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Xu J, Sun X, Chen Z, Ma H, Liu Y. Super-resolution imaging of T lymphocyte activation reveals chromatin decondensation and disrupted nuclear envelope. Commun Biol 2024; 7:717. [PMID: 38858440 PMCID: PMC11164909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation plays a pivotal role in adaptive immune response and alters the spatial organization of nuclear architecture that subsequently impacts transcription activities. Here, using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), we observe dramatic de-condensation of chromatin and the disruption of nuclear envelope at a nanoscale resolution upon T lymphocyte activation. Super-resolution imaging reveals that such alterations in nuclear architecture are accompanied by the release of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm, correlating with the degree of chromatin decompaction within the nucleus. The authors show that under the influence of metabolism, T lymphocyte activation de-condenses chromatin, disrupts the nuclear envelope, and releases DNA into the cytoplasm. Taken together, this result provides a direct, molecular-scale insight into the alteration in nuclear architecture. It suggests the release of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm as a general consequence of chromatin decompaction after lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Xu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhangguo Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hongqiang Ma
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Akçaalan S, Akbulut B, Çağlar C, Innocenti M, Uğurlu M, Dogan M, Akkaya M. Is large unstained cell percentage (%LUC) a novel diagnostic marker for periprosthetic joint infections? Technol Health Care 2024; 32:3659-3667. [PMID: 38073350 DOI: 10.3233/thc-230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKROUND Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a very important complication that occurs after total joint replacement. Diagnosing PJI is at least as difficult as this disease. There is no biomarker that alone can diagnose PJI. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of large unstained cell percentage (%LUC) in diagnosing PJI and deciding on re-implantation in two stage septic exchange arthroplasty. METHODS Patients who underwent revision arthroplasty between 2019 and 2023 were screened retrospectively. These patients were grouped as those who underwent two-stage septic exchange and those who underwent aseptic exchange. Prosthesis removal from the patients who underwent two-stage septic exchange, before spacer application, and on the 3rd post-operative day after spacer application, Blood parameters were collected at the 1st month and before the second stage after the spacer application, and before the revision surgery from the patients who underwent aseptic exchange. White blood cell, neutrophil percentage, %LUC, albumin, sedim and CRP values were checked and recorded one by one from all patients. RESULTS The data of a total of 233 patients, including 133 patients in the two stage septic exchange group and 100 patients in the aseptic exchange group, were included in the study. When the predictive value of %LUC in PJI was accepted as cut-off 1.75, the sensitivity was 69.2% and the specificity was 73%. The change in %LUC over time in patients who underwent two-stage septic exchange was statistically significant (p= 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between the value of .%LUC after spacer application and the value of CRP before prosthesis protrusion/spacer application surgery, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was found to be 0.005. CONCLUSION %LUC value can be a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of PJI by considering both sensitivity and specificity rates. Apart from this, it is an easily accessible and effective biomarker for re-implantation decision making and evaluation of response to treatment, especially in two-stage septic exchange surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Akçaalan
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Akbulut
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Çağlar
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Matteo Innocenti
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mahmut Uğurlu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Dogan
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akkaya
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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Heaton AR, Rehani PR, Hoefges A, Lopez AF, Erbe AK, Sondel PM, Skala MC. Single cell metabolic imaging of tumor and immune cells in vivo in melanoma bearing mice. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1110503. [PMID: 37020875 PMCID: PMC10067577 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic reprogramming of cancer and immune cells occurs during tumorigenesis and has a significant impact on cancer progression. Unfortunately, current techniques to measure tumor and immune cell metabolism require sample destruction and/or cell isolations that remove the spatial context. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of the autofluorescent metabolic coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) provides in vivo images of cell metabolism at a single cell level. Methods Here, we report an immunocompetent mCherry reporter mouse model for immune cells that express CD4 either during differentiation or CD4 and/or CD8 in their mature state and perform in vivo imaging of immune and cancer cells within a syngeneic B78 melanoma model. We also report an algorithm for single cell segmentation of mCherry-expressing immune cells within in vivo images. Results We found that immune cells within B78 tumors exhibited decreased FAD mean lifetime and an increased proportion of bound FAD compared to immune cells within spleens. Tumor infiltrating immune cell size also increased compared to immune cells from spleens. These changes are consistent with a shift towards increased activation and proliferation in tumor infiltrating immune cells compared to immune cells from spleens. Tumor infiltrating immune cells exhibited increased FAD mean lifetime and increased protein-bound FAD lifetime compared to B78 tumor cells within the same tumor. Single cell metabolic heterogeneity was observed in both immune and tumor cells in vivo. Discussion This approach can be used to monitor single cell metabolic heterogeneity in tumor cells and immune cells to study promising treatments for cancer in the native in vivo context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Heaton
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter R. Rehani
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Angelica F. Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Claiborne MD. Manipulation of metabolic pathways to promote stem-like and memory T cell phenotypes for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1061411. [PMID: 36741362 PMCID: PMC9889361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing the immune system's capacity to recognize and kill tumor cells has revolutionized cancer therapy in recent decades. Phenotypic study of antitumor T cells supports the principle that superior tumor control is achieved by cells with more long-lived memory or stem-like properties as compared to terminally differentiated effector cells. In this Mini-Review, we explore recent advances in profiling the different metabolic programs that both generate and define subsets of memory T cells. We additionally discuss new experimental approaches that aim to maximize the durability and sustained antitumor response associated with memory T cells within the unique immunosuppressive conditions of the tumor microenvironment, such as engineered attempts to overcome hypoxia-induced changes in mitochondrial function, the inhibitory effects of tumor metabolites, and exploitation of more recently-defined metabolic pathways controlling T cell memory fate such as glycogen metabolism.
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Papait A, Silini AR, Gazouli M, Malvicini R, Muraca M, O’Driscoll L, Pacienza N, Toh WS, Yannarelli G, Ponsaerts P, Parolini O, Eissner G, Pozzobon M, Lim SK, Giebel B. Perinatal derivatives: How to best validate their immunomodulatory functions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:981061. [PMID: 36185431 PMCID: PMC9518643 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.981061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal tissues, mainly the placenta and umbilical cord, contain a variety of different somatic stem and progenitor cell types, including those of the hematopoietic system, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), epithelial cells and amnion epithelial cells. Several of these perinatal derivatives (PnDs), as well as their secreted products, have been reported to exert immunomodulatory therapeutic and regenerative functions in a variety of pre-clinical disease models. Following experience with MSCs and their extracellular vesicle (EV) products, successful clinical translation of PnDs will require robust functional assays that are predictive for the relevant therapeutic potency. Using the examples of T cell and monocyte/macrophage assays, we here discuss several assay relevant parameters for assessing the immunomodulatory activities of PnDs. Furthermore, we highlight the need to correlate the in vitro assay results with preclinical or clinical outcomes in order to ensure valid predictions about the in vivo potency of therapeutic PnD cells/products in individual disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Papait
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ricardo Malvicini
- Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia Pacienza
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Günther Eissner
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ii T, Chambers JK, Nakashima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Mizuno T, Uchida K. Intraepithelial cytotoxic lymphocytes are associated with a poor prognosis in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:931-939. [PMID: 36052863 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cytotoxic molecules in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma cells was examined immunohistochemically using endoscopic samples of 50 cases. Cases included 14 large-cell lymphomas (LCLs) and 36 small-cell lymphomas (SCLs). Most LCL and some SCL exhibited marked erosion and villous atrophy. Clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement was detected in 10/14 (71%) LCL cases and 33/36 (92%) SCL cases. No clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement was detected. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for CD3 and negative for CD79α, CD30, CD56, and Foxp3. LCLs were positive for CD8 in 13/14 cases (93%), T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) in 14/14 cases (100%), and granzyme B in 6/14 cases (43%). SCLs were positive for CD8 in 28/36 cases (78%), TIA1 in 33/36 cases (92%), and granzyme B in 2/36 cases (6%). TIA1- and granzyme B-positive neoplastic lymphocytes were predominantly observed in the mucosal epithelium of 10/50 cases (20%) and 6/50 cases (12%), respectively. No significant differences in survival time were found based on cell size or epitheliotropism. However, cases with TIA1+ and/or granzyme B+ neoplastic lymphocytes predominantly in the mucosal epithelium had significantly shorter survival times (P < .05), suggesting that mucosal epithelium infiltration of neoplastic cells with a cytotoxic immunophenotype is a negative prognostic factor. Therefore, intraepithelial cytotoxic lymphocytes may be associated with mucosal injury and impaired intestinal function, leading to a poor prognosis in cats with intestinal T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ko Nakashima
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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Protooncogene MYC drives human melanocyte melanogenesis and senescence. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1160-1167. [PMID: 35022520 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive research and advances on the molecular biology of melanoma, the process of melanocytic differentiation or its relationship with proliferation is poorly understood. The role of proto-oncogenes in normal melanocyte biology is also intriguing. Proto-oncogene MYC is overexpressed in 40% of melanomas. It has been suggested that MYC can mediate senescence bypass in malignant melanocytes, an important event in melanoma development, likely in cooperation with other oncogenic pathways. However, despite the apparent importance of MYC in melanoma, its functions in normal melanocytes are unknown. We have overexpressed MYC in freshly isolated human primary melanocytes and studied the effects on melanocytic proliferation and differentiation. MYC promoted a transient activation of melanocytes including cell cycle entry, DNA damage and cell migration. Subsequently, MYC induced melanogenesis, increased cellular size and complexity and senescence. Interestingly, we also found strong expression of MYC in regions of human nevi displaying high pigmentation and high expression of senescence marker p16. The results altogether show that MYC drives melanocytic differentiation and suggest that senescence is associated with differentiation. We discuss the implications into the mechanisms governing melanocytic differentiation and the development of melanoma.
