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Okuno K, Torimoto K, Cicalese SM, Preston K, Rizzo V, Hashimoto T, Coffman TM, Sparks MA, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor Expressed in Smooth Muscle Cells is Required for Hypertensive Vascular Remodeling in Mice Infused With Angiotensin II. Hypertension 2023; 80:668-677. [PMID: 36628961 PMCID: PMC9931681 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ang II (angiotensin II) type 1 (AT1) receptors play a critical role in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Rodents have 2 types of AT1 receptor (AT1A and AT1B) of which knock-in Tagln-mediated smooth muscle AT1A silencing attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension. Although vascular remodeling, a significant contributor to organ damage, occurs concurrently with hypertension in Ang II-infused mice, the contribution of smooth muscle AT1A in this process remains unexplored. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that smooth muscle AT1A receptors exclusively contribute to both medial thickening and adventitial fibrosis regardless of the presence of hypertension. METHODS About 1 µg/kg per minute Ang II was infused for 2 weeks in 2 distinct AT1A receptor silenced mice, knock-in Tagln-mediated constitutive smooth muscle AT1A receptor silenced mice, and Myh11-mediated inducible smooth muscle AT1A together with global AT1B silenced mice for evaluation of hypertensive cardiovascular remodeling. RESULTS Medial thickness, adventitial collagen deposition, and immune cell infiltration in aorta were increased in control mice but not in both smooth muscle AT1A receptor silenced mice. Coronary arterial perivascular fibrosis in response to Ang II infusion was also attenuated in both AT1A receptor silenced mice. Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy was attenuated in constitutive smooth muscle AT1A receptor silenced mice. However, Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension were not altered in inducible smooth muscle AT1A receptor silenced mice. CONCLUSIONS Smooth muscle AT1A receptors mediate Ang II-induced vascular remodeling including medial hypertrophy and inflammatory perivascular fibrosis regardless of the presence of hypertension. Our data suggest an independent etiology of blood pressure elevation and hypertensive vascular remodeling in response to Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okuno
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
| | - Keiichi Torimoto
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
| | - Stephanie M Cicalese
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
| | - Kyle Preston
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (T.H.)
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (T.M.C., M.A.S.)
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore (T.M.C.)
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (T.M.C., M.A.S.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.O., K.T., S.M.C., K.P., V.R., S.E.)
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França-Neto AD, Couto GK, Xavier FE, Rossoni LV. Cyclooxygenase-2 is a critical determinant of angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and stiffness in resistance arteries of ouabain-treated rats. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2180-2191. [PMID: 35969208 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of angiotensin II/AT 1 receptor signaling and/or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation on vascular remodeling and stiffening of the mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) of ouabain-treated rats. METHODS Ouabain-treated (OUA, 30 μg kg/day for 5 weeks) and vehicle (VEH)-treated Wistar rats were co-treated with losartan (LOS, AT 1 R antagonist), nimesulide (NIM, COX-2 inhibitor) or hydralazine hydrochloride plus hydrochlorothiazide. MRA structure and mechanics were assessed with pressure myography and histology. Picrosirius red staining was used to determine the total collagen content. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of collagen I/III, MMP-2, Src, NFκB, Bax, Bcl-2 and COX-2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plasma angiotensin II levels were measured by fluorescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Blockade of AT 1 R or inhibition of COX-2 prevented ouabain-induced blood pressure elevation. Plasma angiotensin II level was higher in OUA than in VEH. LOS, but not hydralazine hydrochloride with hydrochlorothiazide, prevented inward hypotrophic remodeling, increased collagen deposition and stiffness, and oxidative stress in OUA MRA. LOS prevented the reduction in the total number of nuclei in the media layer and the Bcl-2 expression induced by OUA in MRA. The higher pSrc/Src ratio, NFκB/IκB ratio, and COX-2 expression in OUA MRA were also prevented by LOS. Likewise, COX-2 inhibition prevented vascular remodeling, mechanical changes, oxidative stress and inflammation in OUA MRA. CONCLUSION The results suggest that, regardless of hemodynamic adjustments, the angiotensin II/AT 1 R/pSrc/ROS/NFκB/COX-2 pathway is involved in the development of MRA inward hypotrophic remodeling and stiffness in ouabain-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldair de França-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
| | - Gisele Kruger Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
| | - Fabiano Elias Xavier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Luciana Venturini Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
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3
