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Hollis RL, Elliott R, Dawson JC, Ilenkovan N, Matthews RM, Stillie LJ, Oswald AJ, Kim H, Llaurado Fernandez M, Churchman M, Porter JM, Roxburgh P, Unciti-Broceta A, Gershenson DM, Herrington CS, Carey MS, Carragher NO, Gourley C. High throughput screening identifies dasatinib as synergistic with trametinib in low grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 186:42-52. [PMID: 38582027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) is a distinct histotype of ovarian cancer characterised high levels of intrinsic chemoresistance, highlighting the urgent need for new treatments. High throughput screening in clinically-informative cell-based models represents an attractive strategy for identifying candidate treatment options for prioritisation in clinical studies. METHODS We performed a high throughput drug screen of 1610 agents across a panel of 6 LGSOC cell lines (3 RAS/RAF-mutant, 3 RAS/RAF-wildtype) to identify novel candidate therapeutic approaches. Validation comprised dose-response analysis across 9 LGSOC models and 5 high grade serous comparator lines. RESULTS 16 hits of 1610 screened compounds were prioritised for validation based on >50% reduction in nuclei counts in over half of screened cell lines at 1000 nM concentration. 11 compounds passed validation, and the four agents of greatest interest (dasatinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; disulfiram, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; carfilzomib, proteasome inhibitor; romidepsin, histone deacetylase inhibitor) underwent synergy profiling with the recently approved MEK inhibitor trametinib. Disulfiram demonstrated excellent selectivity for LGSOC versus high grade serous ovarian carcinoma comparator lines (P = 0.003 for IC50 comparison), while the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib demonstrated favourable synergy with trametinib across multiple LGSOC models (maximum zero interaction potency synergy score 46.9). The novel, highly selective Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor NXP900 demonstrated a similar trametinib synergy profile to dasatinib, suggesting that SFK inhibition is the likely driver of synergy. CONCLUSION Dasatinib and other SFK inhibitors represent novel candidate treatments for LGSOC and demonstrate synergy with trametinib. Disulfiram represents an additional treatment strategy worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hollis
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Richard Elliott
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Narthana Ilenkovan
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosie M Matthews
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorna J Stillie
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ailsa J Oswald
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Michael Churchman
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Porter
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patricia Roxburgh
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK; CRUK Scotland Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Gershenson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Simon Herrington
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark S Carey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Gourley
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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McDiarmid AH, Gospodinova KO, Elliott RJR, Dawson JC, Graham RE, El-Daher MT, Anderson SM, Glen SC, Glerup S, Carragher NO, Evans KL. Morphological profiling in human neural progenitor cells classifies hits in a pilot drug screen for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae101. [PMID: 38576795 PMCID: PMC10994270 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-70% of dementia cases. Current treatments are inadequate and there is a need to develop new approaches to drug discovery. Recently, in cancer, morphological profiling has been used in combination with high-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries in human cells in vitro. To test feasibility of this approach for Alzheimer's disease, we developed a cell morphology-based drug screen centred on the risk gene, SORL1 (which encodes the protein SORLA). Increased Alzheimer's disease risk has been repeatedly linked to variants in SORL1, particularly those conferring loss or decreased expression of SORLA, and lower SORL1 levels are observed in post-mortem brain samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Consistent with its role in the endolysosomal pathway, SORL1 deletion is associated with enlarged endosomes in neural progenitor cells and neurons. We, therefore, hypothesized that multi-parametric, image-based cell phenotyping would identify features characteristic of SORL1 deletion. An automated morphological profiling method (Cell Painting) was adapted to neural progenitor cells and used to determine the phenotypic response of SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells to treatment with compounds from a small internationally approved drug library (TargetMol, 330 compounds). We detected distinct phenotypic signatures for SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells compared to isogenic wild-type controls. Furthermore, we identified 16 compounds (representing 14 drugs) that reversed the mutant morphological signatures in neural progenitor cells derived from three SORL1-/- induced pluripotent stem cell sub-clones. Network pharmacology analysis revealed the 16 compounds belonged to five mechanistic groups: 20S proteasome, aldehyde dehydrogenase, topoisomerase I and II, and DNA synthesis inhibitors. Enrichment analysis identified DNA synthesis/damage/repair, proteases/proteasome and metabolism as key pathways/biological processes. Prediction of novel targets revealed enrichment in pathways associated with neural cell function and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, this work suggests that (i) a quantitative phenotypic metric can distinguish induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells from isogenic wild-type controls and (ii) phenotypic screening combined with multi-parametric high-content image analysis is a viable option for drug repurposing and discovery in this human neural cell model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina H McDiarmid
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katerina O Gospodinova
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rebecca E Graham
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marie-Therese El-Daher
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Susan M Anderson
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sophie C Glen
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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3
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Athanasiadis P, Ravikumar B, Elliott RJ, Dawson JC, Carragher NO, Clemons PA, Johanssen T, Ebner D, Aittokallio T. Chemogenomic library design strategies for precision oncology, applied to phenotypic profiling of glioblastoma patient cells. iScience 2023; 26:107209. [PMID: 37485377 PMCID: PMC10359939 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing a targeted screening library of bioactive small molecules is a challenging task since most compounds modulate their effects through multiple protein targets with varying degrees of potency and selectivity. We implemented analytic procedures for designing anticancer compound libraries adjusted for library size, cellular activity, chemical diversity and availability, and target selectivity. The resulting compound collections cover a wide range of protein targets and biological pathways implicated in various cancers, making them widely applicable to precision oncology. We characterized the compound and target spaces of the virtual libraries, in comparison with a minimal screening library of 1,211 compounds for targeting 1,386 anticancer proteins. In a pilot screening study, we identified patient-specific vulnerabilities by imaging glioma stem cells from patients with glioblastoma (GBM), using a physical library of 789 compounds that cover 1,320 of the anticancer targets. The cell survival profiling revealed highly heterogeneous phenotypic responses across the patients and GBM subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Athanasiadis
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Balaguru Ravikumar
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 20520 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J.R. Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C. Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Timothy Johanssen
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 20520 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Smer-Barreto V, Quintanilla A, Elliott RJR, Dawson JC, Sun J, Campa VM, Lorente-Macías Á, Unciti-Broceta A, Carragher NO, Acosta JC, Oyarzún DA. Discovery of senolytics using machine learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3445. [PMID: 37301862 PMCID: PMC10257182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stress response involved in ageing and diverse disease processes including cancer, type-2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and viral infection. Despite growing interest in targeted elimination of senescent cells, only few senolytics are known due to the lack of well-characterised molecular targets. Here, we report the discovery of three senolytics using cost-effective machine learning algorithms trained solely on published data. We computationally screened various chemical libraries and validated the senolytic action of ginkgetin, periplocin and oleandrin in human cell lines under various modalities of senescence. The compounds have potency comparable to known senolytics, and we show that oleandrin has improved potency over its target as compared to best-in-class alternatives. Our approach led to several hundred-fold reduction in drug screening costs and demonstrates that artificial intelligence can take maximum advantage of small and heterogeneous drug screening data, paving the way for new open science approaches to early-stage drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Smer-Barreto
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Andrea Quintanilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN. C/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jiugeng Sun
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton St, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Víctor M Campa
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN. C/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Álvaro Lorente-Macías
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN. C/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Diego A Oyarzún
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton St, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- The Alan Turing Institute, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK.