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Lee LE, Pyo JY, Ahn SS, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Clinical significance of large unstained cell count in estimating the current activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14512. [PMID: 34118131 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether large unstained cell (LUC) count could estimate the current high activity according to Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positive ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 176 immunosuppressive drug-naïve patients with ANCA positive AAV. Clinical and laboratory data at diagnosis, including LUC count, were collected. High BVAS was defined as the highest tertile of BVAS (BVAS ≥ 15) in this study. RESULTS The median age was 61.0 years, and 64.8% were female. The median LUC count was 60.0 mm3 , and LUC was detected in 106 patients. LUC count was significantly correlated with BVAS, age, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, platelet count, serum albumin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Overall, the median BVAS in AAV patients with LUC positivity was significantly higher than that in those without (14.0 vs 10.0). When the cut-off of LUC count for the current high BVAS was set as BVAS ≥ 15 mm3 , AAV patients with LUC count ≥ 15 mm3 had a significantly higher risk for the current high BVAS than those with LUC count < 15 mm3 (relative risk 2.596). However, in the multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses, LUC did not seem to estimate the current BVAS independently among clinical and laboratory variables. CONCLUSION LUC count was significantly correlated with the current BVAS and LUC count ≥ 15 mm3 could estimate the current high BVAS in patients with ANCA positive AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Eunju Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Pyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Qian R, McNabb RP, Zhou KC, Mousa HM, Saban DR, Perez VL, Kuo AN, Izatt JA. In vivo quantitative analysis of anterior chamber white blood cell mixture composition using spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2134-2148. [PMID: 33996220 PMCID: PMC8086441 DOI: 10.1364/boe.419063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anterior uveitis is the most common form of intraocular inflammation, and one of its main signs is the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the anterior chamber (AC). Clinically, the true composition of cells can currently only be obtained using AC paracentesis, an invasive procedure to obtain AC fluid requiring needle insertion into the AC. We previously developed a spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SOCT) analysis method to differentiate between populations of RBCs and subtypes of WBCs, including granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, both in vitro and in ACs of excised porcine eyes. We have shown that different types of WBCs have distinct characteristic size distributions, extracted from the backscattered reflectance spectrum of individual cells using Mie theory. Here, we further develop our method to estimate the composition of blood cell mixtures, both in vitro and in vivo. To do so, we estimate the size distribution of unknown cell mixtures by fitting the distribution observed using SOCT with a weighted combination of reference size distributions of each WBC type calculated using kernel density estimation. We validate the accuracy of our estimation in an in vitro study, by comparing our results for a given WBC sample mixture with the cellular concentrations measured by a hemocytometer and SOCT images before mixing. We also conducted a small in vivo quantitative cell mixture validation pilot study which demonstrates congruence between our method and AC paracentesis in two patients with uveitis. The SOCT based method appears promising to provide quantitative diagnostic information of cellular responses in the ACs of patients with uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin C. Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hazem M. Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victor L. Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
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Han P, Yosinski S, Kobos ZA, Chaudhury R, Lee JS, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Continuous Label-Free Electronic Discrimination of T Cells by Activation State. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8646-8657. [PMID: 32530598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and speed with which the immune system reacts to host disruption is unrivaled by any detection method for pathogenic biomarkers or infectious signatures. Engagement of cellular immunity in response to infections or cancer is contingent upon activation and subsequent cytotoxic activity by T cells. Thus, monitoring T cell activation can reliably serve as a metric for disease diagnosis as well as therapeutic prognosis. Rapid and direct quantification of T cell activation states, however, has been hindered by challenges associated with antigen target identification, labeling requirements, and assay duration. Here we present an electronic, label-free method for simultaneous separation and evaluation of T cell activation states. Our device utilizes a microfluidic design integrated with nanolayered electrode structures for dielectrophoresis (DEP)-driven discrimination of activated vs naïve T cells at single-cell resolution and demonstrates rapid (<2 min) separation of T cells at high single-pass efficiency as quantified by an on-chip Coulter counter module. Our device represents a microfluidic tool for electronic assessment of immune activation states and, hence, a portable diagnostic for quantitative evaluation of immunity and disease state. Further, its ability to achieve label-free enrichment of activated immune cells promises clinical utility in cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zachary A Kobos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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11
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ERK signalling: a master regulator of cell behaviour, life and fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:607-632. [PMID: 32576977 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely channelled by the small RAS GTPases. By phosphorylating widely diverse substrates, ERK proteins govern a variety of evolutionarily conserved cellular processes in metazoans, the dysregulation of which contributes to the cause of distinct human diseases. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of ERK1 and ERK2, their mode of action and their impact on the development and homeostasis of various organisms have been the focus of much attention for nearly three decades. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of this important class of kinases. We begin with a brief overview of the structure, regulation, substrate recognition and subcellular localization of ERK1 and ERK2. We then systematically discuss how ERK signalling regulates six fundamental cellular processes in response to extracellular cues. These processes are cell proliferation, cell survival, cell growth, cell metabolism, cell migration and cell differentiation.
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12
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MYC Expression and Metabolic Redox Changes in Cancer Cells: A Synergy Able to Induce Chemoresistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7346492. [PMID: 31341534 PMCID: PMC6614970 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7346492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is due to multiple factors including the induction of a metabolic adaptation of tumor cells. In fact, in these cells, stress conditions induced by therapies stimulate a metabolic reprogramming which involves the strengthening of various pathways such as glycolysis, glutaminolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. This metabolic reprogramming is the result of a complex network of mechanisms that, through the activation of oncogenes (i.e., MYC, HIF1, and PI3K) or the downregulation of tumor suppressors (i.e., TP53), induces an increased expression of glucose and/or glutamine transporters and of glycolytic enzymes. Therefore, in order to overcome chemoresistance, it is necessary to develop combined therapies which are able to selectively and simultaneously act on the multiple molecular targets responsible for this adaptation. This review is focused on highlighting the role of MYC in modulating the epigenetic redox changes which are crucial in the acquisition of therapy resistance.
