, reaching 49% compared to the control (28%) or unmodified cell sheet group (30%). Finally, by day 30 after myocardium infarction, SCF-producing cell sheet transplantation increased left ventricle ejection fraction from 37% in the control sham-operated group to 53%. Our results suggest that, combining the genetic modification of MSCs and their assembly into a multilayered construct, we can provide prolonged pleiotropic effects to the damaged heart, induce endogenous regenerative processes, and improve cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Dergilev
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Evgeny K. Shevchenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoya I. Tsokolaeva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
- Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 107031, Russia
| | - Irina B. Beloglazova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Zubkova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Maria A. Boldyreva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Mikhail Yu. Menshikov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Elizaveta I. Ratner
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Dmitry Penkov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
| | - Yelena V. Parfyonova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 121552, Russia; (K.V.D.); (Z.I.T.); (I.B.B.); (E.S.Z.); (M.A.B.); (M.Y.M.); (E.I.R.); (D.P.); (Y.V.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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16
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The interaction of human papillomaviruses and adeno-associated viruses in suppressive co-infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:66-70. [PMID: 31026603 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common oncogenic viruses which cause malignancy in different epithelial surfaces of the human body and its infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. However, research suggests that this virus might not be the sole cause of infection in target cells. It is believed that, other infectious agents could co-infect the same cell with HPV including; bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which may have different effects on the carcinogenesis of HPV infections. One of the most important viruses is adeno-associated virus (AAV), which comes from the parvoviridae family. The function of this virus is associated with several stages of HPV carcinogenicity, which leads to the suppression of HPV oncogenesis. The inhibition effects of AAV are exerted not only in viral parts but also in cellular parts. This suppression illuminates a new therapeutic approach in the way of HPV-associated cervical cancer. In the present review we consider the exact roles of AAV infection in this suppression.
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17
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Lopes-Pacheco M, Kitoko JZ, Morales MM, Petrs-Silva H, Rocco PRM. Self-complementary and tyrosine-mutant rAAV vectors enhance transduction in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:99-107. [PMID: 30244179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector platforms have shown considerable therapeutic success in gene therapy for inherited disorders. In cystic fibrosis (CF), administration of first-generation rAAV2 was safe, but clinical benefits were not clearly demonstrated. Therefore, next-generation vectors that overcome rate-limiting steps in rAAV transduction are needed to obtain successful gene therapy for this devastating disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of single-strand or self-complementary (sc) rAAV vectors containing single or multiple tyrosine-to-phenylalanine (Y-F) mutations in capsid surface-exposed residues on serotypes 2, 8 or 9. For this purpose, CF bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells were transduced with rAAV vectors, and the transgene expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was analyzed at different time points. The effects of vectors on the cell viability, host cell cycle and in association with co-adjuvant drugs that modulate intracellular vector trafficking were also investigated. Six rAAV vectors demonstrated greater percentage of eGFP+ cells compared to their counterparts at days 4, 7 and 10 post-transduction: rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F, with 1.95-, 3.5- and 3.06-fold increases; rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F, with 1.65-, 2.12-, and 2-fold increases; scrAAV2 WT, with 1.69-, 2.68-, and 2.32-fold increases; scrAAV8 Y773F, with 57-, 6.06-, and 7-fold increases; scrAAV9 WT, with 7.47-, 4.64-, and 3.66-fold increases; and scrAAV9 Y446F, with 8.39-, 4.62-, and 4.4-fold increases. At days 15, 20, and 30 post-transduction, these vectors still demonstrated higher transgene expression than transfected cells. Although the percentage of eGFP+ cells reduced during the time-course analysis, the delta mean fluorescence intensity increased. These vectors also led to increased percentage of cells in G1-phase without eliciting any cytotoxicity. Prior administration of bortezomib or genistein did not increase eGFP expression in cells transduced with either rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F or rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F. In conclusion, self-complementary and tyrosine capsid mutations on rAAV serotypes 2, 8, and 9 led to more efficient transduction than their counterparts in CFBE cells by overcoming the intracellular trafficking and second-strand DNA synthesis limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jamil Z Kitoko
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilda Petrs-Silva
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Penaud-Budloo M, François A, Clément N, Ayuso E. Pharmacology of Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Production. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 8:166-180. [PMID: 29687035 PMCID: PMC5908265 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors have been used in more than 150 clinical trials with a good safety profile and significant clinical benefit in many genetic diseases. In addition, due to their ability to infect non-dividing and dividing cells and to serve as efficient substrate for homologous recombination, rAAVs are being used as a tool for gene-editing approaches. However, manufacturing of these vectors at high quantities and fulfilling current good manufacturing practices (GMP) is still a challenge, and several technological platforms are competing for this niche. Herein, we will describe the most commonly used upstream methods to produce rAAVs, paying particular attention to the starting materials (input) used in each platform and which related impurities can be expected in final products (output). The most commonly found impurities in rAAV stocks include defective particles (i.e., AAV capsids that do contain the therapeutic gene or are not infectious), residual proteins from host cells and helper viruses (adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, or baculoviruses), and illegitimate DNA from plasmids, cells, or helper viruses that may be encapsidated into rAAV particles. Given the role that impurities may play in immunotoxicity, this article reviews the impurities inherently associated with each manufacturing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Penaud-Budloo
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Achille François
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Clément
- Powell Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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Abstract
AAV has been studied for 55 years and has been developed as a vector for about 35 years. By now, there is a fairly good idea of the dimensions of what would be useful to know to employ AAV optimally as a vector, but there are still many unanswered questions within the system. As with all biological systems, each good experiment raises further questions to answer. This article provides an overview of those areas in which unknown information can be identified and of those questions that have not yet been recognized. Some of these are touched on in the six review articles in this issue of Human Gene Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Berns
- Guest Co-Editors, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nicholas Muzyczka
- Guest Co-Editors, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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20