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5
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Shave S, Dawson JC, Athar AM, Nguyen CQ, Kasprowicz R, Carragher NO. Phenonaut: multiomics data integration for phenotypic space exploration. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad143. [PMID: 36944259 PMCID: PMC10068743 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Data integration workflows for multiomics data take many forms across academia and industry. Efforts with limited resources often encountered in academia can easily fall short of data integration best practices for processing and combining high-content imaging, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics data. We present Phenonaut, a Python software package designed to address the data workflow needs of migration, control, integration, and auditability in the application of literature and proprietary techniques for data source and structure agnostic workflow creation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code: https://github.com/CarragherLab/phenonaut, Documentation: https://carragherlab.github.io/phenonaut, PyPI package: https://pypi.org/project/phenonaut/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Shave
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah M Athar
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, GlaxoSmithKline, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Kasprowicz
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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Davidson CT, Miller E, Muir M, Dawson JC, Lee M, Aitken S, Serrels A, Webster SP, Homer NZM, Andrew R, Brunton VG, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. 11β-HSD1 inhibition does not affect murine tumour angiogenesis but may exert a selective effect on tumour growth by modulating inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0255709. [PMID: 36940215 PMCID: PMC10027213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids inhibit angiogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) reduces tissue-specific glucocorticoid action and promotes angiogenesis in murine models of myocardial infarction. Angiogenesis is important in the growth of some solid tumours. This study used murine models of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to test the hypothesis that 11β-HSD1 inhibition promotes angiogenesis and subsequent tumour growth. SCC or PDAC cells were injected into female FVB/N or C57BL6/J mice fed either standard diet, or diet containing the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor UE2316. SCC tumours grew more rapidly in UE2316-treated mice, reaching a larger (P<0.01) final volume (0.158 ± 0.037 cm3) than in control mice (0.051 ± 0.007 cm3). However, PDAC tumour growth was unaffected. Immunofluorescent analysis of SCC tumours did not show differences in vessel density (CD31/alpha-smooth muscle actin) or cell proliferation (Ki67) after 11β-HSD1 inhibition, and immunohistochemistry of SCC tumours did not show changes in inflammatory cell (CD3- or F4/80-positive) infiltration. In culture, the growth/viability (assessed by live cell imaging) of SCC cells was not affected by UE2316 or corticosterone. Second Harmonic Generation microscopy showed that UE2316 reduced Type I collagen (P<0.001), whilst RNA-sequencing revealed that multiple factors involved in the innate immune/inflammatory response were reduced in UE2316-treated SCC tumours. 11β-HSD1 inhibition increases SCC tumour growth, likely via suppression of inflammatory/immune cell signalling and extracellular matrix deposition, but does not promote tumour angiogenesis or growth of all solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callam T. Davidson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lee
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Aitken
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Webster
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Mass Spectrometry Core, Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Culley J, Nagle PW, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Patient derived glioma stem cell spheroid reporter assays for live cell high content analysis. SLAS Discov 2023; 28:13-19. [PMID: 36116760 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensional models of cell culture enables researchers to recreate aspects of tumour biology not replicated by traditional two dimensional techniques. Here we describe a protocol to enable automated high throughput phenotypic profiling across panels of patient derived glioma stem cell spheroid models. We demonstrate the use of both live/dead cell end-points and monitor the dynamic changes in the cell cycle using cell lines expressing the FUCCI cell cycle reporter. Together, these assays provide additional insight into the mechanism of action of compound treatments over traditional cell viability assay endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Culley
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Peter W Nagle
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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Byron A, Griffith BGC, Herrero A, Loftus AEP, Koeleman ES, Kogerman L, Dawson JC, McGivern N, Culley J, Grimes GR, Serrels B, von Kriegsheim A, Brunton VG, Frame MC. Characterisation of a nucleo-adhesome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3053. [PMID: 35650196 PMCID: PMC9160004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to central functions in cell adhesion signalling, integrin-associated proteins have wider roles at sites distal to adhesion receptors. In experimentally defined adhesomes, we noticed that there is clear enrichment of proteins that localise to the nucleus, and conversely, we now report that nuclear proteomes contain a class of adhesome components that localise to the nucleus. We here define a nucleo-adhesome, providing experimental evidence for a remarkable scale of nuclear localisation of adhesion proteins, establishing a framework for interrogating nuclear adhesion protein functions. Adding to nuclear FAK's known roles in regulating transcription, we now show that nuclear FAK regulates expression of many adhesion-related proteins that localise to the nucleus and that nuclear FAK binds to the adhesome component and nuclear protein Hic-5. FAK and Hic-5 work together in the nucleus, co-regulating a subset of genes transcriptionally. We demonstrate the principle that there are subcomplexes of nuclear adhesion proteins that cooperate to control transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Billie G C Griffith
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ana Herrero
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexander E P Loftus
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Emma S Koeleman
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Kogerman
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Niamh McGivern
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- Almac Diagnostic Services, 19 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, BT63 5QD, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Graeme R Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
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9