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Merkley SD, Chock CJ, Yang XO, Harris J, Castillo EF. Modulating T Cell Responses via Autophagy: The Intrinsic Influence Controlling the Function of Both Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2914. [PMID: 30619278 PMCID: PMC6302218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic and inducible process affecting multiple aspects of the immune system. This intrinsic cellular process is involved in MHC-antigen (Ag) presentation, inflammatory signaling, cytokine regulation, and cellular metabolism. In the context of T cell responses, autophagy has an influential hand in dictating responses to self and non-self by controlling extrinsic factors (e.g., MHC-Ag, cytokine production) in antigen-presenting cells (APC) and intrinsic factors (e.g., cell signaling, survival, cytokine production, and metabolism) in T cells. These attributes make autophagy an attractive therapeutic target to modulate T cell responses. In this review, we examine the impact autophagy has on T cell responses by modulating multiple aspects of APC function; the importance of autophagy in the activation, differentiation and homeostasis of T cells; and discuss how the modulation of autophagy could influence T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Merkley
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Cameron J Chock
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - James Harris
- Rheumatology Group, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, NM, United States
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14
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The MYC transcription factor network: balancing metabolism, proliferation and oncogenesis. Front Med 2018; 12:412-425. [PMID: 30054853 PMCID: PMC7358075 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor networks have evolved in order to control, coordinate, and separate, the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review we focus on the MYC network (also known as the MAX-MLX Network), a highly conserved super-family of related basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHZ) proteins that functions to integrate extracellular and intracellular signals and modulate global gene expression. Importantly the MYC network has been shown to be deeply involved in a broad spectrum of human and other animal cancers. Here we summarize molecular and biological properties of the network modules with emphasis on functional interactions among network members. We suggest that these network interactions serve to modulate growth and metabolism at the transcriptional level in order to balance nutrient demand with supply, to maintain growth homeostasis, and to influence cell fate. Moreover, oncogenic activation of MYC and/or loss of a MYC antagonist, results in an imbalance in the activity of the network as a whole, leading to tumor initiation, progression and maintenance.
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15
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Voos P, Fuck S, Weipert F, Babel L, Tandl D, Meckel T, Hehlgans S, Fournier C, Moroni A, Rödel F, Thiel G. Ionizing Radiation Induces Morphological Changes and Immunological Modulation of Jurkat Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:922. [PMID: 29760710 PMCID: PMC5936756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment or stimulation of the immune system by ionizing radiation (IR) impacts on immune surveillance of tumor cells and non-malignant cells and can either foster therapy response or side effects/toxicities of radiation therapy. For a better understanding of the mechanisms by which IR modulates T-cell activation and alters functional properties of these immune cells, we exposed human immortalized Jurkat cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to X-ray doses between 0.1 and 5 Gy. This resulted in cellular responses, which are typically observed also in naïve T-lymphocytes in response of T-cell receptor immune stimulation or mitogens. These responses include oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+, an upregulation of CD25 surface expression, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ synthesis, elevated expression of Ca2+ sensitive K+ channels and an increase in cell diameter. The latter was sensitive to inhibition by the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A, Ca2+ buffer BAPTA-AM, and the CDK1-inhibitor RO3306, indicating the involvement of Ca2+-dependent immune activation and radiation-induced cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, on a functional level, Jurkat and PBL cell adhesion to endothelial cells was increased upon radiation exposure and was highly dependent on an upregulation of integrin beta-1 expression and clustering. In conclusion, we here report that IR impacts on immune activation and functional properties of T-lymphocytes that may have implications in both toxic effects and treatment response to combined radiation and immune therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Voos
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuck
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabian Weipert
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Tandl
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences and CNR IBF-Mi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Lafita-Navarro MDC, Blanco R, Mata-Garrido J, Liaño-Pons J, Tapia O, García-Gutiérrez L, García-Alegría E, Berciano MT, Lafarga M, León J. MXD1 localizes in the nucleolus, binds UBF and impairs rRNA synthesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69536-69548. [PMID: 27588501 PMCID: PMC5342496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MXD1 is a protein that interacts with MAX, to form a repressive transcription factor. MXD1-MAX binds E-boxes. MXD1-MAX antagonizes the transcriptional activity of the MYC oncoprotein in most models. It has been reported that MYC overexpression leads to augmented RNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, which is a relevant activity in MYC-mediated tumorigenesis. Here we describe that MXD1, but not MYC or MNT, localizes to the nucleolus in a wide array of cell lines derived from different tissues (carcinoma, leukemia) as well as in embryonic stem cells. MXD1 also localizes in the nucleolus of primary tissue cells as neurons and Sertoli cells. The nucleolar localization of MXD1 was confirmed by co-localization with UBF. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that MXD1 interacted with UBF and proximity ligase assays revealed that this interaction takes place in the nucleolus. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that MXD1 was bound in the transcribed rDNA chromatin, where it co-localizes with UBF, but also in the ribosomal intergenic regions. The MXD1 involvement in rRNA synthesis was also suggested by the nucleolar segregation upon rRNA synthesis inhibition by actinomycin D. Silencing of MXD1 with siRNAs resulted in increased synthesis of pre-rRNA while enforced MXD1 expression reduces it. The results suggest a new role for MXD1, which is the control of ribosome biogenesis. This new MXD1 function would be important to curb MYC activity in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Carmen Lafita-Navarro
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Present address: Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rosa Blanco
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Mata-Garrido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Judit Liaño-Pons
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Olga Tapia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Lucía García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eva García-Alegría
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Present address: Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - María T Berciano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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17
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Wells AC, Daniels KA, Angelou CC, Fagerberg E, Burnside AS, Markstein M, Alfandari D, Welsh RM, Pobezinskaya EL, Pobezinsky LA. Modulation of let-7 miRNAs controls the differentiation of effector CD8 T cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28737488 PMCID: PMC5550279 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon antigen stimulation is necessary for successful antiviral, and antitumor immune responses. Here, using a mouse model, we describe a dual role for the let-7 microRNAs in the regulation of CD8 T cell responses, where maintenance of the naive phenotype in CD8 T cells requires high levels of let-7 expression, while generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes depends upon T cell receptor-mediated let-7 downregulation. Decrease of let-7 expression in activated T cells enhances clonal expansion and the acquisition of effector function through derepression of the let-7 targets, including Myc and Eomesodermin. Ultimately, we have identified a novel let-7-mediated mechanism, which acts as a molecular brake controlling the magnitude of CD8 T cell responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26398.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria C Wells
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Keith A Daniels
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Constance C Angelou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Eric Fagerberg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Amy S Burnside
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Michele Markstein
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Elena L Pobezinskaya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Leonid A Pobezinsky
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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18