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Seyffert M, Glauser DL, Schraner EM, de Oliveira AP, Mansilla-Soto J, Vogt B, Büning H, Linden RM, Ackermann M, Fraefel C. Novel Mutant AAV2 Rep Proteins Support AAV2 Replication without Blocking HSV-1 Helpervirus Replication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170908. [PMID: 28125695 PMCID: PMC5268427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As their names imply, parvoviruses of the genus Dependovirus rely for their efficient replication on the concurrent presence of a helpervirus, such as herpesvirus, adenovirus, or papilloma virus. Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) is such an example, which in turn can efficiently inhibit the replication of each helpervirus by distinct mechanisms. In a previous study we have shown that expression of the AAV2 rep gene is not compatible with efficient replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). In particular, the combined DNA-binding and ATPase/helicase activities of the Rep68/78 proteins have been shown to exert opposite effects on the replication of AAV2 and HSV-1. While essential for AAV2 DNA replication these protein activities account for the Rep-mediated inhibition of HSV-1 replication. Here, we describe a novel Rep mutant (Rep-D371Y), which displayed an unexpected phenotype. Rep-D371Y did not block HSV-1 replication, but still supported efficient AAV2 replication, at least when a double-stranded AAV2 genome template was used. We also found that the capacity of Rep-D371Y to induce apoptosis and a Rep-specific DNA damage response was significantly reduced compared to wild-type Rep. These findings suggest that AAV2 Rep-helicase subdomains exert diverging activities, which contribute to distinct steps of the AAV2 life cycle. More important, the novel AAV2 mutant Rep-D371Y may allow deciphering yet unsolved activities of the AAV2 Rep proteins such as DNA second-strand synthesis, genomic integration or packaging, which all involve the Rep-helicase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seyffert
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jorge Mansilla-Soto
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bernd Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - R. Michael Linden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Rep68 Can Bind to Consensus Rep-Binding Sites on the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genome. J Virol 2015; 89:11150-8. [PMID: 26292324 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus type 2 is known to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). This activity has been linked to the helicase- and DNA-binding domains of the Rep68/Rep78 proteins. Here, we show that Rep68 can bind to consensus Rep-binding sites on the HSV-1 genome and that the Rep helicase activity can inhibit replication of any DNA if binding is facilitated. Therefore, we hypothesize that inhibition of HSV-1 replication involves direct binding of Rep68/Rep78 to the HSV-1 genome.
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22
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Vogel R, Seyffert M, Pereira BDA, Fraefel C. Viral and Cellular Components of AAV2 Replication Compartments. Open Virol J 2013; 7:98-120. [PMID: 24222808 PMCID: PMC3822785 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) is a helpervirus-dependent parvovirus with a bi-phasic life cycle comprising latency in absence and lytic replication in presence of a helpervirus, such as adenovirus (Ad) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Helpervirus-supported AAV2 replication takes place in replication compartments (RCs) in the cell nucleus where virus DNA replication and transcription occur. RCs consist of a defined set of helper virus-, AAV2-, and cellular proteins. Here we compare the profile of cellular proteins recruited into AAV2 RCs or identified in Rep78-associated complexes when either Ad or HSV-1 is the helpervirus, and we discuss the potential roles of some of these proteins in AAV2 and helpervirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sun B, Cai Y, Li Y, Li J, Liu K, Li Y, Yang Y. The nonstructural protein NP1 of human bocavirus 1 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hela cells. Virology 2013; 440:75-83. [PMID: 23507451 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus type 1 (HBoV1) is a newly identified pathogen associated with human respiratory tract illnesses. Previous studies demonstrated that proteins of HBoV1 failed to cause cell death, which is considered as a possible common feature of bocaviruses. However, our work showed that the NP1 of HBoV1 induced apoptotic cell death in Hela cells in the absence of viral genome replication and expression of other viral proteins. Mitochondria apoptotic pathway was involved in the NP1-induced apoptosis that was confirmed by apoptotic characteristics including morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. We also demonstrated that the cell cycle of NP1-transfected Hela cells was transiently arrested at G2/M phase followed by rapid appearance of apoptosis and that the N terminal domain of NP1 was critical to its nuclear localization and function in apoptosis induction in Hela cells. These findings might provide alternative information for further study of mechanism of HBoV1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
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24
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Händel EM, Gellhaus K, Khan K, Bednarski C, Cornu TI, Müller-Lerch F, Kotin RM, Heilbronn R, Cathomen T. Versatile and efficient genome editing in human cells by combining zinc-finger nucleases with adeno-associated viral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:321-9. [PMID: 21980922 PMCID: PMC3300077 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) have become a valuable tool for targeted genome engineering. Based on the enzyme's ability to create a site-specific DNA double-strand break, ZFNs promote genome editing by activating the cellular DNA damage response, including homology-directed repair (HDR) and nonhomologous end-joining. The goal of this study was (i) to demonstrate the versatility of combining the ZFN technology with a vector platform based on adeno-associated virus (AAV), and (ii) to assess the toxicity evoked by this platform. To this end, human cell lines that harbor enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporters were generated to easily quantify the frequencies of gene deletion, gene disruption, and gene correction. We demonstrated that ZFN-encoding AAV expression vectors can be employed to induce large chromosomal deletions or to disrupt genes in up to 32% of transduced cells. In combination with AAV vectors that served as HDR donors, the AAV-ZFN platform was utilized to correct a mutation in EGFP in up to 6% of cells. Genome editing on the DNA level was confirmed by genotyping. Although cell cycle profiling revealed a modest G2/M arrest at high AAV-ZFN vector doses, platform-induced apoptosis could not be detected. In conclusion, the combined AAV-ZFN vector technology is a useful tool to edit the human genome with high efficiency. Because AAV vectors can transduce many cell types relevant for gene therapy, the ex vivo and in vivo delivery of ZFNs via AAV vectors will be of great interest for the treatment of inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Händel
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Gellhaus
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kafaitullah Khan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christien Bednarski
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana I. Cornu
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Müller-Lerch
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M. Kotin
- Molecular Virology and Gene Delivery Section, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Regine Heilbronn
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Adeno-associated virus type 2 modulates the host DNA damage response induced by herpes simplex virus 1 during coinfection. J Virol 2011; 86:143-55. [PMID: 22013059 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05694-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) is a human parvovirus that relies on a helper virus for efficient replication. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) supplies helper functions and changes the environment of the cell to promote AAV2 replication. In this study, we examined the accumulation of cellular replication and repair proteins at viral replication compartments (RCs) and the influence of replicating AAV2 on HSV-1-induced DNA damage responses (DDR). We observed that the ATM kinase was activated in cells coinfected with AAV2 and HSV-1. We also found that phosphorylated ATR kinase and its cofactor ATR-interacting protein were recruited into AAV2 RCs, but ATR signaling was not activated. DNA-PKcs, another main kinase in the DDR, was degraded during HSV-1 infection in an ICP0-dependent manner, and this degradation was markedly delayed during AAV2 coinfection. Furthermore, we detected phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs during AAV2 but not HSV-1 replication. The AAV2-mediated delay in DNA-PKcs degradation affected signaling through downstream substrates. Overall, our results demonstrate that coinfection with HSV-1 and AAV2 provokes a cellular DDR which is distinct from that induced by HSV-1 alone.
