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Ismail HD, Saigo H, Kc DB. RF-NR: Random Forest Based Approach for Improved Classification of Nuclear Receptors. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2018; 15:1844-1852. [PMID: 29990125 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2017.2773063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Nuclear Receptor (NR) superfamily plays an important role in key biological, developmental, and physiological processes. Developing a method for the classification of NR proteins is an important step towards understanding the structure and functions of the newly discovered NR protein. The recent studies on NR classification are either unable to achieve optimum accuracy or are not designed for all the known NR subfamilies. In this study, we developed RF-NR, which is a Random Forest based approach for improved classification of nuclear receptors. The RF-NR can predict whether a query protein sequence belongs to one of the eight NR subfamilies or it is a non-NR sequence. The RF-NR uses spectrum-like features namely: Amino Acid Composition, Di-peptide Composition, and Tripeptide Composition. Benchmarking on two independent datasets with varying sequence redundancy reduction criteria, the RF-NR achieves better (or comparable) accuracy than other existing methods. The added advantage of our approach is that we can also obtain biological insights about the important features that are required to classify NR subfamilies. RF-NR is freely available at http://bcb.ncat.edu/RF_NR.
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Sharma Y, Chilamakuri CSR, Bakke M, Lenhard B. Computational characterization of modes of transcriptional regulation of nuclear receptor genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88880. [PMID: 24551185 PMCID: PMC3923872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear receptors are a large structural class of transcription factors that act with their co-regulators and repressors to maintain a variety of biological and physiological processes such as metabolism, development and reproduction. They are activated through the binding of small ligands, which can be replaced by drug molecules, making nuclear receptors promising drug targets. Transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode them is central to gaining a deeper understanding of the diversity of their biochemical and biophysical roles and their role in disease and therapy. Even though they share evolutionary history, nuclear receptor genes have fundamentally different expression patterns, ranging from ubiquitously expressed to tissue-specific and spatiotemporally complex. However, current understanding of regulation in nuclear receptor gene family is still nascent. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigate the relationship between long-range regulation of nuclear receptor family and their known functionality. Towards this goal, we identify the nuclear receptor genes that are potential targets based on counts of highly conserved non-coding elements. We validate our results using publicly available expression (RNA-seq) and histone modification (ChIP-seq) data from the ENCODE project. We find that nuclear receptor genes involved in developmental roles show strong evidence of long-range mechanism of transcription regulation with distinct cis-regulatory content they feature clusters of highly conserved non-coding elements distributed in regions spanning several Megabases, long and multiple CpG islands, bivalent promoter marks and statistically significant higher enrichment of enhancer mark around their gene loci. On the other hand nuclear receptor genes that are involved in tissue-specific roles lack these features, having simple transcriptional controls and a greater variety of mechanisms for producing paralogs. We further examine the combinatorial patterns of histone maps associated with dynamic functional elements in order to explore the regulatory landscape of the gene family. The results show that our proposed classification capturing long-range regulation is strongly indicative of the functional roles of the nuclear receptors compared to existing classifications. Conclusions/Significanc We present a new classification for nuclear receptor gene family capturing whether a nuclear receptor is a possible target of long-range regulation or not. We compare our classification to existing structural (mechanism of action) and homology-based classifications. Our results show that understanding long-range regulation of nuclear receptors can provide key insight into their functional roles as well as evolutionary history; and this strongly merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Sharma
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marit Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Boris Lenhard
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Ogawa D, Eguchi J, Wada J, Terami N, Hatanaka T, Tachibana H, Nakatsuka A, Horiguchi CS, Nishii N, Makino H. Nuclear hormone receptor expression in mouse kidney and renal cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85594. [PMID: 24465611 PMCID: PMC3899020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are transcription factors that regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation. Although several NHRs, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and PPARα, demonstrate a renoprotective effect in the context of diabetic nephropathy (DN), the expression and role of other NHRs in the kidney are still unrecognized. To investigate potential roles of NHRs in the biology of the kidney, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to profile the expression of all 49 members of the mouse NHR superfamily in mouse kidney tissue (C57BL/6 and db/m), and cell lines of mesangial (MES13), podocyte (MPC), proximal tubular epithelial (mProx24) and collecting duct (mIMCD3) origins in both normal and high-glucose conditions. In C57BL/6 mouse kidney cells, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) and COUP-TFIII were highly expressed. During hyperglycemia, the expression of the NHR 4A subgroup including neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77), nuclear receptor-related factor 1, and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 significantly increased in diabetic C57BL/6 and db/db mice. In renal cell lines, PPARδ was highly expressed in mesangial and proximal tubular epithelial cells, while COUP-TFs were highly expressed in podocytes, proximal tubular epithelial cells, and collecting duct cells. High-glucose conditions increased the expression of Nur77 in mesangial and collecting duct cells, and liver x receptor α in podocytes. These data demonstrate NHR expression in mouse kidney cells and cultured renal cell lines and suggest potential therapeutic targets in the kidney for the treatment of DN.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- COUP Transcription Factor II/genetics
- COUP Transcription Factor II/metabolism
- COUP Transcription Factors/genetics
- COUP Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules/cytology
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Male
- Mesangial Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoto Terami
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hatanaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tachibana
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chikage Sato Horiguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishii
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C B Cato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Liongue C, O'Sullivan LA, Trengove MC, Ward AC. Evolution of JAK-STAT pathway components: mechanisms and role in immune system development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32777. [PMID: 22412924 PMCID: PMC3296744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lying downstream of a myriad of cytokine receptors, the Janus kinase (JAK)-Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is pivotal for the development and function of the immune system, with additional important roles in other biological systems. To gain further insight into immune system evolution, we have performed a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of the JAK-STAT pathway components, including the key negative regulators of this pathway, the SH2-domain containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP), Protein inhibitors against Stats (PIAS), and Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins across a diverse range of organisms. RESULTS Our analysis has demonstrated significant expansion of JAK-STAT pathway components co-incident with the emergence of adaptive immunity, with whole genome duplication being the principal mechanism for generating this additional diversity. In contrast, expansion of upstream cytokine receptors appears to be a pivotal driver for the differential diversification of specific pathway components. CONCLUSION Diversification of JAK-STAT pathway components during early vertebrate development occurred concurrently with a major expansion of upstream cytokine receptors and two rounds of whole genome duplications. This produced an intricate cell-cell communication system that has made a significant contribution to the evolution of the immune system, particularly the emergence of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre in Molecular & Medical Research, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynda A. O'Sullivan
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monique C. Trengove
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre in Molecular & Medical Research, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