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Khan S, Andrews KL, Chin-Dusting JPF. Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX) Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Really Anti-Inflammatory? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174262. [PMID: 31480335 PMCID: PMC6747368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors are among the most commonly used drugs in the western world for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, they are also well-known to increase the risk of coronary events. This area is of renewed significance given alarming new evidence suggesting this effect can occur even with acute usage. This contrasts with the well-established usage of aspirin as a mainstay for cardiovascular prophylaxis, as well as overwhelming evidence that COX inhibition induces vasodilation and is protective for vascular function. Here, we present an updated review of the preclinical and clinical literature regarding the cardiotoxicity of COX inhibitors. While studies to date have focussed on the role of COX in influencing renal and vascular function, we suggest an interaction between prostanoids and T cells may be a novel factor, mediating elevated cardiovascular disease risk with NSAID use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Karen L Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Wilcox CS, Wang C, Wang D. Endothelin-1-Induced Microvascular ROS and Contractility in Angiotensin-II-Infused Mice Depend on COX and TP Receptors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060193. [PMID: 31234522 PMCID: PMC6616505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can activate cyclooxygenase (COX). However, thromboxane prostanoid receptors (TPRs) are required to increase systemic markers of ROS during Ang II infusion in mice. We hypothesized that COX and TPRs are upstream requirements for the generation of vascular ROS by ET-1. (2) Methods: ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS were assessed in mesenteric arterioles from wild type (+/+) and knockout (−/−) of COX1 or TPR mice infused with Ang II (400 ng/kg/min × 14 days) or a vehicle. (3) Results: Ang II infusion appeared to increase microvascular protein expression of endothelin type A receptors (ETARs), TPRs, and COX1 and 2 in COX1 and TPR +/+ mice but not in −/− mice. Ang II infusion increased ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS, which were prevented by a blockade of COX1 and 2 in TPR −/− mice. ET-1 increased the activity of aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, 2, and 3 in Ang-II-infused mice, which were prevented by a blockade of TPRs. (4) Conclusion: Activation of vascular TPRs by COX products are required for ET-1 to increase vascular contractions and ROS generation from NADPH oxidase and reduce ROS metabolism by SOD. These effects require an increase in these systems by prior infusion of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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5
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Khan SI, Shihata WA, Andrews KL, Lee MKS, Moore XL, Jefferis AM, Vinh A, Gaspari T, Dragoljevic D, Jennings GL, Murphy AJ, Chin-Dusting JPF. Effects of high- and low-dose aspirin on adaptive immunity and hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. FASEB J 2018; 33:1510-1521. [PMID: 30156911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701498rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite its well-known antithrombotic properties, the effect of aspirin on blood pressure (BP) and hypertension pathology is unclear. The hugely varying doses used clinically have contributed to this confusion, with high-dose aspirin still commonly used due to concerns about the efficacy of low-dose aspirin. Because prostaglandins have been shown to both promote and inhibit T-cell activation, we also explored the immunomodulatory properties of aspirin in hypertension. Although the common preclinical high dose of 100 mg/kg/d improved vascular dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy, this effect was accompanied by indices of elevated adaptive immunity, renal T-cell infiltration, renal fibrosis, and BP elevation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mice. The cardioprotective effects of aspirin were conserved with a lower dose (10 mg/kg/d) while circumventing heightened adaptive immunity and elevated BP. We also show that low-dose aspirin improves renal fibrosis. Differential inhibition of the COX-2 isoform may underlie the disparate effects of the 2 doses. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in treating a vast array of cardiovascular parameters and suggest modulation of adaptive immunity as a novel mechanism underlying adverse cardiovascular profiles associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Clinical studies should identify the dose of aspirin that achieves maximal cardioprotection with a new awareness that higher doses of aspirin could trigger undesired autoimmunity in hypertensive individuals. This work also warrants an evaluation of high-dose aspirin and COX-2 inhibitor therapy in sufferers of inflammatory conditions who are already at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.-Khan, S. I., Shihata, W. A., Andrews, K. L., Lee, M. K. S., Moore, X.-L., Jefferis, A.-M., Vinh, A., Gaspari, T., Dragoljevic, D., Jennings, G. L., Murphy, A. J., Chin-Dusting, J. P. F. Effects of high- and low-dose aspirin on adaptive immunity and hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana I Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waled A Shihata
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen L Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Man K S Lee
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Lei Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Jefferis
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Garry L Jennings