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Dawson JC, Munro A, Macleod K, Muir M, Timpson P, Williams RJ, Frame M, Brunton VG, Carragher NO. Pathway profiling of a novel SRC inhibitor, AZD0424, in combination with MEK inhibitors for cancer treatment. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1072-1090. [PMID: 34856074 PMCID: PMC8895456 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A more comprehensive understanding of how cells respond to drug intervention, the likely immediate signalling responses and how resistance may develop within different microenvironments will help inform treatment regimes. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC regulates many cellular signalling processes, and pharmacological inhibition has long been a target of cancer drug discovery projects. Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo characterisation of the small-molecule SRC inhibitor AZD0424. We show that AZD0424 potently inhibits the phosphorylation of tyrosine-419 of SRC (IC50 ~ 100 nm) in many cancer cell lines; however, inhibition of cell viability, via a G1 cell cycle arrest, was observed only in a subset of cancer cell lines in the low (on target) micromolar range. We profiled the changes in intracellular pathway signalling in cancer cells following exposure to AZD0424 and other targeted therapies using reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) analysis. We demonstrate that SRC is activated in response to treatment of KRAS-mutant colorectal cell lines with MEK inhibitors (trametinib or AZD6244) and that AZD0424 abrogates this. Cell lines treated with trametinib or AZD6244 in combination with AZD0424 had reduced EGFR, FAK and SRC compensatory activation, and cell viability was synergistically inhibited. In vivo, trametinib treatment of mice-bearing HCT116 tumours increased phosphorylation of SRC on Tyr419, and, when combined with AZD0424, inhibition of tumour growth was greater than with trametinib alone. We also demonstrate that drug-induced resistance to trametinib is not re-sensitised by AZD0424 treatment in vitro, likely as a result of multiple compensatory signalling mechanisms; however, inhibition of SRC remains an effective way to block invasion of trametinib-resistant tumour cells. These data imply that SRC inhibition may offer a useful addition to MEK inhibitor combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Alison Munro
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kenneth Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer ThemeThe Kinghorn Cancer CentreGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyAustralia
| | | | - Margaret Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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10
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Temps C, Lietha D, Webb ER, Li XF, Dawson JC, Muir M, Macleod KG, Valero T, Munro AF, Contreras-Montoya R, Luque-Ortega JR, Fraser C, Beetham H, Schoenherr C, Lopalco M, Arends MJ, Frame MC, Qian BZ, Brunton VG, Carragher NO, Unciti-Broceta A. A Conformation Selective Mode of Inhibiting SRC Improves Drug Efficacy and Tolerability. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5438-5450. [PMID: 34417202 PMCID: PMC7611940 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the approval of several multikinase inhibitors that target SRC and the overwhelming evidence of the role of SRC in the progression and resistance mechanisms of many solid malignancies, inhibition of its kinase activity has thus far failed to improve patient outcomes. Here we report the small molecule eCF506 locks SRC in its native inactive conformation, thereby inhibiting both enzymatic and scaffolding functions that prevent phosphorylation and complex formation with its partner FAK. This mechanism of action resulted in highly potent and selective pathway inhibition in culture and in vivo. Treatment with eCF506 resulted in increased antitumor efficacy and tolerability in syngeneic murine cancer models, demonstrating significant therapeutic advantages over existing SRC/ABL inhibitors. Therefore, this mode of inhibiting SRC could lead to improved treatment of SRC-associated disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: Small molecule-mediated inhibition of SRC impairing both catalytic and scaffolding functions confers increased anticancer properties and tolerability compared with other SRC/ABL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Temps
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emily R Webb
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Valero
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison F Munro
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Contreras-Montoya
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juan R Luque-Ortega
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Craig Fraser
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Beetham
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Schoenherr
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lopalco
- Edinburgh Innovations Ltd., Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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11
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Marwick JA, Elliott RJR, Longden J, Makda A, Hirani N, Dhaliwal K, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Application of a High-Content Screening Assay Utilizing Primary Human Lung Fibroblasts to Identify Antifibrotic Drugs for Rapid Repurposing in COVID-19 Patients. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:1091-1106. [PMID: 34078171 PMCID: PMC8458684 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211019405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung imaging and autopsy reports among COVID-19 patients show elevated lung scarring (fibrosis). Early data from COVID-19 patients as well as previous studies from severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and other respiratory disorders show that the extent of lung fibrosis is associated with a higher mortality, prolonged ventilator dependence, and poorer long-term health prognosis. Current treatments to halt or reverse lung fibrosis are limited; thus, the rapid development of effective antifibrotic therapies is a major global medical need that will continue far beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic. Reproducible fibrosis screening assays with high signal-to-noise ratios and disease-relevant readouts such as extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (the hallmark of fibrosis) are integral to any antifibrotic therapeutic development. Therefore, we have established an automated high-throughput and high-content primary screening assay measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced ECM deposition from primary human lung fibroblasts in a 384-well format. This assay combines longitudinal live cell imaging with multiparametric high-content analysis of ECM deposition. Using this assay, we have screened a library of 2743 small molecules representing approved drugs and late-stage clinical candidates. Confirmed hits were subsequently profiled through a suite of secondary lung fibroblast phenotypic screening assays quantifying cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In silico target prediction and pathway network analysis were applied to the confirmed hits. We anticipate this suite of assays and data analysis tools will aid the identification of new treatments to mitigate against lung fibrosis associated with COVID-19 and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Longden
- Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nik Hirani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is both a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an adaptor protein that primarily regulates adhesion signalling and cell migration, but FAK can also promote cell survival in response to stress. FAK is commonly overexpressed in cancer and is considered a high-value druggable target, with multiple FAK inhibitors currently in development. Evidence suggests that in the clinical setting, FAK targeting will be most effective in combination with other agents so as to reverse failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies and enhance efficacy of immune-based treatments of solid tumours. Here, we discuss the recent preclinical evidence that implicates FAK in anticancer therapeutic resistance, leading to the view that FAK inhibitors will have their greatest utility as combination therapies in selected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Hughes RE, Elliott RJR, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. High-content phenotypic and pathway profiling to advance drug discovery in diseases of unmet need. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:338-355. [PMID: 33740435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thinking in modern drug discovery postulates that the design of highly selective molecules which act on a single disease-associated target will yield safer and more effective drugs. However, high clinical attrition rates and the lack of progress in developing new effective treatments for many important diseases of unmet therapeutic need challenge this hypothesis. This assumption also impinges upon the efficiency of target agnostic phenotypic drug discovery strategies, where early target deconvolution is seen as a critical step to progress phenotypic hits. In this review we provide an overview of how emerging phenotypic and pathway-profiling technologies integrate to deconvolute the mechanism-of-action of phenotypic hits. We propose that such in-depth mechanistic profiling may support more efficient phenotypic drug discovery strategies that are designed to more appropriately address complex heterogeneous diseases of unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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14