- Strategic Research Centre in Molecular & Medical Research, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Wang P, Xiao X, Chou KC. NR-2L: a two-level predictor for identifying nuclear receptor subfamilies based on sequence-derived features. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23505. [PMID: 21858146 PMCID: PMC3156231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are one of the most abundant classes of transcriptional regulators in animals. They regulate diverse functions, such as homeostasis, reproduction, development and metabolism. Therefore, NRs are a very important target for drug development. Nuclear receptors form a superfamily of phylogenetically related proteins and have been subdivided into different subfamilies due to their domain diversity. In this study, a two-level predictor, called NR-2L, was developed that can be used to identify a query protein as a nuclear receptor or not based on its sequence information alone; if it is, the prediction will be automatically continued to further identify it among the following seven subfamilies: (1) thyroid hormone like (NR1), (2) HNF4-like (NR2), (3) estrogen like, (4) nerve growth factor IB-like (NR4), (5) fushi tarazu-F1 like (NR5), (6) germ cell nuclear factor like (NR6), and (7) knirps like (NR0). The identification was made by the Fuzzy K nearest neighbor (FK-NN) classifier based on the pseudo amino acid composition formed by incorporating various physicochemical and statistical features derived from the protein sequences, such as amino acid composition, dipeptide composition, complexity factor, and low-frequency Fourier spectrum components. As a demonstration, it was shown through some benchmark datasets derived from the NucleaRDB and UniProt with low redundancy that the overall success rates achieved by the jackknife test were about 93% and 89% in the first and second level, respectively. The high success rates indicate that the novel two-level predictor can be a useful vehicle for identifying NRs and their subfamilies. As a user-friendly web server, NR-2L is freely accessible at either http://icpr.jci.edu.cn/bioinfo/NR2L or http://www.jci-bioinfo.cn/NR2L. Each job submitted to NR-2L can contain up to 500 query protein sequences and be finished in less than 2 minutes. The less the number of query proteins is, the shorter the time will usually be. All the program codes for NR-2L are available for non-commercial purpose upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Computer Department, Jing-De-Zhen Ceramic Institute, Jing-De-Zhen, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Computer Department, Jing-De-Zhen Ceramic Institute, Jing-De-Zhen, China
- Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kuo-Chen Chou
- Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
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7
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Baker ME. Origin and diversification of steroids: co-evolution of enzymes and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 334:14-20. [PMID: 20654689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent sequencing of amphioxus and sea urchin genomes has provided important data for understanding the origins of enzymes that synthesize adrenal and sex steroids and the receptors that mediate physiological response to these vertebrate steroids. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that CYP11A and CYP19, which are involved in the synthesis of adrenal and sex steroids, first appear in the common ancestor of amphioxus and vertebrates. This correlates with recent evidence for the first appearance in amphioxus of receptors with close similarity to vertebrate steroid receptors. Other CYP450 enzymes involved in steroid synthesis can be traced back to invertebrates, in which they have at least two functions: detoxifying xenobiotics and catalyzing the synthesis of sterols that activate nuclear receptors. CYP450 metabolism of hydrophobic xenobiotics may have been a key event in the origin of ligand-activated steroid receptors from constitutively active nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Baker
- Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, United States.
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8
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Oliver P, Lubomirov R, Carcas A. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, pregnane/steroid X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor in 207 healthy Spanish volunteers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:635-9. [PMID: 20218903 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in humans is largely related to the pharmacological and toxicological effects of drugs and chemicals. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be important for knowing their involvement in many drugs metabolism. The goal of this study was to analyze the genotype frequency of 10 SNPs related to mirtazapine metabolism [CYP3A4*17, CYP3A4*18, CYP3A5*3A, CYP1A2*1F, pregnane/steroid X receptor (PXR) (rs3814055, rs38114057, rs3814058) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (rs4073054, rs2307424, rs2502815)]. METHODS The study was carried out in 207 healthy Spanish volunteers that had participated in phase I clinical trials. Other studies were performed: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, haplotype estimation and linkage disequilibrium. RESULTS No mutation related to CYP3A4*17 and CYP3A4*18 was found. Therefore, we analyzed data for the other eight SNPs. Allele frequencies were in equilibrium with the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Six haplotypes were determined for three PXR SNPs, and four for CAR SNPs. Tests for linkage disequilibrium showed a high association between PXR (rs38114057) and PXR (rs3814058) (p= 0.001), and between the three CAR SNPs (p=0.001), which could be useful for identification of tag SNPs. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the genotype frequencies of some SNPs related to mirtazapine metabolism in Spaniards were analyzed and showed that our study population is representative of HapMap European population. The results obtained could be analyzed with pharmacokinetic parameters of mirtazapine to elucidate the genotype-phenotype relationship, the involvement of these SNPs in metabolic reactions, drug interactions, and prediction of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Oliver
- Department of Clinical Pathology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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Olins AL, Rhodes G, Welch DBM, Zwerger M, Olins DE. Lamin B receptor: multi-tasking at the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2010; 1:53-70. [PMID: 21327105 PMCID: PMC3035127 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.1.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an integral membrane protein of the interphase nuclear envelope (NE). The N-terminal end resides in the nucleoplasm, binding to lamin B and heterochromatin, with the interactions disrupted during mitosis. The C-terminal end resides within the inner nuclear membrane, retreating with the ER away from condensing chromosomes during mitotic NE breakdown. Some of these properties are interpretable in terms of our current structural knowledge of LBR, but many of the structural features remain unknown. LBR apparently has an evolutionary history which brought together at least two ancient conserved structural domains (i.e., Tudor and sterol reductase). This convergence may have occurred with the emergence of the chordates and echinoderms. It is not clear what survival values have maintained LBR structure during evolution. But it seems likely that roles in post-mitotic nuclear reformation, interphase NE growth and compartmentalization of nuclear architecture might have provided some evolutionary advantage to preservation of the LBR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
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10
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Abstract
The Pi-ta gene in rice confers resistance to races of Magnaporthe oryzae that contain AVR-Pita. Pi-ta encodes a predicted cytoplasmic receptor protein with a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich domain. A panel of 51 Oryza accessions of AA genome species Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima, O. rufipogon, O. nivara, and O. barthii, and CC genome species O. officinalis were sequenced to investigate the diversity present in the exon and intron regions of the Pi-ta gene. Two major clades were identified, consisting of 16 different sequences with numerous insertion and deletions. Only one Pi-ta resistance allele was identified despite DNA sequences revealing 16 Pi-ta variants. Most differences were identified in the intron region, and obvious selection of any motif was not observed in the coding region of Pi-ta variants. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of seedlings revealed that all Pi-ta variants were expressed with or without pathogen inoculation. The 15 Pi-ta variants can be translated into nine proteins highly similar to the Pi-ta protein. Resistance to M. oryzae expressing AVR-Pita correlates with alanine and susceptibility correlates with serine at position 918 of Pi-ta in most accessions examined. These data confirm that a single amino acid controlling resistance specificity underlies the evolution of resistance of Pi-ta genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- IAEA Collaborating Center, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Kopij M, Rapak A. [The role of nuclear receptors in cell death]. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2008; 62:571-581. [PMID: 18936732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors form a group of structurally homologous proteins which act as ligand-dependent transcription factors and regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The nuclear receptors act as monomomers, homodimers, or heterodimers together with retinoid X receptor (RXR). They bind in the nucleus to a specific nucleotide sequence in the promoter region called the response element (RE). Certain nuclear receptors (e.g. Nur77, GR, RXR, RAR, VDR, PPAR) can influence apoptosis through the induction of pro- and/or anti-apoptotic proteins or affect other transcription factors. Some ligands for the nuclear receptors (mainly retinoids) are applied in anticancer therapy alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kopij
- Laboratorium Immunobiologii Molekularnej Nowotworów, Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. Ludwika Hirszfelda we Wrocławiu
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Nawata H, Yanase T, Okabe T, Nomura M. [Steroid receptor superfamily and its mechanism of action]. Nihon Rinsho 2008; 66:9-15. [PMID: 18186252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptors are evoluted from the common ancestor and have the same structure as steroid receptor superfamily. The nuclear receptors are characterized by a central DNA binding domain with specific DNA sequences known as hormone response element, ligand binding domain in the C terminal and N terminal domain with the tissue specificity. Nuclear receptor superfamily is divided into four classes based on the dimerization and DNA binding properties, homodimers as steroid hormone receptor, heterodimers with RXR, homodimers and monomers. Most of orphan receptors fall into the last 2 classes. The coregulators as coactivators and corepressor are determined. The mechanism of action of nuclear receptor on chromatin in the nucleus are clarified precisely from the stand point of the clasters of coregulators and the complex of nuclear receptor and coregulators. The crosstalk of nuclear receptor and peptide hormone signal in the cell is important in the autocrine and paracrine action. Non-genomic action of steroid hormone is also proposed.