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhou SN, Lu JX, Wang XQ, Shan MR, Miao Z, Pan GP, Jian X, Li P, Ping S, Pang XY, Bai YP, Liu C, Wang SX. S-Nitrosylation of Prostacyclin Synthase Instigates Nitrate Cross-Tolerance In Vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 105:201-209. [PMID: 29672839 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of nitrate tolerance is a major drawback to nitrate therapy. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a powerful vasodilator produced from prostaglandin (PGH2) by prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) in endothelial cells. This study aimed to determine the role of PGIS S-nitrosylation in nitrate tolerance induced by nitroglycerin (GTN). In endothelial cells, GTN increased PGIS S-nitrosylation and disturbed PGH2 metabolism, which were normalized by mutants of PGIS cysteine 231/441 to alanine (C231/441A). Clearance of nitric oxide by carboxy-PTIO or inhibition of S-nitrosylation by N-acetyl-cysteine decreased GTN-induced PGIS S-nitrosylation. Enforced expression of mutated PGIS with C231/441A markedly abolished GTN-induced PGIS S-nitrosylation and nitrate cross-tolerance in Apoe-/- mice. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 by aspirin, supplementation of PGI2 by beraprost, and inhibition of PGIS S-nitrosylation by N-acetyl-cysteine improved GTN-induced nitrate cross-tolerance in rats. In patients, increased PGIS S-nitrosylation was associated with nitrate tolerance. In conclusion, GTN induces nitrate cross-tolerance through PGIS S-nitrosylation at cysteine 231/441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei-Rong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Pin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Jian
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Song Ping
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin-Yan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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7
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Isoda K, Akita K, Kitamura K, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Kadoguchi T, Isobe S, Ohtomo F, Sano M, Shimada K, Iwakura Y, Daida H. Inhibition of interleukin-1 suppresses angiotensin II-induced aortic inflammation and aneurysm formation. Int J Cardiol 2018; 270:221-227. [PMID: 29884291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates components of the inflammatory cascade, which promotes hypertension and development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study aimed to elucidate the effects of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and an anti-IL-1β antibody (01BSUR) on Ang II-induced AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS Male wild-type (WT) and IL-1Ra-deficient (IL-1Ra-/-) mice were infused with Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) using subcutaneous osmotic pumps for 28 days. Fourteen days post-infusion, both systolic blood pressure (SBP) (Ang II-treated IL-1Ra-/-:149 ± 2 vs. Ang II-treated WT:126 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and abdominal aortic width (0.94 ± 0.09 vs. 0.49 ± 0.03 mm, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in IL-1Ra-/- mice than in WT mice. Because 28-day infusion with Ang II in IL-1Ra-/- mice significantly increased the occurrence of fatal aortic rupture (89% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001), both types of mice were infused with Ang II for only 14 days, and histological analyses were performed at 28 days. Interestingly, AAA increased more significantly in IL-1Ra-/- mice than in WT mice (p < 0.001), although SBP did not differ at 28 days in IL-1Ra-/- and WT mice (117 ± 4 vs. 115 ± 3 mm Hg, p = 0.71 (after cessation of Ang II infusion)). Histological analyses showed numerous inflammatory cells around the abdominal aorta in IL-1Ra-/- mice, but not in WT mice. Finally, compared with IgG2a treatment, treatment with 01BSUR decreased Ang II-induced AAA in IL-1Ra-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that inhibition of IL-1β significantly suppresses AAA formation after Ang II infusion, suggesting that suppression of IL-1β may provide an additional strategy to protect against AAA in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Akita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Sato-Okabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarasa Isobe
- Division of Cardiology, Keio University, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Ohtomo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Keio University, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Vascular dysfunction in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat is dependent on constrictor prostanoid activity and Y chromosome lineage. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:131-143. [PMID: 29162746 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is a hallmark of hypertension and the strongest risk factor to date for coronary artery disease. As Y chromosome lineage has emerged as one of the strongest genetic predictors of cardiovascular disease risk to date, we investigated if Y chromosome lineage modulated this important facet in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) using consomic strains. Here, we show that vascular dysfunction in the SHRSP is attributable to differential cyclooxygenase (COX) activity with nitric oxide (NO) levels playing a less significant role. Measurement of prostacyclin, the most abundant product of COX in the vasculature, confirmed the augmented COX activity in the SHRSP aorta. This was accompanied by functional impairment of the vasodilatory prostacyclin (IP) receptor, while inhibition of the thromboxane (TP) receptor significantly ameliorated vascular dysfunction in the SHRSP, suggesting this is the downstream target responsible for constrictor prostanoid activity. Importantly, Y chromosome lineage was shown to modulate vascular function in the SHRSP through influencing COX activity, prostacyclin levels and IP dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction in the renal and intrarenal arteries was also found to be prostanoid and Y chromosome dependent. Interestingly, despite no apparent differences in agonist-stimulated NO levels, basal NO levels were compromised in the SHRSP aorta, which was also Y chromosome dependent. Thus, in contrast with the widely held view that COX inhibition is deleterious for the vasculature due to inhibition of the vasodilator prostacyclin, we show that COX inhibition abolishes vascular dysfunction in three distinct vascular beds, with IP dysfunction likely being a key mechanism underlying this effect. We also delineate a novel role for Y chromosome lineage in regulating vascular function through modulation of COX and basal NO levels.