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Gnanaprakasam JNR, Wang R. MYC in Regulating Immunity: Metabolism and Beyond. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E88. [PMID: 28245597 PMCID: PMC5368692 DOI: 10.3390/genes8030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) family members, including cellular MYC (c-Myc), neuroblastoma derived MYC (MYCN), and lung carcinoma derived MYC (MYCL), have all been implicated as key oncogenic drivers in a broad range of human cancers. Beyond cancer, MYC plays an important role in other physiological and pathological processes, namely immunity and immunological diseases. MYC largely functions as a transcription factor that promotes the expression of numerous target genes to coordinate death, proliferation, and metabolism at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. It has been shown that the expression of MYC family members is tightly regulated in immune cells during development or upon immune stimulations. Emerging evidence suggests that MYC family members play essential roles in regulating the development, differentiation and activation of immune cells. Through driving the expression of a broad range of metabolic genes in immune cells, MYC family members coordinate metabolic programs to support immune functions. Here, we discuss our understanding of MYC biology in immune system and how modulation of MYC impacts immune metabolism and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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19
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Hao Z, Sheng Y, Duncan GS, Li WY, Dominguez C, Sylvester J, Su YW, Lin GHY, Snow BE, Brenner D, You-Ten A, Haight J, Inoue S, Wakeham A, Elford A, Hamilton S, Liang Y, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, He HH, Ohashi PS, Mak TW. K48-linked KLF4 ubiquitination by E3 ligase Mule controls T-cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14003. [PMID: 28084302 PMCID: PMC5241832 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell proliferation is regulated by ubiquitination but the underlying molecular mechanism remains obscure. Here we report that Lys-48-linked ubiquitination of the transcription factor KLF4 mediated by the E3 ligase Mule promotes T-cell entry into S phase. Mule is elevated in T cells upon TCR engagement, and Mule deficiency in T cells blocks proliferation because KLF4 accumulates and drives upregulation of its transcriptional targets E2F2 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. T-cell-specific Mule knockout (TMKO) mice develop exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), show impaired generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with reduced cytokine production, and fail to clear LCMV infections. Thus, Mule-mediated ubiquitination of the novel substrate KLF4 regulates T-cell proliferation, autoimmunity and antiviral immune responses in vivo. The E3 ligase Mule has been previously reported to be essential for B cell development and function by modulating p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Here Hao et al. identify KLF4 as a novel ubiquitination target of Mule and show it controls T cell proliferation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Hao
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3E1
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Gordon S Duncan
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Wanda Y Li
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Carmen Dominguez
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Jennifer Sylvester
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gloria H Y Lin
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Bryan E Snow
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg.,Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5000 Denmark
| | - Annick You-Ten
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Jillian Haight
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Alisha Elford
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Sara Hamilton
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Yi Liang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Juan C Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1.,Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
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20
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Wilde BR, Ayer DE. Interactions between Myc and MondoA transcription factors in metabolism and tumourigenesis. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1529-33. [PMID: 26469830 PMCID: PMC4705882 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis is a common feature of
transformed cells and can be driven by a network of transcription factors. It is
well established that c-Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
(HIF-1α) contribute to metabolic reprogramming by driving the
expression of glycolytic target genes. More recently, the c-Myc-related
transcription factor MondoA has been shown to restrict glucose uptake and
aerobic glycolysis via its induction of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP).
Three recent studies demonstrate that complex and cancer type-specific
interactions between c-Myc, MondoA and HIF-1α underlie
metabolism, tumourigenesis and drug response. In triple-negative breast cancer,
c-Myc blocks MondoA-dependent activation of TXNIP to stimulate aerobic
glycolysis. In contrast, in neuroblastoma, N-Myc requires MondoA for metabolic
reprogramming and tumourigenesis. Finally, the therapeutic response of
BRAFV600E melanoma cells to vemurafenib requires downregulation
of c-Myc and HIF-1α and upregulation of MondoA-TXNIP, and the
subsequent reprogramming away from aerobic glycolysis. In this minireview we
highlight the findings in these three studies and present a working model to
explain why c-Myc and MondoA function cooperatively in some cancers and
antagonistically in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Wilde
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Donald E Ayer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
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21
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Stine ZE, Walton ZE, Altman BJ, Hsieh AL, Dang CV. MYC, Metabolism, and Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1024-39. [PMID: 26382145 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The MYC oncogene encodes a transcription factor, MYC, whose broad effects make its precise oncogenic role enigmatically elusive. The evidence to date suggests that MYC triggers selective gene expression amplification to promote cell growth and proliferation. Through its targets, MYC coordinates nutrient acquisition to produce ATP and key cellular building blocks that increase cell mass and trigger DNA replication and cell division. In cancer, genetic and epigenetic derangements silence checkpoints and unleash MYC's cell growth- and proliferation-promoting metabolic activities. Unbridled growth in response to deregulated MYC expression creates dependence on MYC-driven metabolic pathways, such that reliance on specific metabolic enzymes provides novel targets for cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE MYC's expression and activity are tightly regulated in normal cells by multiple mechanisms, including a dependence upon growth factor stimulation and replete nutrient status. In cancer, genetic deregulation of MYC expression and loss of checkpoint components, such as TP53, permit MYC to drive malignant transformation. However, because of the reliance of MYC-driven cancers on specific metabolic pathways, synthetic lethal interactions between MYC overexpression and specific enzyme inhibitors provide novel cancer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Stine
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zandra E Walton
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie L Hsieh
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi V Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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22
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Diolaiti D, McFerrin L, Carroll PA, Eisenman RN. Functional interactions among members of the MAX and MLX transcriptional network during oncogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1849:484-500. [PMID: 24857747 PMCID: PMC4241192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC and its related family members MYCN and MYCL have been implicated in the etiology of a wide spectrum of human cancers. Compared to other oncoproteins, such as RAS or SRC, MYC is unique because its protein coding region is rarely mutated. Instead, MYC's oncogenic properties are unleashed by regulatory mutations leading to unconstrained high levels of expression. Under both normal and pathological conditions MYC regulates multiple aspects of cellular physiology including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, growth and metabolism by controlling the expression of thousands of genes. How a single transcription factor exerts such broad effects remains a fascinating puzzle. Notably, MYC is part of a network of bHLHLZ proteins centered on the MYC heterodimeric partner MAX and its counterpart, the MAX-like protein MLX. This network includes MXD1-4, MNT, MGA, MONDOA and MONDOB proteins. With some exceptions, MXD proteins have been functionally linked to cell cycle arrest and differentiation, while MONDO proteins control cellular metabolism. Although the temporal expression patterns of many of these proteins can differ markedly they are frequently expressed simultaneously in the same cellular context, and potentially bind to the same, or similar DNA consensus sequence. Here we review the activities and interactions among these proteins and propose that the broad spectrum of phenotypes elicited by MYC deregulation is intimately connected to the functions and regulation of the other network members. Furthermore, we provide a meta-analysis of TCGA data suggesting that the coordinate regulation of the network is important in MYC driven tumorigenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Diolaiti
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Lisa McFerrin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Patrick A Carroll
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Robert N Eisenman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA.