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Martello A, Lauriola A, Mellis D, Parish E, Dawson JC, Imrie L, Vidmar M, Gammoh N, Mitić T, Brittan M, Mills NL, Carragher NO, D'Arca D, Caporali A. Trichoplein binds PCM1 and controls endothelial cell function by regulating autophagy. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48192. [PMID: 32337819 PMCID: PMC7332983 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular quality control process that has emerged as a critical one for vascular homeostasis. Here, we show that trichoplein (TCHP) links autophagy with endothelial cell (EC) function. TCHP localizes to centriolar satellites, where it binds and stabilizes PCM1. Loss of TCHP leads to delocalization and proteasome-dependent degradation of PCM1, further resulting in degradation of PCM1's binding partner GABARAP. Autophagic flux under basal conditions is impaired in THCP-depleted ECs, and SQSTM1/p62 (p62) accumulates. We further show that TCHP promotes autophagosome maturation and efficient clearance of p62 within lysosomes, without affecting their degradative capacity. Reduced TCHP and high p62 levels are detected in primary ECs from patients with coronary artery disease. This phenotype correlates with impaired EC function and can be ameliorated by NF-κB inhibition. Moreover, Tchp knock-out mice accumulate of p62 in the heart and cardiac vessels correlating with reduced cardiac vascularization. Taken together, our data reveal that TCHP regulates endothelial cell function via an autophagy-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martello
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Angela Lauriola
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena & Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - David Mellis
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Elisa Parish
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Lisa Imrie
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys)University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Martina Vidmar
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Noor Gammoh
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tijana Mitić
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mairi Brittan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Usher InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Domenico D'Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena & Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Andrea Caporali
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQMRIUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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15
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Dawson JC, Serrels B, Byron A, Muir MT, Makda A, García-Muñoz A, von Kriegsheim A, Lietha D, Carragher NO, Frame MC. A Synergistic Anticancer FAK and HDAC Inhibitor Combination Discovered by a Novel Chemical-Genetic High-Content Phenotypic Screen. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:637-649. [PMID: 31784455 PMCID: PMC7611632 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We mutated the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) catalytic domain to inhibit binding of the chaperone Cdc37 and ATP, mimicking the actions of a FAK kinase inhibitor. We reexpressed mutant and wild-type FAK in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells from which endogenous FAK had been deleted, genetically fixing one axis of a FAK inhibitor combination high-content phenotypic screen to discover drugs that may synergize with FAK inhibitors. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represented the major class of compounds that potently induced multiparametric phenotypic changes when FAK was rendered kinase-defective or inhibited pharmacologically in SCC cells. Combined FAK and HDAC inhibitors arrest proliferation and induce apoptosis in a subset of cancer cell lines in vitro and efficiently inhibit their growth as tumors in vivo Mechanistically, HDAC inhibitors potentiate inhibitor-induced FAK inactivation and impair FAK-associated nuclear YAP in sensitive cancer cell lines. Here, we report the discovery of a new, clinically actionable, synergistic combination between FAK and HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morwenna T Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Cell Signaling and Adhesion Group, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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16
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Warchal SJ, Dawson JC, Shepherd E, Munro AF, Hughes RE, Makda A, Carragher NO. High content phenotypic screening identifies serotonin receptor modulators with selective activity upon breast cancer cell cycle and cytokine signaling pathways. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115209. [PMID: 31757681 PMCID: PMC6961118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in disease mechanisms between genetically distinct patients contributes to high attrition rates in late stage clinical drug development. New personalized medicine strategies aim to identify predictive biomarkers which stratify patients most likely to respond to a particular therapy. However, for complex multifactorial diseases not characterized by a single genetic driver, empirical approaches to identifying predictive biomarkers and the most promising therapies for personalized medicine are required. In vitro pharmacogenomics seeks to correlate in vitro drug sensitivity testing across panels of genetically distinct cell models with genomic, gene expression or proteomic data to identify predictive biomarkers of drug response. However, the vast majority of in vitro pharmacogenomic studies performed to date are limited to dose-response screening upon a single viability assay endpoint. In this article we describe the application of multiparametric high content phenotypic screening and the theta comparative cell scoring method to quantify and rank compound hits, screened at a single concentration, which induce a broad variety of divergent phenotypic responses between distinct breast cancer cell lines. High content screening followed by transcriptomic pathway analysis identified serotonin receptor modulators which display selective activity upon breast cancer cell cycle and cytokine signaling pathways correlating with inhibition of cell growth and survival. These methods describe a new evidence-led approach to rapidly identify compounds which display distinct response between different cell types. The results presented also warrant further investigation of the selective activity of serotonin receptor modulators upon breast cancer cell growth and survival as a potential drug repurposing opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Warchal
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Emelie Shepherd
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison F Munro
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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17
