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Baba D, Mijaica R, Nechita F, Balint L. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Annual Physical Training Plan for Masters +45 Women Half Marathon Athletes: A Guideline Model for Good Practices for Programming Effort Volume and Intensity. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:256. [PMID: 39330733 PMCID: PMC11436038 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the implementation and results of the Annual Physical Training Program for Masters +45 Half Marathoners (PASm-12), focused on optimizing athletic performance through rigorous planning of training volume and intensity. PASm-12, structured over 12 mesocycles and 52 microcycles, was applied to 6 female runners with over 10 years of experience. The results indicate that the total running volume achieved (2347 km) was 90.2% of the volume proposed by PASm-12 (2603.2 km), with statistically significant differences in most mesocycles (Cohen's f2 = 6.24, t = -5.997, p = 0.002, indicating a large effect size). The training intensity was achieved at an average of 94.8% of what was proposed by PASm-12, with significant differences in several mesocycles (Cohen's f2 = 0.45, t = -1.972 to -3.984, p < 0.05, indicating a moderate to large effect size). The female runners' performances in field tests generally showed faster times than the maximum and average values proposed in PASm-12, with the exception of the final competition, where performance was slightly lower due to external competitive factors (Cohen's d = -0.53, t = -1.192, p = 0.3). This plan, demonstrating good practice, could serve as a guideline model for amateur runners who do not have specialist counseling. PASm-12 can reduce the risk of injury, prevent excessive fatigue, and support ongoing participation in sports activities. Additionally, the implementation of this plan could provide amateur runners with a safe and effective training structure, contributing to improved health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baba
- Sports Science and Physical Education, IOSUD—Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (F.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Raluca Mijaica
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (F.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Florentina Nechita
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (F.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Lorand Balint
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (F.N.); (L.B.)
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Korotkikh AV, Vakhnenko YV, Kashtanov MG. Some Topical Aspects of the "Sports Heart" Problem. Literature Review. Part 2. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101921. [PMID: 37394208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrocardiography occupies a special place among a significant list of other methods for diagnosing the pathology of the cardiovascular system of athletes. Often its results differ significantly from those in the general population, being a consequence of the adaptation of the heart to economical functioning at rest and super-intensive work in training and competitions. This review focuses on the features of the "athlete's electrocardiogram (ECG)." In particular, those changes that are not a reason for removing athletes from physical activity, but in combination with known factors can lead to more serious changes up to sudden cardiac death. Fatal rhythm disorders in athletes are described, possible in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, syndrome of ion channel pathology, arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle, etc. Particular attention is paid to arrhythmia due to connective tissue dysplasia syndrome. Knowledge of these issues is necessary to choose the right tactics for an athlete with changes to the electrocardiogram and in the protocol of daily Holter monitoring of the electrocardiogram, and a doctor related to sports medicine should be aware of the features of "electrophysiological remodeling" of the athlete's heart, normal and pathological "sports electrocardiogram," about conditions accompanied with the development of serious rhythm disorders and algorithms for examining the cardiovascular system of the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maksim Gennadievich Kashtanov
- Ural Federal University, Experimental Laboratory, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Catheterization Laboratory, Tomsk, Russia; Sverdlovsk Regional Hospital No.1, Catheterization Laboratory, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Park SY, Yang WH. Applied high-intensity interval cardio yoga improves cardiometabolic fitness, energetic contributions, and metabolic flexibility in healthy adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279505. [PMID: 37916218 PMCID: PMC10616977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Currently, there is no interventional approach to increase the intensity of Surya Namaskar a popular hatha yoga sequence used worldwide. Therefore, this study investigated how tempo-based high-intensity interval cardio yoga (HIICY) and traditional interval hatha yoga (TIHY) affects cardiometabolic fitness in active adults. Methods: Twenty physically active male and female individuals were randomly separated into HIICY (5 males, 5 females, 1.5 s tempo) and TIHY (5 males, 5 females, 3 s tempo) groups. The intervention included twelve exercise sessions for 4 weeks in both groups. Participants conducted a ramp test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2max), maximal velocity at V ˙ O2max (vV ˙ O2max), and maximal heart rate (HRmax). Afterward, they performed a 10-min high-intensity cardio yoga test (HICYT) to determine heart rate (HRpeak and HRmean), oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak and V ˙ O2mean), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate concentrations (La- peak and ∆La-), fat and carbohydrate oxidations (FATox, CHOox), and energetic contributions (oxidative; W Oxi, glycolytic; W Gly, and phosphagen; W PCr, total energy demand; W Total). Results: V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max showed time and group × time interactions (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively). V ˙ O2max after HIICY was significantly higher than in pre-testing and following TIHY (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). V ˙ O2peak, V ˙ O2mean, RER, HRpeak, and HRmean during the 10-min HICYT showed significant time effects (p < 0.05). ∆La- indicated a group × time interaction (p < 0.05). Group x time interaction effects for FATox at the fourth and sixth minute were observed (p < 0.05, respectively). Absolute (kJ) and relative (%) W Oxi, W Gly, and W Total showed time and group × time interaction effects (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, %W Gly was reduced following HIICY (p < 0.05). Additionally, V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max were highly correlated with W Oxi in kJ (r = 0.91, 0.80, respectively). Moderate to high correlations were observed among CHOox, FATox, and absolute V ˙ O2max (r = 0.76, 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: A 4-week period of HIICY improved cardiometabolic fitness, oxidative capacity, and metabolic flexibility compared with TIHY, in physically active adults. Therefore, HIICY is suitable as HY-specific HIIT and time-efficient approach for relatively healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Jaworska M, Siatkowski S, Żebrowska A. The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on the Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Markers Following Downhill Running in Long-Distance Runners. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:123-138. [PMID: 38053947 PMCID: PMC10694724 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced injury may intensify inflammatory response and reduce the cardiovascular protection mechanisms of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω 3 PUFA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the erythrocyte content of fatty acids (ω 3 and ω 6), the levels of cardiac damage markers (CKMB, hsTnT, H - FABP), the concentration of inflammation mediators (IL-6, TNF α) in long distance runners supplemented with ω 3 PUFA. Twenty-four male long distance runners, who were randomly assigned to a placebo group (GrP) or a group supplemented (GrSuppl) with a daily dose of 3,000 mg of ω 3 PUFA for three weeks, participated in the study. Participants performed a downhill running exercise test. Blood samples were collected at rest and after the exercise protocol to analyse the levels of cardiac markers and inflammatory cytokines. The erythrocyte membrane content of EPA and DHA in the GrSuppl at the 3rd week of supplementation was significantly higher than at the baseline (p < 0.001). The erythrocyte membrane content of ω 3 PUFA in the GrSuppl was significantly higher at the completion of supplementation (p < 0.001). Supplementation with ω 3 PUFA improved blood lipid profiles and reduced the concentration of inflammation mediators measured after the eccentric exercise tests. The increased ω 3 PUFA content in the erythrocyte membrane and lower blood concentrations of cardiac damage markers and inflammation mediators in distance runners supplemented for three weeks with ω 3 PUFA suggest that the cardiovascular function has been improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Jaworska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Siatkowski
- Institute of Healthy Living, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Institute of Healthy Living, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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O’Riordan C, Savage E, Newell M, Flaherty G, Hartigan MSc I. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Profile of Experienced Male Amateur Marathon Runners: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2023; 15:661-672. [PMID: 37249222 PMCID: PMC10467474 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231176534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Male amateur marathon runners represent a unique subset of the population who may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to their underlying risk factors and their involvement in vigorous exercise such as marathon running. OBJECTIVE To assess the modifiable risk factors (MRFs) of CVD in experienced male amateur marathon runners and health interventions on CVD risk factors. DATA SOURCES CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, and SPORTDiscus. STUDY SELECTION Studies selected according to the inclusion criteria. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION The publication dates included were from June 1, 2008 to February 29, 2020.Published primary epidemiological, observational, randomized controlled trial (RCT) and/or non-RCT studies assessing the MRFs of CVD and health interventions on CVD risk factors in male amateur marathon runners aged ≥18 years and written in the English language were included in the review. RESULTS Five studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis. These included male amateur marathon runners (n = 862), aged 42 to 77 years. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and alcohol use were MRFs positively associated with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis found in a subset of male marathon runners. No studies examined health interventions on CVD risk factors in any of the included studies. All 5 studies were of good quality from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools used. The risk of bias was low to moderate. CONCLUSION There is a paucity of observational studies evaluating the CVD MRFs. Negative lifestyle behaviors exist within this population despite their engagement in physical exercise through marathon running. Marathon running does not negate the long-term effects caused by past negative lifestyle behaviors. This systematic review identifies that this population may not be aware of their possible risk of atherosclerosis and, consequently, CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O’Riordan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Ireland
