1
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Fujimoto Y, Nakazawa N. The roles of FHL2 as a mechanotransducer for cellular functions in the mechanical environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431690. [PMID: 39129787 PMCID: PMC11310055 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell has multiple mechanisms for sensing and responding to dynamic changes in the mechanical environment. In the process, intracellular signaling is activated to modulate gene expression. Recent studies have shown that multifunctional signaling molecules that link intracellular force and gene expression are important for understanding cellular functions in the mechanical environment. This review discusses recent studies on one of the mechanotransducers, Four-and-a-half LIM domains 2 (FHL2), which localizes to focal adhesions (FAs), actin cytoskeleton, and nucleus. FHL2 localizes to FAs and the actin cytoskeleton in the cell on stiff substrate. In this situation, intracellular tension of F-actin by Myosin II is critical for FHL2 localization to FAs and actin stress fibers. In the case, a conserved phenylalanine in each LIM domain is responsible for its localization to F-actin. On the other hand, lower tension of F-actin in the cell on a soft substrate causes FHL2 to be released into the cytoplasm, resulting in its localization in the nucleus. At the molecular level, phosphorylation of specific tyrosine in FHL2 by FAK, non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is critical to nuclear localization. Finally, by binding to transcription factors, FHL2 modulates gene expression for cell proliferation as a transcriptional co-factor. Thus, FHL2 is involved in mechano-sensing and -transduction in the cell in a mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Department of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
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2
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Byron A, Griffith BGC, Herrero A, Loftus AEP, Koeleman ES, Kogerman L, Dawson JC, McGivern N, Culley J, Grimes GR, Serrels B, von Kriegsheim A, Brunton VG, Frame MC. Characterisation of a nucleo-adhesome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3053. [PMID: 35650196 PMCID: PMC9160004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to central functions in cell adhesion signalling, integrin-associated proteins have wider roles at sites distal to adhesion receptors. In experimentally defined adhesomes, we noticed that there is clear enrichment of proteins that localise to the nucleus, and conversely, we now report that nuclear proteomes contain a class of adhesome components that localise to the nucleus. We here define a nucleo-adhesome, providing experimental evidence for a remarkable scale of nuclear localisation of adhesion proteins, establishing a framework for interrogating nuclear adhesion protein functions. Adding to nuclear FAK's known roles in regulating transcription, we now show that nuclear FAK regulates expression of many adhesion-related proteins that localise to the nucleus and that nuclear FAK binds to the adhesome component and nuclear protein Hic-5. FAK and Hic-5 work together in the nucleus, co-regulating a subset of genes transcriptionally. We demonstrate the principle that there are subcomplexes of nuclear adhesion proteins that cooperate to control transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Billie G C Griffith
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ana Herrero
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexander E P Loftus
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Emma S Koeleman
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Kogerman
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Niamh McGivern
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Almac Diagnostic Services, 19 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, BT63 5QD, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Graeme R Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
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3
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Shi Y, Wahle E, Du Q, Krajewski L, Liang X, Zhou S, Zhang C, Baine M, Zheng D. Associations between Statin/Omega3 Usage and MRI-Based Radiomics Signatures in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010085. [PMID: 33430275 PMCID: PMC7825695 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Statins and omega-3 are two medications recently found to correlate with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness, but the observed associations are complex and controversial. We therefore explore the novel application of radiomics in studying statin and omega-3 usage in prostate cancer patients. On MRIs of 91 prostate cancer patients, two regions of interest (ROIs), the whole prostate and the peripheral region of the prostate, were manually segmented. From each ROI, 944 radiomic features were extracted after field bias correction and normalization. Heatmaps were generated to study the radiomic feature patterns against statin or omega-3 usage. Radiomics models were trained on selected features and evaluated with 500-round threefold cross-validation for each drug/ROI combination. On the 1500 validation datasets, the radiomics model achieved average AUCs of 0.70, 0.74, 0.78, and 0.72 for omega-3/prostate, omega-3/peripheral, statin/prostate, and statin/peripheral, respectively. As the first study to analyze radiomics in relation to statin and omega-3 uses in prostate cancer patients, our study preliminarily established the existence of imaging-identifiable tissue-level changes in the prostate and illustrated the potential usefulness of radiomics for further exploring these medications’ effects and mechanisms in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Ethan Wahle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Luke Krajewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Institute, Jacksonville, FL 32206, USA;
| | - Sumin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Michael Baine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dandan Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
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4
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Kullmann MK, Podmirseg SR, Roilo M, Hengst L. The CDK inhibitor p57 Kip2 enhances the activity of the transcriptional coactivator FHL2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7140. [PMID: 32346031 PMCID: PMC7188849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle is negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). p57Kip2 is a member of the Cip/Kip family of CKIs and frequently inactivated by genomic mutations associated with human overgrowth disorders. There is increasing evidence for p57 to control cellular processes in addition to cell cycle and CDK regulation including transcription, apoptosis, migration or development. In order to obtain molecular insights to unknown functions of p57, we performed a protein interaction screen. We identified the transcription regulator four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) as a novel p57-binding protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays were used to elucidate the physiological and functional relevance of p57/FHL2 interaction. We found in cancer cells that endogenous p57 and FHL2 are in a complex. We observed a substantial induction of established FHL2-regulated gene promoters by p57 in reporter gene experiments and detected strong induction of the intrinsic transactivation activity of FHL2. Treatment of cells with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and binding of exogenous FHL2 to HDACs indicated repression of FHL2 transcription activity by HDACs. In the presence of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate activation of FHL2 by p57 is abrogated suggesting that p57 shares a common pathway with HDAC inhibitors. p57 competes with HDACs for FHL2 binding which might partly explain the mechanism of FHL2 activation by p57. These results suggest a novel function of p57 in transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keith Kullmann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Silvio Roland Podmirseg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Roilo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Ahamad A, Wang J, Ge S, Kirschen GW. Early Dendritic Morphogenesis of Adult-Born Dentate Granule Cells Is Regulated by FHL2. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:202. [PMID: 32256309 PMCID: PMC7090230 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentate granule cells (DGCs), the progeny of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG), must develop and functionally integrate with the mature cohort of neurons in order to maintain critical hippocampal functions throughout adulthood. Dysregulation in the continuum of DGC development can result in aberrant morphology and disrupted functional maturation, impairing neuroplasticity of the network. Yet, the molecular underpinnings of the signaling involved in adult-born DGC maturation including dendritic growth, which correlates with functional integration, remains incompletely understood. Given the high metabolic activity in the dentate gyrus (DG) required to achieve continuous neurogenesis, we investigated the potential regulatory role of a cellular metabolism-linked gene recently implicated in NSC cycling and neuroblast migration, called Four and a half LIM domain 2 (FHL2). The FHL2 protein modulates numerous pathways related to proliferation, migration, survival and cytoskeletal rearrangement in peripheral tissues, interacting with the machinery of the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway, also known to be highly active especially in the hippocampus. Yet, the potential relevance of FHL2 to adult-born DGC development remains unknown. To elucidate the role of FHL2 in DGC development in the adult brain, we first confirmed the endogenous expression of FHL2 in NSCs and new granule cells within the DG, then engineered viral vectors for genetic manipulation experiments, investigating morphological changes in early stages of DGC development. Overexpression of FHL2 during early DGC development resulted in marked sprouting and branching of dendrites, while silencing of FHL2 increased dendritic length. Together, these findings suggest a novel role of FHL2 in adult-born DGC morphological maturation, which may open up a new line of investigation regarding the relevance of this gene in physiology and pathologies of the hippocampus such as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrinash Ahamad
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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6
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Zhou R, Li S, Liu J, Wu H, Yao G, Sun Y, Chen ZJ, Li W, Du Y. Up-regulated FHL2 inhibits ovulation through interacting with androgen receptor and ERK1/2 in polycystic ovary syndrome. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102635. [PMID: 32028069 PMCID: PMC6997507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ovulatory dysfunction mechanisms underlying polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are not completely understood. There is no effective therapy for PCOS so far. METHODS We measured the expression of four and a half LIM domain 2 (FHL2) and other related-genes in human granulosa cells (hGCs) from patients with and without PCOS. To minimise the heterogeneity of patients with PCOS, we only included PCOS patients meeting all three criteria according to the revised Rotterdam consensus. The in vitro effects of FHL2 on ovulatory genes and the underlying mechanisms were examined in KGN cells. The role of FHL2 in ovulation was investigated in vivo by overexpressing FHL2 in rat ovaries via intrabursal lentivirus injection. FINDINGS Increased FHL2 and androgen receptor (AR) expression and decreased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression were observed in hGCs from patients with PCOS. FHL2 inhibited the expression of ovulation-related genes, including phosphorylated ERK1/2, C/EBPβ, COX2 and HAS2 in KGN cells. It was partially by interacting with AR to act as its co-regulator to inhibit C/EBPβ expression and by binding to ERK1/2 to inhibit its phosphorylation. Moreover, FHL2 abundance in hGCs was positively correlated with the basal serum testosterone concentration of patients with PCOS, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced FHL2 upregulation was mediated by AR signalling in KGN cells. Additionally, lentiviral-mediated functional FHL2 overexpression in rat ovaries for 1 week contributed to an impaired superovulatory response, displaying decreased numbers of retrieved oocytes and a lower MII oocyte rate. 3-week FHL2 overexpression rat models without superovulation led to acyclicity and polycystic ovary morphology. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PCOS, suggesting that FHL2 could be a potential treatment target for ovulatory obstacles in PCOS. FUND: National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health project and Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiong Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Shang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Hasiximuke Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Guangxin Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China; National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China.