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9
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Mercury exposure induces proinflammatory enzymes in vascular fibroblasts. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2017; 29:231-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1555-1617. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of distensibility, has been implicated in various etiologies of chronic common and monogenic cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The first components that contribute to arterial stiffening are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support the mechanical load, while the second important components are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which not only regulate actomyosin interactions for contraction but mediate also mechanotransduction in cell-ECM homeostasis. Eventually, VSMC plasticity and signaling in both conductance and resistance arteries are highly relevant to the physiology of normal and early vascular aging. This review summarizes current concepts of central pressure and tensile pulsatile circumferential stress as key mechanical determinants of arterial wall remodeling, cell-ECM interactions depending mainly on the architecture of cytoskeletal proteins and focal adhesion, the large/small arteries cross-talk that gives rise to target organ damage, and inflammatory pathways leading to calcification or atherosclerosis. We further speculate on the contribution of cellular stiffness along the arterial tree to vascular wall stiffness. In addition, this review provides the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting arterial stiffening. Now that important hemodynamic and molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness have been elucidated, and the complex interplay between ECM, cells, and sensors identified, further research should study their potential to halt or to reverse the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Segers
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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11
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Chronic iron overload induces functional and structural vascular changes in small resistance arteries via NADPH oxidase-dependent O 2 − production. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Prostanoids in the pathophysiology of human coronary artery. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:20-28. [PMID: 28347710 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death in wordwide. There is growing evidence that prostanoids are involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human coronary artery by controlling vascular tone, remodelling of the vascular wall or angiogenesis. In this review, the production of prostanoids and the expression of prostanoid receptors in human coronary artery in health or disease are described. In addition, the interactions between sex hormones and prostanoids, their participations in the development of coronary artery diseases have been addressed. Globally, most of the studies performed in human coronary artery preparations have shown that prostacyclin (PGI2) has beneficial effects by inducing vasodilatation and promoting angiogenesis while reverse effects are confirmed by thromboxane A2 (TxA2). More studies are needed to determine the roles of the other prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2α) in vascular functions of the human coronary artery. Finally, in addition to the in vitro data about the human coronary artery, myocardial infarction induced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor and the protective effects of aspirin after coronary artery bypass surgery suggest that prostanoids are key mediators in coronary homeostasis.
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13
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Bruno RM, Duranti E, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Bernardini N, Di Candio G, Chiarugi M, Taddei S, Virdis A. Different Impact of Essential Hypertension on Structural and Functional Age-Related Vascular Changes. Hypertension 2017; 69:71-78. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether vascular remodeling is present in physiological aging and whether hypertension accelerates the aging process for vascular function and structure. Small arteries from 42 essential hypertensive patients (HT) and 41 normotensive individuals (NT) were dissected after subcutaneous biopsy. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation (pressurized myograph) was assessed by acetylcholine, repeated under the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
N
-nitro-
l
-arginine methylester or the antioxidant tempol. Structure was evaluated by media–lumen ratio (M/L). Intravascular oxidative generation and collagen deposition were assessed. Inhibition by
N
-nitro-
l
-arginine methylester on ACh was inversely related to age in both groups (
P
<0.0001) and blunted in HT versus NT for each age range. In NT, tempol enhanced endothelial function in the oldest subgroup; in HT, the potentiating effect started earlier. HT showed an increased M/L (
P
<0.001) versus control. In both groups, M/L was directly related to age (
P
<0.0001). M/L was greater in HT, starting from 31 to 45 years range. A significant age–hypertension interaction occurred (
P
=0.0009). In NT, intravascular superoxide emerged in the oldest subgroup, whereas it appeared earlier among HT. Among NT, aged group displayed an increment of collagen fibers versus young group. In HT, collagen deposition was already evident in youngest, with a further enhancement in the aged group. In small arteries, ageing shows a eutrophic vascular remodeling and a reduced nitric oxide availability. Oxidative stress and fibrosis emerge in advanced age. In HT, nitric oxide availability is early reduced, but the progression rate with age is similar. Structural alterations include wide collagen deposition and intravascular reactive oxygen species, and the progression rate with age is steeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Bruno
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Emiliano Duranti
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Candio
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Chiarugi
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Virdis
- From the Histology Unit (C.I., C.S., N.B.), Internal Medicine Unit (R.M.B., E.D., S.T., A.V.) of Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Emergency Surgery Unit (M.C.) of Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, and General Surgery Unit (G.D.C.) of Department of Oncology Transplantation and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Italy
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14