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23
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A novel SMAD family protein, SMAD9 is involved in follicular initiation and changes egg yield of geese via synonymous mutations in exon1 and intron2. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:289-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Link JM, Hurlin PJ. The activities of MYC, MNT and the MAX-interactome in lymphocyte proliferation and oncogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:554-62. [PMID: 24731854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The MYC family of proteins plays essential roles in embryonic development and in oncogenesis. Efforts over the past 30 years to define the transcriptional activities of MYC and how MYC functions to promote proliferation have produced evolving models of MYC function. One picture that has emerged of MYC and its partner protein MAX is of a transcription factor complex with a seemingly unique ability to stimulate the transcription of genes that are epigenetically poised for transcription and to amplify the transcription of actively transcribed genes. During lymphocyte activation, MYC is upregulated and stimulates a pro-proliferative program in part through the upregulation of a wide variety of metabolic effector genes that facilitate cell growth and cell cycle progression. MYC upregulation simultaneously sensitizes cells to apoptosis and activated lymphocytes and lymphoma cells have pro-survival attributes that allow MYC-driven proliferation to prevail. For example, the MAX-interacting protein MNT is upregulated in activated lymphocytes and was found to protect lymphocytes from MYC-dependent apoptosis. Here we review the activities of MYC, MNT and other MAX interacting proteins in the setting of T and B cell activation and oncogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Link
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Peter J Hurlin
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Cell metabolism is closely related to the host immunity in many respects. We herein briefly summarized the recent progress on the roles of cellular metabolism in T-cell development, homeostasis, differentiation and functions. Relatively quiescent naïve T cells only require energy for survival and migration, and they mainly metabolize glucose to carbon dioxide through oxidative phosphorylation. However, activated T cells engage in robust cell proliferation, produce of a range of effector molecules and migrate through peripheral tissues, so they utilizes glycolysis to convert glucose to lactate (termed aerobic glycolysis) to meet the significantly increased metabolic demands. Importantly, the differentiation of T-cell subsets and memory T cells (Tm) was also significantly shaped by distinct cellular metabolic pathways including glucose, amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA), and others. Understanding the regulatory metabolic networks on immunity may offer new insights into the immune-related disorders and open novel potential therapies to prevent and treat immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Johnson DW, Llop JR, Farrell SF, Yuan J, Stolzenburg LR, Samuelson AV. The Caenorhabditis elegans Myc-Mondo/Mad complexes integrate diverse longevity signals. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004278. [PMID: 24699255 PMCID: PMC3974684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myc family of transcription factors regulates a variety of biological processes, including the cell cycle, growth, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the "Myc interaction network" consists of two opposing heterodimeric complexes with antagonistic functions in transcriptional control: the Myc-Mondo:Mlx transcriptional activation complex and the Mad:Max transcriptional repression complex. In C. elegans, Mondo, Mlx, Mad, and Max are encoded by mml-1, mxl-2, mdl-1, and mxl-1, respectively. Here we show a similar antagonistic role for the C. elegans Myc-Mondo and Mad complexes in longevity control. Loss of mml-1 or mxl-2 shortens C. elegans lifespan. In contrast, loss of mdl-1 or mxl-1 increases longevity, dependent upon MML-1:MXL-2. The MML-1:MXL-2 and MDL-1:MXL-1 complexes function in both the insulin signaling and dietary restriction pathways. Furthermore, decreased insulin-like/IGF-1 signaling (ILS) or conditions of dietary restriction increase the accumulation of MML-1, consistent with the notion that the Myc family members function as sensors of metabolic status. Additionally, we find that Myc family members are regulated by distinct mechanisms, which would allow for integrated control of gene expression from diverse signals of metabolic status. We compared putative target genes based on ChIP-sequencing data in the modENCODE project and found significant overlap in genomic DNA binding between the major effectors of ILS (DAF-16/FoxO), DR (PHA-4/FoxA), and Myc family (MDL-1/Mad/Mxd) at common target genes, which suggests that diverse signals of metabolic status converge on overlapping transcriptional programs that influence aging. Consistent with this, there is over-enrichment at these common targets for genes that function in lifespan, stress response, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we find that Myc family members are also involved in stress response and the maintenance of protein homeostasis. Collectively, these findings indicate that Myc family members integrate diverse signals of metabolic status, to coordinate overlapping metabolic and cytoprotective transcriptional programs that determine the progression of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Johnson
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse R. Llop
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara F. Farrell
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Yuan
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Computer Science Department, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lindsay R. Stolzenburg
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew V. Samuelson
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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27
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Conacci-Sorrell M, McFerrin L, Eisenman RN. An overview of MYC and its interactome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a014357. [PMID: 24384812 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide a broad outline of the biological and molecular functions of MYC as well as of the larger protein network within which MYC operates. We present a view of MYC as a sensor that integrates multiple cellular signals to mediate a broad transcriptional response controlling many aspects of cell behavior. We also describe the larger transcriptional network linked to MYC with emphasis on the MXD family of MYC antagonists. Last, we discuss evidence that the network has evolved for millions of years, dating back to the emergence of animals.
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28
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Delmastro-Greenwood MM, Votyakova T, Goetzman E, Marre ML, Previte DM, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Trucco MM, Piganelli JD. Mn porphyrin regulation of aerobic glycolysis: implications on the activation of diabetogenic immune cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1902-15. [PMID: 23682840 PMCID: PMC3931434 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The immune system is critical for protection against infections and cancer, but requires scrupulous regulation to limit self-reactivity and autoimmunity. Our group has utilized a manganese porphyrin catalytic antioxidant (MnTE-2-PyP(5+), MnP) as a potential immunoregulatory therapy for type 1 diabetes. MnP has previously been shown to modulate diabetogenic immune responses through decreases in proinflammatory cytokine production from antigen-presenting cells and T cells and to reduce diabetes onset in nonobese diabetic mice. However, it is unclear whether or not MnP treatment can act beyond the reported inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the hypothesis that MnP may be affecting the redox-dependent bioenergetics of diabetogenic splenocytes was investigated. RESULTS MnP treatment enhanced glucose oxidation, reduced fatty acid oxidation, but only slightly decreased overall oxidative phosphorylation. These alterations occurred because of increased tricarboxylic acid cycle aconitase enzyme efficiency and were not due to changes in mitochondrial abundance. MnP treatment also displayed decreased aerobic glycolysis, which promotes activated immune cell proliferation, as demonstrated by reduced lactate production and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) levels and inactivation of key signaling molecules, such as mammalian target of rapamycin, c-myc, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. INNOVATION This work highlights the importance of redox signaling by demonstrating that modulation of reactive oxygen species can supplant complex downstream regulation, thus affecting metabolic programming toward aerobic glycolysis. CONCLUSION MnP treatment promotes metabolic quiescence, impeding diabetogenic autoimmune responses by restricting the metabolic pathways for energy production and affecting anabolic processes necessary for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Delmastro-Greenwood
- 1 Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Mingueneau M, Kreslavsky T, Gray D, Heng T, Cruse R, Ericson J, Bendall S, Spitzer MH, Nolan GP, Kobayashi K, von Boehmer H, Mathis D, Benoist C, Best AJ, Knell J, Goldrath A, Joic V, Koller D, Shay T, Regev A, Cohen N, Brennan P, Brenner M, Kim F, Nageswara Rao T, Wagers A, Heng T, Ericson J, Rothamel K, Ortiz-Lopez A, Mathis D, Benoist C, Bezman NA, Sun JC, Min-Oo G, Kim CC, Lanier LL, Miller J, Brown B, Merad M, Gautier EL, Jakubzick C, Randolph GJ, Monach P, Blair DA, Dustin ML, Shinton SA, Hardy RR, Laidlaw D, Collins J, Gazit R, Rossi DJ, Malhotra N, Sylvia K, Kang J, Kreslavsky T, Fletcher A, Elpek K, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Malhotra D, Turley S. The transcriptional landscape of αβ T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:619-32. [PMID: 23644507 PMCID: PMC3660436 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
αβT cell differentiation from thymic precursors is a complex process, explored here with the breadth of ImmGen expression datasets, analyzing how differentiation of thymic precursors gives rise to transcriptomes. After surprisingly gradual changes though early T commitment, transit through the CD4+CD8+ stage involves a shutdown or rare breadth, and correlating tightly with MYC. MHC-driven selection promotes a large-scale transcriptional reactivation. We identify distinct signatures that mark cells destined for positive selection versus apoptotic deletion. Differential expression of surprisingly few genes accompany CD4 or CD8 commitment, a similarity that carries through to peripheral T cells and their activation, revealed by mass cytometry phosphoproteomics. The novel transcripts identified as candidate mediators of key transitions help define the “known unknown” of thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mingueneau
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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mTORC1 regulates CD8+ T-cell glucose metabolism and function independently of PI3K and PKB. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:681-6. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given that inflammatory T-cells have a highly glycolytic metabolism, whereas regulatory T-cells rely more on oxidative glucose metabolism, there is growing interest in understanding how T-cell metabolism relates to T-cell function. The mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) has a crucial role to determine the balance between effector and regulatory T-cell differentiation, but is also described as a key regulator of metabolism in non-immune cell systems. The present review explores the relationship between these diverse functions of mTORC1 with regard to T-cell function. In many cell systems, mTORC1 couples PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and PKB (protein kinase B), also known as Akt, with the control of glucose uptake and glycolysis. However, this is not the case in activated CD8+ CTLs (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) where PI3K/PKB signalling is dispensable for the elevated levels of glycolysis that is characteristic of activated T-cells. Nevertheless, mTORC1 is still essential for glycolytic metabolism in CD8+ T-cells, and this reflects the fact that mTORC1 does not lie downstream of PI3K/PKB signalling in CD8+ T-cells, as is the case in many other cell systems. mTORC1 regulates glucose metabolism in CTLs through regulating the expression of the transcription factor HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α). Strikingly, HIF1α functions to couple mTORC1 with a diverse transcriptional programme that extends beyond the control of glucose metabolism to the regulation of multiple key T-cell functions. The present review discusses the idea that mTORC1/HIF1α signalling integrates the control of T-cell metabolism and T-cell function.