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7
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Jin J, Togo S, Kadoya K, Tulafu M, Namba Y, Iwai M, Watanabe J, Nagahama K, Okabe T, Hidayat M, Kodama Y, Kitamura H, Ogura T, Kitamura N, Ikeo K, Sasaki S, Tominaga S, Takahashi K. Pirfenidone attenuates lung fibrotic fibroblast responses to transforming growth factor-β1. Respir Res 2019; 20:119. [PMID: 31185973 PMCID: PMC6558902 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pirfenidone, an antifibrotic agent used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), functions by inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation, which is involved in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced IPF pathogenesis. However, unlike normal lung fibroblasts, the relationship between pirfenidone responses of TGF-β1-induced human fibrotic lung fibroblasts and lung fibrosis has not been elucidated. METHODS The effects of pirfenidone were evaluated in lung fibroblasts isolated from fibrotic human lung tissues after TGF-β1 exposure. The ability of two new pharmacological targets of pirfenidone, collagen triple helix repeat containing protein 1(CTHRC1) and four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2), to mediate contraction of collagen gels and migration toward fibronectin were assessed in vitro. RESULTS Compared to control lung fibroblasts, pirfenidone significantly restored TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, migration, and CTHRC1 release in lung fibrotic fibroblasts. Furthermore, pirfenidone attenuated TGF-β1- and CTHRC1-induced fibroblast activity, upregulation of bone morphogenic protein-4(BMP-4)/Gremlin1, and downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and FHL2, similar to that observed post-CTHRC1 inhibition. In contrast, FHL2 inhibition suppressed migration and fibronectin expression, but did not downregulate CTHRC1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, pirfenidone suppressed fibrotic fibroblast-mediated fibrotic processes via inverse regulation of CTHRC1-induced lung fibroblast activity. Thus, CTHRC1 can be used for predicting pirfenidone response and developing new therapeutic targets for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Togo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Kadoya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miniwan Tulafu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yukiko Namba
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 6-16-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Moe Iwai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumi Nagahama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okabe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Moulid Hidayat
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideya Kitamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 6-16-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 6-16-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Norikazu Kitamura
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tominaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, 279-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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8
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Abstract
The 4-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a multifunctional adaptor protein that can interact with cell surface receptors, cytosolic adaptor and structural proteins, kinases, and nuclear transcription factors. It is involved in numerous functional activities, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, structural stability, and gene expression. Despite this, FHL2-knockout (KO) mice are viable and fertile with no obvious abnormalities, rather suggesting a high capacity for fine-tuning adjustment and functional redundancy of FHL2. Indeed, challenging FHL2-KO cells or mice provided numerous evidences for the great functional significance of FHL2. In recent years, several reviews have been published describing the high capacity of FHL2 to bind diverse proteins as well as the versatile functions of FHL2, emphasizing in particular its role in cardiovascular diseases and carcinogenesis. Here, we view the function of FHL2 from a different perspective. We summarize the published data demonstrating the impact of FHL2 on wound healing and inflammation. FHL2 seems to be involved in numerous steps of these extremely complex and multidirectional but tightly regulated tissue remodeling processes, supporting tissue repair and coordinating inflammation. Deficiency of FHL2 not only slows down ongoing wound healing but also often turns it into a chronic condition.-Wixler, V. The role of FHL2 in wound healing and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Wixler
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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9
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Jin SH, Kim H, Gu DR, Park KH, Lee YR, Choi Y, Lee SH. Actin-binding LIM protein 1 regulates receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation and motility. BMB Rep 2018; 51:356-361. [PMID: 29921413 PMCID: PMC6089868 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.7.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1), a member of the LIM-domain protein family, mediates interactions between actin filaments and cytoplasmic targets. However, the role of ABLIM1 in osteoclast and bone metabolism has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the role of ABLIM1 in the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis. ABLIM1 expression was induced by RANKL treatment and knockdown of ABLIM1 by retrovirus infection containing Ablim1-specific short hairpin RNA (shAblim1) decreased mature osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity in a RANKL-dose dependent manner. Coincident with the downregulated expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes, the expression levels of c-Fos and the nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), critical transcription factors of osteoclastogenesis, were also decreased in shAblim1-infected osteoclasts during RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation. In addition, the motility of preosteoclast was reduced by ABLIM1 knockdown via modulation of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Rac1 signaling pathway, suggesting another regulatory mechanism of ABLIM1 in osteoclast formation. These data demonstrated that ABLIM1 is a positive regulator of RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation via the modulation of the differentiation and PI3K/Akt/Rac1-dependent motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Jin
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dong Ryun Gu
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea; Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Keun Ha Park
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea; Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Young Rae Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea; Department of Oral Biochemistry, and Institute of BiomaterialsㆍImplant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seoung Hoon Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea; Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; Institute of BiomaterialsㆍImplant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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10
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Sala S, Ampe C. An emerging link between LIM domain proteins and nuclear receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1959-1971. [PMID: 29428964 PMCID: PMC11105726 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that partake in several biological processes including development, reproduction and metabolism. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated that group 2, 3 and 4 LIM domain proteins, primarily known for their roles in actin cytoskeleton organization, also partake in gene transcription regulation. They shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, amongst other as a consequence of triggering cells with ligands of nuclear receptors. LIM domain proteins act as important coregulators of nuclear receptor-mediated gene transcription, in which they can either function as coactivators or corepressors. In establishing interactions with nuclear receptors, the LIM domains are important, yet pleiotropy of LIM domain proteins and nuclear receptors frequently occurs. LIM domain protein-nuclear receptor complexes function in diverse physiological processes. Their association is, however, often linked to diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sala
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Lorda‐Diez C, Montero J, Sanchez‐Fernandez C, Garcia‐Porrero J, Chimal‐Monroy J, Hurle J. Four and a half domain 2 (FHL2) scaffolding protein is a marker of connective tissues of developing digits and regulates fibrogenic differentiation of limb mesodermal progenitors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e2062-e2072. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.I. Lorda‐Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - J.A. Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - C. Sanchez‐Fernandez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - J.A. Garcia‐Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - J. Chimal‐Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de Mexico Mexico
| | - J.M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
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12
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Leite Dantas R, Brachvogel B, Schied T, Bergmeier V, Skryabin B, Vogl T, Ludwig S, Wixler V. The LIM-Only Protein Four and a Half LIM Domain Protein 2 Attenuates Development of Psoriatic Arthritis by Blocking Adam17-Mediated Tumor Necrosis Factor Release. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2388-2398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Nishikawa M, Sato K, Nakano S, Yamakawa H, Nagase T, Ueda H. Specific activation of PLEKHG2-induced serum response element-dependent gene transcription by four-and-a-half LIM domains (FHL) 1, but not FHL2 or FHL3. Small GTPases 2017; 10:361-366. [PMID: 28489964 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1327838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PLEKHG2 is a Gβγ- and Gαs-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42 small GTPases and has been shown to mediate signaling pathways such as those for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and serum response element (SRE)-dependent gene transcription. We have shown that the four-and-a-half LIM domains (FHL) 1 acts as a positive regulator of PLEKHG2. Here, we evaluated the other FHL family members and found that the FHL1A specifically regulate the PLEKHG2 activity. Moreover, FHL1A further enhanced Gβγ- and PLEKHG2-induced SRE-dependent gene transcription, whereas FHL1A partially restored the attenuated PLEKHG2-induced SRE-dependent gene transcription by Gαs. Our results suggest that FHL1A specifically interacts with PLEKHG2 to regulate a function of PLEKHG2 that is modified by the interaction of Gβγ and Gαs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishikawa
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University , Yanagido, Gifu , Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- b Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine , Yanagido, Gifu , Japan
| | - Shun Nakano
- c Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University , Yanagido, Gifu , Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamakawa
- d Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari , Kisarazu, Chiba , Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- d Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari , Kisarazu, Chiba , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University , Yanagido, Gifu , Japan.,c Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University , Yanagido, Gifu , Japan