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Warchal SJ, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Evaluation of Machine Learning Classifiers to Predict Compound Mechanism of Action When Transferred across Distinct Cell Lines. SLAS Discov 2019; 24:224-233. [PMID: 30694704 PMCID: PMC6484528 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218820805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiparametric high-content imaging assays have become established to classify cell phenotypes from functional genomic and small-molecule library screening assays. Several groups have implemented machine learning classifiers to predict the mechanism of action of phenotypic hit compounds by comparing the similarity of their high-content phenotypic profiles with a reference library of well-annotated compounds. However, the majority of such examples are restricted to a single cell type often selected because of its suitability for simple image analysis and intuitive segmentation of morphological features. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the performance of a classic ensemble-based tree classifier trained on extracted morphological features and a deep learning classifier using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained directly on images from the same dataset to predict compound mechanism of action across a morphologically and genetically distinct cell panel. Our results demonstrate that application of a CNN classifier delivers equivalent accuracy compared with an ensemble-based tree classifier at compound mechanism of action prediction within cell lines. However, our CNN analysis performs worse than an ensemble-based tree classifier when trained on multiple cell lines at predicting compound mechanism of action on an unseen cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Warchal
- 1 Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- 1 Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- 1 Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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18
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Abstract
Since its inception as a scalable and cost-effective method for precise quantification of the abundance of multiple protein analytes and post-translational epitopes across large sample sets, reverse phase protein array (RPPA) has been utilized as a drug discovery tool. Key RPPA drug discovery applications include primary screening of abundance or activation state of nominated protein targets, secondary screening for toxicity and selectivity, mechanism-of-action profiling, biomarker discovery, and drug combination discovery. In recent decades, drug discovery strategies have evolved dramatically in response to continual advances in technology platforms supporting high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, new therapeutic modalities, and increasingly more complex and disease-relevant cell-based and in vivo preclinical models of disease. Advances in biological laboratory capabilities in drug discovery are complemented by significant developments in bioinformatics and computational approaches for integrating large complex datasets. Bioinformatic and computational analysis of integrated molecular, pathway network and phenotypic datasets enhance multiple stages of the drug discovery process and support more informative drug target hypothesis generation and testing. In this chapter we discuss and present examples demonstrating how the latest advances in RPPA complement and integrate with other emerging drug screening platforms to support a new era of more informative and evidence-led drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Scott J Warchal
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark of human cancer, and a desired endpoint of many anticancer agents is the induction of cell death. With the heterogeneity of cancer becoming increasingly apparent, to understand drug mechanisms of action and identify combination therapies in cell populations, the development of tools to assess drug effects at the single cell level is a necessity for future preclinical drug development. Herein we describe the development of pCasFSwitch, a genetically encoded reporter construct designed to identify cells undergoing caspase-3 mediated apoptosis, by a translocation of a GFP signal from the cell membrane into the nucleus. Anticipated cellular distribution was demonstrated by use of confocal microscopy and cleavage by caspase-3 was shown to be required for the translocation of the GFP signal seen in apoptotic cells. Quantification of apoptosis using the construct revealed similar levels to that obtained with a commercially available apoptosis imaging agent (22.6% versus 20.3%). Moreover, we demonstrated its capacity for use in a high-throughput setting making it a powerful tool for drug development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Balderstone
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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20
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Sarvi S, Patel H, Li J, Dodd GL, Creedon H, Muir M, Ward J, Dawson JC, Lee M, Culley J, Salter DM, Sims AH, Byron A, Brunton VG. Kindlin-1 Promotes Pulmonary Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1484-1496. [PMID: 29330144 PMCID: PMC5857359 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, increased expression of the cytoskeletal adaptor protein Kindlin-1 has been linked to increased risks of lung metastasis, but the functional basis is unknown. Here, we show that in a mouse model of polyomavirus middle T antigen-induced mammary tumorigenesis, loss of Kindlin-1 reduced early pulmonary arrest and later development of lung metastasis. This phenotype relied on the ability of Kindlin-1 to bind and activate β integrin heterodimers. Kindlin-1 loss reduced α4 integrin-mediated adhesion of mammary tumor cells to the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 on endothelial cells. Treating mice with an anti-VCAM-1 blocking antibody prevented early pulmonary arrest. Kindlin-1 loss also resulted in reduced secretion of several factors linked to metastatic spread, including the lung metastasis regulator tenascin-C, showing that Kindlin-1 regulated metastatic dissemination by an additional mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, our results show that Kindlin-1 contributes functionally to early pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer.Significance: These findings provide a mechanistic proof in mice that Kindin-1, an integrin-binding adaptor protein, is a critical mediator of early lung metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 78(6); 1484-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sarvi
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Patel
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Li
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia L Dodd
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Creedon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lee
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Culley
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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21
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Abstract
Principal component analysis enables dimensional reduction of multivariate datasets that are typical in high-content screening. A common analysis utilizing principal components is a distance measurement between a perturbagen-such as small-molecule treatment or shRNA knockdown-and a negative control. This method works well to identify active perturbagens, though it cannot discern between distinct phenotypic responses. Here, we describe an extension of the principal component analysis approach to multivariate high-content screening data to enable quantification of differences in direction in principal component space. The theta comparative cell scoring method can identify and quantify differential phenotypic responses between panels of cell lines to small-molecule treatment to support in vitro pharmacogenomics and drug mechanism-of-action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Warchal