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31
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Kopecky B, Fritzsch B. The myc road to hearing restoration. Cells 2012; 1:667-98. [PMID: 24710525 PMCID: PMC3901154 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for hearing loss, the most common neurosensory disorder, do not restore perfect hearing. Regeneration of lost organ of Corti hair cells through forced cell cycle re-entry of supporting cells or through manipulation of stem cells, both avenues towards a permanent cure, require a more complete understanding of normal inner ear development, specifically the balance of proliferation and differentiation required to form and to maintain hair cells. Direct successful alterations to the cell cycle result in cell death whereas regulation of upstream genes is insufficient to permanently alter cell cycle dynamics. The Myc gene family is uniquely situated to synergize upstream pathways into downstream cell cycle control. There are three Mycs that are embedded within the Myc/Max/Mad network to regulate proliferation. The function of the two ear expressed Mycs, N-Myc and L-Myc were unknown less than two years ago and their therapeutic potentials remain speculative. In this review, we discuss the roles the Mycs play in the body and what led us to choose them to be our candidate gene for inner ear therapies. We will summarize the recently published work describing the early and late effects of N-Myc and L-Myc on hair cell formation and maintenance. Lastly, we detail the translational significance of our findings and what future work must be performed to make the ultimate hearing aid: the regeneration of the organ of Corti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kopecky
- Department of Biology, 143 Biology Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, 143 Biology Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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32
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Finlay DK. Regulation of glucose metabolism in T cells: new insight into the role of Phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Front Immunol 2012; 3:247. [PMID: 22891069 PMCID: PMC3413010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cells are relatively quiescent cells that only require energy to prevent atrophy and for survival and migration. However, in response to developmental or extrinsic cues T cells can engage in rapid growth and robust proliferation, produce of a range of effector molecules and migrate through peripheral tissues. To meet the significantly increased metabolic demands of these activities, T cells switch from primarily metabolizing glucose to carbon dioxide through oxidative phosphorylation to utilizing glycolysis to convert glucose to lactate (termed aerobic glycolysis). This metabolic switch allows glucose to be used as a source of carbon to generate biosynthetic precursors for the production of protein, DNA, and phospholipids, and is crucial for T cells to meet metabolic demands. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are a family of inositol lipid kinases linked with a broad range of cellular functions in T lymphocytes that include cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, survival, and migration. Initial research described a critical role for PI3K signaling through Akt (also called protein kinase B) for the increased glucose uptake and glycolysis that accompanies T cell activation. This review article relates this original research with more recent data and discusses the evidence for and against a role for PI3K in regulating the metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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33
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Dang CV. MYC on the path to cancer. Cell 2012; 149:22-35. [PMID: 22464321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2376] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene contributes to the genesis of many human cancers. Recent insights into its expression and function have led to therapeutic opportunities. MYC's activation by bromodomain proteins could be inhibited by drug-like molecules, resulting in tumor inhibition in vivo. Tumor growth can also be curbed by pharmacologically uncoupling bioenergetic pathways involving glucose or glutamine metabolism from Myc-induced cellular biomass accumulation. Other approaches to halt Myc on the path to cancer involve targeting Myc-Max dimerization or Myc-induced microRNA expression. Here the richness of our understanding of MYC is reviewed, highlighting new biological insights and opportunities for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi V Dang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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34
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The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation. Immunity 2012; 35:871-82. [PMID: 22195744 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1554] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To fulfill the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand of proliferation, T cells reprogram their metabolic pathways from fatty acid β-oxidation and pyruvate oxidation via the TCA cycle to the glycolytic, pentose-phosphate, and glutaminolytic pathways. Two of the top-ranked candidate transcription factors potentially responsible for the activation-induced T cell metabolic transcriptome, HIF1α and Myc, were induced upon T cell activation, but only the acute deletion of Myc markedly inhibited activation-induced glycolysis and glutaminolysis in T cells. Glutamine deprivation compromised activation-induced T cell growth and proliferation, and this was partially replaced by nucleotides and polyamines, implicating glutamine as an important source for biosynthetic precursors in active T cells. Metabolic tracer analysis revealed a Myc-dependent metabolic pathway linking glutaminolysis to the biosynthesis of polyamines. Therefore, a Myc-dependent global metabolic transcriptome drives metabolic reprogramming in activated, primary T lymphocytes. This may represent a general mechanism for metabolic reprogramming under patho-physiological conditions.
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35
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Lüscher B. MAD1 and its life as a MYC antagonist: an update. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:506-14. [PMID: 21917351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC/MAX/MAD network is of central importance for controlling cell physiology. The network is compiled of transcriptional regulators that form different heterodimers, which can either activate or repress the expression of target genes. Thus these proteins function as a molecular switch to control gene expression. MAD1, a member of this network, acts as a transcriptional repressor. It interacts with MAX to form the OFF position of the switch, antagonizing MYC/MAX complexes that define the ON position. MAD1 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis through a number of target genes. In addition recent evidence indicates that the expression and activity of MAD1 are regulated at multiple levels. Here the recent developments are summarized, in comparison to MYC, of our understanding how the expression of the MAD1 gene and protein are controlled and what the functional consequences and downstream effectors of MAD1 are, which relay its activity as a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
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36
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IL-7R-dependent survival and differentiation of early T-lineage progenitors is regulated by the BTB/POZ domain transcription factor Miz-1. Blood 2011; 117:3370-81. [PMID: 21258009 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-310680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells originate from early T lineage precursors that have entered the thymus and differentiate through well-defined steps. Mice deficient for the BTB/POZ domain of zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1) almost entirely lack early T lineage precursors and have a CD4(-)CD8(-) to CD4(+)CD8(+) block causing a strong reduction in thymic cellularity. Miz-1(ΔPOZ) pro-T cells cannot differentiate in vitro and are unable to relay signals from the interleukin-7R (IL-7R). Both STAT5 phosphorylation and Bcl-2 up-regulation are perturbed. The high expression levels of SOCS1 found in Miz-1(ΔPOZ) cells probably cause these alterations. Moreover, Miz-1 can bind to the SOCS1 promoter, suggesting that Miz-1 deficiency causes a deregulation of SOCS1. Transgenic overexpression of Bcl-2 or inhibition of SOCS1 restored pro-T cell numbers and their ability to differentiate, supporting the hypothesis that Miz-1 is required for the regulation of the IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 signaling pathway by monitoring the expression levels of SOCS1.