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14
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Sato K, Kimura M, Sugiyama K, Nishikawa M, Okano Y, Nagaoka H, Nagase T, Kitade Y, Ueda H. Four-and-a-half LIM Domains 1 (FHL1) Protein Interacts with the Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor PLEKHG2/FLJ00018 and Regulates Cell Morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25227-25238. [PMID: 27765816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PLEKHG2/FLJ00018 is a Gβγ-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 and has been shown to mediate the signaling pathways leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Here we showed that the zinc finger domain-containing protein four-and-a-half LIM domains 1 (FHL1) acts as a novel interaction partner of PLEKHG2 by the yeast two-hybrid system. Among the isoforms of FHL1 (i.e. FHL1A, FHL1B, and FHL1C), FHL1A and FHL1B interacted with PLEKHG2. We found that there was an FHL1-binding region at amino acids 58-150 of PLEKHG2. The overexpression of FHL1A but not FHL1B enhanced the PLEKHG2-induced serum response element-dependent gene transcription. The co-expression of FHL1A and Gβγ synergistically enhanced the PLEKHG2-induced serum response element-dependent gene transcription. Increased transcription activity was decreased by FHL1A knock-out with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Compared with PLEKHG2-expressing cells, the number and length of finger-like protrusions were increased in PLEKHG2-, Gβγ-, and FHL1A-expressing cells. Our results provide evidence that FHL1A interacts with PLEKHG2 and regulates cell morphological change through the activity of PLEKHG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and
| | - Masashi Kimura
- the Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazue Sugiyama
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and
| | - Yukio Okano
- the Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- the Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan, and
| | - Yukio Kitade
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and.,the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and .,the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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15
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Matrix mechanics controls FHL2 movement to the nucleus to activate p21 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6813-E6822. [PMID: 27742790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate rigidity affects many physiological processes through mechanochemical signals from focal adhesion (FA) complexes that subsequently modulate gene expression. We find that shuttling of the LIM domain (domain discovered in the proteins, Lin11, Isl-1, and Mec-3) protein four-and-a-half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) between FAs and the nucleus depends on matrix mechanics. In particular, on soft surfaces or after the loss of force, FHL2 moves from FAs into the nucleus and concentrates at RNA polymerase (Pol) II sites, where it acts as a transcriptional cofactor, causing an increase in p21 gene expression that will inhibit growth on soft surfaces. At the molecular level, shuttling requires a specific tyrosine in FHL2, as well as phosphorylation by active FA kinase (FAK). Thus, we suggest that FHL2 phosphorylation by FAK is a critical, mechanically dependent step in signaling from soft matrices to the nucleus to inhibit cell proliferation by increasing p21 expression.
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16
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Diviani D, Raimondi F, Del Vescovo CD, Dreyer E, Reggi E, Osman H, Ruggieri L, Gonano C, Cavin S, Box CL, Lenoir M, Overduin M, Bellucci L, Seeber M, Fanelli F. Small-Molecule Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of Oncogenic Rho Signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1135-1146. [PMID: 27593112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of Rho signaling by RhoGEFs, in particular AKAP13 (Lbc) and its close homologs, is implicated in a number of human tumors with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Structure predictions and alanine scanning mutagenesis of Lbc identified a circumscribed hot region for RhoA recognition and activation. Virtual screening targeting that region led to the discovery of an inhibitor of Lbc-RhoA interaction inside cells. By interacting with the DH domain, the compound inhibits the catalytic activity of Lbc, halts cellular responses to activation of oncogenic Lbc pathways, and reverses a number of prostate cancer cell phenotypes such as proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. This study provides insights into the structural determinants of Lbc-RhoA recognition. This is a successful example of structure-based discovery of a small protein-protein interaction inhibitor able to halt oncogenic Rho signaling in cancer cells with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Diviani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cosmo D Del Vescovo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Dreyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Reggi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halima Osman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Ruggieri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Gonano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Cavin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clare L Box
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Seeber
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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17
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Wang S, Lu Y, Sun X, Wu D, Fu B, Chen Y, Deng H, Chen X. Identification of common and differential mechanisms of glomerulus and tubule senescence in 24-month-old rats by quantitative LC-MS/MS. Proteomics 2016; 16:2706-2717. [PMID: 27452873 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology; The Second Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin P.R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
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18
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Gabriel B, Fischer DC, Orlowska-Volk M, zur Hausen A, Schüle R, Müller JM, Hasenburg A. Expression of the Transcriptional Coregulator FHL2 in Human Breast Cancer: A Clinicopathologic Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:69-75. [PMID: 16378916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the Four and a Half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) has been suggested to play an important role in tumor development, this has not been investigated in breast cancer. METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissues from patients (n = 85) with primary breast cancer were submitted to immunohistochemical investigation of FHL2 expression and subsequent correlation with clinicopathologic parameters and patient survival. RESULTS The expression of FHL2 was confined to the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Forty (47%) of 85 samples showed weak expression of FHL2, whereas high expression was found in 45 tumors (53%). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between FHL2 and androgen receptor expression (P = .029). Patients with tumors expressing low amounts of FHL2 were characterized by a significantly better survival compared to those with high intratumoral FHL2 expression (P = .0215, log-rank test). The additional stratification according to adjuvant tamoxifen treatment revealed a significantly improved survival rate for patients receiving tamoxifen and being diagnosed with a tumor expressing high amounts of FHL2. This might indicate that tamoxifen is at least partially capable of reversing the negative prognostic impact of high FHL2 expression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed FHL2 expression as a significant independent predictor of survival. CONCLUSION The specific expression in tumor tissue points to an important functional role of FHL2 in human breast cancer. Our survival data indicate that the expression of FHL2 in primary breast cancer is a potentially relevant prognostic factor. Further studies are warranted to elucidate whether analysis of FHL2 expression is suitable to predict response to antihormonal treatment with tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gabriel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Gynecology, Center for Clinical Research, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Boateng LR, Bennin D, De Oliveira S, Huttenlocher A. Mammalian Actin-binding Protein-1/Hip-55 Interacts with FHL2 and Negatively Regulates Cell Invasion. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13987-13998. [PMID: 27129278 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian actin-binding protein-1 (mAbp1) is an adaptor protein that binds actin and modulates scission during endocytosis. Recent studies suggest that mAbp1 impairs cell invasion; however, the mechanism for the inhibitory effects of mAbp1 remain unclear. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified the adaptor protein, FHL2, as a novel binding partner that interacts with the N-terminal actin depolymerizing factor homology domain (ADFH) domain of mAbp1. Here we report that depletion of mAbp1 or ectopic expression of the ADFH domain of mAbp1 increased Rho GTPase signaling and breast cancer cell invasion. Moreover, cell invasion induced by the ADFH domain of mAbp1 required the expression of FHL2. Taken together, our findings show that mAbp1 and FHL2 are novel binding partners that differentially regulate Rho GTPase signaling and MTLn3 breast cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsy R Boateng
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David Bennin
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Sofia De Oliveira
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
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Du J, Wang Q, Yang P, Wang X. FHL2 mediates tooth development and human dental pulp cell differentiation into odontoblasts, partially by interacting with Runx2. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:195-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Integrated network model provides new insights into castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17280. [PMID: 26603105 PMCID: PMC4658549 DOI: 10.1038/srep17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the main challenge for prostate cancer treatment. Recent studies have indicated that extending the treatments to simultaneously targeting different pathways could provide better approaches. To better understand the regulatory functions of different pathways, a system-wide study of CRPC regulation is necessary. For this purpose, we constructed a comprehensive CRPC regulatory network by integrating multiple pathways such as the MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT pathways. We studied the feedback loops of this network and found that AKT was involved in all detected negative feedback loops. We translated the network into a predictive Boolean model and analyzed the stable states and the control effects of genes using novel methods. We found that the stable states naturally divide into two obvious groups characterizing PC3 and DU145 cells respectively. Stable state analysis further revealed that several critical genes, such as PTEN, AKT, RAF, and CDKN2A, had distinct expression behaviors in different clusters. Our model predicted the control effects of many genes. We used several public datasets as well as FHL2 overexpression to verify our finding. The results of this study can help in identifying potential therapeutic targets, especially simultaneous targets of multiple pathways, for CRPC.