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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22
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Warchal SJ, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Development of the Theta Comparative Cell Scoring Method to Quantify Diverse Phenotypic Responses Between Distinct Cell Types. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 14:395-406. [PMID: 27552144 PMCID: PMC5015429 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we have developed novel data visualization tools and a Theta comparative cell scoring (TCCS) method, which supports high-throughput in vitro pharmacogenomic studies across diverse cellular phenotypes measured by multiparametric high-content analysis. The TCCS method provides a univariate descriptor of divergent compound-induced phenotypic responses between distinct cell types, which can be used for correlation with genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic datasets to support the identification of biomarkers and further elucidate drug mechanism-of-action. Application of these methods to compound profiling across high-content assays incorporating well-characterized cells representing known molecular subtypes of disease supports the development of personalized healthcare strategies without prior knowledge of a drug target. We present proof-of-principle data quantifying distinct phenotypic response between eight breast cancer cells representing four disease subclasses. Application of the TCCS method together with new advances in next-generation sequencing, induced pluripotent stem cell technology, gene editing, and high-content phenotypic screening are well placed to advance the identification of predictive biomarkers and personalized medicine approaches across a broader range of disease types and therapeutic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Warchal
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C Dawson
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Fraser C, Dawson JC, Dowling R, Houston DR, Weiss JT, Munro AF, Muir M, Harrington L, Webster SP, Frame MC, Brunton VG, Patton EE, Carragher NO, Unciti-Broceta A. Rapid Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of Pyrazolopyrimidines That Potently Suppress Breast Cancer Cell Growth via SRC Kinase Inhibition with Exceptional Selectivity over ABL Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4697-710. [PMID: 27115835 PMCID: PMC4885109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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Novel
pyrazolopyrimidines displaying high potency and selectivity
toward SRC family kinases have been developed by combining ligand-based
design and phenotypic screening in an iterative manner. Compounds
were derived from the promiscuous kinase inhibitor PP1 to search for
analogs that could potentially target a broad spectrum of kinases
involved in cancer. Phenotypic screening against MCF7 mammary adenocarcinoma
cells generated target-agnostic structure–activity relationships
that biased subsequent designs toward breast cancer treatment rather
than to a particular target. This strategy led to the discovery of
two potent antiproliferative leads with phenotypically distinct anticancer
mode of actions. Kinase profiling and further optimization resulted
in eCF506, the first small molecule with subnanomolar IC50 for SRC that requires 3 orders of magnitude greater concentration
to inhibit ABL. eCF506 exhibits excellent water solubility, an optimal
DMPK profile and oral bioavailability, halts SRC-associated neuromast
migration in zebrafish embryos without inducing life-threatening heart
defects, and inhibits SRC phosphorylation in tumor xenografts in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Lea Harrington
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Chemin de Polytechnique , Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Scott P Webster
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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24
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Weiss JT, Dawson JC, Macleod KG, Rybski W, Fraser C, Torres-Sánchez C, Patton EE, Bradley M, Carragher NO, Unciti-Broceta A. Extracellular palladium-catalysed dealkylation of 5-fluoro-1-propargyl-uracil as a bioorthogonally activated prodrug approach. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3277. [PMID: 24522696 PMCID: PMC3929780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A bioorthogonal organometallic reaction is a biocompatible transformation undergone by a synthetic material exclusively through the mediation of a non-biotic metal source; a selective process used to label biomolecules and activate probes in biological environs. Here we report the in vitro bioorthogonal generation of 5-fluorouracil from a biologically inert precursor by heterogeneous Pd(0) catalysis. Although independently harmless, combined treatment of 5-fluoro-1-propargyl-uracil and Pd(0)-functionalized resins exhibits comparable antiproliferative properties to the unmodified drug in colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells. Live-cell imaging and immunoassay studies demonstrate that the cytotoxic activity of the prodrug/Pd(0)-resin combination is due to the in situ generation of 5-fluorouracil. Pd(0)-resins can be carefully implanted in the yolk sac of zebrafish embryos and display excellent biocompatibility and local catalytic activity. The in vitro efficacy shown by this masking/activation strategy underlines its potential to develop a bioorthogonally activated prodrug approach and supports further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Weiss
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Witold Rybski
- 1] Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK [2] MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Craig Fraser
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Carmen Torres-Sánchez
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- 1] Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK [2] MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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25
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Weiss JT, Fraser C, Rubio-Ruiz B, Myers SH, Crispin R, Dawson JC, Brunton VG, Patton EE, Carragher NO, Unciti-Broceta A. N-alkynyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil: susceptibility to palladium-mediated dealkylation and toxigenicity in cancer cell culture. Front Chem 2014; 2:56. [PMID: 25121087 PMCID: PMC4114543 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium-activated prodrug therapy is an experimental therapeutic approach that relies on the unique chemical properties and biocompatibility of heterogeneous palladium catalysis to enable the spatially-controlled in vivo conversion of a biochemically-stable prodrug into its active form. This strategy, which would allow inducing local activation of systemically administered drug precursors by mediation of an implantable activating device made of Pd0, has been proposed by our group as a way to reach therapeutic levels of the active drug in the affected tissue/organ while reducing its systemic toxicity. In the seminal study of such an approach, we reported that propargylation of the N1 position of 5-fluorouracil suppressed the drug's cytotoxic properties, showed high stability in cell culture and facilitated the bioorthogonal restoration of the drug's pharmacological activity in the presence of extracellular Pd0-functionalized resins. To provide additional insight on the properties of this system, we have investigated different N1-alkynyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil and shown that the presence of substituents near the triple bond influence negatively on its sensitivity to palladium catalysis under biocompatible conditions. Comparative studies of the N1- vs. the N3-propargyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil revealed that masking each or both positions equally led to inactive derivatives (>200-fold reduction of cytotoxicity relative to the unmodified drug), whereas the depropargylation process occurred faster at the N1 position than at the N3, thus resulting in greater toxigenic properties in cancer cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Weiss