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26
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Alam S, Bowser BS, Conway MJ, Israr M, Tandon A, Meyers C. Adeno-associated virus type 2 infection activates caspase dependent and independent apoptosis in multiple breast cancer lines but not in normal mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:97. [PMID: 21827643 PMCID: PMC3199901 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In normal cells proliferation and apoptosis are tightly regulated, whereas in tumor cells the balance is shifted in favor of increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Anticancer agents mediate tumor cell death via targeting multiple pathways of programmed cell death. We have reported that the non-pathogenic, tumor suppressive Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 (AAV2) induces apoptosis in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) positive cervical cancer cells, but not in normal keratinocytes. In the current study, we examined the potential of AAV2 to inhibit proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 (both weakly invasive), as well as MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive) human breast cancer derived cell lines. As controls, we used normal human mammary epithelial cells (nHMECs) isolated from tissue biopsies of patients undergoing breast reduction surgery. Results AAV2 infected MCF-7 line underwent caspase-independent, and MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis. Death of MDA-MB-468 cells was marked by caspase-9 activation, whereas death of MDA-MB-231 cells was marked by activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-9, and resembled a mixture of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Cellular demise was correlated with the ability of AAV2 to productively infect and differentially express AAV2 non-structural proteins: Rep78, Rep68 and Rep40, dependent on the cell line. Cell death in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 lines coincided with increased S phase entry, whereas the MDA-MB-468 cells increasingly entered into G2. AAV2 infection led to decreased cell viability which correlated with increased expression of proliferation markers c-Myc and Ki-67. In contrast, nHMECs that were infected with AAV2 failed to establish productive infection or undergo apoptosis. Conclusion AAV2 regulated enrichment of cell cycle check-point functions in G1/S, S and G2 phases could create a favorable environment for Rep protein expression. Inherent Rep associated endonuclease activity and AAV2 genomic hair-pin ends have the potential to induce a cellular DNA damage response, which could act in tandem with c-Myc regulated/sensitized apoptosis induction. In contrast, failure of AAV2 to productively infect nHMECs could be clinically advantageous. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of AAV2 targeted cell cycle regulation of death inducing signals could be harnessed for developing novel therapeutics for weakly invasive as well as aggressive breast cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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27
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Glauser DL, Fraefel C. Interactions between AAV-2 and HSV-1: implications for hybrid vector design. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors have a transgene capacity of up to 150 kbp and can efficiently transduce many different cell types in culture and in vivo without causing cytopathic effects. However, these vectors do not support long-term transgene expression. Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) has the capacity to integrate its genome into a specific site on human chromosome 19, but AAV-2-derived gene therapy vectors have a transgene capacity of only 4.5 kb. To combine the large transgene capacity of HSV-1 with the potential for site-specific genomic integration and long-term transgene expression of AAV-2, HSV/AAV hybrid vectors have been developed. This review describes the design, applications and limitations of these hybrid vectors. However, as HSV-1 is a full helper virus for AAV-2 replication, the main focus is the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of interaction between the two viruses. The knowledge of these interactions will have direct implications on the design of novel HSV/AAV hybrid vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Glauser
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Liu R, Li Y, Hu R, Jin T, Deng S, Liang W, Zhang N, Chen J, Prud'homme GJ, Jia WW, Ma D, Wang Q. A site-specific genomic integration strategy for sustained expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 in mouse muscle for controlling energy homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:172-7. [PMID: 21070745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts important functions in controlling glucose and energy homeostasis. Endogenous GLP-1 has a very short half-life due to DPP-IV-mediated degradation and renal clearance, which limits the therapeutic use of native GLP-1. We have shown previously that immunoglobulin fragment-fused GLP-1 (GLP-1/Fc) is a structurally stable GLP-1 analog. Here, we report a non-viral GLP-1/Fc gene therapy strategy utilizing a REP78-in-trans and REB-in-cis element system to achieve a site-specific genomic integration. For this purpose, the GLP-1/Fc expression cassette, which is fused with the RBE element, was co-injected with the Rep78 plasmid into the muscles of transgenic mice carrying the AAVS1 locus of human chromosome 19. The Rep protein-mediated site-specific integration was demonstrated by nested PCR, dot-blot, and Southern blotting. We found that this approach reduced weight gain and improved lipid profiles in the AAVS1-mice on high-fat diet challenge. Our observations reveal a new GLP-1 therapeutic strategy with an apparent absence of side effects, which may find applications in diabetes treatment and obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Abstract
The cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection have been widely documented. Parvovirus infection-induced cell death is often directly associated with disease outcomes (e.g., anemia resulting from loss of erythroid progenitors during parvovirus B19 infection). Apoptosis is the major form of cell death induced by parvovirus infection. However, nonapoptotic cell death, namely necrosis, has also been reported during infection of the minute virus of mice, parvovirus H-1 and bovine parvovirus. Recent studies have revealed multiple mechanisms underlying the cell death during parvovirus infection. These mechanisms vary in different parvoviruses, although the large nonstructural protein (NS)1 and the small NS proteins (e.g., the 11 kDa of parvovirus B19), as well as replication of the viral genome, are responsible for causing infection-induced cell death. Cell cycle arrest is also common, and contributes to the cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection. While viral NS proteins have been indicated to induce cell cycle arrest, increasing evidence suggests that a cellular DNA damage response triggered by an invading single-stranded parvoviral genome is the major inducer of cell cycle arrest in parvovirus-infected cells. Apparently, in response to infection, cell death and cell cycle arrest of parvovirus-infected cells are beneficial to the viral cell lifecycle (e.g., viral DNA replication and virus egress). In this article, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying parvovirus infection-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3029, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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30
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Through its nonstructural protein NS1, parvovirus H-1 induces apoptosis via accumulation of reactive oxygen species. J Virol 2010; 84:5909-22. [PMID: 20375165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01797-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) attracts high attention as an anticancer agent, because it is not pathogenic for humans and has oncotropic and oncosuppressive properties. The viral nonstructural NS1 protein is thought to mediate H-1PV cytotoxicity, but its exact contribution to this process remains undefined. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the H-1PV NS1 protein on human cell proliferation and cell viability. We show that NS1 expression is sufficient to induce the accumulation of cells in G(2) phase, apoptosis via caspase 9 and 3 activation, and cell lysis. Similarly, cells infected with wild-type H-1PV arrest in G(2) phase and undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, we also show that both expression of NS1 and H-1PV infection lead to higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), associated with DNA double-strand breaks. Antioxidant treatment reduces ROS levels and strongly decreases NS1- and virus-induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, indicating that NS1-induced ROS are important mediators of H-1PV cytotoxicity.
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31
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Human cytomegalovirus protein pUL117 targets the mini-chromosome maintenance complex and suppresses cellular DNA synthesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000814. [PMID: 20333247 PMCID: PMC2841624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of host DNA synthesis is essential for many viruses to establish productive infections and contributes to viral diseases. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a large DNA virus, blocks host DNA synthesis and deregulates cell cycle progression. We report that pUL117, a viral protein that we recently identified, is required for HCMV to block host DNA synthesis. Mutant viruses in which pUL117 was disrupted, either by frame-shift mutation or by a protein destabilization-based approach, failed to block host DNA synthesis at times after 24 hours post infection in human foreskin fibroblasts. Furthermore, pUL117-deficient virus stimulated quiescent fibroblasts to enter S-phase, demonstrating the intrinsic ability of HCMV to promote host DNA synthesis, which was suppressed by pUL117. We examined key proteins known to be involved in inhibition of host DNA synthesis in HCMV infection, and found that many were unlikely involved in the inhibitory activity of pUL117, including geminin, cyclin A, and viral protein IE2, based on their expression patterns. However, the ability of HCMV to delay the accumulation of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex proteins, represented by MCM2 and MCM4, and prevent their loading onto chromatin, was compromised in the absence of pUL117. When expressed alone, pUL117 slowed cell proliferation, delayed DNA synthesis, and inhibited MCM accumulation. Knockdown of MCM proteins by siRNA restored the ability of pUL117-deficient virus to block cellular DNA synthesis. Thus, targeting MCM complex is one mechanism pUL117 employs to help block cellular DNA synthesis during HCMV infection. Our finding substantiates an emerging picture that deregulation of MCM is a conserved strategy for many viruses to prevent host DNA synthesis and helps to elucidate the complex strategy used by a large DNA virus to modulate cellular processes to promote infection and pathogenesis. Inhibition of host DNA synthesis is pivotal for many viruses to establish productive infection and cause disease. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the top viral cause of birth defects in newborns and leads to life-threatening diseases in individuals with compromised immunity. HCMV blocks host DNA synthesis and creates a cellular environment to replicate its own genome. We report here that pUL117, a novel viral protein that we recently identified, is required for HCMV to block host DNA synthesis. Mechanistically, pUL117 is necessary and sufficient to reduce the accumulation of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a replicative helicase that unwinds the origin and initiates cellular DNA replication. During HCMV infection pUL117 may also have a direct role in preventing MCM loading onto chromatin. Importantly, knockdown of MCM proteins restored the ability of pUL117-deficient virus to block cellular DNA synthesis. Thus, targeting MCM function is a mechanism for pUL117 to help block cellular DNA synthesis during HCMV infection. Several proteins encoded by other viruses have also been reported to subvert MCM function by distinct mechanisms and inhibit host DNA synthesis when over-expressed in host cells. Therefore, MCM has emerged as a conserved target for viruses to prevent host DNA synthesis. Our results illustrate a novel strategy that HCMV uses to manipulate this critical cellular factor during infection. This study helps to elucidate the sophisticated strategies used by a large DNA virus to modulate cellular processes to promote infection and pathogenesis and may also shed light on the regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication.