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22
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Zhang Y, Li W, Zhu M, Li Y, Xu Z, Zuo B. FHL3 differentially regulates the expression of MyHC isoforms through interactions with MyoD and pCREB. Cell Signal 2015; 28:60-73. [PMID: 26499038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, muscle fiber types are defined by four adult myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Four and a half LIM domain protein 3 (FHL3) regulates myoblasts differentiation and gene expression by acting as a transcriptional co-activator or co-repressor. However, how FHL3 regulates MyHC expression is currently not clear. In this study, we found that FHL3 down-regulated the expression of MyHC 1/slow and up-regulated the expression of MyHC 2a and MyHC 2b, whereas no significant effect was found on MyHC 2x expression. MyoD and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) played important roles in the regulation of MyHC 1/slow and MyHC 2a expression by FHL3, respectively. FHL3 could interact with MyoD, CREB and pCREB in vivo. pCREB had stronger interaction with the cyclic AMP-responsive elements (CRE) of the MyHC 2a promoter compared with CREB, and FHL3 significantly affected the binding capacity of pCREB to CRE. We established a model in which FHL3 promotes the expression of MyHC 2a through CREB-mediated transcription and inhibits the expression of MyHC 1/slow by inhibiting MyoD transcription activity during myogenesis. Our data support the notion that FHL3 plays important roles in the regulation of muscle fiber type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Wentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Mingfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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Sun X, Zheng M, Zhang M, Qian M, Zheng Y, Li M, Cretoiu D, Chen C, Chen L, Popescu LM, Wang X. Differences in the expression of chromosome 1 genes between lung telocytes and other cells: mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, alveolar type II cells, airway epithelial cells and lymphocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 18:801-10. [PMID: 24826900 PMCID: PMC4119386 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a unique type of interstitial cells with specific, extremely long prolongations named telopodes (Tps). Our previous study showed that TCs are distinct from fibroblasts (Fbs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as concerns gene expression and proteomics. The present study explores patterns of mouse TC-specific gene profiles on chromosome 1. We investigated the network of main genes and the potential functional correlations. We compared gene expression profiles of mouse pulmonary TCs, MSCs, Fbs, alveolar type II cells (ATII), airway basal cells (ABCs), proximal airway cells (PACs), CD8+ T cells from bronchial lymph nodes (T-BL) and CD8+ T cells from lungs (T-LL). The functional and feature networks were identified and compared by bioinformatics tools. Our data showed that on TC chromosome 1, there are about 25% up-regulated and 70% down-regulated genes (more than onefold) as compared with the other cells respectively. Capn2, Fhl2 and Qsox1 were over-expressed in TCs compared to the other cells, indicating that biological functions of TCs are mainly associated with morphogenesis and local tissue homoeostasis. TCs seem to have important roles in the prevention of tissue inflammation and fibrogenesis development in lung inflammatory diseases and as modulators of immune cell response. In conclusion, TCs are distinct from the other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Tian X, Wang Q, Wang X. Four and a Half LIM Domain Protein 2 Enhances Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2015; 41:513-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Westphal P, Mauch C, Florin A, Czerwitzki J, Olligschläger N, Wodtke C, Schüle R, Büttner R, Friedrichs N. Enhanced FHL2 and TGF-β1 Expression Is Associated With Invasive Growth and Poor Survival in Malignant Melanomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:248-56; quiz 307. [PMID: 25596251 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpxec6cit2txaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the expression and the role of four-and-a-half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in human malignant melanoma. It is determined whether both proteins influence melanoma survival time. METHODS We analyzed the immunohistochemical staining intensities of FHL2 and TGF-β1 in normal skin and in 50 malignant melanomas with different mutation status (BRAF-V600E, NRAS codon 61 mutation, and wild type). Survival data were available for 45 cases. RESULTS In melanocytes of nonneoplastic human skin, FHL2 expression was absent. In contrast, 38 (76%) of 50 melanomas showed strong cytoplasmic and partly nuclear FHL2 expression. At the invasion front, cytoplasmic TGF-β1 staining was observed in 32 (64%) of 50 melanomas, and a correlation of FHL2 and TGF-β1 staining intensities was detectable. In follow-up analyses, enhanced FHL2 and TGF-β1 staining intensities in the tumor invasion front were associated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced FHL2 and TGF-β1 expression is correlated with poor survival in human malignant melanoma. Protumorigenic effects of autocrine TGF-β1 secretion might be exerted by induction of FHL2 expression in melanoma cells. Since melanomas treated with targeted therapies often do not show sufficient response rates, inhibition of FHL2 and/or TGF-β1 might be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Westphal
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nina Olligschläger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Wodtke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical School, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
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Al-Nomani L, Friedrichs J, Schüle R, Büttner R, Friedrichs N. Tumoral expression of nuclear cofactor FHL2 is associated with lymphatic metastasis in sporadic but not in HNPCC-associated colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:171-4. [PMID: 25554651 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four and a half LIM domain protein-2 (FHL2) is part of the focal adhesion structures modulating cell motility. FHL2 may translocate into the nucleus serving as a transcriptional cofactor binding several transcription factors. Overexpression of FHL2 has been linked to cancer progression in various neoplasias. The aim of the present study was to determine, whether FHL2's function as nuclear cofactor plays a prognostic role in invading tumor cells of sporadic and HNPCC-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining intensity of nuclear FHL2 was quantified by Remmele score analysing 47 sporadic and 42 HNPCC-associated colorectal cancers. Analysis was restricted to carcinoma cells of the tumoral invasion front. RESULTS Confocal microscopy detected nuclear expression of FHL2 in colon cancer cells and absence of nuclear FHL2 signal in normal colon enterocytes. In colon cancer, nuclear FHL2 expression was predominantly observed in low-differentiated, often mucinous tumor areas. 42.55% of sporadic and 54.76% of HNPCC-associated CRC showed enhanced (Remmele score 6-12) nuclear FHL2 expression in the carcinoma cells of the tumoral advancing edge. Enhanced nuclear FHL2 expression was significantly linked to lymphatic metastasis in sporadic CRC (p=0.0197) and almost reached significance in HNPCC-associated CRC (p=0.0545). In contrast, nuclear FHL2 expression was neither associated with hematogenic metastasis in sporadic (p=0.7087) nor in HNPCC-associated colorectal cancer (p=0.3007). CONCLUSIONS We recently demonstrated that enhanced nuclear FHL2 expression in tumor stroma of sporadic colon cancer is associated with lymphatic metastasis. The results of the present study indicate a synergistic effect of nuclear cofactor FHL2 in tumor cells as well as in peritumoral stroma cells promoting lymphatic metastasis in sporadic CRC. As HNPCC-associated tumors did not show a significant association between tumoral nuclear FHL2 expression and lymphatic metastasis we speculate, that the intensive lymphocytic immune response in HNPCC precludes a direct contact of tumor cells and stromal cells resulting in reduced lymphatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman Al-Nomani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical School, Breisacherstr. 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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High risk HPV E6 oncoproteins impair the subcellular distribution of the four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2). Virology 2014; 476:100-105. [PMID: 25540819 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HPVs are the causative agents of approximately 5% of all human cancers, with cervical cancer being the most predominant. To understand the mechanism of action of the viral E6 oncoprotein, we analysed the effects of E6 upon potential cellular target proteins. One candidate is FHL-2, involved in the regulation of signal transduction pathways from the multimeric complexes assembled at focal adhesions. We show that both HPV E6 and E6(⁎) can interact with FHL-2 in vitro, but unlike most E6 targets, FHL-2 does not appear to be an E6 degradation target. Analysis of the patterns of FHL-2 distribution within HPV-positive tumour-derived cells shows a significant alteration in the pattern of FHL-2 localisation when compared to non-HPV containing cells. This perturbation of FHL-2 distribution is proteasome-dependent and inhibition of E6 expression restores the normal distribution of FHL-2. These results confirm FHL-2 as a new interacting partner of the HPV-E6 oncoproteins.