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García-Redondo AB, Aguado A, Briones AM, Salaices M. NADPH oxidases and vascular remodeling in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:110-120. [PMID: 27773825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules that regulate vascular function and structure in physiological conditions. A misbalance between the production and detoxification of ROS increases oxidative stress that is involved in the vascular remodeling associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension by affecting inflammation, hypertrophy, migration, growth/apoptosis and extracellular matrix protein turnover. The major and more specific source of ROS in the cardiovascular system is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes composed of seven members (NOX1-5, DUOX 1/2). Vascular cells express several NOXs being NOX-1 and NOX-4 the most abundant NOXs present in vascular smooth muscle cells. This review focuses on specific aspects of NOX-1 and NOX-4 isoforms including information on regulation, function and their role in vascular remodeling. In order to obtain a more integrated view about the role of the different NOX isoforms in different types of vascular remodeling, we discuss the available literature not only on hypertension but also in atherosclerosis, restenosis and aortic dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B García-Redondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Aguado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Virdis A, Gesi M, Taddei S. Impact of apocynin on vascular disease in hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:1-5. [PMID: 27569106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by cell metabolism of oxygen and represent signaling molecules playing an active role in vascular biology. In pathological conditions, including hypertension, a ROS excess, together with reduced endogenous antioxidant defenses, occurs, determining a state of oxidative stress. NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) is a major ROS source within the vasculature. A large body of literature has demonstrated that hypertension-associated vascular functional and structural changes are attributable to Nox-driven intravascular ROS generation. Apocynin is a methoxy-catechol discovered as an inhibitor of superoxide. It has been utilized in several laboratories and in different models of hypertension as an inhibitor of Nox. Recent evidence proposes that apocynin predominantly acts as an antioxidant. The present review will discuss the role of ROS in vascular disease in hypertension and the impact of apocynin on these vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Gesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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16
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Luo W, Liu B, Zhou Y. The endothelial cyclooxygenase pathway: Insights from mouse arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:148-58. [PMID: 27020548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is commonly believed to be the major mediator of endothelial prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2; PGI2) synthesis that balances the effect of thromboxane (Tx) A2 synthesis mediated by the other COX isoform, COX-1 in platelets. Accordingly, selective inhibition of COX-2 is considered to cause vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and hence increase the incidence of cardiovascular events. This idea has been claimed to be substantiated by experiments on mouse models, some of which are deficient in one of the two COX isoforms. However, results from our studies and those of others using similar mouse models suggest that COX-1 is the major functional isoform in vascular endothelium. Also, although PGI2 is recognized as a potent vasodilator, in some arteries endothelial COX activation causes vasoconstrictor response. This has again been recognized by studies, especially those performed on mouse arteries, to result largely from endothelial PGI2 synthesis. Therefore, evidence that supports a role for COX-1 as the major mediator of PGI2 synthesis in mouse vascular endothelium, reasons for the inconsistency, and results that elucidate underlying mechanisms for divergent vasomotor reactions to endothelial COX activation will be discussed in this review. In addition, we address the possible pathological implications and limitations of findings obtained from studies performed on mouse arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Luo
- Central Lab, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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17
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Avendaño MS, Martínez-Revelles S, Aguado A, Simões MR, González-Amor M, Palacios R, Guillem-Llobat P, Vassallo DV, Vila L, García-Puig J, Beltrán LM, Alonso MJ, Cachofeiro MV, Salaices M, Briones AM. Role of COX-2-derived PGE2 on vascular stiffness and function in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1541-55. [PMID: 26856544 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostanoids derived from COX-2 and EP receptors are involved in vascular remodelling in different cardiovascular pathologies. This study evaluates the contribution of COX-2 and EP1 receptors to vascular remodelling and function in hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and angiotensin II (AngII)-infused (1.44 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1), 2 weeks) mice were treated with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (25 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1) i.p) or with the EP1 receptor antagonist SC19220 (10 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1) i.p.). COX-2(-/-) mice with or without AngII infusion were also used. KEY RESULTS Celecoxib and SC19220 treatment did not modify the altered lumen diameter and wall : lumen ratio in mesenteric resistance arteries from SHR-infused and/or AngII-infused animals. However, both treatments and COX-2 deficiency decreased the augmented vascular stiffness in vessels from hypertensive animals. This was accompanied by diminished vascular collagen deposition, normalization of altered elastin structure and decreased connective tissue growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression. COX-2 deficiency and SC19220 treatment diminished the increased vasoconstrictor responses and endothelial dysfunction induced by AngII infusion. Hypertensive animals showed increased mPGES-1 expression and PGE2 production in vascular tissue, normalized by celecoxib. Celecoxib treatment also decreased AngII-induced macrophage infiltration and TNF-α expression. Macrophage conditioned media (MCM) increased COX-2 and collagen type I expression in vascular smooth muscle cells; the latter was reduced by celecoxib treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS COX-2 and EP1 receptors participate in the increased extracellular matrix deposition and vascular stiffness, the impaired vascular function and inflammation in hypertension. Targeting PGE2 receptors might have benefits in hypertension-associated vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Avendaño
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Revelles
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aguado
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - M R Simões
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - M González-Amor
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Palacios
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Guillem-Llobat
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - D V Vassallo
- Dept. Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - L Vila
- Laboratorio de Angiología, Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J García-Puig
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - L M Beltrán