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32
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Ingemarsdotter C, Keller D, Beard P. The DNA damage response to non-replicating adeno-associated virus: Centriole overduplication and mitotic catastrophe independent of the spindle checkpoint. Virology 2010; 400:271-86. [PMID: 20199789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 or UV-inactivated AAV (UV-AAV2) infection provokes a DNA damage response that leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M border. p53-deficient cells cannot sustain the G2 arrest, enter prolonged impaired mitosis, and die. Here, we studied how non-replicating AAV2 kills p53-deficient osteosarcoma cells. We found that the virus uncouples centriole duplication from the cell cycle, inducing centrosome overamplification that is dependent on Chk1, ATR and CDK kinases, and on G2 arrest. Interference with spindle checkpoint components Mad2 and BubR1 revealed unexpectedly that mitotic catastrophe occurs independently of spindle checkpoint function. We conclude that, in the p53-deficient cells, UV-AAV2 triggers mitotic catastrophe associated with a dramatic Chk1-dependent overduplication of centrioles and the consequent formation of multiple spindle poles in mitosis. As AAV2 acts through cellular damage response pathways, the results provide information on the role of Chk1 in mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage signaling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Ingemarsdotter
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by adeno-associated virus rep proteins depends on their combined DNA-binding and ATPase/helicase activities. J Virol 2010; 84:3808-24. [PMID: 20106923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01503-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has previously been shown to inhibit the replication of its helper virus herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and the inhibitory activity has been attributed to the expression of the AAV Rep proteins. In the present study, we assessed the Rep activities required for inhibition of HSV-1 replication using a panel of wild-type and mutant Rep proteins lacking defined domains and activities. We found that the inhibition of HSV-1 replication required Rep DNA-binding and ATPase/helicase activities but not endonuclease activity. The Rep activities required for inhibition of HSV-1 replication precisely coincided with the activities that were responsible for induction of cellular DNA damage and apoptosis, suggesting that these three processes are closely linked. Notably, the presence of Rep induced the hyperphosphorylation of a DNA damage marker, replication protein A (RPA), which has been reported not to be normally hyperphosphorylated during HSV-1 infection and to be sequestered away from HSV-1 replication compartments during infection. Finally, we demonstrate that the execution of apoptosis is not required for inhibition of HSV-1 replication and that the hyperphosphorylation of RPA per se is not inhibitory for HSV-1 replication, suggesting that these two processes are not directly responsible for the inhibition of HSV-1 replication by Rep.
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34
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Collaco RF, Bevington JM, Bhrigu V, Kalman-Maltese V, Trempe JP. Adeno-associated virus and adenovirus coinfection induces a cellular DNA damage and repair response via redundant phosphatidylinositol 3-like kinase pathways. Virology 2009; 392:24-33. [PMID: 19628243 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During adeno-associated virus and adenovirus (AAV/Ad) coinfection, accumulation of viral genomes and proteins can alter cellular stress responses. To determine how AAV/Ad coinfection affects the host we screened over 60 cellular proteins for their responses. AAV/Ad coinfections induce a robust DNA damage response (DDR) that is distinct from that induced by Ad infection alone. Using chemical inhibitors, deficient cell lines and siRNA knockdowns of the DDR kinases, ATM, ATR and DNA-PK, we determined that DNA-PK and ATM kinases are the initial transducers of this response. AAV/Ad coinfection induces ATM- and DNA-PK mediated phosphorylation of RPA2, NBS1, H2AX and the checkpoint kinases CHK1/2. Inhibition of one or more of the DDR kinases reduces the level of phosphorylation of downstream targets but does not dramatically reduce Ad or AAV protein expression. However, AAV DNA levels are moderately affected by kinase inhibition. These experiments provide new insights into the cellular responses to AAV/Ad coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy F Collaco
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA
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35
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Adeno-associated virus type 2 induces apoptosis in human papillomavirus-infected cell lines but not in normal keratinocytes. J Virol 2009; 83:10286-92. [PMID: 19625406 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00343-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of seroepidemiological studies suggest that infection with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) is negatively correlated with the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer. We studied the potential of AAV2 oncosuppression of HPV and showed that HPV/AAV2 coinfection of cells culminated in apoptotic death, as determined by DNA laddering and caspase-3 cleavage. The induction of apoptosis coincided with AAV2 Rep protein expression; increased S-phase progression; upregulated pRb displaying both hyper- and hypophosphorylated forms; increased levels of p21(WAF1), p16(INK4), and p27(KIP1) proteins; and diminished levels of E7 oncoprotein. In contrast, normal keratinocytes that were infected with AAV2 or transfected with the cloned full-length AAV2 genome failed to express Rep proteins or undergo apoptosis. The failure of AAV2 to productively infect normal keratinocytes could be clinically advantageous. The delineation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the HPV/AAV2 interaction could be harnessed for developing novel AAV2-derived therapeutics for cervical cancer.
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36
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He LF, Wang YG, Xiao T, Zhang KJ, Li GC, Gu JF, Chu L, Tang WH, Tan WS, Liu XY. Suppression of cancer growth in mice by adeno-associated virus vector-mediated IFN-beta expression driven by hTERT promoter. Cancer Lett 2009; 286:196-205. [PMID: 19564073 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has rapidly become a promising gene delivery vehicle for its excellent advantages of non-immunogenic, low pathogenicity and long-term gene expression in vivo. However, a major obstacle in development of effective AAV vector is the lack of tissue specificity, which caused low efficiency of AAV transfer to target cells. The application of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter is a prior targeting strategy for AAV in cancer gene therapy as hTERT activity is transcriptionally upregulated in most cancer cells. In the present work, we investigated whether AAV-mediated human interferon beta (IFN-beta) gene driven by hTERT promoter could specifically express in tumor cells and suppress tumor cell growth. Our data demonstrated that hTERT promoter-driven IFN-beta expression was the tumor-specific, decreased the cell viability of tumor cells but not normal cells, and induced tumor cell apoptosis via activation of caspase pathway and release of cytochrome c. AAV-mediated IFN-beta expression driven by hTERT promoter significantly suppressed the growth of colorectal cancer and lung cancer xenograft in mice and resulted in tumor cells death in vivo. These data suggested that AAVs in combination with hTERT-mediated IFN-beta expression could exert potential antitumor activity and provide a novel targeting approach to clinical gene therapy of varieties of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Feng He
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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37
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Adeno-associated virus replication induces a DNA damage response coordinated by DNA-dependent protein kinase. J Virol 2009; 83:6269-78. [PMID: 19339345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00318-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV) contains a small single-stranded DNA genome with inverted terminal repeats that form hairpin structures. In order to propagate, AAV relies on the cellular replication machinery together with functions supplied by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenovirus (Ad). Here, we examined the host cell response to AAV replication in the context of Ad or Ad helper proteins. We show that AAV and Ad coinfection activates a DNA damage response (DDR) that is distinct from that seen during Ad or AAV infection alone. The DDR was also triggered when AAV replicated in the presence of minimal Ad helper proteins. We detected autophosphorylation of the kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and signaling to downstream targets SMC1, Chk1, Chk2, H2AX, and XRCC4 and multiple sites on RPA32. The Mre11 complex was not required for activation of the DDR to AAV infection. Additionally, we found that DNA-PKcs was the primary mediator of damage signaling in response to AAV replication. Immunofluorescence revealed that some activated damage proteins were found in a pan-nuclear pattern (phosphorylated ATM, SMC1, and H2AX), while others such as DNA-PK components (DNA-PKcs, Ku70, and Ku86) and RPA32 accumulated at AAV replication centers. Although expression of the large viral Rep proteins contributed to some damage signaling, we observed that the full response required replication of the AAV genome. Our results demonstrate that AAV replication in the presence of Ad helper functions elicits a unique damage response controlled by DNA-PK.