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Friedrich FW, Reischmann S, Schwalm A, Unger A, Ramanujam D, Münch J, Müller OJ, Hengstenberg C, Galve E, Charron P, Linke WA, Engelhardt S, Patten M, Richard P, van der Velden J, Eschenhagen T, Isnard R, Carrier L. FHL2 expression and variants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:451. [PMID: 25358972 PMCID: PMC4215105 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on evidence that FHL2 (four and a half LIM domains protein 2) negatively regulates cardiac hypertrophy we tested whether FHL2 altered expression or variants could be associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is a myocardial disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and increased interstitial fibrosis and is mainly caused by mutations in genes coding for sarcomeric proteins. FHL2 mRNA level, FHL2 protein level and I-band-binding density were lower in HCM patients than control individuals. Screening of 121 HCM patients without mutations in established disease genes identified 2 novel (T171M, V187L) and 4 known (R177Q, N226N, D268D, P273P) FHL2 variants in unrelated HCM families. We assessed the structural and functional consequences of the nonsynonymous substitutions after adeno-associated viral-mediated gene transfer in cardiac myocytes and in 3D-engineered heart tissue (EHT). Overexpression of FHL2 wild type or nonsynonymous substitutions in cardiac myocytes markedly down-regulated α-skeletal actin and partially blunted hypertrophy induced by phenylephrine or endothelin-1. After gene transfer in EHTs, force and velocity of both contraction and relaxation were higher with T171M and V187L FHL2 variants than wild type under basal conditions. Finally, chronic phenylephrine stimulation depressed EHT function in all groups, but to a lower extent in T171M-transduced EHTs. These data suggest that (1) FHL2 is down-regulated in HCM, (2) both FHL2 wild type and variants partially protected phenylephrine- or endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes, and (3) FHL2 T171M and V187L nonsynonymous variants induced altered EHT contractility. These findings provide evidence that the 2 novel FHL2 variants could increase cardiac function in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix W. Friedrich
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reischmann
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aileen Schwalm
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unger
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Deepak Ramanujam
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Münch
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Present Address: German Heart Centre of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Enrique Galve
- Unitat d’Insuficiència Cardiaca, Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Charron
- Inserm, U956, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang A. Linke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Pascale Richard
- Inserm, U956, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP Centre de référence des maladies cardiaques héréditaires, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP,UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Isnard
- Inserm, U956, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP Centre de référence des maladies cardiaques héréditaires, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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Ng CF, Xu JY, Li MS, Tsui SKW. Identification of FHL2-regulated genes in liver by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:744-53. [PMID: 24453047 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FHL2 is a LIM domain protein that is able to form various protein complexes and regulate gene transcription. Recent findings showed that FHL2 is a potential tumor suppressor gene that was down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, microarray profiling of gene expression was performed to identify the genes regulated by FHL2 in mouse livers. The differentially expressed genes were further analyzed by bioinformatics tools including DAVID, KEGG, and STRING. Our data illustrate that FHL2 affects genes involved in various functions including signal transduction, responses to external stimulus, cancer-related pathways, cardiovascular function and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, a network of differentially expressed genes identified in this study and known FHL2-interacting proteins was constructed. Then, genes identified by bioinformatics tools and most functional relevant to FHL2 were selected for further validation. Finally, the differential expression of Ar, Id3, Inhbe, Alas1, Bcl6, Pparδ, Angptl4, and Erbb4 were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. In summary, we have established a database of genes that are potentially regulated by FHL2 and these genes should be future targets for the elucidation of functional roles of FHL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor-Fung Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Lu Y, Cai G, Cui S, Geng W, Chen D, Wen J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Xie Y, Fu B, Chen X. FHL2-driven molecular network mediated Septin2 knockdown inducing apoptosis in mesangial cell. Proteomics 2014; 14:2485-97. [PMID: 25103794 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenjia Geng
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Fujian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuansheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology; Chinese PLA General Hospital; Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases; Beijing P. R. China
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Xu J, Zhou J, Li MS, Ng CF, Ng YK, Lai PBS, Tsui SKW. Transcriptional regulation of the tumor suppressor FHL2 by p53 in human kidney and liver cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99359. [PMID: 25121502 PMCID: PMC4133229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four and a Half LIM protein 2 (FHL2) is a LIM domain only protein that is able to form various protein complexes and regulate gene transcription. Recent findings showed that FHL2 is a potential tumor suppressor gene that was down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, FHL2 can bind to and activate the TP53 promoter in hepatic cells. In this study, the activity of the two promoters of FHL2, 1a and 1b, were determined in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 and the activation of these two promoters by p53 was investigated. Our results showed that the 1b promoter has a higher activity than the 1a promoter in HEK 293 cells but the 1a promoter is more responsive to the activation by p53 when compared with the 1b promoter. The regulation of FHL2 by p53 was further confirmed in liver cells by the overexpression of p53 in Hep3B cells and the knockdown of p53 in HepG2 cells. Combining promoter activity results of truncated mutants and predictions by bioinformatics tools, a putative p53 binding site was found in the exon 1a of FHL2 from +213 to +232. The binding between the p53 protein and the putative p53 binding site was then validated by the ChIP assay. Furthermore, the expression of FHL2 and TP53 were down-regulated in majority of HCC tumour samples (n = 41) and significantly correlated (P = 0.026). Finally, we found that the somatic mutation 747 (G→T), a hot spot mutation of the TP53 gene, is potentially associated with a higher expression of FHL2 in HCC tumour samples. Taken together, this is the first in-depth study about the transcriptional regulation of FHL2 by p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Junwei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Shan Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chor-Fung Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yuen-Keng Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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Alnajar A, Nordhoff C, Schied T, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Loser K, Vogl T, Ludwig S, Wixler V. The LIM-only protein FHL2 attenuates lung inflammation during bleomycin-induced fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81356. [PMID: 24260575 PMCID: PMC3832604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is usually initiated when regenerative processes have failed and/or chronic inflammation occurs. It is characterised by the activation of tissue fibroblasts and dysregulated synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. FHL2 (four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2) is a scaffolding protein that interacts with numerous cellular proteins, regulating signalling cascades and gene transcription. It is involved in tissue remodelling and tumour progression. Recent data suggest that FHL2 might support fibrogenesis by maintaining the transcriptional expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and the excessive synthesis and assembly of matrix proteins in activated fibroblasts. Here, we present evidence that FHL2 does not promote bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, but rather suppresses this process by attenuating lung inflammation. Loss of FHL2 results in increased expression of the pro-inflammatory matrix protein tenascin C and downregulation of the macrophage activating C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN. Consequently, FHL2 knockout mice developed a severe and long-lasting lung pathology following bleomycin administration due to enhanced expression of tenascin C and impaired activation of inflammation-resolving macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaleem Alnajar
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carolin Nordhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tanja Schied
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Opposing signaling of ROCK1 and ROCK2 determines the switching of substrate specificity and the mode of migration of glioblastoma cells. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:900-15. [PMID: 24170433 PMCID: PMC3950623 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite current advances in therapy, the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma has not improved sufficiently in recent decades. This is due mainly to the highly invasive capacity of glioma cells. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this particular characteristic. While the Rho-kinase (ROCK)-dependent signaling pathways involved in glioma migration have yet to be determined, they show promise as one of the candidates in targeted glioblastoma therapy. There are two ROCK isoforms: ROCK1, which is upregulated in glioblastoma tissue compared to normal brain tissue, and ROCK2, which is also expressed in normal brain tissue. Blockage of both of these ROCK isoforms with pharmacologic inhibitors regulates the migration process. We examined the activities of ROCK1 and ROCK2 using knockdown cell lines and the newly developed stripe assay. Selective knockdown of either ROCK1 or ROCK2 exerted antidromic effects on glioma migration: while ROCK1 deletion altered the substrate-dependent migration, deletion of ROCK2 did not. Furthermore, ROCK1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, whereas ROCK2 knockdown enhanced it. Along the signaling pathways, key regulators of the ROCK pathway are differentially affected by ROCK1 and ROCK2. These data suggest that the balanced activation of ROCKs is responsible for the substrate-specific migration and the proliferation of glioblastoma cells.