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig Fraser
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Belén Rubio-Ruiz
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel H Myers
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Crispin
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Weiss JT, Dawson JC, Fraser C, Rybski W, Torres-Sánchez C, Bradley M, Patton EE, Carragher NO, Unciti-Broceta A. Development and bioorthogonal activation of palladium-labile prodrugs of gemcitabine. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5395-404. [PMID: 24867590 PMCID: PMC4078945 DOI: 10.1021/jm500531z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Bioorthogonal
chemistry has become one of the main driving forces
in current chemical biology, inspiring the search for novel biocompatible
chemospecific reactions for the past decade. Alongside the well-established
labeling strategies that originated the bioorthogonal paradigm, we
have recently proposed the use of heterogeneous palladium chemistry
and bioorthogonal Pd0-labile prodrugs to develop spatially
targeted therapies. Herein, we report the generation of biologically
inert precursors of cytotoxic gemcitabine by introducing Pd0-cleavable groups in positions that are mechanistically relevant
for gemcitabine’s pharmacological activity. Cell viability
studies in pancreatic cancer cells showed that carbamate functionalization
of the 4-amino group of gemcitabine significantly reduced (>23-fold)
the prodrugs’ cytotoxicity. The N-propargyloxycarbonyl
(N-Poc) promoiety displayed the highest sensitivity
to heterogeneous palladium catalysis under biocompatible conditions,
with a reaction half-life of less than 6 h. Zebrafish studies with
allyl, propargyl, and benzyl carbamate-protected rhodamines confirmed N-Poc as the most suitable masking group for implementing in vivo bioorthogonal organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Weiss
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, and ‡MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
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27
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Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Quantitative phenotypic and pathway profiling guides rational drug combination strategies. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:118. [PMID: 24904421 PMCID: PMC4035564 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in target-based drug discovery strategies have enabled drug discovery groups in academia and industry to become very effective at generating molecules that are potent and selective against single targets. However, it has become apparent from disappointing results in recent clinical trials that a major challenge to the development of successful targeted therapies for treating complex multifactorial diseases is overcoming heterogeneity in target mechanism among patients and inherent or acquired drug resistance. Consequently, reductionist target directed drug-discovery approaches are not appropriately tailored toward identifying and optimizing multi-targeted therapeutics or rational drug combinations for complex disease. In this article, we describe the application of emerging high-content phenotypic profiling and analysis tools to support robust evaluation of drug combination performance following dose-ratio matrix screening. We further describe how the incorporation of high-throughput reverse phase protein microarrays with phenotypic screening can provide rational drug combination hypotheses but also confirm the mechanism-of-action of novel drug combinations, to facilitate future preclinical and clinical development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Discovery Unit, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Discovery Unit, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Dawson JC, Carragher NO, Fronczak J, Hulkower K. Abstract 4303: A high-throughput cell invasion assay combined with reverse phase protein microarrays for rational development of drug combination strategies targeting tumor invasion. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis is responsible for 90% of all deaths in cancer patients that are non-responsive to surgical procedures or initial therapeutic treatments. Clinical studies of inhibitors targeted against specific signalling pathways associated with tumor invasion frequently fail due to alternate signalling pathways that support persistent invasion through compensatory mechanisms. The aim of this study was to apply an image-based multi-well 3-dimensional (3D) invasion assay platform (OrisTM Pro Cell Invasion Assay, Platypus Technologies LLC) incorporating distinct cancer cell types and extra cellular matrix (ECM) substrates in parallel with an ultra-sensitive and high-throughput reverse phase protein microarray (RPPMA) platform (Zeptosens) to identify and validate drugs and their combinations targeting distinct modes of tumor invasion. At sub-micromolar concentrations the results show that a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001) and panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors suppress the 3D invasion of two breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and HCC1569) into a basement membrane matrix. The image based invasion assays further revealed an altered invasive morphology in response to distinct compound treatments, with cells losing their typical elongated mesenchymal phenotype and adopting a more ameoboid shape. These results suggest that inhibitor treatment initiates alternative invasive mechanisms. An RPPMA platform has been used to identify post-translational signalling pathways that drive adaptive responses to monotherapy and to guide selection of drug combination partners. Further testing of drug combinations in the OrisTM 3D invasion assay format shall enable quantification of additive and synergistic drug combination responses upon tumor invasion in parallel with cell viability endpoints. These studies provide a robust model by which to evaluate different combinations of drugs targeting tumor invasion that will help prioritize clinical development strategies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was partially supported by NIH Grant 2R44GM090386 to Platypus Technologies.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4303. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4303
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29
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Dawson JC, Timpson P, Kalna G, Machesky LM. Mtss1 regulates epidermal growth factor signaling in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2012; 31:1781-93. [PMID: 21927027 PMCID: PMC3245856 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mtss1 is located within chromosomal region 8q23-24, which is one of the three most commonly amplified regions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Mtss1 is lost in metastatic cells, but confusingly is commonly overexpressed in primary tumors. Here we address possible reasons why Mtss1 is positively selected for in primary tumors. We find that Mtss1 enhances the localization of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor to the plasma membrane, prolonging EGF signaling and resulting in enhanced proliferation in HNSCC. Depletion of Mtss1 results in decreased EGF receptor levels and decreased phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt. However, when cells are at high density and adherent to each other, analogous to conditions in a solid tumor, Mtss1 does not confer any growth advantage, either in basal conditions or following EGF stimulation. This could indicate why Mtss1 might be lost in metastases, but preserved in early primary tumors. This is supported by an organotypic assay showing that Mtss1-expressing cells display a less proliferative more epithelial-like morphology on top of a collagen matrix. Furthermore, xenograft tumors expressing Mtss1 initially grow more rapidly, but later show less proliferation and more differentiation. Mtss1 positively modulates EGF signaling at low cell densities to promote proliferation and, therefore, may be beneficial for the early stages of primary HNSCC tumor growth. However, at high cell densities, Mtss1 impacts negatively on EGF signaling and this suggests why it inhibits metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Dawson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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30