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Kugimiya A, Takagi J, Uesugi M. [Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2007; 52:1814-1815. [PMID: 18051439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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14
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Amoutzias GD, Pichler EE, Mian N, De Graaf D, Imsiridou A, Robinson-Rechavi M, Bornberg-Bauer E, Robertson DL, Oliver SG. A protein interaction atlas for the nuclear receptors: properties and quality of a hub-based dimerisation network. BMC Syst Biol 2007; 1:34. [PMID: 17672894 PMCID: PMC1971058 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-1-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear receptors are a large family of eukaryotic transcription factors that constitute major pharmacological targets. They exert their combinatorial control through homotypic heterodimerisation. Elucidation of this dimerisation network is vital in order to understand the complex dynamics and potential cross-talk involved. RESULTS Phylogeny, protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions and gene expression data have been integrated to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the topology and properties of the nuclear receptor interaction network in humans. We discriminate between DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding dimers, and provide a comprehensive interaction map, that identifies potential cross-talk between the various pathways of nuclear receptors. CONCLUSION We infer that the topology of this network is hub-based, and much more connected than previously thought. The hub-based topology of the network and the wide tissue expression pattern of NRs create a highly competitive environment for the common heterodimerising partners. Furthermore, a significant number of negative feedback loops is present, with the hub protein SHP [NR0B2] playing a major role. We also compare the evolution, topology and properties of the nuclear receptor network with the hub-based dimerisation network of the bHLH transcription factors in order to identify both unique themes and ubiquitous properties in gene regulation. In terms of methodology, we conclude that such a comprehensive picture can only be assembled by semi-automated text-mining, manual curation and integration of data from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Amoutzias
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne & Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Discovery Information, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
- Bioinformatics & Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB/Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elgar E Pichler
- Discovery Information, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - David De Graaf
- Discovery Information, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
- Pfizer RTC Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Imsiridou
- Higher Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 63200 Nea Moudania, Halkidiki, Greece
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne & Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Bioinformatics Division, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 4, D48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - David L Robertson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
The inducibility of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters by numerous xenobiotics has become a vital issue to be considered in the drug development process. Activation of so-called orphan nuclear receptors has been identified to result in increased expression of these detoxifying systems and consequently altered drug levels in the human body. In order to anticipate such mechanisms already in early stages of drug design and to avoid dangerous drug-drug interactions, reliable in silico simulation tools are highly desirable. This review aims to give an introduction into induction of drug metabolism and transport and focuses on computer-assisted molecular modeling prediction techniques, on their applicability and limitations, on recent case studies, and on success stories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Innrain 52c, University of Innsbruck, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CMBI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Flamant F, Baxter JD, Forrest D, Refetoff S, Samuels H, Scanlan TS, Vennström B, Samarut J. International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: thyroid hormone receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:705-11. [PMID: 17132849 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5665, Laboratoire Associé Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 913, l'Institut Fédératif de Recherches 128, Lyon, France.