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McGrath MJ, Binge LC, Sriratana A, Wang H, Robinson PA, Pook D, Fedele CG, Brown S, Dyson JM, Cottle DL, Cowling BS, Niranjan B, Risbridger GP, Mitchell CA. Regulation of the transcriptional coactivator FHL2 licenses activation of the androgen receptor in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5066-79. [PMID: 23801747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that progression from localized prostate cancer to incurable castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is driven by continued androgen receptor (AR), signaling independently of androgen. Thus, there remains a strong rationale to suppress AR activity as the single most important therapeutic goal in CRPC treatment. Although the expression of ligand-independent AR splice variants confers resistance to AR-targeted therapy and progression to lethal castrate-resistant cancer, the molecular regulators of AR activity in CRPC remain unclear, in particular those pathways that potentiate the function of mutant AR in CRPC. Here, we identify FHL2 as a novel coactivator of ligand-independent AR variants that are important in CRPC. We show that the nuclear localization of FHL2 and coactivation of the AR is driven by calpain cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein filamin, a pathway that shows differential activation in prostate epithelial versus prostate cancer cell lines. We further identify a novel FHL2-AR-filamin transcription complex, revealing how deregulation of this axis promotes the constitutive, ligand-independent activation of AR variants, which are present in CRPC. Critically, the calpain-cleaved filamin fragment and FHL2 are present in the nucleus only in CRPC and not benign prostate tissue or localized prostate cancer. Thus, our work provides mechanistic insight into the enhanced AR activation, most notably of the recently identified AR variants, including AR-V7 that drives CRPC progression. Furthermore, our results identify the first disease-specific mechanism for deregulation of FHL2 nuclear localization during cancer progression. These results offer general import beyond prostate cancer, given that nuclear FHL2 is characteristic of other human cancers where oncogenic transcription factors that drive disease are activated like the AR in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J McGrath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia
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Huang PH, Chen CY, Lin CP, Wang CH, Tsai HY, Lo WY, Leu HB, Chen JW, Lin SJ, Chu PH. Deletion of FHL2 Gene Impaired Ischemia-Induced Blood Flow Recovery by Modulating Circulating Proangiogenic Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:709-17. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The four and a half Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 (LIM) domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a member of the four and a half LIM domain-only (FHL) gene family, and has been shown to play an important role in inhibiting inflammatory angiogenesis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that impaired ischemia-induced neovascularization in mice lacking FHL2 is related to a defect in proangiogenic cell mobilization and functions in vasculogenesis.
Approach and Results—
Unilateral hindlimb ischemia surgery was conducted in FHL2
−/−
mice and wild-type (FHL2
+/+
) mice. After hindlimb ischemia surgery, expression of FHL2 protein was noted in ischemic tissues of wild-type mice. All FHL2-null mice (100%) suffered from spontaneous foot amputation, but only 20% of wild-type mice had ischemia-induced foot amputation after ischemic surgery. Blood flow recovery was significantly impaired in FHL2
−/−
mice when compared with that in wild-type mice as determined by laser Doppler imaging. Histological analysis revealed that the capillary density in the ischemic limb was increased in wild-type mice, whereas no such increase was noted in FHL2
−/−
mice. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the number of CD34
+
or CD34
+
/Sca-1
+
/Flk-1
+
in peripheral blood after ischemic surgery significantly decreased in FHL2-null mice than those in wild-type mice after hindlimb ischemia surgery. FHL2 deficiency impaired ex vivo angiogenesis in mouse aortic-ring culture assay, which revealed that the mean density of the microvessels was significantly higher in the wild-type aorta than in the FHL2
−/−
aorta. Western blot analysis showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels were significantly downregulated in ischemic muscles in FHL2-null mice compared with wild-type mice. Deletion of FHL2 protein by FHL2 small interfering RNA impaired VEGF production under hypoxia conditions, and also suppressed endothelial progenitor cell angiogenic functions, but these effects could be recovered by administration of VEGF.
Conclusions—
Deficiency of FHL2 impairs ischemia-induced neovascularization, and these suppressive effects may occur through a reduction in proangiogenic cell mobilization, migration, and vasculogenesis functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Huang
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Chih-Pei Lin
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Wei-Yuh Lo
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- From the Division of Cardiology (P.-H.H., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Medical Research and Education (J.-W.C., S.-J.L.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.-P.L.), Healthcare and Management Center (H.-B.L.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine (P.-H.H.), Institute of Clinical Medicine (P.-H.H., C.-Y.C., C.-H.W., H.-Y.T., W.-Y.L., H.-B.L., S.-J.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (P.-H.H., C.-H.W., H.-B.L., J.-W.C., S.-J.L.),
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Brun J, Dieudonné FX, Marty C, Müller J, Schüle R, Patiño-García A, Lecanda F, Fromigué O, Marie PJ. FHL2 silencing reduces Wnt signaling and osteosarcoma tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55034. [PMID: 23383046 PMCID: PMC3557236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the growth and invasiveness of osteosarcoma, an aggressive and invasive primary bone tumor, are not fully understood. The transcriptional co-factor FHL2 (four and a half LIM domains protein 2) acts as an oncoprotein or as a tumor suppressor depending on the tissue context. In this study, we investigated the role of FHL2 in tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma model. Methodology/Principal Findings Western blot analyses showed that FHL2 is expressed above normal in most human and murine osteosarcoma cells. Tissue microarray analysis revealed that FHL2 protein expression is high in human osteosarcoma and correlates with osteosarcoma aggressiveness. In murine osteosarcoma cells, FHL2 silencing using shRNA decreased canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reduced the expression of Wnt responsive genes as well as of the key Wnt molecules Wnt5a and Wnt10b. This effect resulted in inhibition of osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro. Using xenograft experiments, we showed that FHL2 silencing markedly reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis occurence in mice. The anti-oncogenic effect of FHL2 silencing in vivo was associated with reduced cell proliferation and decreased Wnt signaling in the tumors. Conclusion/Significance Our findings demonstrate that FHL2 acts as an oncogene in osteosarcoma cells and contributes to tumorigenesis through Wnt signaling. More importantly, FHL2 depletion greatly reduces tumor cell growth and metastasis, which raises the potential therapeutic interest of targeting FHL2 to efficiently impact primary bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brun
- INSERM UMR 606, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM UMR 606, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Judith Müller
- Urologische Klink/Frauenklinik, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klink/Frauenklinik, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Patiño-García
- Oncology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Oncology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Olivia Fromigué
- INSERM UMR 606, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre J. Marie
- INSERM UMR 606, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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New insights into adhesion signaling in bone formation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:1-68. [PMID: 23890379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineralized tissues that are protective scaffolds in the most primitive species have evolved and acquired more specific functions in modern animals. These are as diverse as support in locomotion, ion homeostasis, and precise hormonal regulation. Bone formation is tightly controlled by a balance between anabolism, in which osteoblasts are the main players, and catabolism mediated by the osteoclasts. The bone matrix is deposited in a cyclic fashion during homeostasis and integrates several environmental cues. These include diffusible elements that would include estrogen or growth factors and physicochemical parameters such as bone matrix composition, stiffness, and mechanical stress. Therefore, the microenvironment is of paramount importance for controlling this delicate equilibrium. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent data highlighting the role of cell-adhesion molecules during bone formation. Due to the very large scope of the topic, we focus mainly on the role of the integrin receptor family during osteogenesis. Bone phenotypes of some deficient mice as well as diseases of human bones involving cell adhesion during this process are discussed in the context of bone physiology.