- National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Croí Heart and Stroke Centre, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eileen Savage
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Micheál Newell
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Ireland
- National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Croí Heart and Stroke Centre, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerard Flaherty
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Ireland
- National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Croí Heart and Stroke Centre, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
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Dong X, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Fang J, Zhang X. The association between marathon running and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36:1023-1031. [PMID: 37248881 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-220352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marathon running is an extreme sport with a distance of about 42 kilometers. Its relationship to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE As the gold standard for detecting myocardial injury, the trends of hs-cTn before and after a marathon were investigated and analyzed. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases by combing the keywords marathon and troponin, and studies regarding high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations before and after marathon running (not for half-marathon and ultra-marathon) were included. "Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group" were used to assess the risk of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager, presenting data as mean values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed if there was high heterogeneity among studies based on I2 statistic. RESULTS A total of 13 studies involving 824 marathoners were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Both hs-cTnI (MD 68.79 ng/L, [95% CI 53.22, 84.37], p< 0.001) and hs-cTnT (MD 42.91 ng/L, [95% CI 30.39, 55.43], p< 0.001) were elevated after running a marathon, but the concentration of hs-cTnT returned to baseline after 72 to 96 h post-race (MD 0.11 ng/L, [95% CI -1.30, 1.52], p= 0.88). The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated that the 99th percentile upper reference limit of hs-cTnT might be the source of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The concentrations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were increased after marathon running, but the change of hs-cTnT is usually not seen as irreversible myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Dong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yikun Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajin Fang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zhu C, Lin Z, Wang M, Lv S. A Survey of the Relationship Between Trait Anxiety and Mental Resilience of Marathoners in China. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:935-942. [PMID: 36044660 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between trait anxiety and mental resilience in marathoners and the general population. The study recruited 135 marathoners and 140 members of the general population. Trait anxiety and mental resilience were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Scale and the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The amount of weekly exercise resulted in significant differences in the trait anxiety ( F = 6.358, p < 0.01) and mental resilience ( F = 5.996, p < 0.05) levels of the general population and marathoners. Age led to a significant difference in the trait anxiety of marathoners ( F = 10.890, p < 0.01). The half marathoners' daily exercise program is most suitable for the general population for reducing trait anxiety level and increasing mental resilience. Furthermore, marathoners showed lower trait anxiety and higher mental resilience. Therefore, long-term marathon adherence can help improve mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Zhu
- The Department of Psychology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Ze Lin
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijin Lv
- Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Jouffroy R, Hergault H, Antero J, Vieillard Baron A, Mansencal N. Relationship between echocardiographic characteristics and cardiac biomarkers during long-distance trail running. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:954032. [PMID: 36051277 PMCID: PMC9424639 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.954032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even if the beneficial cardiovascular effects of moderate exercise are recognized, effects of prolonged and intense exercise are still debated. This study aims to detect cardiovascular changes associated with long endurance running by assessing the relationship between echocardiographic parameters and cardiac biomarkers during long-distance trail running. Methods We performed a prospective observational study that included 20 participants who were all amateur runners (median age of 41 years old, still alive after a 7-year clinical follow-up) from 80-km trail running. All the participants underwent an echocardiographic examination and venous blood sampling before the race, at the intermediate refreshment checkpoints of the race (21st and 53rd km), and within 10 min after arrival. Results Mitral E/A velocity ratio and mitral TDI e’ wave were significantly decreased at the 21st km to arrival (p < 0.05). Mitral S wave and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were significantly decreased from the 53rd km to arrival (p < 0.05 for 53rd and 80th km). As compared to baseline, T-troponin and NT-proBNP were significantly increased at the 21st km in all the participants, but T-troponin values were systematically increased above the significative threshold. Diastolic echocardiographic abnormalities were mainly observed among participants with highest NT-proBNP (> 77 ng.l–1) values at the 21st km. As compared to baseline, mitral e’ wave was significantly decreased (–35%) in participants with highest values of NT-proBNP. Similarly, GLS was also depressed among participants with highest troponin values at the 53rd km (p = 0.01 for 53rd km and p = 0.04 for arrival). Conclusion During the long-distance trail running, the early LV decrease in diastolic echocardiographic parameters is associated with increase in NT pro-BNP blood levels, and the decrease in LV systolic echocardiographic parameters later is associated with increase in T-troponin blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Jouffroy
- Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- IRMES - Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
- *Correspondence: Romain Jouffroy,
| | - Hélène Hergault
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
- Department of Cardiology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Cardiomyopathies et des Troubles du Rythme Cardiaque Héréditaires ou Rares, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- IRMES - Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Vieillard Baron
- Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Mansencal
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
- Department of Cardiology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Cardiomyopathies et des Troubles du Rythme Cardiaque Héréditaires ou Rares, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin (UVSQ), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function 10 Years after the Ultra-Endurance Running Event Eco-Trail de Paris® 2011. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148268. [PMID: 35886119 PMCID: PMC9318254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Regular and moderate physical activity is beneficial for physical and mental health, resulting in an increase in life expectancy for both sexes. From a cardiovascular point of view, although the benefits of regular moderate physical exercise have been established, the long-term effects of repeated ultra-endurance running events are still unknown. Hypothesis: The aim of our study is to evaluate the 10-year evolution of the parameters of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions of amateur subjects regularly practising ultra-endurance running events using resting echocardiography. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Level of evidence: Level 3—non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study. Methods: The 66 participants who participated in the 2011 edition of the Eco-Trail de Paris® were contacted by e-mail. Demographic data, sports practice, and the results of an echocardiography scan carried out during the year 2021 evaluating left ventricular systolic and diastolic function variables were collected. Echographic variables from 2011 and 2021 were compared using the paired Student’s t-test. Results: Forty-six (70%) participants responded positively. Twenty (30%) participants could not be reached and were not analysed. Of the 46 respondents, 42 (91%) provided data from a trans-thoracic cardiac ultrasound performed in 2021. Over the past 10 years, the participants reported having completed an average of 4 ± 2 ultra-trails per year. No significant differences were observed between left ventricular diastolic and systolic echocardiographic parameters between the years 2011 and 2021. Conclusions: Among amateur participants, long-distance running is not associated with an alteration in the echocardiographic parameters of resting left ventricular systolic and diastolic function after 10 years of practice. Clinical relevance: Long-term long-distance running practice is not associated with left ventricular cardiac function alteration. These results suggest a potential adaptation role of the cardiovascular system to regular and moderate long-distance running practice.
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Health status of recreational runners over 10-km up to ultra-marathon distance based on data of the NURMI Study Step 2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10295. [PMID: 35717392 PMCID: PMC9206639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance running is well-documented to affect health beneficially. However, data are still conflicting in terms of which race distance is associated with the maximum health effects to be obtained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the health status of endurance runners over different race distances. A total of 245 recreational runners (141 females, 104 males) completed an online survey. Health status was assessed by measuring eight dimensions in two clusters of health-related indicators (e.g., body weight, mental health, chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions, medication intake) and health-related behaviors (e.g., smoking habits, supplement intake, food choice, healthcare utilization). Each dimension consisted of analytical parameters derived to a general domain score between 0 and 1. Data analysis was performed by using non-parametric ANOVA and MANOVA. There were 89 half-marathon (HM), 65 marathon/ultra-marathon (M/UM), and 91 10-km runners. 10-km runners were leaner than both the HM and M/UM runners (p ≤ 0.05). HM runners had higher health scores for six dimensions (body weight, mental health, chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions, medication intake, smoking habits, and health care utilization), which contributed to an average score of 77.1% (score range 62–88%) for their overall state of health. Whereas 10-km and M/UM runners had lesser but similar average scores in the overall state of health (71.7% and 72%, respectively). Race distance had a significant association with the dimension “chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions” (p ≤ 0.05). Despite the null significant associations between race distance and seven (out of eight) multi-item health dimensions, a tendency towards better health status (assessed by domain scores of health) among HM runners was found compared to other distance runners. However, the optimal state of health across all race distances supported the notion that endurance running contributed to overall health and well-being. Trial registration number: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.