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17
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor pharmacology has, to a certain extent, led the way, compared with other receptor systems, in the appreciation that ligands may exert very diverse pharmacology, based on their individual chemical structure and the allosteric changes induced in the receptor/accessory protein complex. This can lead to very selective pharmacological effects, which may not necessarily be predicted from the experience with other agonists/partial agonists/antagonists. If this is the case, then drug discovery may be back to drug-specific pharmacology (where each drug may have an original profile), rather than specific-drug pharmacology (where agents specific for a receptor have a distinct profile). As functional selectivity is indeed a crucial mechanism to be considered when going through the drug discovery development process, then initial screens using reconstituted systems may not show the appropriate pharmacology, simply because the required stoichiometry of corepressors and coactivators may not be present to select the best compounds; therefore, multiple effector systems are necessary to screen for differential activation, and, even then, screening with in vivo pathophysiological models may ultimately be required for the selection process-a massive but necessary task for pharmacologists. Thus, the characterization of nuclear receptors and their associated proteins and the ligands that interact with them will remain a challenge to pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Germain
- Department of Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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18
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Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:798-836. [PMID: 17132856 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of the members of the nuclear receptors superfamily are so-called "orphan" receptors because the identity of their ligand, if any, is unknown. Because of their important biological roles, the study of orphan receptors has attracted much attention recently and has resulted in rapid advances that have helped in the discovery of novel signaling pathways. In this review we present the main features of orphan receptors, discuss the structure of their ligand-binding domains and their biological functions. The paradoxical existence of a pharmacology of orphan receptors, a rapidly growing and innovative field, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Benoit
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5161 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1237, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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19
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Lu NZ, Wardell SE, Burnstein KL, Defranco D, Fuller PJ, Giguere V, Hochberg RB, McKay L, Renoir JM, Weigel NL, Wilson EM, McDonnell DP, Cidlowski JA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:782-97. [PMID: 17132855 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hormone Antagonists/adverse effects
- Hormone Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mutation
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Z Lu
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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20
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Moore DD, Kato S, Xie W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Schmidt DR, Xiao R, Kliewer SA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:742-59. [PMID: 17132852 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors of the NR1H and NR1I subgroups include the constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and vitamin D receptor. The newly emerging functions of these related receptors are under the control of metabolic pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics, bile acids, cholesterol, and calcium. This review summarizes results of structural, pharmacologic, and genetic studies of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Bookout AL, Jeong Y, Downes M, Yu RT, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network. Cell 2006; 126:789-99. [PMID: 16923397 PMCID: PMC6211849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, the ability to regulate reproduction, development, and nutrient utilization coincided with the evolution of nuclear receptors (NRs), transcription factors that utilize lipophilic ligands to mediate their function. Studying the expression profile of NRs offers a simple, powerful way to obtain highly relational information about their physiologic functions as individual proteins and as a superfamily. We surveyed the expression of all 49 mouse NR mRNAs in 39 tissues, representing diverse anatomical systems. The resulting data set uncovers several NR clades whose patterns of expression indicate their ability to coordinate the transcriptional programs necessary to affect distinct physiologic pathways. Remarkably, this regulatory network divides along the following two physiologic paradigms: (1) reproduction, development, and growth and (2) nutrient uptake, metabolism, and excretion. These data reveal a hierarchical transcriptional circuitry that extends beyond individual tissues to form a meganetwork governing physiology on an organismal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L. Bookout
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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22
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Zhang XM, Chang Q, Zeng L, Gu J, Brown S, Basch RS. TBLR1 regulates the expression of nuclear hormone receptor co-repressors. BMC Cell Biol 2006; 7:31. [PMID: 16893456 PMCID: PMC1555579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-7-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription is regulated by a complex interaction of activators and repressors. The effectors of repression are large multimeric complexes which contain both the repressor proteins that bind to transcription factors and a number of co-repressors that actually mediate transcriptional silencing either by inhibiting the basal transcription machinery or by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Results TBLR1 [GenBank: NM024665] is a co-repressor of nuclear hormone transcription factors. A single highly conserved gene encodes a small family of protein molecules. Different isoforms are produced by differential exon utilization. Although the ORF of the predominant form contains only 1545 bp, the human gene occupies ~200 kb of genomic DNA on chromosome 3q and contains 16 exons. The genomic sequence overlaps with the putative DC42 [GenBank: NM030921] locus. The murine homologue is structurally similar and is also located on Chromosome 3. TBLR1 is closely related (79% homology at the mRNA level) to TBL1X and TBL1Y, which are located on Chromosomes X and Y. The expression of TBLR1 overlaps but is distinct from that of TBL1. An alternatively spliced form of TBLR1 has been demonstrated in human material and it too has an unique pattern of expression. TBLR1 and the homologous genes interact with proteins that regulate the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors. In resting cells TBLR1 is primarily cytoplasmic but after perturbation the protein translocates to the nucleus. TBLR1 co-precipitates with SMRT, a co-repressor of nuclear hormone receptors, and co-precipitates in complexes immunoprecipitated by antiserum to HDAC3. Cells engineered to over express either TBLR1 or N- and C-terminal deletion variants, have elevated levels of endogenous N-CoR. Co-transfection of TBLR1 and SMRT results in increased expression of SMRT. This co-repressor undergoes ubiquitin-mediated degradation and we suggest that the stabilization of the co-repressors by TBLR1 occurs because of a novel mechanism that protects them from degradation. Transient over expression of TBLR1 produces growth arrest. Conclusion TBLR1 is a multifunctional co-repressor of transcription. The structure of this family of molecules is highly conserved and closely related co-repressors have been found in all eukaryotic organisms. Regulation of co-repressor expression and the consequent alterations in transcriptional silencing play an important role in the regulation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Judy Gu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stuart Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ross S Basch
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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23
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Guo YZ, Li M, Lu M, Wen Z, Wang K, Li G, Wu J. Classifying G protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors on the basis of protein power spectrum from fast Fourier transform. Amino Acids 2006; 30:397-402. [PMID: 16773242 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As the potential drug targets, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and nuclear receptors (NRs) are the focuses in pharmaceutical research. It is of great practical significance to develop an automated and reliable method to facilitate the identification of novel receptors. In this study, a method of fast Fourier transform-based support vector machine was proposed to classify GPCRs and NRs from the hydrophobicity of proteins. The models for all the GPCR families and NR subfamilies were trained and validated using jackknife test and the results thus obtained are quite promising. Meanwhile, the performance of the method was evaluated on GPCR and NR independent datasets with good performance. The good results indicate the applicability of the method. Two web servers implementing the prediction are available at http://chem.scu.edu.cn/blast/Pred-GPCR and http://chem.scu.edu.cn/blast/Pred-NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Z Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Abstract
The IP3R (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor) Ca2+-release channel is known to be sensitive to thiol redox state. The present study was undertaken to characterize the number and location of reactive thiol groups in the type-I IP3R. Using the fluorescent thiol-reactive compound monobromobimane we found that approx. 70% of the 60 cysteine residues in the type-I IP3R are maintained in the reduced state. The accessibility of these residues was assessed by covalently tagging the IP3R in membranes with a 5 kDa or 20 kDa MPEG [methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) maleimide]. MPEG reaction caused a shift in the mobility of IP3R on SDS/PAGE that was blocked by pretreatment of the membranes with dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide, mersalyl or thimerosal, indicating that MPEG reactivity was specific to thiol groups on the IP3R. Trypsin cleavage of the type-I IP3R generates five defined domains. In cerebellum membranes, MPEG reacted over a 5 min interval with tryptic fragment I and fragment III, but not fragments II, IV or V. Fragment I appears as a doublet in cerebellum membranes, corresponding to the presence and absence of the SI splice site in this region (SI is a spliced domain corresponding to amino acids 318-332). Only the fragment I band corresponding to the SI(+) splice form shifted after reaction with MPEG. Expression of SI(+) and SI(-) spliced forms in COS cell microsomes confirmed this result. The MPEG-induced shift was not prevented when the cysteine residue present in the SI splice domain (C326A) or the remaining seven cysteine residues in fragment I were individually mutated. Of the combination mutations screened, only the mutation of C206/214/326A blocked MPEG reactivity in fragment I. We conclude that a set of highly reactive cysteine residues in fragment I are differentially accessible in the SI(+) and SI(-) splice variants of the type-I IP3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 230A JAH, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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25