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Okamoto R, Li Y, Noma K, Hiroi Y, Liu PY, Taniguchi M, Ito M, Liao JK. FHL2 prevents cardiac hypertrophy in mice with cardiac-specific deletion of ROCK2. FASEB J 2012; 27:1439-49. [PMID: 23271052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, are important regulators of cell shape, migration, and proliferation through effects on the actin cytoskeleton. However, it is not known whether ROCK2 plays an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. To determine whether the loss of ROCK2 could prevent cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte-specific ROCK2-null (c-ROCK2(-/-)) were generated using conditional ROCK2(flox/flox) mice and α-myosin heavy-chain promoter-driven Cre recombinase transgenic mice. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by Ang II infusion (400 ng/kg/min, 28 d) or transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Under basal conditions, hemodynamic parameters, cardiac anatomy, and function of c-ROCK2(-/-) mice were comparable to wild-type (WT) mice. However, following Ang II infusion or TAC, c-ROCK2(-/-) mice exhibited a substantially smaller increase in heart-to-body weight ratio, left ventricular mass, myocyte cross-sectional area, hypertrophy-related fetal gene expression, intraventricular fibrosis, cardiac apoptosis, and oxidative stress compared to control mice. Deletion of ROCK2 in cardiomyocytes leads to increased expression of four-and-a-half LIM-only protein-2 (FHL2) and FHL2-mediated inhibition of serum response factor (SRF) and extracellular signal-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK). Knockdown of FHL2 expression in ROCK2-deficient cardiomyocytes or placing ROCK2-haploinsufficient (ROCK2(+/-)) mice on FHL2(+/-)-haploinsufficient background restored the hypertrophic response to Ang II. These results indicate that cardiomyocyte ROCK2 is essential for the development of cardiac hypertrophy and that up-regulation of FHL2 may contribute to the antihypertrophic phenotype that is observed in cardiac-specific ROCK2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Okamoto
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Nouët Y, Dahan J, Labalette C, Levillayer F, Julien B, Jouvion G, Cairo S, Vives FL, Ribeiro A, Huerre M, Colnot S, Perret C, Nhieu JTV, Tordjmann T, Buendia MA, Wei Y. The four and a half LIM-only protein 2 regulates liver homeostasis and contributes to carcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1029-36. [PMID: 22796152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) is upregulated in diverse pathological conditions. Here, we analyzed the effects of FHL2 overexpression in the liver of FHL2 transgenic mice (Apo-FHL2). METHODS We first examined cell proliferation and apoptosis in Apo-FHL2 livers and performed partial hepatectomy to investigate high FHL2 expression in liver regeneration. Expression of FHL2 was then analyzed by real time PCR in human hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent non-tumorous livers. Finally, the role of FHL2 in hepatocarcinogenesis was assessed using Apo-FHL2;Apc(lox/lox) mice. RESULTS Six-fold increase in cell proliferation in transgenic livers was associated with concomitant apoptosis, resulting in normal liver mass. In Apo-FHL2 livers, both cyclin D1 and p53 were markedly increased. Evidence supporting a p53-dependent cell death mechanism was provided by the findings that FHL2 bound to and activated the p53 promoter, and that a dominant negative p53 mutant compromised FHL2-induced apoptosis in hepatic cells. Following partial hepatectomy in Apo-FHL2 mice, hepatocytes displayed advanced G1 phase entry and DNA synthesis leading to accelerated liver weight restoration. Interestingly, FHL2 upregulation in human liver specimens showed significant association with increasing inflammation score and cirrhosis. Finally, while Apo-FHL2 mice developed no tumors, the FHL2 transgene enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis induced by liver-specific deletion of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling in Apc(lox/lox) animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate FHL2 in the regulation of signaling pathways that couple proliferation and cell death machineries, and underscore the important role of FHL2 in liver homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Nouët
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Oncogenèse et Virologie Moléculaire, France
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40
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Abstract
Stress-induced hypertrophic growth of the heart predisposes the heart to arrhythmia, contractile dysfunction, and clinical heart failure. FHL2 (four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2) is expressed predominantly in the heart, and inactivation of the gene coding for FHL2 leads to exaggerated responsiveness to adrenergic stress. Activation of calcineurin occurs downstream of β-adrenergic signaling and is required for isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that FHL2 suppresses stress-induced activation of calcineurin. FHL2 is upregulated in mouse hearts exposed to isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, and isoproterenol-induced increases in the NFAT target genes RCAN1.4 and BNP were amplified significantly in FHL2 knockout (FHL2(-/-)) mice compared with levels in wild-type (WT) mice. To determine whether the effect of FHL2 on NFAT target gene transcript levels occurred at the level of transcription, HEK 293 cells and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were transfected with a luciferase reporter construct harboring the NFAT-dependent promoters of either RCAN1 or interleukin 2 (IL-2). Consistent with the in vivo data, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of FHL2 led to increased activation of these promoters by constitutively active calcineurin or the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Importantly, activation of the RCAN1 promoter by ionomycin, in control and FHL2 knockdown cells, was abolished by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine, confirming the calcineurin dependence of the response. Overexpression of FHL2 inhibited activation of both NFAT reporter constructs. Furthermore, NRVMs overexpressing FHL2 exhibited reduced hypertrophic growth in response to constitutively active calcineurin, as measured by cell cross-sectional area and fetal gene expression. Finally, immunostaining in isolated adult cardiomyocytes revealed colocalization of FHL2 and calcineurin predominantly at the sarcomere and activation of calcineurin by endothelin-1-facilitated interaction between FHL2 and calcineurin. FHL2 is an endogenous, agonist-dependent suppressor of calcineurin.
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Matulis CK, Mayo KE. The LIM domain protein FHL2 interacts with the NR5A family of nuclear receptors and CREB to activate the inhibin-α subunit gene in ovarian granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1278-90. [PMID: 22734036 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor transcriptional activity is enhanced by interaction with coactivators. The highly related nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) subfamily members liver receptor homolog 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 bind to and activate several of the same genes, many of which are important for reproductive function. To better understand transcriptional activation by these nuclear receptors, we sought to identify interacting proteins that might function as coactivators. The LIM domain protein four and a half LIM domain 2 (FHL2) was identified as interacting with the NR5A receptors in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human ovary cDNA library. FHL2, and the closely related FHL1, are both expressed in the rodent ovary and in granulosa cells. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FHL1 and FHL2 in primary mouse granulosa cells reduced expression of the NR5A target genes encoding inhibin-α and P450scc. In vitro assays confirmed the interaction between the FHL and NR5A proteins and revealed that a single LIM domain of FHL2 is sufficient for this interaction, whereas determinants in both the ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain of NR5A proteins are important. FHL2 enhances the ability of both liver receptor homolog 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 to activate the inhibin-α subunit gene promoter in granulosa cells and thus functions as a transcriptional coactivator. FHL2 also interacts with cAMP response element-binding protein and substantially augments activation of inhibin gene expression by the combination of NR5A receptors and forskolin, suggesting that FHL2 may facilitate integration of these two signals. Collectively these results identify FHL2 as a novel coactivator of NR5A nuclear receptors in ovarian granulosa cells and suggest its involvement in regulating target genes important for mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Matulis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center of Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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42
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Wong CH, Mak GWY, Li MS, Tsui SKW. The LIM-only protein FHL2 regulates interleukin-6 expression through p38 MAPK mediated NF-κB pathway in muscle cells. Cytokine 2012; 59:286-93. [PMID: 22633286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is pleiotropic cytokine playing an important role in inflammatory response. Other than classical immune tissues, IL-6 is also produced in muscle cells under specific conditions. Four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) is preferentially expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells compared to other tissues indicating it has an important role in skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system. In this report, the regulation of IL-6 by FHL2 in muscle cells was investigated. We demonstrated that FHL2 overexpression increased IL-6 mRNA level and its protein secretion in skeletal myoblasts. In contrast, the IL-6 secretion was significantly decreased after FHL2-knockdown by siRNA in response to TNFα stimulation. We further showed that FHL2-mediated induction of IL-6 was regulated by the activation of IL-6 promoter through stimulating NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Our results further illustrated the molecular mechanisms of IL-6 production, which provides new insights in the roles of FHL2 in post-injury inflammation or cytoprotection of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hang Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Friedrich FW, Wilding BR, Reischmann S, Crocini C, Lang P, Charron P, Müller OJ, McGrath MJ, Vollert I, Hansen A, Linke WA, Hengstenberg C, Bonne G, Morner S, Wichter T, Madeira H, Arbustini E, Eschenhagen T, Mitchell CA, Isnard R, Carrier L. Evidence for FHL1 as a novel disease gene for isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3237-54. [PMID: 22523091 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and myocardial disarray. HCM is caused by mutations in sarcomeric genes, but in >40% of patients, the mutation is not yet identified. We hypothesized that FHL1, encoding four-and-a-half-LIM domains 1, could be another disease gene since it has been shown to cause distinct myopathies, sometimes associated with cardiomyopathy. We evaluated 121 HCM patients, devoid of a mutation in known disease genes. We identified three novel variants in FHL1 (c.134delA/K45Sfs, c.459C>A/C153X and c.827G>C/C276S). Whereas the c.459C>A variant was associated with muscle weakness in some patients, the c.134delA and c.827G>C variants were associated with isolated HCM. Gene transfer of the latter variants in C2C12 myoblasts and cardiac myocytes revealed reduced levels of FHL1 mutant proteins, which could be rescued by proteasome inhibition. Contractility measurements after adeno-associated virus transduction in rat-engineered heart tissue (EHT) showed: (i) higher and lower forces of contraction with K45Sfs and C276S, respectively, and (ii) prolonged contraction and relaxation with both mutants. All mutants except one activated the fetal hypertrophic gene program in EHT. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for FHL1 to be a novel gene for isolated HCM. These data, together with previous findings of proteasome impairment in HCM, suggest that FHL1 mutant proteins may act as poison peptides, leading to hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and/or altered contractility, all features of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix W Friedrich