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38
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Identification of cellular proteins that interact with the adeno-associated virus rep protein. J Virol 2008; 83:454-69. [PMID: 18971280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) codes for four related nonstructural Rep proteins. AAV both replicates and assembles in the nucleus and requires coinfection with a helper virus, either adenovirus (Ad) or herpesvirus, for a productive infection. Like other more complex DNA viruses, it is believed that AAV interacts or modifies host cell proteins to carry out its infection cycle. To date, relatively little is known about the host proteins that interact with the viral Rep proteins, which are known to be directly involved in DNA replication, control of viral and cellular transcription, splicing, and protein translation. In this study, we used affinity-tagged Rep protein to purify cellular protein complexes that were associated with Rep in cells that had been infected with Ad and AAV. In all, we identified 188 cellular proteins from 16 functional categories, including 14 transcription factors, 6 translation factors, 15 potential splicing proteins, 5 proteins involved in protein degradation, and 13 proteins involved in DNA replication or repair. This dramatically increases the number of potential interactions over the current number of approximately 26. Twelve of the novel proteins found were further tested by coimmunoprecipitation or colocalization using confocal immunomicroscopy. Of these, 10 were confirmed as proteins that formed complexes with Rep, including proteins of the MCM complex (DNA replication), RCN1 (membrane transport), SMC2 (chromatin dynamics), EDD1 (ubiquitin ligase), IRS4 (signal transduction), and FUS (splicing). Computer analysis suggested that 45 and 28 of the 188 proteins could be placed in a pathway of interacting proteins involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis, respectively. Of the proteins involved in DNA replication, all of the previously identified proteins involved in AAV DNA replication were found, except Ad DBP. The only Ad protein found to interact with Rep was the E1b55K protein. In addition, we confirmed that Rep interacts with Ku70/80 helicase. In vitro DNA synthesis assays demonstrated that although Ku helicase activity could substitute for MCM to promote strand displacement synthesis, its presence was not essential. Our study suggests that the interaction of AAV with cellular proteins is much more complex than previously suspected and provides a resource for further studies of the AAV life cycle.
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Abstract
We set out to analyze the fundamental biological differences between AAV2 and AAV8 that may contribute to their different performances in vivo. High-throughput protein interaction screens were used to identify binding partners for each serotype. Of the >8,000 proteins probed, 115 and 134 proteins were identified that interact with AAV2 and AAV8, respectively. Notably, 76 of these protein interactions were shared between the two serotypes. CDK2/cyclinA kinase was identified as a binding partner for both serotypes in the screen. Subsequent analysis confirmed direct binding of CDK2/cyclinA by AAV2 and AAV8. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclinA resulted in increased levels of vector transduction. Biophysical study of vector particle stability and genome uncoating demonstrated slightly greater thermostability for AAV8 than for AAV2. Heat-induced genome uncoating occurred at the same temperature as particle degradation, suggesting that these two processes may be intrinsically related for adeno-associated virus (AAV). Together, these analyses provide insight into commonalities and divergences in the biology of functionally distinct hepatotropic AAV serotypes.
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Gonçalves MAFV, Holkers M, van Nierop GP, Wieringa R, Pau MG, de Vries AAF. Targeted chromosomal insertion of large DNA into the human genome by a fiber-modified high-capacity adenovirus-based vector system. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3084. [PMID: 18769728 PMCID: PMC2518115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent goal in gene therapy research concerns the development of gene transfer vehicles that can integrate exogenous DNA at specific chromosomal loci to prevent insertional oncogenesis and provide for long-term transgene expression. Adenovirus (Ad) vectors arguably represent the most efficient delivery systems of episomal DNA into eukaryotic cell nuclei. The most advanced recombinant Ads lack all adenoviral genes. This renders these so-called high-capacity (hc) Ad vectors less cytotoxic/immunogenic than those only deleted in early regions and creates space for the insertion of large/multiple transgenes. The versatility of hcAd vectors is been increased by capsid modifications to alter their tropism and by the incorporation into their genomes of sequences promoting chromosomal insertion of exogenous DNA. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) can insert its genome into a specific human locus designated AAVS1. Trans- and cis-acting elements needed for this reaction are the AAV Rep78/68 proteins and Rep78/68-binding sequences, respectively. Here, we describe the generation, characterization and testing of fiber-modified dual hcAd/AAV hybrid vectors (dHVs) containing both these elements. Due to the inhibitory effects of Rep78/68 on Ad-dependent DNA replication, we deployed a recombinase-inducible gene switch to repress Rep68 synthesis during vector rescue and propagation. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that rep68-positive dHVs can be produced similarly well as rep68-negative control vectors. Western blot experiments and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses demonstrated transfer of recombinase-dependent rep68 genes into target cells. Studies in HeLa cells and in the dystrophin-deficient myoblasts from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient showed that induction of Rep68 synthesis in cells transduced with fiber-modified and rep68-positive dHVs leads to increased stable transduction levels and AAVS1-targeted integration of vector DNA. These results warrant further investigation especially considering the paucity of vector systems allowing permanent phenotypic correction of patient-own cell types with large DNA (e.g. recombinant full-length DMD genes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Virus and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Wang Y, Huang F, Cai H, Zhong S, Liu X, Tan WS. Potent antitumor effect of TRAIL mediated by a novel adeno-associated viral vector targeting to telomerase activity for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gene Med 2008; 10:518-26. [PMID: 18338833 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has rapidly become a promising gene delivery vehicle for its excellent advantages of low pathogenicity and long-term gene expression. However, lack of tissue specificity caused low efficiency of AAV transfer to target cells. The promoter of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) has been implicated in mediating gene expression in cancer cells as hTERT is transcriptionally upregulated in most cancer cells. Thereby, the hTERT promoter becomes a good candidate to enhance the targeting efficiency of AAV in cancer cells. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) functions as a soluble cytokine to selectively kill various cancer cells without toxicity to most normal cells. It remains to be determined whether the hTERT promoter can efficiently mediate TRAIL gene therapy in cancer cells using AAV vector. METHODS A novel AAV vector containing the TRAIL gene under the control of the hTERT promoter (AAV-hTERT-TRAIL) was generated. The specific expression of hTERT-controlled genes was evaluated in cell lines. The antitumor efficacy of AAV-hTERT-TRAIL was assessed in tumor cell lines and human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft mouse model. RESULTS TRAIL expression was observed in tumor cells infected with AAV-hTERT-TRAIL at both the protein and mRNA level. AAV-hTERT-TRAIL displayed cancer-specific cytotoxicity and induced tumor cell apoptosis. Moreover, in animal experiments, intratumoral administration of AAV-hTERT-TRAIL significantly suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors and resulted in tumor cell death. CONCLUSIONS AAVs in combination with hTERT-mediated therapeutic gene expression provide a promising targeting approach for developing effective therapy for human cancers. These data suggest that AAV-hTERT-TRAIL is a potent therapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Glauser DL, Strasser R, Laimbacher AS, Saydam O, Clément N, Linden RM, Ackermann M, Fraefel C. Live covisualization of competing adeno-associated virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA replication: molecular mechanisms of interaction. J Virol 2007; 81:4732-43. [PMID: 17314170 PMCID: PMC1900138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02476-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed live cell visualization assays to directly assess the interaction between competing adeno-associated virus (AAV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication. Our studies reveal the formation of separate AAV and HSV-1 replication compartments and the inhibition of HSV-1 replication compartment formation in the presence of AAV. AAV Rep is recruited into AAV replication compartments but not into those of HSV-1, while the single-stranded DNA-binding protein HSV-1 ICP8 is recruited into both AAV and HSV-1 replication compartments, although with differential staining patterns. Slot blot analysis of coinfected cells revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of HSV-1 DNA replication by wild-type AAV but not by rep-negative recombinant AAV. Consistent with this, Western blot analysis indicated that wild-type AAV affects the levels of the HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP4 and the early protein ICP8 only modestly but strongly inhibits the accumulation of the late proteins VP16 and gC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the presence of Rep in the absence of AAV DNA replication is sufficient for the inhibition of HSV-1. In particular, Rep68/78 proteins severely inhibit the formation of mature HSV-1 replication compartments and lead to the accumulation of ICP8 at sites of cellular DNA synthesis, a phenomenon previously observed in the presence of viral polymerase inhibitors. Taken together, our results suggest that AAV and HSV-1 replicate in separate compartments and that AAV Rep inhibits HSV-1 at the level of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Glauser
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Knudsen ES, Knudsen KE. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor: where cancer meets the cell cycle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1271-81. [PMID: 16816134 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, Rb, was the first tumor suppressor identified and plays a fundamental role in regulation of progression through the cell cycle. This review details facets of RB protein function in cell cycle control and focuses on specific questions that remain intensive areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Cell Biology and University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA.
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Alam S, Sen E, Brashear H, Meyers C. Adeno-associated virus type 2 increases proteosome-dependent degradation of p21WAF1 in a human papillomavirus type 31b-positive cervical carcinoma line. J Virol 2006; 80:4927-39. [PMID: 16641284 PMCID: PMC1472069 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4927-4939.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) seropositivity is negatively correlated with the development of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer. We have begun analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying AAV2-mediated onco-suppression through cell cycle regulation in HPV-infected keratinocytes isolated from a low-grade cervical lesion. AAV2 superinfection of HPV type 31b (HPV31b)-positive cells at early times postinfection resulted in degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(WAF1) protein in a proteosome-dependent manner. Downstream consequences of lowering p21(WAF1) levels included a proportional loss of cyclin E/CDK2 complexes bound to p21(WAF1). The loss of stable p21(WAF1)/cyclin E/CDK2 complexes coincided with an increase in CDK2-associated kinase activity and cyclin E levels. Both events have the potential to enhance the G(1)/S transition point mediated by active cyclin E/CDK2 complexes. Concurrently, cyclin A and E2F levels were decreased, conditions reminiscent of delayed entrance into the S phase of the cell cycle. On the other hand, infection of primary human foreskin keratinocytes with AAV2 resulted in upregulation of p21(WAF1) protein levels, reminiscent of a block in G(1) phase progression. We propose that by down regulating p21(WAF1), AAV2 initiates cell cycle activities leading to enhanced G(1)/S phase-like conditions which may be favorable for AAV2-specific functions and may lead to downstream interference with HPV-associated cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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45
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Burova E, Ioffe E. Chromatographic purification of recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors: methods and implications. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S5-17. [PMID: 16231055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been exploited in a number of gene delivery approaches. The use of these vectors in clinical gene transfer has increased the demand for their characterization, production and purification. Although the classical method of adenovirus or AAV purification by density gradient centrifugation is effective on a small scale, chromatographic separation is the most versatile and powerful method for large-scale production of recombinant adenovirus or AAV. This review describes different chromatographic modes for adenovirus or AAV purification and process development, as well as the utility of different purification steps for virus production. Advances in the development of viral vectors for gene therapy, such as the discovery of new AAV serotypes, adenoviral and AAV retargeting and improved production of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors, require further development of efficient purification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burova
- Regeneron Parmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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46