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Ellenberger C, Schorer R, Diaper J, Jeleff A, Luise S, Hagermann A, Licker M. Myocardial injury after major noncardiac surgery: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Surgery 2021; 171:1626-1634. [PMID: 34809970 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery frequently occurs and may influence survival. The aims of this study were to examine the association between myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery and patient and procedural factors as well as its impact on postoperative clinical outcome. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted from data collected in adults enrolled in a randomized trial in elective major open abdominal surgery. Preoperative patient characteristics, intraoperative hemodynamic changes, and postoperative adverse events were analyzed, and Kaplan-Meier curves were built for postoperative survival probability. After adjustment for baseline patient and procedural characteristics, the effect of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery on postoperative outcomes was analyzed in a propensity score matched cohort. RESULTS Among 394 patients, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery was reported in 109 (27.7%) and was associated with a higher cardiovascular risk profile, prolonged surgery (333 ± 111 min vs 295 ± 134 min, P = .010), greater need for transfusions (41.3% vs 19.3%, P < .001), higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events (22.9% vs 6.7%, P < .001), pulmonary complications (31.2% vs 17.9%, P = .004) , acute kidney injury (30.3% vs 18.2%, P = .009), and systemic inflammatory syndrome (28.4% vs 13.0%, P < .001). After propensity score matching, the operative time and the need for blood transfusion remained higher among myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery patients who experienced more frequent major adverse cardiac events and acute kidney injury. In both the entire and matched cohorts, survival up to 30 months after surgery was determined mainly by the presence of cancer. CONCLUSION The burden of cardiovascular disease and operative stress surgery is predictive of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery and, in turn, with a higher incidence of cardiac adverse events, whereas the presence of cancer is associated with poor survival in patients undergoing major open abdominal surgery. Further studies are needed to determine whether myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery can be prevented by better control of the patient's cardiovascular condition and implementation of less invasive of surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ellenberger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Schorer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Diaper
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Jeleff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Luise
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andres Hagermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Licker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Le Goff C, Kaux JF, Dulgheru R, Seidel L, Pincemail J, Cavalier E, Melon P. The impact of an ultra-trail on the dynamic of cardiac, inflammatory, renal and oxidative stress biological markers correlated with electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Acta Cardiol 2021; 76:739-747. [PMID: 32539581 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1778871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a 64.2 km ultra-trail on the biomarkers of muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress, and compare the results observed with an ECG and an echocardiogram, both performed before and after the race.Thirty-three ultra-trail volunteers (45.8 ± 8.7 years old) were enrolled in our study. Three blood tests were drawn from each runner, one just before (TPRE), one just after (TPOST) and the last 3 h after the end of the race (TPOST3h).All the markers increased. The maximum concentrations observed were at TPOST3h and were significant (p < 0.001) for creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoform MB, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid and for the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione. However, in the case of myoglobin, high-sensitive troponin T, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, oxidised glutathione, myeloperoxidase, cystatin C and creatinine, the most significant increases were at TPOST (p < 0.001). Modifications were observed in the medical imaging using echocardiography such as reduction of left ventricule end-sytolic and diastolic volumes and left ventricular global longitudinal strain. ECG showed electrical criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy and incomplete right bundle branch block after the race.Endurance races cause significant physiological stress to the body that can be measured by the increase of different biomarkers. From a laboratory perspective, it is important to take into account the possible exercise performed previous to the testing to avoid a misinterpretation of the results. From a training perspective, due to these increases in biomarkers, it is recommended that runners wait at least 72 h after an ultra-trail before subsequent training. In addition a transient impairment of ventricular function due to dehydration were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Le Goff
- Clinical Chemistry Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J-F. Kaux
- Physical Medicine and Sports Traumatology Department, SportS2, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R. Dulgheru
- Department of Cardiology, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - L. Seidel
- Biostatistic Department, University Hosptial of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - E. Cavalier
- Clinical Chemistry Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - P. Melon
- Department of Cardiology, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Zuo Y, Zhang M, Si Y, Wu X, Ren Z. Prediction of Health Risk Preventative Behavior of Amateur Marathon Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2929-2944. [PMID: 34285607 PMCID: PMC8285292 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s305937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prevention of the health risk of amateur marathon runners is of great significance for the sustainable development of marathon. To reduce the psychological burden of amateur marathon runners and improve the participation experience, the current study used the health belief model to study the relationship among health beliefs, attitude to preventative behavior, self-efficacy, and health values of amateur marathon runners. Methods A total of 342 data were collected, and using the PROCESS (analytical procedures developed for mediating and moderating effects tests based on SPSS and SAS). A series of multiple linear regression models were established to study the relationship between variables, and the bootstrap confidence interval was selected to test the mediating and moderating effect. Results The results showed that perceived health threat (b = 0.463, p <0.05), health behavior expectations (b = 0.373, p <0.001), self-efficacy (b = 0.322, p <0.001), and behavioral attitudes (b = 0.230, p <0.001) can be regarded as antecedent variables for predicting preventative behaviors. In addition, the results also show that health behavior expectations, self-efficacy, and behavioral attitudes play chain-mediating role between perceived health threat and preventative behaviors. Health values appear to play a moderating role in the direct/indirect effects of perceived health threat on preventive behavior through a number of mediating variables. Discussion This study emphasizes that the amateur marathon runners must improve their health concept and take effective preventive measures before participating in the competition. According to this research, it is the responsibility of the event parties, public health officials and relevant departments of the host city to provide rich health information and risk education to amateur marathon runners. More public service advertisements or educational materials are needed to be placed on runners to enhance their awareness of the necessity and importance of taking preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zuo
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Tourism College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Shenzhen Tourism College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Si
- Shenzhen Tourism College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wen X, Huang YM, Shen TH, Gong YL, Dong RQ, Xia L, Xie TS. Prevalence of abnormal and borderline electrocardiogram changes in 13, 079 Chinese amateur marathon runners. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:41. [PMID: 33879236 PMCID: PMC8056690 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has been adopted as an important component of preparticipation cardiovascular screening. However, there are still controversies in the screening and few studies with a large sample size have reported the results of ECGs of marathon runners. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of normal, borderline, and abnormal ECG changes in marathon runners. METHODS The 12-lead ECG data of 13,079 amateur marathon runners between the ages of 18 and 35 years were included for analysis. The prevalence of ECG abnormalities among different gender groups was compared with chi-square tests. RESULTS In terms of training-related changes, sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, and left ventricular high voltage were found in approximately 15, 5, and 3.28% of the participants, respectively. The incidence of right axis deviation in the marathon runners was 1.78%, which was slightly higher than the incidence of left axis deviation (0.88%). No more than 0.1% of the amateur marathon runners exhibited ST-segment depression, T wave inversion (TWI), premature ventricular contraction, pathologic Q waves, and prolonged QT interval. CONCLUSIONS Training-related ECG changes, including sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, and left ventricular high voltage, were common in amateur marathon runners. Most abnormal ECG changes, including ST-segment depression, TWI, premature ventricular contraction, pathologic Q waves, and prolonged QT interval, were infrequently found in amateur marathon runners. The data also suggested Chinese amateur marathon runners may have a relatively lower prevalence of ECG abnormalities than black and white runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wen
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-min Huang
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Hui Shen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Ying-Lan Gong
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui-qing Dong
- Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Xia
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-sheng Xie
- Zhejiang Sino-German Institute of Life science and Healthcare, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Takeuchi T, Kitamura Y, Ishizuka S, Yamada S, Aono H, Kawahara T, Sobue T. Mortality of Japanese Olympic athletes in 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000896. [PMID: 33520254 PMCID: PMC7816928 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the mortality of Japanese athletes in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games with that of the Japanese population, and to elucidate factors associated with their mortality. METHODS We obtained from the Japan Sport Association study subjects' biographical information, information on lifestyles and medical data. Missing data were obtained from online databases. Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated to compare athletes' mortality with the Japanese population. Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate the HR for each category of body mass index (BMI), smoking history and handgrip strength. This analysis was limited to male athletes due to the small number of female athletes. RESULTS Among 342 (283 men, 59 women) athletes, deaths were confirmed for 70 (64 men, 6 women) athletes between September 1964 and December 2017. Total person years was 15 974.8, and the SMR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.81). Multivariate analysis performed on 181 male athletes. Mortality was significantly higher for BMI≥25 kg/m2 than for 21-23 kg/m2 (HR: 3.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.07). We found no statistically significant associations between smoking history and mortality; the HR (95% CI) for occasional and daily smokers were 0.82 (0.26 to 2.57) and 1.30 (0.55 to 3.03) compared with never smokers. We also found no statistically significant associations between handgrip strength and mortality (P for trend: 0.51). CONCLUSION Japanese athletes in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games lived longer than the Japanese population. BMI≥25 kg/m2 was associated with higher mortality, but smoking history and handgrip strength were not associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Takeuchi
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Soya Ishizuka
- Sport Sciences Laboratory, Japan Sport Association, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Sport Sciences Laboratory, Japan Sport Association, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aono
- Sport Sciences Laboratory, Japan Sport Association, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Sport Medicine and Science Research Committee, Japan Sport Association, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Sobue
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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16
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Kaufmann CC, Wegberger C, Tscharre M, Haller PM, Piackova E, Vujasin I, Kassem M, Tentzeris I, Freynhofer MK, Jäger B, Wojta J, Huber K. Effect of marathon and ultra‐marathon on inflammation and iron homeostasis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:542-552. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph C. Kaufmann
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Claudia Wegberger
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Maximilian Tscharre
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
- Institute for Cardiometabolic Diseases Karl Landsteiner Society St. Pölten Austria
| | - Paul M. Haller
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Edita Piackova
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Irena Vujasin
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Mona Kassem
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Ioannis Tentzeris