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Dawson JC, Bruche S, Spence HJ, Braga VMM, Machesky LM. Mtss1 promotes cell-cell junction assembly and stability through the small GTPase Rac1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31141. [PMID: 22479308 PMCID: PMC3313965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are an integral part of epithelia and are often disrupted in cancer cells during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a main driver of metastatic spread. We show here that Metastasis suppressor-1 (Mtss1; Missing in Metastasis, MIM), a member of the IMD-family of proteins, inhibits cell-cell junction disassembly in wound healing or HGF-induced scatter assays by enhancing cell-cell junction strength. Mtss1 not only makes cells more resistant to cell-cell junction disassembly, but also accelerates the kinetics of adherens junction assembly. Mtss1 drives enhanced junction formation specifically by elevating Rac-GTP. Lastly, we show that Mtss1 depletion reduces recruitment of F-actin at cell-cell junctions. We thus propose that Mtss1 promotes Rac1 activation and actin recruitment driving junction maintenance. We suggest that the observed loss of Mtss1 in cancers may compromise junction stability and thus promote EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Dawson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susann Bruche
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vania M. M. Braga
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Li A, Dawson JC, Forero-Vargas M, Spence HJ, Yu X, König I, Anderson K, Machesky LM. The actin-bundling protein fascin stabilizes actin in invadopodia and potentiates protrusive invasion. Curr Biol 2010; 20:339-45. [PMID: 20137952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fascin is an actin-bundling protein involved in filopodia assembly and cancer invasion and metastasis of multiple epithelial cancer types. Fascin forms stable actin bundles with slow dissociation kinetics in vitro and is regulated by phosphorylation of serine 39 by protein kinase C (PKC). Cancer cells use invasive finger-like protrusions termed invadopodia to invade into and degrade extracellular matrix. Invadopodia have highly dynamic actin that is assembled by both Arp2/3 complex and formins; they also contain components of membrane trafficking machinery such as dynamin and cortactin and have been compared with focal adhesions and podosomes. We show that fascin is an integral component of invadopodia and that it is important for the stability of actin in invadopodia. The phosphorylation state of fascin at S39, a PKC site, contributes to its regulation at invadopodia. We further implicate fascin in invasive migration into collagen I-Matrigel gels and particularly in cell types that use an elongated mesenchymal type of motility in 3D. We provide a potential molecular mechanism for how fascin increases the invasiveness of cancer cells, and we compare invadopodia with invasive filopod-like structures in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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32
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Dawson JC, Legg JA, Machesky LM. Bar domain proteins: a role in tubulation, scission and actin assembly in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:493-8. [PMID: 16949824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is an important way for cells to take up liquids and particles from their environment. It requires membrane bending to be coupled with membrane fission, and the actin cytoskeleton has an active role in membrane remodelling. Here, we review recent research into the function of Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain proteins, which can sense membrane curvature and recruit actin to membranes. BAR proteins interact with the endocytic and cytoskeletal machinery, including the GTPase dynamin (which mediates vesicle fission), N-WASP (an Arp2/3 complex regulator) and synaptojanin (a phosphoinositide phosphatase). We describe three classes of BAR domains, BAR, N-BAR and F-BAR, providing examples of each discussing and how they function in linking membranes to the actin cytoskeleton in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Dawson WW, Brooks DE, Dawson JC, Sherwood MB, Kessler MJ, Garcia A. Signs of glaucoma in rhesus monkeys from a restricted gene pool. J Glaucoma 1998; 7:343-8. [PMID: 9786564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup properties in a colony of rhesus monkeys that has had no outside genetic input since 1938 (approximately 12 generations). This sample of sequestered monkeys is significantly larger than any previously reported. Comparisons are made with a sample of random-source monkeys to develop population estimates defining the limits of normalcy. METHODS The IOP and cup/disc ratio estimates were collected from 701 eyes of 354 adult rhesus monkeys from the closed colony on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Results for IOP were compared with the normal rhesus IOP population distribution function calculated from an earlier sample of genetically heterogeneous rhesus. RESULTS The mean +/- standard deviation IOP in the Cayo Santiago monkeys (15.8+/-3 mmHg) related well to the calculated "normal" rhesus distribution (14.5+/-2 mmHg) below and around the mean IOP only. Above the mean rhesus IOP, the samples from the Cayo monkeys were strongly skewed: 129 eyes had IOP more than two standard deviations above the normal mean IOP, and 54 eyes had IOP more than three standard deviations above the normal mean IOP. Cup/disc ratio estimations tended to cluster as higher values in the higher IOP quartiles. Some eyes with IOP below the mean had cup/disc ratios > 0.5. Values for IOP that were more than two standard deviations above the mean and cup/disc ratios > 0.4 were not uniformly distributed across social groupings, although incidence of high IOP was more than 25% in one group. CONCLUSION After 12 generations with the same genetic pool, expression of ocular hypertension and large optic disc cups is high but not uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Dawson
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0284, USA
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Dawson JC, Murray R. Caesarean sections in cattle attended by a practice in Cheshire. Vet Rec 1992; 131:525-7. [PMID: 1475895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The results of 77 caesarean sections in cattle carried out in a seven-person practice over a period of 16 months are described and evaluated. The standardisation of the surgical technique, the speed of decision making in dealing with dystocia, and the education of the farmers contributed to the 84 per cent calf survival rate, and post surgical complications were few. There was only one fatality in a dam.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dawson
- Willows Veterinary Group, Northwich, Cheshire
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Owens D, Dawson JC, Losin S. Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. Am J Ment Defic 1971; 75:606-12. [PMID: 4251658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dawson JC. Responsibility for hospital patient care. Can Hosp 1968; 45:46-9. [PMID: 5642768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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