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Hoppe C, Steinbeck C, Wohlfahrt G. Classification and comparison of ligand-binding sites derived from grid-mapped knowledge-based potentials. J Mol Graph Model 2006; 24:328-40. [PMID: 16260161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the application of knowledge-based potentials implemented in the MOE program to compare the ligand-binding sites of several proteins. The binding probabilities for a polar and a hydrophobic probe are calculated on a grid to allow easy comparison of binding sites of superimposed related proteins. The method is fast and simple enough to simultaneously use structural information of multiple proteins of a target family. The method can be used to rapidly cluster proteins into subfamilies according to the similarity of hydrophobic and polar fields of their ligand-binding sites. Regions of the binding site which are common within a protein family can be identified and analysed for the design of family-targeted libraries or those which differ for improvement of ligand selectivity. The field-based hierarchical clustering is demonstrated for three protein families: the ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors, the ATP-binding sites of protein kinases and the substrate binding sites of proteases. More detailed comparisons are presented for serine proteases of the chymotrypsin family, for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subfamily of nuclear receptors and for progesterone and androgen receptor. The results are in good accordance with structure-based analysis and highlight important differences of the binding sites, which have been also described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoppe
- Orion Pharma, Medicinal Chemistry, P.O. Box 65, FIN-02101 Espoo, Finland
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26
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Doyon Y, Cayrou C, Ullah M, Landry AJ, Côté V, Selleck W, Lane WS, Tan S, Yang XJ, Côté J. ING tumor suppressor proteins are critical regulators of chromatin acetylation required for genome expression and perpetuation. Mol Cell 2006; 21:51-64. [PMID: 16387653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ING family of tumor suppressors regulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA repair as important cofactors of p53. ING1 and ING3 are stable components of the mSin3A HDAC and Tip60/NuA4 HAT complexes, respectively. We now report the purification of the three remaining human ING proteins. While ING2 is in an HDAC complex similar to ING1, ING4 associates with the HBO1 HAT required for normal progression through S phase and the majority of histone H4 acetylation in vivo. ING5 fractionates with two distinct complexes containing HBO1 or nucleosomal H3-specific MOZ/MORF HATs. These ING5 HAT complexes interact with the MCM helicase and are essential for DNA replication to occur during S phase. Our data also indicate that ING subunits are crucial for acetylation of chromatin substrates. Since INGs, HBO1, and MOZ/MORF contribute to oncogenic transformation, the multisubunit assemblies characterized here underscore the critical role of epigenetic regulation in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Doyon
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec (CHUQ), Québec City, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
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27
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Abstract
One of the early and effective approaches to G-coupled protein receptor target family library design was the analysis of a set of ligands for frequently occurring chemical moieties or substructures. Various methods ranging from frameworks analysis to pharmacophores have been employed to find these so-called target-family-privileged substructures. Although the use of these substructures is common practice in combinatorial library design and has produced leads, the methods used for finding them rarely verified their selectivity for the particular target family from which they were derived. The frequency of occurrence among ligands associated with a target receptor family is not a sufficient criterion for those substructures to receive the label of target-family-privileged substructure. This study explores the question of selectivity of ClassPharmer generated fragments for a series of target families: GPCRs, nuclear hormone receptors, serine proteases, protein kinases, and ligand-gated ion channels. In addition, a GPCR focused library and a random set of 10k compounds are examined in terms of their target-family-privileged-substructure composition. The results challenge the combinatorial chemistry concept of target-family-privileged substructures and suggest that many of these fragments may simply be drug-like or attractive for various receptors in accordance with the original definition of privileged substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M Schnur
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Lead Discovery, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The mechanism that initiates human parturition has been proposed to be functional progesterone withdrawal whereby the 116-kDa B isoform of the progesterone receptor (PR-B) switches in favor of the 94-kDa A isoform (PR-A) in reproductive tissues. Recently other PR isoforms, PR-S, PR-C, and PR-M generated from the same gene have been identified and partially characterized. Using immunohistochemical, Western blotting, and RT-PCR techniques, evidence is provided that the major PR isoform present in human term fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) and syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta is neither of the classical nuclear PR-B or PR-A isoforms but is the N terminally truncated 60-kDa PR-C isoform. Evidence is also provided that the PR-C isoform resides in the cytoplasm of the expressing cell types. Data are also presented to show that PR-B, PR-A, and PR-S isoforms are essentially absent from the amnion and chorion, whereas PR isoforms A, B, C, and S are all present in the decidua, with PR-A being the major isoform. The syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta contains the cytoplasmic PR-C isoform but not PR-A, PR-B, or PR-S. The major PR isoform in the amnion, chorion, and placenta is PR-C, suggesting that the cytoplasmic PR-C isoform has a specific role in extraembryonic tissues and may be involved in the regulation of human parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Taylor
- Preterm Birth Research Group Lecturer, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, UK.
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29
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Yamazaki H, Michikawa T, Mikoshiba K. [IP3 receptor and calcium signaling]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2005; 50:1212-9. [PMID: 16104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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30
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Mooijaart SP, Brandt BW, Baldal EA, Pijpe J, Kuningas M, Beekman M, Zwaan BJ, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, van Heemst D. C. elegans DAF-12, Nuclear Hormone Receptors and human longevity and disease at old age. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4:351-71. [PMID: 16051528 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, DAF-12 appears to be a decisive checkpoint for many life history traits including longevity. The daf-12 gene encodes a Nuclear Hormone Receptor (NHR) and is member of a superfamily that is abundantly represented throughout the animal kingdom, including humans. It is, however, unclear which of the human receptor representatives are most similar to DAF-12, and what their role is in determining human longevity and disease at old age. Using a sequence similarity search, we identified human NHRs similar to C. elegans DAF-12 and found that, based on sequence similarity, Liver X Receptor A and B are most similar to C. elegans DAF-12, followed by the Pregnane X Receptor, Vitamin D Receptor, Constitutive Andosteron Receptor and the Farnesoid X Receptor. Their biological functions include, amongst others, detoxification and immunomodulation. Both are processes that are involved in protecting the body from harmful environmental influences. Furthermore, the DAF-12 signalling systems seem to be functionally conserved and all six human NHRs have cholesterol derived compounds as their ligands. We conclude that the DAF-12 signalling system seems to be evolutionary conserved and that NHRs in man are critical for body homeostasis and survival. Genomic variations in these NHRs or their target genes are prime candidates for the regulation of human lifespan and disease at old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, C-2-R, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Hattori M, Higo T, Mikoshiba K. [Subtype-specific and ER lumenal environment-dependent regulation of IP3 receptor type 1 by ERp44]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2005; 50:1292-6. [PMID: 16104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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32
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Yano K, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV. Dual sensitivity of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase to cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ as a mechanism of modulating cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations. Biochem J 2005; 383:353-60. [PMID: 15260801 PMCID: PMC1134077 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Ca2+ on cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells were investigated using mathematical models of the Ca2+ oscillations. We first examined the mathematical model of SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) to reproduce the highly co-operative inhibitory effect of Ca2+ in the ER lumen on ER Ca2+ uptake in the acinar cells. The model predicts that luminal Ca2+ would most probably inhibit the conversion of the conformation state with luminal Ca2+-binding sites (E2) into the conformation state with cytoplasmic Ca2+-binding sites (E1). The SERCA model derived from this prediction showed dose-response relationships to cytosolic and luminal Ca2+ concentrations that were consistent with the experimental data from the acinar cells. According to a mathematical model of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations based on the modified SERCA model, a small decrease in the concentration of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ (approx. 20% of the total) was sufficient to abolish the oscillations. When a single type of IP3R (IP3 receptor) was included in the model, store depletion decreased the spike frequency. However, the frequency became less sensitive to store depletion when we added another type of IP3R with higher sensitivity to the concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytosol. Bifurcation analysis of the mathematical model showed that the loss of Ca2+ from the ER lumen decreased the sensitivity of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations to IP3 [Ins(1,4,5)P3]. The addition of a high-affinity IP3R did not alter this property, but significantly decreased the sensitivity of the spike frequency to IP3. Our mathematical model demonstrates how luminal Ca2+, through its effect on Ca2+ uptake, can control cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Yano
- The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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33
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ideal targets for drug discovery. Not only do they control a myriad of biological and disease processes, but they are also regulated by small lipophilic molecules that can be easily exchanged with a drug of choice. All 48 of the NR genes in the human genome have been identified, many of their structures have been solved and their ligands identified. Their mechanism of action has been elucidated and many of their target genes have been identified. Nonetheless, presentations at the recent conference sponsored by IBC Life Sciences indicated that, while many NRs already have marketable drugs, the latest tools in robotics, genomics, proteomics, and informatics are helping to identify more selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Sladek
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 5429 Boyce Hall, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0314, USA.