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Matthias K. Freynhofer
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Bernhard Jäger
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine 2 Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Core Facilities Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research Vienna Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine Wilhelminenhospital Vienna Austria
- Medical School Sigmund Freud University Vienna Austria
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17
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Zhang CD, Xu SL, Wang XY, Tao LY, Zhao W, Gao W. Prevalence of Myocardial Fibrosis in Intensive Endurance Training Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:585692. [PMID: 33102537 PMCID: PMC7545401 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.585692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the published literature reporting on the incidence of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in high-intensity endurance athletes measured by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Methods: Five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched to obtain case cohort studies published before November 10, 2019. From 96 abstracts or reports extracted, 18 full-text articles were reviewed. The incidence of LGE was reported as outcome measures. Subgroup analysis was performed by age (under or above 50 years). Pooled estimates were obtained using a fixed-effects model. Results: After a full-text assessment, 12 studies involving 1,359 participants were included for analysis. Among them, 163/772 participants in the endurance athletes group showed LGE positive, compared with 19/587 participants in the comparison group. The results of the meta-analysis suggested that the prevalence of LGE was higher in the athletes group with long-term endurance exercise (OR 7.20;95%CI: 4.51-11.49). In addition, the same conclusion was drawn after the stratification of age. Conclusions: The available evidence demonstrates that high-intensity endurance athletes is associated with an increased incidence of LGE positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Duo Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Lin Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yuan Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Gerardin B, Guedeney P, Bellemain-Appaix A, Levasseur T, Mustafic H, Benamer H, Monsegu J, Lamhaut L, Montalescot G, Aubry P, Collet JP. Life-threatening and major cardiac events during long-distance races: updates from the prospective RACE PARIS registry with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:679-686. [PMID: 34021577 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320943001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Limited data exist regarding the incidence and aetiology of life-threatening events such as major cardiac events or exertional heat stroke during long-distance races. We aimed to provide an updated incidence, etiology and prognosis of life-threatening events during long-distance races. METHODS The prospective RACE PARIS registry recorded all life-threatening events/fatal events occurring during 46 marathons, half-marathons and other long-distance races in the Paris area between 2006 and 2016, comprising 1,073,722 runners. Event characteristics were determined by review of medical records and interviews with survivors. RESULTS The incidence of life-threatening events, exertional heat stroke and major cardiac events was 3.35 per 100,000, 1.02 per 100,000 and 2.33 per 100,000, respectively, including 18 sudden cardiac arrests (1.67 per 100,000). The main aetiology of sudden cardiac arrest was myocardial ischaemia (11/18), due to acute coronary thrombosis (6/11), stable atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (2/11), coronary dissection (1/11), anomalous connection (1/11) or myocardial bridging (1/11). A third of participants with ischaemia-related major cardiac events presented with pre-race clinical symptoms. Major cardiac events were more frequent in the case of a high pollution index (6.78 per 100,000 vs. 2.07 per 100,000, odds ratio 3.27, 95% confidence interval 1.12-9.54). Case fatality was low (0.19 per 100,000). Similarly, we report in a meta-analysis of eight long-distance race registries comprising 16,223,866 runners a low incidence of long-distance race-related sudden cardiac arrest (0.82 per 100,000) and fatality (0.39 per 100,000). Death following sudden cardiac arrest was strongly associated with initial asystole or pulseless rhythm. CONCLUSION Long-distance race-related life-threatening events remain rare although serious events. Better information for runners on the risk of pre-race clinical symptoms, outside air pollution and temperature may reduce their incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Gerardin
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Paul Guedeney
- Sorbonne Université, ACTION Study Group, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), France
| | - Anne Bellemain-Appaix
- Department of Cardiology, ACTION Study Group, Centre Hospitalier La Fontonne, France
| | - Thomas Levasseur
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Hazrije Mustafic
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Ambroise Paré, France
| | | | - Jacques Monsegu
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Mutualiste de Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gilles Montalescot
- Sorbonne Université, ACTION Study Group, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), France
| | - Pierre Aubry
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Collet
- Sorbonne Université, ACTION Study Group, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), France
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19
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D'Silva A, Bhuva AN, van Zalen J, Bastiaenen R, Abdel-Gadir A, Jones S, Nadarajan N, Menacho Medina KD, Ye Y, Augusto J, Treibel TA, Rosmini S, Ramlall M, Scully PR, Torlasco C, Willis J, Finocchiaro G, Papatheodorou E, Dhutia H, Cole D, Chis Ster I, Hughes AD, Sharma R, Manisty C, Lloyd G, Moon JC, Sharma S. Cardiovascular Remodeling Experienced by Real-World, Unsupervised, Young Novice Marathon Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:232. [PMID: 32256389 PMCID: PMC7093496 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Marathon running is a popular ambition in modern societies inclusive of non-athletes. Previous studies have highlighted concerning transient myocardial dysfunction and biomarker release immediately after the race. Whether this method of increasing physical activity is beneficial or harmful remains a matter of debate. We examine in detail the real-world cardiovascular remodeling response following competition in a first marathon. Methods Sixty-eight novice marathon runners (36 men and 32 women) aged 30 ± 3 years were investigated 6 months before and 2 weeks after the 2016 London Marathon race in a prospective observational study. Evaluation included electrocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Results After 17 weeks unsupervised marathon training, runners revealed a symmetrical, eccentric remodeling response with 3-5% increases in left and right ventricular cavity sizes, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) fell by 4/2 mmHg (P < 0.01) with reduction in arterial stiffness, despite only 11% demonstrating a clinically meaningful improvement in peak oxygen consumption with an overall non-significant 0.4 ml/min/kg increase in peak oxygen consumption (P = 0.14). Conclusion In the absence of supervised training, exercise-induced cardiovascular remodeling in real-world novice marathon runners is more modest than previously described and occurs even without improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness. The responses are similar in men and women, who experience a beneficial BP reduction and no evidence of myocardial fibrosis or persistent edema, when achieving average finishing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D'Silva
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anish N Bhuva
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jet van Zalen
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bastiaenen
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amna Abdel-Gadir
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siana Jones
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niromila Nadarajan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katia D Menacho Medina
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Joao Augusto
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Rosmini
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Ramlall
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Scully
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Torlasco
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - James Willis
- Department of Cardiology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gherardo Finocchiaro
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios Papatheodorou
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harshil Dhutia
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Della Cole
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Chis Ster
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Lloyd
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C Moon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Lewicka-Potocka Z, Dąbrowska-Kugacka A, Lewicka E, Kaleta AM, Dorniak K, Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Fijałkowski M, Nabiałek-Trojanowska I, Ratkowski W, Potocki W, Raczak G. The "athlete's heart" features in amateur male marathon runners. Cardiol J 2020; 28:707-715. [PMID: 31909474 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2019.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training on a professional level can lead to cardiac structural adaptations called the "athlete's heart". As marathon participation requires intense physical preparation, the question arises whether the features of "athlete's heart" can also develop in recreational runners. METHODS The study included 34 males (mean age 40 ± 8 years) who underwent physical examination, a cardiopulmonary exercise test and echocardiographic examination (ECHO) before a marathon. ECHO results were compared with the sedentary control group, reference values for an adult male population and those for highly-trained athletes. Runners with abnormalities revealed by ECHO were referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). RESULTS The mean training distance was 56.5 ± 19.7 km/week, peak oxygen uptake was 53.7 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min and the marathon finishing time was 3.7 ± 0.4 h. Compared to sedentary controls, amateur athletes presented larger atria, increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, larger LV mass and basal right ventricular (RV) inflow diameter (p < 0.05). When compared with ranges for the general adult population, 56% of participants showed increased left atrial volume, indexed to body surface area (LAVI), 56% right atrial area and interventricular septum thickness, while 47% had enlarged RV proximal outflow tract diameter. In 50% of cases, LAVI exceeded values reported for highly-trained athletes. Due to ECHO abnormalities, CMR was performed in 6 participants, which revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 1 runner. CONCLUSIONS "Athlete's heart" features occur in amateur marathon runners. In this group, ECHO reference values for highly-trained elite athletes should be considered, rather than those for the general population and even then LAVI can exceed the upper normal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Lewicka-Potocka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. .,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Lewicka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Kaleta
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Dorniak
- Noninvasive Cardiac Diagnostics Department, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Izabela Nabiałek-Trojanowska
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ratkowski
- Department of Management Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Potocki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Raczak
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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21
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Nogueira A, Tovar-Gálvez M, González-Hernández J. Do It, Don't Feel It, and Be Invincible: A Prolog of Exercise Addiction in Endurance Sports. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2692. [PMID: 31920780 PMCID: PMC6934061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The social relevance of endurance sports has increased people's motivation to engage in these particular physical activities, associating their practice with a particular lifestyle (e.g., feeling victorious and a feeling of self-improvement). Therefore, the dark personality traits (not because they are negative but because they are more hidden), understood as a personal and adaptive response to the psychosocial relationships that athletes establish while practicing these sports. Following these arguments, Grit has been used to trace the response of athletes in their quest to improve performance and endurance in the face of common setbacks suffered as a result of long hours of training. Empirical studies should help to discover how these personality traits can pose real challenges to their adaptation, and what the impact of their psychological response may be in a functional or dysfunctional way [e.g., exercise addiction (EA)], in order to classify them as risk or protective factors. Through transversal design, the present study sought to explore the relationship between Grit and Dark Traits of Personality regarding the appearance of EA in a sample (N = 241) of amateur endurance sport athletes (M age = 31.80; SD = 9.87). The results show that men not only score higher for addiction levels but also for narcissism (grandiosity feelings) and psychopathy (coldness) factors. If signs of narcissism and Machiavellianism increase, perseverance efforts grow too, and the likelihood of EA increases considerably. The conclusions drawn on the basis of the results allow us to place consistency of interest as a protective factor for the EA, whereas Dark Traits of personality - especially Machiavellianism - constitute a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Nogueira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maribel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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22