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Alonso
- Dept Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - M V Cachofeiro
- Dept. Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salaices
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Briones
- Dept. Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ribeiro Júnior RF, Marques VB, Nunes DO, Ronconi KDS, de Araújo JFP, Rodrigues PL, Padilha AS, Vassallo DV, Graceli JB, Stefanon I. Tributyltin chloride increases phenylephrine-induced contraction and vascular stiffness in mesenteric resistance arteries from female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 295:26-36. [PMID: 26873547 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an organotin compound that reduces estrogen levels in female rats. We aimed to investigate the effects of TBT exposure on vascular tonus and vascular remodelling in the resistance arteries of female rats. Rats were treated daily with TBT (500 ng/kg) for 15 days. TBT did not change arterial blood pressure but did modify some morpho-physiological parameters of third-order mesenteric resistance arteries in the following ways: (1) decreased lumen and external diameters; (2) increased wall/lm ratio and wall thickness; (3) decreased distensibility and increased stiffness; (4) increased collagen deposition; and (5) increased pulse wave velocity. TBT exposure increased the phenylephrine-induced contractile response in mesenteric resistance arteries. However, vasodilatation responses induced by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were not modified by TBT. It is suggested that TBT exposure reduces vascular nitric oxide (NO) production, because:(1) L-NAME incubation did not cause a leftward shift in the concentration-response curve for phenylephrine; (2) both eNOS protein expression; (3) in situ NO production were reduced. Incubation with L-NAME; and (4) SOD shifted the phenylephrine response curve to the left in TBT rats. Tiron, catalase, ML-171 and VAS2870 decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine only in TBT rats. Moreover, increased superoxide anion production was observed in the mesenteric resistance arteries of TBT rats accompanied by an increase in gp91phox, catalase, AT1 receptor and total ERK1/2 protein expression. In conclusion, these findings show that TBT induced alterations are most likely due to a reduction of NO production combined with increased O2(-) production derived from NADPH oxidase and ERK1/2 activation. These findings offer further evidence that TBT is an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieli Oliveira Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Lopes Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ivanita Stefanon
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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19
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Solini A, Rossi C, Duranti E, Taddei S, Natali A, Virdis A. Saxagliptin prevents vascular remodeling and oxidative stress in db/db mice. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and cyclooxygenase. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 76:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Liu B, Li Z, Zhang Y, Luo W, Zhang J, Li H, Zhou Y. Vasomotor Reaction to Cyclooxygenase-1-Mediated Prostacyclin Synthesis in Carotid Arteries from Two-Kidney-One-Clip Hypertensive Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136738. [PMID: 26308616 PMCID: PMC4550394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that in hypertensive arteries cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) remains as a major form, mediating prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2; PGI2) synthesis that may evoke a vasoconstrictor response in the presence of functional vasodilator PGI2 (IP) receptors. Two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) hypertension was induced in wild-type (WT) mice and/or those with COX-1 deficiency (COX-1-/-). Carotid arteries were isolated for analyses 4 weeks after. Results showed that as in normotensive mice, the muscarinic receptor agonist ACh evoked a production of the PGI2 metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α and an endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor response; both of them were abolished by COX-1 inhibition. At the same time, PGI2, which evokes contraction of hypertensive vessels, caused relaxation after thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptor antagonism that abolished the contraction evoked by ACh. Antagonizing IP receptors enhanced the contraction to the COX substrate arachidonic acid (AA). Also, COX-1-/- mice was noted to develop hypertension; however, their increase of blood pressure and/or heart mass was not to a level achieved with WT mice. In addition, we found that either the contraction in response to ACh or that evoked by AA was abolished in COX-1-/- hypertensive mice. These results demonstrate that as in normotensive conditions, COX-1 is a major contributor of PGI2 synthesis in 2K1C hypertensive carotid arteries, which leads to a vasoconstrictor response resulting from opposing dilator and vasoconstrictor activities of IP and TP receptors, respectively. Also, our data suggest that COX-1-/- attenuates the development of 2K1C hypertension in mice, reflecting a net adverse role yielded from all COX-1-mediated activities under the pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingzhan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhong Luo
- The Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiling Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Shao Y, Cheng Z, Li X, Chernaya V, Wang H, Yang XF. Immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory cytokines directly and indirectly inhibit endothelial dysfunction--a novel mechanism for maintaining vascular function. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:80. [PMID: 25387998 PMCID: PMC4236671 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a pathological status of the vascular system, which can be broadly defined as an imbalance between endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the progression of many pathological processes including atherosclerosis, type II diabetes and hypertension. Previous reports have demonstrated that pro-inflammatory/immunoeffector cytokines significantly promote endothelial dysfunction while numerous novel anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines have recently been identified such as interleukin (IL)-35. However, the effects of anti-inflammatory cytokines on endothelial dysfunction have received much less attention. In this analytical review, we focus on the recent progress attained in characterizing the direct and indirect effects of anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines in the inhibition of endothelial dysfunction. Our analyses are not only limited to the importance of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease progression, but also expand into the molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying the inhibition of endothelial dysfunction by anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines. Our review suggests that anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines serve as novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Zhongjian Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Valeria Chernaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Xiao-feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB 1059, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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22