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Berthet C, Raj K, Saudan P, Beard P. How adeno-associated virus Rep78 protein arrests cells completely in S phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13634-9. [PMID: 16157891 PMCID: PMC1224635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504583102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus Rep78 protein has antiproliferative effects on cells. It inhibits cell cycle progression, and, in particular, Rep78 induces a complete arrest within S phase, a response rarely seen after cell DNA damage. We examined how Rep78 achieves such an efficient S phase block. Rep78 inhibits Cdc25A activity by a novel means in which binding between the two proteins stabilizes Cdc25A, thus increasing its abundance, while at the same time preventing access to its substrates cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 and Cdk1. This effect alone does not induce a complete S phase block. In addition, Rep78, as well as Rep68, produces nicks in the cellular chromatin, inducing a DNA damage response mediated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) leading to G(1) and G(2) blocks. Mutational analysis shows that the zinc finger domain and nuclease activity of Rep78 are both required for the S phase block. The results suggest that a true S phase block cannot be achieved through a single pathway, and that adeno-associated virus Rep78 protein arrests cells within S phase by interfering with two pathways that would normally lead to an S phase slow-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Berthet
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Gonçalves MAFV. Adeno-associated virus: from defective virus to effective vector. Virol J 2005; 2:43. [PMID: 15877812 PMCID: PMC1131931 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial discovery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) mixed with adenovirus particles was not a fortuitous one but rather an expression of AAV biology. Indeed, as it came to be known, in addition to the unavoidable host cell, AAV typically needs a so-called helper virus such as adenovirus to replicate. Since the AAV life cycle revolves around another unrelated virus it was dubbed a satellite virus. However, the structural simplicity plus the defective and non-pathogenic character of this satellite virus caused recombinant forms to acquire centre-stage prominence in the current constellation of vectors for human gene therapy. In the present review, issues related to the development of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors, from the general principle to production methods, tropism modifications and other emerging technologies are discussed. In addition, the accumulating knowledge regarding the mechanisms of rAAV genome transduction and persistence is reviewed. The topics on rAAV vectorology are supplemented with information on the parental virus biology with an emphasis on aspects that directly impact on vector design and performance such as genome replication, genetic structure, and host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Gene Therapy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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Naderi S, Wang JYJ, Chen TT, Gutzkow KB, Blomhoff HK. cAMP-mediated inhibition of DNA replication and S phase progression: involvement of Rb, p21Cip1, and PCNA. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:1527-42. [PMID: 15647383 PMCID: PMC551513 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-06-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP exerts an antiproliferative effect on a number of cell types including lymphocytes. This effect of cAMP is proposed to be mediated by its ability to inhibit G1/S transition. In this report, we provide evidence for a new mechanism whereby cAMP might inhibit cellular proliferation. We show that elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP inhibits DNA replication and arrests the cells in S phase. The cAMP-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis was associated with the increased binding of p21Cip1 to Cdk2-cyclin complexes, inhibition of Cdk2 kinase activity, dephosphorylation of Rb, and dissociation of PCNA from chromatin in S phase cells. The ability of cAMP to inhibit DNA replication and trigger release of PCNA from chromatin required Rb and p21Cip1 proteins, since both processes were only marginally affected by increased levels of cAMP in Rb-/- and p21Cip1-/- 3T3 fibroblasts. Importantly, the implications of cAMP-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in cancer treatment was demonstrated by the ability of cAMP to reduce apoptosis induced by S phase-specific cytotoxic drugs. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role for cAMP in regulation of DNA synthesis and support a model in which activation of cAMP-dependent signaling protects cells from the effect of S phase-specific antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Naderi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway.
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Stilwell JL, Samulski RJ. Role of viral vectors and virion shells in cellular gene expression. Mol Ther 2004; 9:337-46. [PMID: 15006600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the virion shell in viral pathogenesis is relatively unknown yet the use of viral vectors in human gene transfer experiments requires an understanding of these interactions. In this study, we used DNA microarrays to identify genes modulated during pathogenic adenovirus or nonpathogenic adeno-associated virus infections. Responses to wt viruses, recombinant vectors, or empty virion particles were compared. Adeno-associated virus shells induced nearly the full complement of changes elicited by the intact virus. The cellular genes elicited a nonpathogenic response, with antiproliferative genes being induced as a cluster. In contrast, adenovirus and adenovirus empty capsid infection yielded a broader response and subset, respectively, including induction of immune and stress-response genes associated with pathogenic effects. Our studies show that the impact of the viral capsid on cellular gene expression, and potential host toxicity, must be considered independent of the vector genome for safe gene transfer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie L Stilwell
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7352, USA
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50
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Huang SS, Leal SM, Chen CL, Liu IH, Huang JS. Identification of insulin receptor substrate proteins as key molecules for the TβR‐V/LRP‐1‐mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade in epithelial and myeloid cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:1719-21. [PMID: 15371331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1872fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The type V TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR-V) mediates IGF-independent growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 and mediates growth inhibition by TGF-beta1 in concert with the other TGF-beta receptor types. TbetaR-V was recently found to be identical to LRP-1. Here we find that insulin and (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I (an IGF-I analog that has a low affinity for IGFBP-3) antagonize growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells) stimulated by serum. In these cells, IGFBP-3 induces serine-specific dephosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. The IGFBP-3-induced dephosphorylation of IRS-2 is prevented by cotreatment of cells with insulin, (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I, or TbetaR-V/LRP-1 antagonists. The magnitude of the IRS-2 dephosphorylation induced by IGFBP-3 positively correlates with the degree of growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in Mv1Lu cells and mutant cells derived from Mv1Lu cells. Stable transfection of murine 32D myeloid cells (which lack endogenous IRS proteins and are insensitive to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3) with IRS-1 or IRS-2 cDNA confers sensitivity to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3; this IRS-mediated growth inhibition can be completely reversed by insulin in 32D cells stably expressing IRS-2 and the insulin receptor. These results suggest that IRS-1 and IRS-2 are key molecules for the TbetaR-V/LRP-1-mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Shian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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