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Tesema G, George M, Hadgu A, Haregot E, Mondal S, Mathivana D. Does chronic high-intensity endurance training have an effect on cardiovascular markers of active populations and athletes? Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032832. [PMID: 31662403 PMCID: PMC6830590 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to ascertain the effects of high-intensity chronic endurance training on cardiovascular markers of active populations and athletes. METHODS This review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We used databases of PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and grey literatures with Mesh and free-text search as well as manual searches to identify relevant studies from June 2017 to September 2019. Weighted standardised mean differences and effect size of the intervention group versus the control group were calculated using a random effect model with 95% CI. RESULT There was significant improvement in high-density lipoprotein with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-1.06 (-1.83 to -0.30), p=0.006. We have also observed a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-0.97 (-1.58 to -0.36), p=0.002, and = -0.78 (-1.34 to -0.22), p=0.007, respectively. There was a significant reduction in interleukin 6 (IL-6) using a fixed effect model with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-0.87 (-1.33 to -0.40), p=0.0003 and C reactive protein (CRP) with weighted standardised mean differences and effect size=-0.41 (-0.73 to -0.09), p=0.01. CONCLUSION Chronic high-intensity endurance training improves healthy lipid profiles (increase high-density lipoprotein, decreased low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol). And decreased inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP) independent of age and sex and cannot be associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD 42017081369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Tesema
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computetional sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mala George
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Hadgu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | | | - Soumitra Mondal
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - D Mathivana
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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23
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Stevanović V, Pantović A, Krga I, Zeković M, Šarac I, Glibetić M, Vidović N. Aronia juice consumption prior to half-marathon race can acutely affect platelet activation in recreational runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:393-400. [PMID: 31539487 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-distance running, especially in non-professional runners, can increase cardiac arrest risk by enhancing platelet activation and aggregation. Polyphenols can exert cardioprotective effects by positively influencing platelet function. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of polyphenol-rich aronia juice consumption, before simulation of a half-marathon race, on platelet activation and aggregation with leukocytes in recreational runners. In this acute crossover study,10 healthy male runners (age 30.8 ± 2.3 years) consumed breakfast with 200 mL of aronia juice or 200 mL of placebo. They warmed-up and ran a simulated half-marathon race (21.1 km). Blood was collected at baseline, and at 15 min, 1 h, and 24 h after the run. All variables were analyzed with 4 (time) × 2 (group) ANOVA with repeated measures on both factors. Results revealed a significant effect of group on platelet activation parameters: P-selectin and GPIIb-IIIa expressions significantly decreased in the aronia group compared with the placebo group (F[1,9] = 10.282, p = 0.011 and F[1,9] = 7.860, p = 0.021, respectively). The effect of time was significant on both platelet aggregation markers: platelet-monocyte and platelet-neutrophil aggregates were significantly lower after the race (F[3,7] = 4.227, p = 0.014 and F[3,7] = 70.065, p = 0.000, respectively), with changes more pronounced in the later. All effects remained when platelets were exposed to an agonist. These results suggest that aronia consumption could counteract the half-marathon race-induced changes in platelet function. Novelty Aronia juice consumption significantly decreased the expression of platelet activation markers but did not affect platelet aggregation. The race itself did significantly reduce platelet-neutrophil aggregation. Aronia juice may serve as a supplement beverage for recreational runners to alleviate enhanced platelet reactivity caused by prolonged running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Stevanović
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Pantović
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Krga
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeković
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Šarac
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Glibetić
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Vidović
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuškog st. 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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24
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Weil BR, Suzuki G, Young RF, Iyer V, Canty JM. Troponin Release and Reversible Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Transient Pressure Overload. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:2906-2916. [PMID: 29929614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously demonstrated that brief ischemia elicits cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release and myocyte apoptosis in the absence of necrosis. It remains uncertain whether other pathophysiological stresses can produce apoptosis and transient cTnI release without ischemia. OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether a transient increase in left ventricular (LV) preload elicits cTnI release in the absence of ischemia. METHODS Propofol-anesthetized swine (N = 13) received intravenous phenylephrine (PE) (300 μg/min) for 1 h to increase left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) to ∼30 mm Hg. Serial cTnI and echocardiographic function were assessed for 24 h, and myocardial tissue was analyzed for apoptosis and necrosis. RESULTS PE infusion increased systolic blood pressure from 137 ± 14 mm Hg to 192 ± 11 mm Hg (mean ± SD; p < 0.001) and increased LVEDP from 17 ± 2 mm Hg to 30 ± 5 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Myocardial flow measurements demonstrated no evidence of ischemia. Hemodynamics normalized rapidly after PE, but LV ejection fraction remained depressed (32 ± 21% vs. 58 ± 7%; p < 0.01) with normalization after 24 h (51 ± 16%; p = 0.31). Baseline transcoronary cTnI release was low (16 ± 20 ng/l) but increased to 856 ± 956 ng/l (p = 0.01) 1 h after LVEDP elevation. Circulating cTnI rose above the 99th percentile within 30 min and remained elevated at 24 h (1,462 ± 1,691 ng/l). Pathological analysis demonstrated myocyte apoptosis at 3 h (31.3 ± 11.9 myocytes/cm2 vs. 4.6 ± 3.7 myocytes/cm2; p < 0.01), that normalized after 24 h (6.2 ± 5.6 myocytes/cm2; p = 0.46) without histological necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Transient elevations of LVEDP lead to cTnI release, apoptosis, and reversible stretch-induced stunning in the absence of ischemia. Thus, preload-induced myocyte injury may explain many cTnI elevations seen in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms of myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Weil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Clinical and Translational Research Center of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Gen Suzuki
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rebeccah F Young
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Vijay Iyer
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John M Canty
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Clinical and Translational Research Center of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; VA WNY Health Care System, Buffalo, New York
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25
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Interaction between Cardiac Functional Indices during Incremental Exercise Test Reveals the Peculiarities of Adaptation to Exercising. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070314. [PMID: 31248012 PMCID: PMC6680946 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Physical load causes structural changes in the heart that vary depending on the type of training and may affect the function of the heart. Aim of the study: To determine, using the applied co-integration method on algebraic data, the impact of sprinting and of endurance adaptation on the dynamic interactions of cardiovascular functional indices while participants were performing under an increasing workload, up to their inability to continue. Materials and Methods: Healthy athletes were chosen to take part in this study and were separated into two groups: Sprinters (n = 11) and endurance athletes (n = 13). The bicycle ergometric method of incremental increase in a provocative workload (graded stress) was used. The heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output were determined using the tetrapolar rheography method. Results: Individuals who are adapted to endurance while carrying physical loads, in contrast to well adapted sprinters, are characterized with a lower rate of changing the pace of interactions between stroke volume and cardiac output while performing at an increasing workload up to their inability to continue. Also, endurance athletes displayed a long and relatively stable phase as well as a greater decrease of interaction between indices at the end of the workload. At the beginning of the exercise, the interaction between the stroke volume and the cardiac output was reduced. However, as the physical load continued, this interaction became significantly stronger. The comparison of the stroke volume and the cardiac output's dynamic interaction revealed that the endurance group had a greater working capacity. Conclusions: Typical dynamics of interactions during the testing with an increasing physical load can be differentiated into separate phases: The decrease of interaction at the onset of the load, the increase during the continuation of an increased workload, and the decrease at the last stages of the load.
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26
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Kleiven Ø, Omland T, Skadberg Ø, Melberg TH, Bjørkavoll-Bergseth MF, Auestad B, Bergseth R, Greve OJ, Aakre KM, Ørn S. Occult obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with prolonged cardiac troponin elevation following strenuous exercise. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1212-1221. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487319852808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sudden cardiac death among middle-aged recreational athletes is predominantly due to myocardial ischaemia. This study examined whether measuring cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT) after strenuous exercise could identify occult obstructive coronary artery disease. Design Prospective observational study. Methods Subjects were recruited from 1002 asymptomatic recreational cyclists completing a 91-km mountain bike race (North Sea Race Endurance Exercise Study). No subject had known cardiovascular disease or took cardiovascular medication. Blood samples were collected within 24 h before and 3 h and 24 h after the race. Coronary computed tomography angiography was performed in 80 participants with the highest post-exercise cTnI and in 40 reference subjects with moderately elevated cTnI values. Results Study subjects ( N = 120) were 45 (36–52) years old and 74% were male. There were similar demographics in the High-cTnI group and the Reference group. The cTn concentrations were highest at 3 h post-race: cTnI, 224 (125–304) ng/L; cTnT, 89 (55–124) ng/L. Nine subjects had obstructive coronary artery disease on coronary computed tomography angiography, eight of whom were High-cTnI responders. Two subjects had myocardial bridging, both High-cTnI responders. Troponin concentrations at 24 h post-race were higher in subjects with obstructive coronary artery disease than in the rest of the cohort ( n = 109): cTnI, 151 (72–233) ng/L vs. 24 (19–82) ng/L, p = 0.005; cTnT, 39 (25–55) ng/L vs. 20 (14–31) ng/L, p = 0.002. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting obstructive coronary artery disease were 0.79, p = 0.005 (cTnI) and 0.82, p = 0.002 (cTnT). Conclusion In subjects with occult obstructive coronary artery disease there was a prolonged elevation of cTn following strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyunn Kleiven
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Skadberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Tor H Melberg
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn Auestad
- Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Ole J Greve
- Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kristin M Aakre
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Ørn
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Norway
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Acute Responses of Novel Cardiac Biomarkers to a 24-h Ultra-Marathon. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8010057. [PMID: 30625976 PMCID: PMC6351937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effect of an ultra-endurance performance on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT), creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular function. Cardiac biomarkers were evaluated in 14 male ultra-marathoners (age 40 ± 12 years) during a 24 h ultra-marathon at five points (i.e., Pre-race; Marathon, 12-h run, 24-h run, and 48-h post-race). All subjects underwent baseline echocardiography assessment at least 10 days prior to the ultra-marathon and 48 h post-race. The average distance covered during the race was 149.4 ± 33.0 km. Running the ultra-marathon led to a progressive increase in hsCRP and H-FABP concentrations (p < 0.001). CK-MB and cTnT levels were higher after a 24-h run compared to pre-race (p < 0.05). Diastolic function was altered post-race characterized by a reduction in peak early to late diastolic filling (p < 0.01). Running an ultra-marathon significantly stimulates specific cardiac biomarkers; however, the dynamic of secretion of biomarkers linked to myocardium ischemia were differentially regulated during the ultra-marathon race. It is suggested that both exercise duration and intensity play a crucial role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and cause risk of cardiac stress in ultra-marathoners.