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Nordhoff C, Hillesheim A, Walter BM, Haasbach E, Planz O, Ehrhardt C, Ludwig S, Wixler V. The adaptor protein FHL2 enhances the cellular innate immune response to influenza A virus infection. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1135-47. [PMID: 22417706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response of influenza A virus-infected cells is predominantly mediated by type I interferon-induced proteins. Expression of the interferon β (IFNβ) itself is initiated by accumulating viral RNA and is transmitted by different signalling cascades that feed into activation of the three transcriptional elements located in the IFNβ promoter, AP-1, IRF-3 and NF-κB. FHL2 (four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2) is an adaptor molecule that shuttles between membrane and nucleus regulating signalling cascades and gene transcription. Here we describe FHL2 as a novel regulator of influenza A virus propagation. Using mouse FHL2 wild-type, knockout and rescued cells and human epithelial cells with different expression levels of FHL2 we showed that FHL2 decreases influenza A virus propagation by regulating the intrinsic cellular antiviral immune response. On virus infection FHL2 translocates into the nucleus, potentiating the IRF-3-dependent transcription of the IFNβ gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Nordhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Schmidt LJ, Duncan K, Yadav N, Regan KM, Verone AR, Lohse CM, Pop EA, Attwood K, Wilding G, Mohler JL, Sebo TJ, Tindall DJ, Heemers HV. RhoA as a mediator of clinically relevant androgen action in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:716-35. [PMID: 22456196 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have identified serum response factor (SRF) as a mediator of clinically relevant androgen receptor (AR) action in prostate cancer (PCa). Genes that rely on SRF for androgen responsiveness represent a small fraction of androgen-regulated genes, but distinguish benign from malignant prostate, correlate with aggressive disease, and are associated with biochemical recurrence. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) by which SRF conveys androgen regulation to its target genes may provide novel opportunities to target clinically relevant androgen signaling. Here, we show that the small GTPase ras homolog family member A (RhoA) mediates androgen-responsiveness of more than half of SRF target genes. Interference with expression of RhoA, activity of the RhoA effector Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK), and actin polymerization necessary for nuclear translocation of the SRF cofactor megakaryocytic acute leukemia (MAL) prevented full androgen regulation of SRF target genes. Androgen treatment induced RhoA activation, increased the nuclear content of MAL, and led to MAL recruitment to the promoter of the SRF target gene FHL2. In clinical specimens RhoA expression was higher in PCa cells than benign prostate cells, and elevated RhoA expression levels were associated with aggressive disease features and decreased disease-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Overexpression of RhoA markedly increased the androgen-responsiveness of select SRF target genes, in a manner that depends on its GTPase activity. The use of isogenic cell lines and a xenograft model that mimics the transition from androgen-stimulated to castration-recurrent PCa indicated that RhoA levels are not altered during disease progression, suggesting that RhoA expression levels in the primary tumor determine disease aggressiveness. Androgen-responsiveness of SRF target genes in castration-recurrent PCa cells continued to rely on AR, RhoA, SRF, and MAL and the presence of intact SRF binding sites. Silencing of RhoA, use of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 inhibitors, or an inhibitor of SRF-MAL interaction attenuated (androgen-regulated) cell viability and blunted PCa cell migration. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the RhoA signaling axis mediates clinically relevant AR action in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Schmidt
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Rafael MS, Laizé V, Bensimon-Brito A, Leite RB, Schüle R, Cancela ML. Four-and-a-half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) is associated with the development of craniofacial musculature in the teleost fish Sparus aurata. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:423-34. [PMID: 21739231 PMCID: PMC11115147 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four-and-a-half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) is involved in major cellular mechanisms such as regulation of gene transcription and cytoskeleton modulation, participating in physiological control of cardiogenesis and osteogenesis. Knowledge on underlying mechanisms is, however, limited. We present here new data on FHL2 protein and its role during vertebrate development using a marine teleost fish, the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). In silico comparison of vertebrate protein sequences and prediction of LIM domain three-dimensional structure revealed a high degree of conservation, suggesting a conserved function throughout evolution. Determination of sites and levels of FHL2 gene expression in seabream indicated a central role for FHL2 in the development of heart and craniofacial musculature, and a potential role in tissue calcification. Our data confirmed the key role of FHL2 protein during vertebrate development and gave new insights into its particular involvement in craniofacial muscle development and specificity for slow fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S. Rafael
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo B. Leite
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Roland Schüle
- Department of Urology/Women’s Hospital and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Overexpression of four and a half LIM domains protein 2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotype in fish pre-osteoblasts. Biochimie 2012; 94:1128-34. [PMID: 22285966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FHL2 is a multifunctional protein involved in gene transcription regulation and cytoarchitecture modulation that has been recently associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colon cancer. Overexpression of FHL2 in a fish pre-osteoblastic cell line promoted cell dedifferentiation and impaired its extracellular matrix mineralization capacity. Cell cultures also acquired a novel three-dimensional structure organization, their proliferation rate was enhanced and gene expression profile was altered in agreement with an EMT-like phenotype upon overexpression of FHL2. Altogether, our results provide additional support to the relevance of FHL2 for cell differentiation and its association with hallmarks of cancer phenotype.
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Zheng Q, Zhao Y. The diverse biofunctions of LIM domain proteins: determined by subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction. Biol Cell 2012; 99:489-502. [PMID: 17696879 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The LIM domain is a cysteine- and histidine-rich motif that has been proposed to direct protein-protein interactions. A diverse group of proteins containing LIM domains have been identified, which display various functions including gene regulation and cell fate determination, tumour formation and cytoskeleton organization. LIM domain proteins are distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and they exert their functions through interactions with various protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Zheng
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li A, Ponten F, dos Remedios CG. The interactome of LIM domain proteins: The contributions of LIM domain proteins to heart failure and heart development. Proteomics 2012; 12:203-25. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gullotti L, Czerwitzki J, Kirfel J, Propping P, Rahner N, Steinke V, Kahl P, Engel C, Schüle R, Buettner R, Friedrichs N. FHL2 expression in peritumoural fibroblasts correlates with lymphatic metastasis in sporadic but not in HNPCC-associated colon cancer. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1695-705. [PMID: 21826055 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Four and a half LIM domain protein-2 (FHL2) is a component of the focal adhesion structures and has been suggested to have an important role in cancer progression. This study analyses the role of FHL2 in peritumoural fibroblasts of sporadic and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Tissue specimens of 48 sporadic and 49 hereditary colon cancers, respectively, were stained immunohistochemically for FHL2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 ligand and α-SMA. Myofibroblasts at the tumour invasion front co-expressed α-SMA and FHL2. Sporadic colon cancer but not HNPCC cases showed a correlation between TGF-β1 expression of the invading tumour cells and FHL2 staining of peritumoural myofibroblasts. Overexpression of FHL2 in peritumoural myofibroblasts correlated to lymphatic metastasis in sporadic colon cancer but not in HNPCC. In cultured mouse fibroblasts, TGF-β1 treatment induced myofibroblast differentiation, stimulated FHL2 protein expression and elevated number of migratory cells in transwell motility assays, suggesting that FHL2 is regulated downstream of TGF-β. Physical contact of colon cancer cells and myofibroblasts via FHL2-positive focal adhesions was detected in human colon carcinoma tissue and in co-culture assays using sporadic as well as HNPCC-derived tumour cell lines. Our data provide strong evidence for an important role of FHL2 in the progression of colon cancers. Tumour-secreted TGF-β1 stimulates FHL2 protein expression in peritumoural fibroblasts, probably facilitating the invasion of tumour glands into the surrounding tissue by enhanced myofibroblast migration and tight connection of fibroblasts to tumour cells via focal adhesions. These findings are absent in HNPCC-associated colon cancers in vivo and may contribute to a less invasive and more protruding tumour margin of microsatellite instable carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gullotti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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