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Colucci R, Fornai M, Duranti E, Antonioli L, Rugani I, Aydinoglu F, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Bernardini N, Taddei S, Blandizzi C, Virdis A. Rosuvastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced vascular changes by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and COX-1. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:554-66. [PMID: 22817606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NAD(P)H oxidase and COX-1 participate in vascular damage induced by angiotensin II. We investigated the effect of rosuvastatin on endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling, changes in extracellular matrix components and mechanical properties of small mesenteric arteries from angiotensin II-infused rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male rats received angiotensin II (120 ng·kg⁻¹ ·min⁻¹ , subcutaneously) for 14 days with or without rosuvastatin (10 mg·kg⁻¹ ·day⁻¹ , oral gavage) or vehicle. Vascular functions and morphological parameters were assessed by pressurized myography. KEY RESULTS In angiotensin II-infused rats, ACh-induced relaxation was attenuated compared with controls, less sensitive to L-NAME, enhanced by SC-560 (COX-1 inhibitor) or SQ-29548 (prostanoid TP receptor antagonist), and normalized by the antioxidant ascorbic acid or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors. After rosuvastatin, relaxations to ACh were normalized, fully sensitive to L-NAME, and no longer affected by SC-560, SQ-29548 or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors. Angiotensin II enhanced intravascular superoxide generation, eutrophic remodelling, collagen and fibronectin depositions, and decreased elastin content, resulting in increased vessel stiffness. All these changes were prevented by rosuvastatin. Angiotensin II increased phosphorylation of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47phox and its binding to subunit p67phox, effects inhibited by rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin down-regulated vascular Nox4/NAD(P)H isoform and COX-1 expression, attenuated the vascular release of 6-keto-PGF1α , and enhanced copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Rosuvastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced alterations in resistance arteries in terms of function, structure, mechanics and composition. These effects depend on restoration of NO availability, prevention of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived oxidant excess, reversal of COX-1 induction and its prostanoid production, and stimulation of endogenous vascular antioxidant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Zhu N, Liu B, Luo W, Zhang Y, Li H, Li S, Zhou Y. Vasoconstrictor role of cyclooxygenase-1-mediated prostacyclin synthesis in non-insulin-dependent diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H319-27. [PMID: 24878773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00022.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that in diabetic arteries, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 mediates endothelial prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis, which evokes vasoconstrictor activity under the pathological condition. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes was induced to C57BL/6 mice and those with COX-1 deficiency (COX-1−/− mice) using a high-fat diet in combination with streptozotocin injection. In vitro analyses were performed 3 mo after. Results showed that in diabetic aortas, the endothelial muscarinic receptor agonist ACh evoked an endothelium-dependent production of the PGI2 metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α, which was abolished in COX-1−/− mice. Meanwhile, COX-1 deficiency or COX-1 inhibition prevented vasoconstrictor activity in diabetic abdominal aortas, resulting in enhanced relaxation evoked by ACh. In a similar manner, COX-1 deficiency increased the relaxation evoked by ACh in nitric oxide synthase-inhibited diabetic renal arteries. Also, in diabetic abdominal aortas and/or renal arteries, both PGI2 and the COX substrate arachidonic acid evoked contractions similar to those of nondiabetic mice. However, the contraction to arachidonic acid, but not that to PGI2, was abolished in vessels from COX-1−/− mice. Moreover, we found that 3 mo after streptozotocin injection, systemic blood pressure increased in diabetic C57BL/6 mice but not in diabetic COX-1−/− mice. These results explicitly demonstrate that in the given arteries from non-insulin-dependent diabetic mice, COX-1 remains a major contributor to the endothelial PGI2 synthesis that evokes vasoconstrictor activity under the pathological condition. Also, our data suggest that COX-1 deficiency prevents or attenuates diabetic hypertension in mice, although this could be related to the loss of COX-1-mediated activities derived from both vascular and nonvascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; and
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; and
| | - Wenhong Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzhan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; and
| | - Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; and
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; and
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New roles for old pathways? A circuitous relationship between reactive oxygen species and cyclo-oxygenase in hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:111-21. [PMID: 24059588 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated production of prostanoids from the constitutive (COX-1) or inducible (COX-2) cyclo-oxygenases has been involved in the alterations in vascular function, structure and mechanical properties observed in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. In addition, it is well known that production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) plays an important role in the impaired contractile and vasodilator responses, vascular remodelling and altered vascular mechanics of hypertension. Of particular interest is the cross-talk between NADPH oxidase and mitochondria, the main ROS sources in hypertension, which may represent a vicious feed-forward cycle of ROS production. In recent years, there is experimental evidence showing a relationship between ROS and COX-derived products. Thus ROS can activate COX and the COX/PG (prostaglandin) synthase pathways can induce ROS production through effects on different ROS generating enzymes. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that the COX-ROS axis might constitute a vicious circle of self-perpetuating vasoactive products that have a pathophysiological role in altered vascular contractile and dilator responses and hypertension development. The present review discusses the current knowledge on the role of oxidative stress and COX-derived prostanoids in the vascular alterations observed in hypertension, highlighting new findings indicating that these two pathways act in concert to induce vascular dysfunction.