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37
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Omatsu Y, Sugiyama T, Kohara H, Kondoh G, Fujii N, Kohno K, Nagasawa T. The Essential Functions of Adipo-osteogenic Progenitors as the Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Niche. Immunity 2010; 33:387-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Li J, Yu L, Zhang H, Wu J, Yuan J, Li X, Li M. Down-regulation of pescadillo inhibits proliferation and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2255-60. [PMID: 19764998 PMCID: PMC11159139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pescadillo, which has been found to be involved in the process of ribosomal biogenesis, has been demonstrated to play a role in embryonic development, DNA replication, and gene transcription. While deregulation of ribosomal biogenesis was also found to contribute to carcinogenesis, and proteins that regulate ribosomal biogenesis are commonly overexpressed in primary tumors, little is known about the clinical significance and biological function of pescadillo in human breast cancer. In the current study, we found that the expression of pescadillo was markedly up-regulated in human breast cancer cells and tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that pescadillo expression in clinical stage I-IV primary breast cancer tissues was statistically significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we demonstrated that knockdown pescadillo with RNAis inhibited cell proliferation and the colony-forming ability of the cells. Anchorage-independent growth ability assay indicated that ablation of pescadillo led to the reduction of breast cancer cells tumorigenicity in vitro. Moreover, depletion of endogenous pescadillo resulted in decreased expression of cell cycle protein cyclin D1 and up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), as well as attenuated protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that pescadillo might play a role in promoting the proliferation and carcinogenesis of human breast cancer, and thereby might be a potential target for human breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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39
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Abstract
Deregulation in different steps of translational control is an emerging mechanism for cancer formation. One example of an oncogene with a direct role in control of translation is the Myc transcription factor. Myc directly increases protein synthesis rates by controlling the expression of multiple components of the protein synthetic machinery, including ribosomal proteins and initiation factors of translation, Pol III and rDNA. However, the contribution of Myc-dependent increases in protein synthesis toward the multistep process leading to cancer has remained unknown. Recent evidence strongly suggests that Myc oncogenic signaling may monopolize the translational machinery to elicit cooperative effects on cell growth, cell cycle progression, and genome instability as a mechanism for cancer initiation. Moreover, new genetic tools to restore aberrant increases in protein synthesis control are now available, which should enable the dissection of important mechanisms in cancer that rely on the translational machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ruggero
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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40
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Maglietta R, Distaso A, Piepoli A, Palumbo O, Carella M, D'Addabbo A, Mukherjee S, Ancona N. On the reproducibility of results of pathway analysis in genome-wide expression studies of colorectal cancers. J Biomed Inform 2009; 43:397-406. [PMID: 19796710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in genomics and medicine is the identification of gene networks and pathways deregulated in complex and polygenic diseases, like cancer. In this paper, we address the problem of assessing the variability of results of pathways analysis identified in different and independent genome wide expression studies, in which the same phenotypic conditions are assayed. To this end, we assessed the deregulation of 1891 curated gene sets in four independent gene expression data sets of subjects affected by colorectal cancer (CRC). In this comparison we used two well-founded statistical models for evaluating deregulation of gene networks. We found that the results of pathway analysis in expression studies are highly reproducible. Our study revealed 53 pathways identified by the two methods in all the four data sets analyzed with high statistical significance and strong biological relevance with the pathology examined. This set of pathways associated to single markers as well as to whole biological processes altered constitutes a signature of the disease which sheds light on the genetics bases of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Maglietta
- Istituto di Studi sui Sistemi Intelligenti per l'Automazione, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D-I, Bari, Italy
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41
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Rap signaling is crucial for the competence of IL-7 response and the development of B-lineage cells. Blood 2009; 114:1768-75. [PMID: 19567880 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rap family GTPases consist of multiple members with substantial functional redundancy. With the use of transgenic mice conditionally expressing a bona fide dominant-negative Rap1 mutant, Rap1A17, capable of inhibiting the activation of all Rap family members in B-lineage cells (mb.1-Rap1A17 Tg), we demonstrate that these mice show a defective generation of pre-B cells in bone marrow, resulting in a significant diminution of peripheral mainstream B cells. The effect is attributed to the impaired survival and expansion of B-lineage progenitors in response to IL-7, despite normal IL-7Ralpha expression. The pre-B cells from mb.1-Rap1A17 Tg mice showed a significantly reduced expression of c-myc and E2A, and the competence of IL-7 response was restored by the transduction of c-myc, but not by constitutively active (CA) Stat5a, CA PI3K-p100, or bcl-2. The residual follicular B cells with complete Cre-mediated recombination proliferated normally in response to B-cell receptor stimulation and showed efficient germinal center reaction in vivo. These results show that endogenous Rap signaling plays a crucial role selectively in B-lineage cell development by sustaining the competence for IL-7 response, whereas it is dispensable for mature B-cell function.
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Abstract
The role of the myc gene family in the biology of normal and cancer cells has been intensively studied since the early 1980s. myc genes, responding to diverse external and internal signals, express transcription factors (c-, N-, and L-Myc) that heterodimerize with Max, bind DNA, and modulate expression of a specific set of target genes. Over the last few years, expression profiling, genomic binding studies, and genetic analyses in mammals and Drosophila have led to an expanded view of Myc function. This review is focused on two major aspects of Myc: the nature of the genes and pathways that are targeted by Myc, and the role of Myc in stem cell and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eilers
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Yi HJ, Lee CG, Kwon HK, So JS, Sahoo A, Hwang JS, Jash A, Hwang KC, Im SH. Defect in TCR-CD3ζ signaling mediates T cell hypo-responsiveness in mesenteric lymph node. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3748-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van Hamburg JP, de Bruijn MJW, Dingjan GM, Beverloo HB, Diepstraten H, Ling KW, Hendriks RW. Cooperation of Gata3, c-Myc and Notch in malignant transformation of double positive thymocytes. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3085-95. [PMID: 18471881 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gata transcription factors are critical regulators of proliferation and differentiation implicated in various human cancers, but specific genes activated by Gata proteins remain to be identified. We previously reported that enforced expression of Gata3 during T cell development in CD2-Gata3 transgenic mice induced CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) T cell lymphoma. Here, we show that the presence of the DO11.10 T-cell receptor transgene, which directs DP cells towards the CD4 lineage, resulted in enhanced lymphoma development and a dramatic increase in thymocyte cell size in CD2-Gata3 transgenic mice. CD2-Gata3 DP cells expressed high levels of the proto-oncogene c-Myc but the Notch1 signaling pathway, which is known to induce c-Myc, was not activated. Gene expression profiling showed that in CD2-Gata3 lymphoma cells transcription of c-Myc and its target genes was further increased. A substantial fraction of CD2-Gata3 lymphomas had trisomy of chromosome 15, leading to an increased c-Myc gene dose. Interestingly, most lymphomas showed high expression of the Notch targets Deltex1 and Hes1, often due to activating Notch1 PEST domain mutations. Therefore, we conclude that enforced Gata3 expression converts DP thymocytes into a pre-malignant state, characterized by high c-Myc expression, whereby subsequent induction of Notch1 signaling cooperates to establish malignant transformation. The finding that Gata3 regulates c-Myc expression levels, in a direct or indirect fashion, may explain the parallel phenotypes of mice with overexpression or deficiency of either of the two transcription factors.