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Wołyniec W, Ratkowski W, Kasprowicz K, Jastrzębski Z, Małgorzewicz S, Witek K, Grzywacz T, Żmijewski P, Renke M. Glomerular Filtration Rate Is Unchanged by Ultramarathon. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3207-3215. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Ni L, Wehrens XHT. Cardiac troponin I-more than a biomarker for myocardial ischemia? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S17. [PMID: 30613592 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Medical College Wuhan 430000, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430000, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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The "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis": Recent Findings and Cardiovascular Health Implications. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2018; 20:84. [PMID: 30155804 PMCID: PMC6132728 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-018-0674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis" is characterized by a U-shaped or reverse J-shaped, dose-response curve between physical activity volumes and cardiovascular health outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that may support or refute the "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis." Furthermore, we discuss potential cardiovascular health implications of the cardiac anatomical, structural, contractility, and biomarker abnormalities that have been reported in some veteran endurance athletes. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence from epidemiological studies and observations in cohorts of endurance athletes suggest that potentially adverse cardiovascular manifestations may occur following high-volume and/or high-intensity long-term exercise training, which may attenuate the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle. Accelerated coronary artery calcification, exercise-induced cardiac biomarker release, myocardial fibrosis, atrial fibrillation, and even higher risk of sudden cardiac death have been reported in athletes. There is primarily circumstantial evidence that supports the "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis." Subclinical and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as structural cardiovascular abnormalities and arrhythmias are present in some of the most active veteran endurance athletes and need appropriate clinical follow-up to reduce the risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Future studies are warranted to establish the long-term cardiovascular health effects of these findings in veteran endurance athletes.
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Abstract
The cardiovascular benefits of regular exercise are well established. A mortality benefit has clearly been demonstrated for those that participate in light and moderate exercise. Less is known regarding the long-term effects of vigorous regular running over an extended period. In recent years, myocardial fibrosis, arrhythmias, and coronary artery calcium have been demonstrated in high-intensity exercisers. However, the prognostic implication of these findings remains unknown, and thus, there is insufficient evidence, and potentially not a need, to recommend a maximal running dose or limit for healthy individuals who already train intensively. For those otherwise healthy individuals who wish to run for cardiovascular health benefits, following the standard guidelines of 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 min of vigorous exercise weekly is recommended. Prevention and screening remain as key to lowering morbidity and mortality in all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W McMullen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark A Harrast
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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32
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Sengupta SP, Mahure C, Mungulmare K, Grewal HK, Bansal M. Myocardial fatigue in recreational marathon runners: A speckle-tracking echocardiography study. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S229-S234. [PMID: 30595264 PMCID: PMC6309569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged aerobic exercise such as marathon running produces supraphysiological hemodynamic stress that can potentially affect the athlete's cardiac homeostasis. While cardiac structural and functional adaptations in professional athletes are well characterized, only a limited information is available for recreational runners undergoing this supraphysiological stress. Methods Premarathon and post-marathon echocardiography was performed in 50 recreational marathon runners [age 40.8 ± 7.5 years, 44 (88%) males; running distance 42.195 km]. All the runners received 4-month training for the marathon. The baseline echocardiogram and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were obtained before training, whereas the post-marathon study was performed within 10 days (7.27 ± 0.92 days) of completion of marathon. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography was used for characterizing the changes in myocardial mechanics. Results There was a significant reduction in heart rate post-marathon, whereas the levels of NT-proBNP increased significantly (86.0 ± 9.5 pg/ml vs 106.5 ± 24.2 pg/ml, p = 0.001). The left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (61.8 ± 16.5 ml vs 72.8 ± 5.1 ml, p < 0.001), LV mass (120.2 ± 30.0 gm vs 160.3 ± 43.0 gm, p < 0.001), and LV ejection fraction (64.9 ± 5.6% vs 72.0 ± 5.7%, p < 0.001) also increased significantly. However, there was a significant attenuation in LV global longitudinal (−19.3 ± 2.71% vs −16.5 ± 4.6%, p = 0.003) and circumferential strain (−17.2 ± 2.41% vs −15.2 ± 2.6%, p = 0.001) post-marathon. The LV global radial strain showed a nonsignificant reduction. Conclusion Recreational marathon runners have reduced longitudinal and circumferential shortening of the left ventricle with elevation of NT-proBNP. However, the LV ejection performance remains maintained because of an increase in the LV end-diastolic volume and mass. These changes suggest the possibility of “myocardial fatigue” occurring in response to supraphysiological hemodynamic stress of marathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chetan Mahure
- Sengupta Hospital and Research Institute, Ravinagar, Nagpur, India
| | - Kunda Mungulmare
- Sengupta Hospital and Research Institute, Ravinagar, Nagpur, India
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Antero-Jacquemin J, Pohar-Perme M, Rey G, Toussaint JF, Latouche A. The heart of the matter: years-saved from cardiovascular and cancer deaths in an elite athlete cohort with over a century of follow-up. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 33:531-543. [PMID: 29730745 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-018-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To quantify the years of life saved from cardiovascular (CVD), cancer and overall deaths among elite athletes according to their main type of physiological effort performed in the Olympic Games. All French athletes participating in the Games from 1912 to 2012, with vital status validated and cause of death (if concerned) identified by the national registries were included (n = 2814, 455 died) and classified according to 6 groups of effort: POWER (continuous effort < 45 s); INTERMEDIATE (45 s ≤ continuous effort < 600 s); ENDURANCE (continuous effort ≥ 600 s); POLYVALENT (participating in different events entering different classifications), INTERMITTENT (intermittent effort, i.e. team sports); PRECISION (targeting events). The theoretical years-lost method was adapted to calculate gains in longevity (years-saved) according to specific-risks under the competing risks model and was implemented in R software. Considering overall-deaths, all groups significantly saved, on average, 6.5 years of life (95% CI 5.8-7.2) compared to the general population. This longevity advantage is mainly driven by a lower risk of cancer which, isolated, contributed to significantly save 2.3 years of life (95% CI 1.2-1.9) on average in each group. The risk of CVD-related mortality in the ENDURANCE and PRECISION groups is not significantly different from the general population. The other groups significantly saved, on average, 1.6 years of life (95% CI 1.2-1.9) from CVD death. The longevity benefits in elite athletes are associated with the type of effort performed during their career, mainly due to differences on the CVD-risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Antero-Jacquemin
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Maja Pohar-Perme
- Institute of Biostastistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grégoire Rey
- Inserm CépiDc, Epidemiology Centre on Medical Causes of Death, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, 1 Parvis Notre Dame, 75184, Paris Cedex 04, France
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Vora A, Burkule N, Contractor A, Bhargava K. Prevention of sudden cardiac death in athletes, sportspersons and marathoners in India. Indian Heart J 2017; 70:137-145. [PMID: 29455769 PMCID: PMC5903013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is significantly lower than the general population. However, when SCD occurs in an athlete during sporting event or training, it sends shockwaves in the society and raises questions about cardiovascular effects of sports and exercise. This document reviews the causes and mechanism of SCD in sports and exercise in young and older athletes. In the Indian context, we suggest a ‘pre-participation screening’ of young and older athletes and consider a ‘supervised, graded exercise regime’ for the uninitiated, older sports participant. Finally, the document proposes medical infrastructure required to successfully revive a victim of sudden cardiac arrest during a sporting event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vora
- Arrhythmia Associates, Mumbai, India.