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Likić VA, Perry A, Hulett J, Derby M, Traven A, Waller RF, Keeling PJ, Koehler CM, Curran SP, Gooley PR, Lithgow T. Patterns that Define the Four Domains Conserved in Known and Novel Isoforms of the Protein Import Receptor Tom20. J Mol Biol 2005; 347:81-93. [PMID: 15733919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tom20 is the master receptor for protein import into mitochondria. Analysis of motifs present in Tom20 sequences from fungi and animals found several highly conserved regions, including features of the transmembrane segment, the ligand-binding domain and functionally important flexible segments at the N terminus and the C terminus of the protein. Hidden Markov model searches of genome sequence data revealed novel isoforms of Tom20 in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. A three-dimensional comparative model of the novel type I Tom20, based on the structurally characterized type II isoform, shows important differences in the amino acid residues lining the ligand-binding groove, where the type I protein from animals is more similar to the fungal form of Tom20. Given that the two receptor types from mouse interact with the same set of precursor protein substrates, comparative analysis of the substrate-binding site provides unique insight into the mechanism of substrate recognition. No Tom20-related protein was found in genome sequence data from plants or protozoans, suggesting the receptor Tom20 evolved after the split of animals and fungi from the main lineage of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Likić
- Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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35
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Krasowski MD, Yasuda K, Hagey LR, Schuetz EG. Evolution of the pregnane x receptor: adaptation to cross-species differences in biliary bile salts. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1720-39. [PMID: 15718292 PMCID: PMC2238640 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the metabolism and elimination of bile salts, steroids, and xenobiotics. The sequence of the PXR ligand-binding domain diverges extensively between different animals, suggesting interspecies differences in ligands. Of the endogenous ligands known to activate PXR, biliary bile salts vary the most across vertebrate species, ranging from 27-carbon (C27) bile alcohol sulfates (early fish, amphibians) to C24 bile acids (birds, mammals). Using a luciferase-based reporter assay, human PXR was activated by a wide variety of bile salts. In contrast, zebrafish PXR was activated efficiently only by cyprinol sulfate, the major zebrafish bile salt, but not by recent bile acids. Chicken, mouse, rat, and rabbit PXRs were all activated by species-specific bile acids and by early fish bile alcohol sulfates. In addition, phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood demonstrated evidence for nonneutral evolution of the PXR ligand-binding domain. PXR activation by bile salts has expanded from narrow specificity for C27 bile alcohol sulfates (early fish) to a broader specificity for recent bile acids (birds, mammals). PXR specificity for bile salts has thus paralleled the increasing complexity of the bile salt synthetic pathway during vertebrate evolution, an unusual example of ligand-receptor coevolution in the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology, 200 Lothrop, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily comprises a large group of transcription factors that play a key regulatory role in development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. A special feature of nuclear receptors is their ability to bind to condensed chromatin templates, which makes them important initiators of gene transcription. Moreover, the ability of nuclear receptors to sequentially recruit a variety of transcription factors and coregulators to target promoters and to orchestrate the whole process of gene transcription confirms their biological significance and stimulates intensive research and a high level of scientific interest in this field. In this review, we summarise current knowledge regarding the structure and function of nuclear receptors as principal regulators of gene expression. Emphasis is given to the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional activation and repression including recent progress made in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Novac
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors are key transcription factors that regulate crucial gene networks responsible for cell growth, differentiation, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors form a superfamily of phylogenetically related proteins and control functions associated with major diseases (e.g. diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer). In this study, a novel method has been developed for classifying the subfamilies of nuclear receptors. The classification was achieved on the basis of amino acid and dipeptide composition from a sequence of receptors using support vector machines. The training and testing was done on a non-redundant data set of 282 proteins obtained from the NucleaRDB data base (1). The performance of all classifiers was evaluated using a 5-fold cross validation test. In the 5-fold cross-validation, the data set was randomly partitioned into five equal sets and evaluated five times on each distinct set while keeping the remaining four sets for training. It was found that different subfamilies of nuclear receptors were quite closely correlated in terms of amino acid composition as well as dipeptide composition. The overall accuracy of amino acid composition-based and dipeptide composition-based classifiers were 82.6 and 97.5%, respectively. Therefore, our results prove that different subfamilies of nuclear receptors are predictable with considerable accuracy using amino acid or dipeptide composition. Furthermore, based on above approach, an online web service, NRpred, was developed, which is available at www.imtech.res.in/raghava/nrpred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Bhasin
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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38
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma agonists, such as 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) and troglitazone, have been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory effects in pancreatic beta-cells that include inhibition of cytokine-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and production of nitric oxide. In addition, these ligands impair IL-1-induced NF-kappaB and MAPK as well as IFN-gamma-stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 activation in beta-cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if PPARgamma activation participates in the anti-inflammatory actions of PGJ2 in beta-cells. Pretreatment of RINm5F cells for 6 h with PGJ2 results in inhibition of IL-1-stimulated IkappaB degradation and IFN-gamma-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation. Overexpression of a dominant-negative (dn) PPARgamma mutant or treatment with the PPARgamma antagonist GW-9662 does not modulate the inhibitory actions of PGJ2 on cytokine signaling in RINm5F cells. Although these agents fail to attenuate the inhibitory actions of PGJ2 on cytokine signaling, they do inhibit PGJ2-stimulated PPARgamma response element reporter activity. Consistent with the inability to attenuate the inhibitory actions of PGJ2 on cytokine signaling, neither dnPPARgamma nor GW-9662 prevents the inhibitory actions of PGJ2 on IL-1-stimulated iNOS gene expression or nitric oxide production by RINm5F cells. These findings support a PPARgamma-independent mechanism by which PPARgamma ligands impair cytokine signaling and iNOS expression by islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Weber
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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39
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Sakuma T, Miyamoto T, Jiang W, Kakizawa T, Nishio SI, Suzuki S, Takeda T, Oiwa A, Hashizume K. Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling by vitamin D receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:513-9. [PMID: 14637167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear fatty acid receptors that have been implicated to play an important role in lipid and glucose homeostasis. PPARalpha potentiates fatty acid catabolism in the liver and is activated by the lipid-lowering fibrates, whereas PPARgamma is essential for adipocyte differentiation. Here we report that nuclear vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) represses the transcriptional activity of PPARalpha but not PPARgamma in a 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-dependent manner. The analysis using chimeric receptors revealed that ligand binding domain of PPARalpha and VDR was involved in the molecular basis of this functional interaction and that the DNA binding domain of VDR was not required for the suppression, suggesting a novel mechanism that might involve protein-protein interactions rather than a direct DNA binding. Furthermore, the treatment of rat hepatoma H4IIE cells with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) diminishes the induction of AOX mRNA by PPARalpha ligands, Wy14,643. VDR signaling might be considered as a factor regulating lipid metabolism via PPARalpha pathway. We report here the novel action of VDR in controlling gene expression through PPARalpha signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sakuma