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45
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Dang CV. The interplay between MYC and HIF in the Warburg effect. ERNST SCHERING FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 2008:35-53. [PMID: 18811052 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2008_088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
c-MYC and the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are critical factors for tumorigenesis in a large number of human cancers. While the normal function of MYC involves the induction of cell proliferation and enhancement of cellular metabolism, the function of HIF, particularly HIF-1, involves adaptation to the hypoxic microenvironment, including activation of anaerobic glycolysis. When MYC-dependent tumors grow, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment elevates the levels of HIF, such that oncogenic MYC and HIF collaborate to enhance the cancer cell's metabolic needs through increased uptake of glucose and its conversion to lactate. HIF is also able to attenuate mitochondrial respiration through the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), which in part accounts for the Warburg effect that describes the propensity for cancers to avidly take up glucose and convert it to lactate with the concurrent decrease in mitochondrial respiration. Target genes that are common to both HIF and MYC, such as PDK1, LDHA, HK2, and TFRC, are therefore attractive therapeutic targets, because their coordinate induction by HIF and MYC widens the therapeutic window between cancer and normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Dang
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Research Building, Room 1032, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Drosophila growth and development in the absence of dMyc and dMnt. Dev Biol 2007; 315:303-16. [PMID: 18241851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myc oncoproteins are essential regulators of the growth and proliferation of mammalian cells. In Drosophila the single ortholog of Myc (dMyc), encoded by the dm gene, influences organismal size and the growth of both mitotic and endoreplicating cells. A null mutation in dm results in attenuated endoreplication and growth arrest early in larval development. Drosophila also contains a single ortholog of the mammalian Mad/Mnt transcriptional repressor proteins (dMnt), which is thought to antagonize dMyc function. Here we show that animals lacking both dMyc and dMnt display increased viability and grow significantly larger and develop further than dMyc single mutants. We observe increased endoreplication and growth of larval tissues in these double mutants and disproportionate growth of the imaginal discs. Gene expression analysis indicates that loss of dMyc leads to decreased expression of genes required for ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. The additional loss of dMnt partially rescues expression of a small number of dMyc and dMnt genes that are primarily involved in rRNA synthesis and processing. Our results indicate that dMnt repression is normally overridden by dMyc activation during larval development. Therefore the severity of the dm null phenotype is likely due to unopposed repression by dMnt on a subset of genes critical for cell and organismal growth. Surprisingly, considerable growth and development can occur in the absence of both dMyc and dMnt.
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Rottmann S, Speckgens S, Lüscher-Firzlaff J, Lüscher B. Inhibition of apoptosis by MAD1 is mediated by repression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. FASEB J 2007; 22:1124-34. [PMID: 17998413 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9627com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The MYC/MAX/MAD network of transcriptional regulators controls distinct aspects of cell physiology, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. Within the network MAD proteins antagonize the functions of MYC oncoproteins, and the latter are deregulated in the majority of human cancers. While MYC sensitizes cells to proapoptotic signals, the transcriptional repressor MAD1 inhibits apoptosis in response to a broad range of stimuli, including oncoproteins. The molecular targets of MAD1 that mediate inhibition of apoptosis are not known. Here we describe the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene as a target of MAD1. By binding to the proximal promoter region, MAD1 downregulated PTEN expression. PTEN functions as a lipid phosphatase that regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Indeed MAD1-dependent repression of PTEN led to activation of AKT and subsequent stimulation of the antiapoptotic NF-kappaB pathway. Interfering with AKT function affected the control of Fas-induced apoptosis by MAD1. In addition, knockdown of PTEN using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or the lack of PTEN rendered cells insensitive to inhibition of apoptosis by MAD1. These findings identify the PTEN gene as a target of the MYC-antagonist MAD1 and provide a molecular framework critical for the ability of MAD1 to inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rottmann
- Abteilung Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Institut für Biochemie, Universitätsklinikum, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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48
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Yun JS, Rust JM, Ishimaru T, Díaz E. A novel role of the Mad family member Mad3 in cerebellar granule neuron precursor proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8178-89. [PMID: 17893326 PMCID: PMC2169189 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00656-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) regulates the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) in part via expression of Nmyc. We present evidence supporting a novel role for the Mad family member Mad3 in the Shh pathway to regulate Nmyc expression and GNP proliferation. Mad3 mRNA is transiently expressed in GNPs during proliferation. Cultured GNPs express Mad3 in response to Shh stimulation in a cyclopamine-dependent manner. Mad3 is necessary for Shh-dependent GNP proliferation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and Nmyc expression. Furthermore, Mad3 overexpression, but not that of other Mad proteins, is sufficient to induce GNP proliferation in the absence of Shh. Structure-function analysis revealed that Max dimerization and recruitment of the mSin3 corepressor are required for Mad3-mediated GNP proliferation. Surprisingly, basic-domain-dependent DNA binding of Mad3 is not required, suggesting that Mad3 interacts with other DNA binding proteins to repress transcription. Interestingly, cerebellar tumors and pretumor cells derived from patched heterozygous mice express high levels of Mad3 compared with adjacent normal cerebellar tissue. Our studies support a novel role for Mad3 in cerebellar GNP proliferation and possibly tumorigenesis, and they challenge the current paradigm that Mad3 should antagonize Nmyc by competition for direct DNA binding via Max dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Soo Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Orian A, Grewal SS, Knoepfler PS, Edgar BA, Parkhurst SM, Eisenman RN. Genomic binding and transcriptional regulation by the Drosophila Myc and Mnt transcription factors. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 70:299-307. [PMID: 16869766 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated expression of members of the myc oncogene family has been linked to the genesis of a wide range of cancers, whereas their normal expression is associated with growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Myc proteins are transcription factors that function within a network of transcriptional activators (Myc) and repressors (Mxd/Mad and Mnt), all of which heterodimerize with the bHLHZ protein Mad and bind E-box sequences in DNA. These transcription factors recruit coactivator or corepressor complexes that in turn modify histones. Myc, Mxd/Max, and Mnt proteins have been thought to act on a specific subset of genes. However, expression array studies and, most recently, genomic binding studies suggest that these proteins exhibit widespread binding across the genome. Here we demonstrate by immunostaining of Drosophila polytene chromosome that Drosophila Myc (dMyc) is associated with multiple euchromatic chromosomal regions. Furthermore, many dMyc-binding regions overlap with regions containing active RNA polymerase II, although dMyc can also be found in regions lacking active polymerase. We also demonstrate that the pattern of dMyc expression in nuclei overlaps with histone markers of active chromatin but not pericentric heterochromatin. dMyc binding is not detected on the X chromosome rDNA cluster (bobbed locus). This is consistent with recent evidence that in Drosophila cells dMyc regulates rRNA transcription indirectly, in contrast to mammalian cells where direct binding of c-Myc to rDNA has been observed. We further show that the dMyc antagonist dMnt inhibits rRNA transcription in the wing disc. Our results support the view that the Myc/Max/Mad network influences transcription on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orian
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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50
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Weng AP, Millholland JM, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Arcangeli ML, Lau A, Wai C, Del Bianco C, Rodriguez CG, Sai H, Tobias J, Li Y, Wolfe MS, Shachaf C, Felsher D, Blacklow SC, Pear WS, Aster JC. c-Myc is an important direct target of Notch1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Genes Dev 2006; 20:2096-109. [PMID: 16847353 PMCID: PMC1536060 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1450406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas (T-ALL) are commonly associated with gain-of-function mutations in Notch1 that contribute to T-ALL induction and maintenance. Starting from an expression-profiling screen, we identified c-myc as a direct target of Notch1 in Notch-dependent T-ALL cell lines, in which Notch accounts for the majority of c-myc expression. In functional assays, inhibitors of c-myc interfere with the progrowth effects of activated Notch1, and enforced expression of c-myc rescues multiple Notch1-dependent T-ALL cell lines from Notch withdrawal. The existence of a Notch1-c-myc signaling axis was bolstered further by experiments using c-myc-dependent murine T-ALL cells, which are rescued from withdrawal of c-myc by retroviral transduction of activated Notch1. This Notch1-mediated rescue is associated with the up-regulation of endogenous murine c-myc and its downstream transcriptional targets, and the acquisition of sensitivity to Notch pathway inhibitors. Additionally, we show that primary murine thymocytes at the DN3 stage of development depend on ligand-induced Notch signaling to maintain c-myc expression. Together, these data implicate c-myc as a developmentally regulated direct downstream target of Notch1 that contributes to the growth of T-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Weng
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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