| | | | - Ashish Contractor
- Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Radonić V, Kozmar D, Počanić D, Jerkić H, Bohaček I, Letilović T. Mortality and causes of death among Croatian male Olympic medalists. Croat Med J 2017; 58:263-269. [PMID: 28857519 PMCID: PMC5577651 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the overall and disease-specific mortality of Croatian male athletes who won one or more Olympic medals representing Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988 or Croatia from 1992 to 2016, and the general Croatian male population standardized by age and time period. Methods All 233 Croatian male Olympic medalists were included in the study. Information on life duration and cause of death for the Olympic medalists who died before January 1, 2017, was acquired from their families and acquaintances. We asked the families and acquaintances to present medical documentation for the deceased. Data about the overall and disease-specific mortality of the Croatian male population standardized by age and time period were obtained from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Overall and disease-specific standard mortality ratios (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the mortality rates of athletes and general population. Results Among 233 Olympic medalists, 57 died before the study endpoint. The main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (33.3%), neoplasms (26.3%), and external causes (17.6%). The overall mortality of the Olympic medalists was significantly lower than that of general population (SMR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.94, P = 0.013). Regarding specific causes of death, athletes’ mortality from cardiovascular diseases was significantly reduced (SMR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38-0.93, P = 0.021). Conclusions Croatian male Olympic medalists benefit from lower overall and cardiovascular mortality rates in comparison to the general Croatian male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Radonić
- Vedran Radonić, Institute for Emergency Medicine Sisak and Moslavina County, Ulica 1. svibnja 20, 44000 Sisak, Croatia,
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Pressler A, Suchy C, Friedrichs T, Dallinger S, Grabs V, Haller B, Halle M, Scherr J. Running multiple marathons is not a risk factor for premature subclinical vascular impairment. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1328-1335. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487317713326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Pressler
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Christiane Suchy
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Tasja Friedrichs
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Sophia Dallinger
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Viola Grabs
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
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Acute exhaustive aerobic exercise training impair cardiomyocyte function and calcium handling in Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173449. [PMID: 28273177 PMCID: PMC5342256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent data from long-distance endurance participants suggest that cardiac function is impaired after completion. Existing data further indicate that right ventricular function is more affected than left ventricular function. The cellular mechanisms underpinning cardiac deterioration are limited and therefore the aim of this study was to examine cardiomyocyte and molecular responses of the right and left ventricle to an acute bout of exhaustive endurance exercise. Materials and methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sedentary controls or acute exhaustive endurance exercise consisting of a 120 minutes long forced treadmill run. The contractile function and Ca2+ handling properties in isolated cardiomyocytes, protein expression levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban including two of its phosphorylated states (serine 16 and threonine 17), and the mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers were analyzed. Results The exercise group showed a significant reduction in cardiomyocyte fractional shortening (right ventricle 1 Hz and 3 Hz p<0.001; left ventricle 1 Hz p<0.05), intracellular Ca2+ amplitude (right ventricle 1 and 3 Hz p<0.001; left ventricle 1 Hz p<0.01 and 3 Hz p<0.05) and rate of diastolic Ca2+ decay (right ventricle 1 Hz p<0.001 and 3 Hz p<0.01; left ventricle 1 and 3 Hz p<0.01). Cardiomyocyte relaxation during diastole was only significantly prolonged at 3 Hz in the right ventricle (p<0.05) compared to sedentary controls. We found an increase in phosphorylation of phospholamban at serine 16 and threonine 17 in the left (p<0.05), but not the right, ventricle from exhaustively exercised animals. The protein expression levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban was not changed. Furthermore, we found a reduction in maximal oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport system capacities of mitochondrial respiration in the right (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), but not the left ventricle from rats subjected to acute exhaustive treadmill exercise. Conclusion Acute exhaustive treadmill exercise is associated with impairment of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial respiration that causes depression in both contraction and diastolic relaxation of cardiomyocytes.
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Tatari S, Mukhtar R, Alawieh H, Mourad AR, Araji A, El-Sayed A, Sweid A, Daher L, Hamdan OB, Bahous S, Kabbani S. The Prevalence of High Blood Pressure among Marathon Runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2017.73022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Knechtle B, Aschmann A, Onywera V, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Performance and age of African and non-African runners in World Marathon Majors races 2000-2014. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1012-1024. [PMID: 27434869 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1209302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The age for the fastest marathoners is well investigated, but not the age and nationality of the fastest. We investigated the age of peak marathon performance for the annual top 100 women and men competing in four races of the "World Marathon Majors" (Boston, Berlin, Chicago and New York) and the "Stockholm Marathon" between 2000 and 2014 using mixed-effects regression analyses and one-way ANOVA. Race times of Ethiopian men decreased to 2:14 h:min, but remained unchanged for Kenyan (2:14 h:min), Moroccan (2:15 h:min) and South African (2:18 h:min) men. Race times in Ethiopian (2:34 h:min), Kenyan (2:29 h:min) and South African (2:49 h:min) women showed no changes. Age increased in Ethiopian and South African men to 29.0 ± 5.0 and 32.0 ± 1.0 years, respectively. Age for Kenyan (29.9 ± 2.0 years) and Moroccan (34.9 ± 3.9 years) men remained unchanged. Age remained unchanged for Ethiopian (26.5 ± 2.0 years), Kenyan (30.0 ± 0.8 years) and South African (36.3 ± 7.0 years) women. In summary, Ethiopian men improved marathon race times, but not Ethiopian women. Age increased in Ethiopian men, but not in Ethiopian women. For practical applications, female and male marathoners from Ethiopia were the youngest and the fastest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- a Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland.,b Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - André Aschmann
- b Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Vincent Onywera
- c Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- d Department of Physical and Cultural Education , Hellenic Army Academy , Athens , Greece
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- b Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Navas de Solis C. Exercising arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in horses: Review of the literature and comparative aspects. Equine Vet J 2016; 48:406-13. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Navas de Solis
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Science (Vetsuisse); University of Bern and Agroscope; Bern Switzerland
- Texas Veterinary Medical Center; Texas A&M University; College Station USA
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Manolis AS, Manolis AA. Exercise and Arrhythmias: A Double-Edged Sword. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2016; 39:748-62. [PMID: 27120033 DOI: 10.1111/pace.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that moderate regular exercise is beneficial for both normal individuals and patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease. However, intense and strenuous exercise in individuals with evident or occult underlying CV abnormalities may have adverse effects with provocation and exacerbation of arrhythmias that may lead to life-threatening situations. Both of these aspects of exercise-induced effects are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis S Manolis
- Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis A Manolis
- Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Kim Y, Ahn JK, Shin K, Kim C, Lee Y, Park K. Correlation of Cardiac Markers and Biomarkers With Blood Pressure of Middle-Aged Marathon Runners. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17:868-73. [PMID: 26073606 PMCID: PMC8031621 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Runners with exercise-induced high blood pressure have recently been reported to exhibit higher levels of cardiac markers, vasoconstrictors, and inflammation. The authors attempted to identify correlations between exercise-related personal characteristics and the levels of biochemical/cardiac markers in marathon runners in this study. Forty healthy runners were enrolled. Blood samples were taken both before and after finishing a full marathon. The change in each cardiac/biochemical marker over the course of the marathon was determined. All markers were significantly (P<.001) increased immediately after the marathon (creatine kinase-MB [CK-MB]: 7.9 ± 2.7 ng/mL, cardiac troponin I (cTnI): 0.06 ± 0.10 ng/mL, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP): 95.7 ± 76.4, endothelin-1: 2.7 ± 1.16, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]: 0.1 ± 0.09, creatine kinase [CK]: 315.7 ± 94.0, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]: 552.8 ± 130.3) compared with their premarathon values (CK-MB: 4.3 ± 1.3, cTnI: 0.01 ± 0.003, NT-proBNP: 27.6 ± 31.1, endothelin-1: 1.11 ± 0.5, hs-CRP: 0.06 ± 0.07, CK: 149.2 ± 66.0, LDH: 399 ± 75.1). In middle-aged marathon runners, factors related to increased blood pressure were correlated with marathon-induced increases in cTnI, NT-proBNP, endothelin-1, and hs-CRP. These correlations were observed independent of running history, records of finishing, and peak oxygen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Joo Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineSanggye‐Paik HospitalInje University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Ki Ahn
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineSanggye‐Paik HospitalInje University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyung‐A Shin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory ScienceShinsung UniversityChungnamKorea
| | - Chul‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports MedicineSoonchunhyang UniversityChungnamKorea
| | - Yoon‐Hee Lee
- Department of Exercise PhysiologyKorea National Sport UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kyoung‐Min Park
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
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Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms. Am J Med 2015; 128:1070-5. [PMID: 25910792 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral edema due to exercise-associated hyponatremia and cardiac arrest due to atherosclerotic heart disease cause rare marathon-related fatalities in young female and middle-aged male runners, respectively. Studies in asymptomatic middle-aged male physician-runners during races identified inflammation due to skeletal muscle injury after glycogen depletion as the shared underlying cause. Nonosmotic secretion of arginine vasopressin as a neuroendocrine stress response to rhabdomyolysis mediates hyponatremia as a variant of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Fatal hyponatremic encephalopathy in young female runners was curtailed using emergent infusion of intravenous hypertonic (3%) saline to reverse cerebral edema on the basis of this paradigm. This treatment was arrived at through a consensus process within the medical community. An increasing frequency of cardiac arrest and sudden death has been identified in middle-aged male runners in 2 studies since the year 2000. Same-aged asymptomatic male physician-runners showed post-race elevations in interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, biomarkers that predict acute cardiac events in healthy persons. Hypercoagulability with in vivo platelet activation and release of cardiac troponin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were also observed post-race in these same subjects. High short-term risk for atherothrombosis during races as shown by stratification of biomarkers in asymptomatic men may render nonobstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture. Pre-race aspirin use in this high-risk subgroup is prudent according to conclusive evidence for preventing first acute myocardial infarctions in same-aged healthy male physicians. On the basis of validated clinical paradigms, taking a low-dose aspirin before a marathon and drinking to thirst during the race may avert preventable deaths in susceptible runners.