- Department of Aging Medicine and Geriatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 390-8621, Matsumoto, Japan
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40
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Abstract
To gain insight into the role of melatonin and dopamine in retinal development, gene expression of two melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2, as well as five dopamine receptors, D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, in the rat eye was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction across various developmental stages. MT1 transcript levels reached maximum levels at embryonic day (E) 16 and then decreased gradually until reaching adult levels by postnatal day (P) 14. MT2 transcript levels similarly peaked at E16, but then decreased dramatically until birth to its lowest levels, which were maintained throughout the postnatal period. Thus, gene expression of both the MT1 and MT2 receptors showed a striking inverse correlation with maturation of the eye. In contrast to melatonin receptors, gene expression of all dopamine receptor subtypes, except for D3, showed only an increase as development proceeds with highest levels in adulthood. The D3 message was not detected throughout the developmental period examined. Gene expression of D1-like receptors, D1 and D5, showed a substantial increase to adult levels during the fetal period at E16 and E20, respectively. Transcript levels of D2-like receptors, D2 and D4, on the other hand, were not detected before birth but increased significantly to adult levels by P7 and P14, respectively. The present findings suggest the presence of unique developmental mechanisms by which transcription of various G protein-coupled receptors are regulated in the eye.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Densitometry/instrumentation
- Densitometry/methods
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Eye/embryology
- Eye/growth & development
- Eye/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Probes/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface/classification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/classification
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujieda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 3321, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Yang GR, Zhang ZW, Guan YF. [Progress in the study of PPARs]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2003; 34:329-32. [PMID: 14992015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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42
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) have key regulatory functions in a wide range of biological processes and are one of the most abundant classes of transcriptional regulators in metazoans. NRs are particularly numerous in nematodes, in which the NR gene family has undergone extensive expansion and diversification, providing an evolutionary structure function experiment that is yielding new perspectives on the mechanisms of NR function and on nematode biology. The genome sequence of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans reveals 270 predicted NR genes, more than fivefold more than observed for any other species to date, though existing data suggest that NR genes are similarly abundant in other nematodes. Most of the currently available information regarding the functions of nematode NRs comes from ongoing studies with C. elegans, and we review here what has been learned thus far in three key areas: the relationships of C. elegans NRs to those in other species; the biochemical consequences of nematode NR sequence diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Van Gilst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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43
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Andrééva-Gatéva P. [Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors PPARs: their role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2003; 61:295-303. [PMID: 12805006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) belong to a family of nuclear receptors broadly distributed in the organism. Their pleiotropic role has been recently proved as well as their pathogenic significance in diabetes, obesity, cell cycle controlling, carcinogenesis, inflammation and atherosclerosis. The three types of PPAR identified until today have different tissue localization. PPARgamma, primarily identified in macrophages and adipocytes, play an important role in the expression of proteins essential for lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. PPARalpha are localized predominantly in hepatocytes and have also an important role in lipid metabolism. PPAR are though to be lipid sensors in organism. Carbohydrate metabolism is also under the control of PPAR and their exogenous ligands, (ie: thiasolidinediones), are important antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrééva-Gatéva
- Laboratoire central clinique et lipidologie clinique, Hôpital universitaire Tzaritza Joanna, 34, rue de Partchevich, 1000-Sofia, Bulgarie
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44
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Abstract
There is growing evidence demonstrating the complexity of melatonin's role in modulating a diverse number of physiological processes. This complexity could be attributed to the fact that melatonin receptors belong to two distinct classes of proteins, that is, the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily (MT(1), MT(2)) and the quinone reductase enzyme family (MT(3)) which makes them unique at the molecular level. Also, within the G-protein coupled receptor family of proteins, the MT(1) and MT(2) receptors can couple to multiple and distinct signal transduction cascades whose activation can lead to unique cellular responses. Also, throughout the 24-hour cycle, the receptors' sensitivity to specific cues fluctuates and this sensitivity can be modulated in a homologous fashion, that is, by melatonin itself, and in a heterologous manner, that is, by other cues including the photoperiod or estrogen. This sensitivity of response may reflect changes in melatonin receptor density that also occurs throughout the 24-hour light/dark cycle but out of phase with circulating melatonin levels. The mechanisms that underlie the changes in melatonin receptor density and function are still not well-understood, but data is beginning to show that transcriptional events and G-protein uncoupling may be involved. Even though this area of research is still in its infancy, great strides are being made everyday in elucidating the mechanisms that underlie melatonin receptor function and regulation. The focus of this review is to highlight some of these discoveries in an attempt to reveal the uniqueness of the melatonin receptor family while at the same time provide thought-provoking ideas to further advance this area of research. Thus, a brief overview of each of the mammalian melatonin receptor subtypes and the signal transduction cascades to which they couple will be discussed with a greater emphasis placed on the mechanisms underlying their regulation and the domains within the receptors essential for proper signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 421 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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45
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Sridhar GR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as molecular targets for drug therapy. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51:49-52. [PMID: 12693455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in response to extracellular fatty acids and their metabolites. They are crucial in the regulation of fat storage, besides having a potential role in insulin resistance syndrome. They have clinical relevance in understanding the cause and in development of drugs in common clinical conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cellular growth and neoplasia. Three types of receptors were identified: PPAR alpha, gamma and delta. Fibrate group of lipid lowering agents bind to the alpha isoform and glitazone group of insulin sensitizers to gamma isoform. Further advances can result in new drugs for atherosclerosis, malignancies and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Sridhar
- Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, 15-12-16 Krishnanagar, Visakhapatnam, 530 002
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46
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Kojo H, Fukagawa M, Tajima K, Suzuki A, Fujimura T, Aramori I, Hayashi KI, Nishimura S. Evaluation of Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Subtype Selectivity of a Variety of Anti-inflammatory Drugs Based on a Novel Assay for PPARδ(β). J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 93:347-55. [PMID: 14646253 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) has three subtypes named alpha, delta(beta), and gamma that may act as receptors for a range of compounds including antihyperglycaemic drugs, insulin sensitizers, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although profiling of the subtype selectivity of the compounds for PPAR is indispensable to elucidate their pharmacological action, the absence of an appropriate transactivation assay for PPAR delta led us to develop a sensitive and reproducible method. We found that co-expression of PPAR delta, retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha, and coactivators such as CBP and SRC-1 enhanced basal and agonist-dependent activation of PPAR responsive element (PPRE)-driven transcription by PPAR delta, rendering a PPRE-driven reporter assay reliable and sensitive. Utilizing this assay for PPAR delta, we re-evaluated the subtype selectivity of a variety of anti-inflammatory drugs for human PPAR. The PPAR agonists tested included two leukotriene (LT) D(4) antagonist, seven NSAIDs, and two anti-rheumatoid drugs. We found that a novel LTD(4) antagonist, FK011 ([2-(((2-(4-tert-butyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1-benzofuran-5-yl)oxy)methyl)phenyl]acetic acid), showed marked agonistic activity for PPAR gamma. NSAIDs were classified into the following three groups: those showing no activity for all subtypes, those that were selective for PPAR gamma such as indomethacin and diclofenac, and those showing agonistic activity for the delta and gamma subtypes such as ibuprofen. These results will be important to studies on the molecular mechanisms of pharmacological actions of LTD(4) antagonists and NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kojo
- Advanced Technology Platform Research Laboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.,Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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47
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Haberichter T, Roux E, Marhl M, Mazat JP. The influence of different InsP(3) receptor isoforms on Ca(2+) signaling in tracheal smooth muscle cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 57:129-38. [PMID: 12160609 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In airway myocytes, like in many cells, Ca(2+) signaling is controlled by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) via InsP(3) receptors (InsP(3)R) located in the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum. Three types of InsP(3)R exist, labeled Types 1, 2, and 3, which differ in their gating kinetics. We analyze a possible impact of the different gating kinetics of Type 1 and Type 3 InsP(3)R on the time course of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in tracheal smooth muscle cells upon agonist stimulation. Previous experimental data in rat tracheal myocytes showed that upon gradually increased stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh), a contractile agonist that acts via InsP(3) production, signal spikes, several spikes with declining maxima, and sustained oscillations appear. Our model reproduces the time courses of cytosolic Ca(2+) measured in tracheal myocytes. Moreover, by postulating slight variations in the model parameters which determine the total number of receptors expressed and the ratio between Type 1 and Type 3 InsP(3)R, it offers an explanation to the experimental observation of qualitatively different responses of cells within a presumably homogeneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haberichter
- Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Lewis DFV, Jacobs MN, Dickins M, Lake BG. Molecular modelling of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) from human, rat and mouse, based on homology with the human PPAR gamma crystal structure. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:275-80. [PMID: 12020601 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of homology models of human, rat and mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) are reported, based on the recently published crystal structure of the human PPAR gamma ligand-binding domain (LBD) with bound ligand, rosiglitazone. It is found that a template of peroxisome proliferating fibrate drugs and related compounds can fit within the putative ligand-binding site of rat PPAR alpha, via contacts with amino acid residues which are consistent with their biological potency for peroxisome proliferation, site-directed mutagenesis experiments and with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis studies. The experimental binding affinity of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) for the mouse PPAR alpha agrees closely with the calculated value based on the modelled interactions, whereas selective PPAR alpha ligands such as clofibric acid are able to fit the human PPAR alpha binding site in agreement with reported site-directed mutagenesis information.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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49
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Sueyoshi S, Yamada T, Niihasi M, Kusumi Y, Oinuma T, Esumi M, Tsuru K, Imai S, Nemoto N, Sakura I, Mitsumata M. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes in human atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 947:429-32. [PMID: 11795308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in atherosclerotic plaque formation, we investigated the expression patterns of mRNA and protein of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in human aorta. Atheromatous plaque, fatty streak, and diffuse intimal thickening (DIT) were separated macroscopically, and each sample was divided into halves. Half of them were used for analysis of mRNA expression with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the others were used for histologic analysis. Both PPARalpha and PPARgamma mRNA were detected in all atheromatous plaques, all fatty streaks, and in some DIT. However, expressions of PPARalpha and PPARgamma were obviously less frequently found in DIT than in atheromatous plaques, and the intensity of these expressions was stronger in the atheromatous plaques than in the DIT. Compared with PPARalpha, PPARgamma mRNA was expressed more frequently in atheromatous plaques. In atheromatous plaques, PPARgamma mRNA was expressed independently, whereas PPARalpha mRNA was coexpressed with PPARgamma. PPARgamma protein was obviously found in the nuclei of endothelial cells, macrophages, mononuclear cells, and smooth muscle cells in the aortic intima. These results suggest that expressions of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in human aortic wall are involved in atherogenesis from the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sueyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Cholesterol, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and other lipids present in our diets are not only nutritionally important but serve as precursors for ligands that bind to receptors in the nucleus. To become biologically active, these lipids must first be absorbed by the intestine and transformed by metabolic enzymes before they are delivered to their sites of action in the body. Ultimately, the lipids must be eliminated to maintain a normal physiological state. The need to coordinate this entire lipid-based metabolic signaling cascade raises important questions regarding the mechanisms that govern these pathways. Specifically, what is the nature of communication between these bioactive lipids and their receptors, binding proteins, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes that links them physiologically and speaks to a higher level of metabolic control? Some general principles that govern the actions of this class of bioactive lipids and their nuclear receptors are considered here, and the scheme that emerges reveals a complex molecular script at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chawla
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Post Office Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92186-5800, USA
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