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Martínez-Revelles S, Avendaño MS, García-Redondo AB, Alvarez Y, Aguado A, Pérez-Girón JV, García-Redondo L, Esteban V, Redondo JM, Alonso MJ, Briones AM, Salaices M. Reciprocal relationship between reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:51-65. [PMID: 22671943 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluates a possible relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived products in conductance and resistance arteries from hypertensive animals. Angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused mice or spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the NAD(P)H Oxidase inhibitor apocynin, the mitochondrion-targeted SOD2 mimetic Mito-TEMPO, the superoxide dismutase analog tempol, or the COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib were used. RESULTS Apocynin, Mito-TEMPO, and Celecoxib treatments prevented Ang II-induced hypertension, the increased vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine, and the reduced acetylcholine relaxation. The NOX-2 inhibitor gp91ds-tat, the NOX-1 inhibitor ML171, catalase, and the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 abolished the ex vivo effect of Ang II-enhancing phenylephrine responses. Antioxidant treatments diminished the increased vascular COX-2 expression, prostanoid production, and/or participation of COX-derived contractile prostanoids and thromboxane A(2) receptor (TP) in phenylephrine responses, observed in arteries from hypertensive models. The treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor normalized the increased ROS production (O(2)·(-) and H(2)O(2)), NAD(P)H Oxidase expression (NOX-1, NOX-4, and p22phox) and activity, MnSOD expression, and the participation of ROS in vascular responses in both hypertensive models. Apocynin and Mito-TEMPO also normalized these parameters of oxidative stress. Apocynin, Mito-TEMPO, and Celecoxib improved the diminished nitric oxide (NO) production and the modulation by NO of phenylephrine responses in the Ang II model. INNOVATION This study provides mechanistic evidence of circuitous relationship between COX-2 products and ROS in hypertension. CONCLUSION The excess of ROS from NAD(P)H Oxidase and/or mitochondria and the increased vascular COX-2/TP receptor axis act in concert to induce vascular dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez-Revelles
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Institute for Health Research of La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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Billaud M, Lohman AW, Straub AC, Parpaite T, Johnstone SR, Isakson BE. Characterization of the thoracodorsal artery: morphology and reactivity. Microcirculation 2012; 19:360-72. [PMID: 22335567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, we describe the histological and contractile properties of the thoracodorsal artery (TDA), which indirectly feeds the spinotrapezius muscle. METHODS We used immunolabelling techniques to histologically characterize the TDA while the contractile properties were assessed using pressure arteriography. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the TDA is composed of approximately one to two layers of smooth muscle cells, is highly innervated with adrenergic nerves, and develops spontaneous tone at intraluminal pressures above 80 mmHg. The reactivity of the TDA in response to various contractile agonists such as phenylephrine, noradrenaline, angiotensin II, serotonin, endothelin 1, and ATP, as well as vasodilators, shows that the TDA exhibits a remarkably comparable reactivity to what has been observed in mesenteric arteries. We further studied the different components of the TDA response to acetylcholine, and found that the TDA was sensitive to TRAM 34, a blocker of the intermediate conductance potassium channel, which is highly suggestive of an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the TDA exhibits comparable characteristics to other current vascular models, with the additional advantage of being easily manipulated for molecular and ex vivo vasoreactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Billaud M, Johnstone SR, Isakson BE. Loss of Compliance in Small Arteries, but Not in Conduit Arteries, After 6 Weeks Exposure to High Fat Diet. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:256-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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