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Ahmadyar B, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Participation and performance trends in elderly marathoners in four of the world's largest marathons during 2004-2011. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:465. [PMID: 26339566 PMCID: PMC4552708 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Performance and age of elite marathoners is well known. Participation and performance trends of elderly marathoners (75 years and older) are not well investigated. This study investigated participation and performance trends in elderly marathoners older than 75 years competing during 2004-2011 in four races (Berlin, New York, Chicago and Boston) of the 'World Marathon Majors' using mixed-effects regression models. Participation for women and men remained unchanged at 17 and 114, respectively, during the investigated period. For all finishers, marathon race times showed a significant and positive trend for gender, calendar year and age. For the annual fastest, calendar year and age showed a significant and positive trend. For the annual three fastest, gender, calendar year and age showed a significant and positive trend. The gender difference for the annual fastest and the annual three fastest showed no change across years. For the annual fastest and the annual three fastest, race times were fastest in the youngest age group (75-79 years) and slowest in the oldest age group (85-89 and 80-84 years, respectively). The gender difference in marathon race times remained unchanged across years at 19.7 ± 11.2, 28.1 ± 23.8 and 41.9 ± 22.6 % for the annual fastest in age groups 75-79, 80-84 and 85-89 years, respectively. For the annual three fastest men and women in age groups 75-79 and 80-84 years, the values were 23.7 ± 3.2 and 30.0 ± 13.2 %, respectively. In summary, for marathoners older than 75 years participating during 2004-2011 in four of the largest marathons in the world, participation for female and male runners remained unchanged, the fastest women and men became slower across years and the gender difference in performance remained unchanged. These findings might be the results of the relatively short period of time of 8 years. Future studies might investigate the performance trends in a large city marathon across a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baschir Ahmadyar
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Bohm P, Scharhag J, Meyer T. Data from a nationwide registry on sports-related sudden cardiac deaths in Germany. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015; 23:649-56. [PMID: 26130495 PMCID: PMC4776219 DOI: 10.1177/2047487315594087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Prospective national registries examining the incidence and aetiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death (SrSCD) not only in competitive athletes but also in recreational sports participants are uncommon. In May 2012, a prospective registry on SrSCD was installed to examine the incidence and particularly the aetiology of such events in the general population in Germany. Methods The registry consists of a web-based platform to record SrSCD cases. Media-monitoring and cooperation with 15 institutes of forensic medicine complemented the search. SrSCD was defined as death occurring during sports activity or up to 1 hour after its cessation, regardless of successful resuscitation. We included subjects at all levels of competition as well as recreational athletes. Results After 30 months of observation, 144 SrSCDs were recorded (mean age 46.8 ± 16.2 years). The overall incidence was 1.2–1.5/million/year, with 97% being male. Most of the cases occurred in the context of non-elite competitive or recreational sports. Football and running were the most common disciplines. In subjects ≤35 years, myocarditis prevailed, whereas in athletes ≥35 years, CAD predominated by far. Few cardiomyopathies were observed. Conclusions In Germany, the largest proportion of SrSCDs occurs in middle-aged men during recreational sports or non-elite competitive sports. The distribution of cardiac diseases responsible for SrSCD seems to vary among European countries. Our findings may indicate the need for a larger focus on myocarditis prevention in the young as well as widening the screening scope to younger athletes below the ‘elite’ level and to senior athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bohm
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scharhag
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Germany
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Abstract
The rigorous cardiovascular (CV) demands of sport, combined with training-related cardiac adaptations, render the athlete a truly unique CV patient and sports cardiology a truly unique discipline. Cardiologists are advised to adopt a systematic approach to the CV evaluation of athletes, taking into consideration the individual sports culture, sports-specific CV demands, CV adaptations and their appearance on cardiac testing, any existing or potential interaction of the heart with the internal and external sports environment, short- and long-term CV risks, and potential effect of performance-enhancing agents and antidoping regulations. This article outlines the systematic approach, provides a detailed example, and outlines contemporary sports cardiology core competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Lawless
- Sports Cardiology Consultants LLC, 360 West Illinois Street, #7D, Chicago, IL 60654, USA; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA.
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Antero-Jacquemin J, Rey G, Marc A, Dor F, Haïda A, Marck A, Berthelot G, Calmat A, Latouche A, Toussaint JF. Mortality in female and male French Olympians: a 1948-2013 cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:1505-12. [PMID: 25813868 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515574691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas intense physical activity has been associated with deleterious effects on elite athletes' health, in particular due to cardiovascular anomalies, long-term follow-ups have suggested lower mortality rates among elite athletes. Causes of death for French Olympic athletes and female elite athletes have not been studied. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to measure overall and disease-specific mortality of French female and male Olympians compared with the French general population. We hypothesize that Olympians, both women and men, have lower mortality rates. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS French elite athletes (601 women and 1802 men) participating in summer or winter Olympic Games from 1948 to 2010 had their vital status verified by national sources and were followed until 2013. Causes of death were obtained via the National Death registry from 1968 to 2012. Overall and disease-specific mortalities of Olympians were compared with those of the French general population through standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs. Olympians' observed and expected survivals were illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS At the endpoint of the study, 13 women and 222 men had died. Overall mortality in Olympians compared with that of their compatriots was 51% lower (SMR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.85) among women and 49% lower (SMR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.59) among men. Olympic athletes' survival is significantly superior to that of the French general population (women, P = .03; men, P < .001). According to the total deaths occurring from 1968 to 2012 (12 among women, 202 among men), female Olympians died from neoplasm (50.0%), external causes (33.3%), and cardiovascular diseases (16.6%). The main causes of death among men were related to neoplasms (36.1%), cardiovascular diseases (24.3%), and external causes (14.4%). Regarding the main causes of mortality among male Olympic athletes, the SMRs were as follows: 0.55 for neoplasms (95% CI, 0.43-0.69), 0.55 for cardiovascular diseases (95% CI, 0.41-0.73), and 0.66 for external causes (95% CI, 0.44-0.94). CONCLUSION French Olympians live longer than their compatriots: A lower overall mortality of similar magnitude is observed among male and female athletes compared with the general population. The main causes of death in French Olympians are neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Antero-Jacquemin
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Rey
- INSERM, Centre for Epidemiology on Medical Causes of Death (CépiDc), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dor
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Amal Haïda
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Berthelot
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Calmat
- Comité National Olympique Sportif Français (CNOSF), Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Centre d'investigations en médécine du sport (CIMS), Paris, France
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Advay G Bhatt
- From Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Szauder I, Kovács A, Pavlik G. Comparison of left ventricular mechanics in runners versus bodybuilders using speckle tracking echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015; 13:7. [PMID: 25890373 PMCID: PMC4340118 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-015-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Athlete’s heart is a common definition for a broad spectrum of adaptations induced by intense exercise. We intended to compare left ventricular (LV) mechanics in two sports disciplines with different exercise nature: marathon runners (endurance) and bodybuilders (power). Methods 24 marathon or ultramarathon runners (R), 14 bodybuilders (B) and 15 healthy, sedentary male volunteers (N) were investigated. Beyond standard echocardiographic protocol, parasternal short-axis and apical recordings optimized for speckle tracking analysis were acquired (Esaote MyLab 25). Using dedicated software (TomTec 2D Performance Analysis), global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS) and radial strain (GRS) were calculated by averaging the corresponding 16 LV segments. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results Calculated LV mass was higher in bodybuilders compared to normal controls (R vs. B vs. N: 198 ± 52 vs. 224 ± 69 vs. 186 ± 30 g, p < 0.05). We found no difference regarding conventional systolic function parameters among the groups (ejection fraction: 55 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 6 vs. 59 ± 5%; mitral lateral S’ velocity: 10.7 ± 0.6 vs. 10.6 ± 0.4 vs. 11.0 ± 0.8 cm/s). However, speckle tracking analysis showed a different pattern of myocardial deformation in our groups: while GRS was similar, GLS was decreased in runners, GCS was decreased in bodybuilders compared to the other two groups (GLS: -19.4 ± 3.4 vs. -23.3 ± 2.1 vs. -24.1 ± 3.0; GCS: -26.6 ± 3.8 vs. -22.4 ± 4.3 vs. -26.4 ± 2.7%, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found in runners between GLS and end-diastolic volume (r = 0.46; p < 0.05), and body surface area (r = 0.49; p < 0.05). In bodybuilders, GCS was closely related to LV mass (r = 0.61; p < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.42; p < 0.05). Conclusions While conventional morphological and functional echocardiographic parameters failed to distinguish between the athlete’s heart of the two different sport disciplines, deformation parameters showed a different pattern of LV mechanics in runners versus bodybuilders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12947-015-0002-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipoly Szauder
- Cardiologic Diagnostic Centre, Szabó Ilonka Str. 31, H-1015, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Kovács
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Pavlik
- University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.
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Möhlenkamp S, Halle M. Myocardial adaptation in response to marathon training: do short-term benefits translate into long-term prognosis? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:e003030. [PMID: 25673648 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.115.003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Möhlenkamp
- From the Clinic of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Bethanien Hospital Moers, Moers, Germany (S.M.); Center of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.H.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.).
| | - Martin Halle
- From the Clinic of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Bethanien Hospital Moers, Moers, Germany (S.M.); Center of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.H.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.)
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