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Li J. Can inequity be transmitted? Big data show the influence of physical activity inequity on socioeconomic inequity. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:e836-e837. [PMID: 37500584 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cumulative health effect resulting from the disparity in physical activity engagement could be transformed into out-of-pocket health expenditure in future, which would widen the socioeconomic gap on all portions of the income spectrum. Recent study reveals the association between physical activity inequity and social inequity. However, the difficulty in accurately measuring the physical activity could deter further exploration of this issue. This correspondence use smartphone-derived big data to provide a more fine-grained depiction, which suggest that the inequity in physical activity can contribute to the social inequity several years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Wang H, King B, Yang R. The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceived Physical Literacy for Chinese Elderly Questionnaire. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2023; 63:1478-1487. [PMID: 36477868 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Physical literacy refers to a holistic view of physical activity (PA), which proposes that a person needs to be motivationally, physically, strategically, mentally, socially, and knowledgeably prepared to be and stay physically active. It has been recently introduced in the field of older adults' PA. Our study sought to develop the Perceived Physical Literacy for Chinese Elderly Questionnaire (PPLCEQ) and evaluate its psychometric properties. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted qualitative interviews and literature reviews to develop the item pool. Expert panel review and cognitive interviewing were used to evaluate the questionnaire's content validity. A convenience sample of 388 Chinese older adults was recruited to assess the questionnaire's validity and reliability. RESULTS The developed PPLCEQ includes 47 items. Consistent with the conceptual definition of physical literacy, exploratory factor analysis showed that the PPLCEQ is composed of 6 subscales. Participants' PPLCEQ scores were moderately correlated to their leisure-time PA (r = 0.38, p < .001), PA maintenance (r = 0.44, ps < .001), and perceived competence for exercising regularly scores (r = 0.58, p < .001). Moreover, the Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire were 0.88 and 0.70, respectively. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Psychometric assessment results suggest that the PPLCEQ is a reliable and valid tool that can be used in future studies investigating Chinese older adults' perceived physical literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocen Wang
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Barbara King
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rumei Yang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Duijvestijn M, de Wit GA, van Gils PF, Wendel-Vos GCW. Impact of physical activity on healthcare costs: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:572. [PMID: 37268930 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aims to describe the relation between physical inactivity and healthcare costs, by taking into account healthcare costs of physical-inactivity-related diseases (common practice), including physical-activity-related injuries (new) and costs in life-years gained due to avoiding diseases (new), whenever available. Moreover, the association between physical inactivity and healthcare costs may both be negatively and positively impacted by increased physical activity. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, including records reporting on physical (in)activity in relation to healthcare costs for a general population. Studies were required to report sufficient information to calculate the percentage of total healthcare costs potentially attributable to physical inactivity. RESULTS Of the 264 records identified, 25 were included in this review. Included studies showed substantial variation in the assessment methods of physical activity and in type of costs included. Overall, studies showed that physical inactivity is related to higher healthcare costs. Only one study included costs of healthcare resources used in prolonged life when physical-inactivity-related diseases were averted, showing net higher healthcare costs. No study included healthcare costs for physical-activity-related injuries. CONCLUSIONS Physical inactivity is associated with higher healthcare costs in the general population in the short-term. However, in the long-term aversion of diseases related with physical inactivity may increase longevity and, as a consequence, healthcare costs in life-years gained. Future studies should use a broad definition of costs, including costs in life-years gained and costs related to physical-activity-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Duijvestijn
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - G Ardine de Wit
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F van Gils
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - G C Wanda Wendel-Vos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Almalki ZS, Alahmari AK, Alqahtani N, Alzarea AI, Alshehri AM, Alruwaybiah AM, Alanazi BA, Alqahtani AM, Ahmed NJ. Households' Direct Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9736. [PMID: 35955092 PMCID: PMC9368111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Households' economic burden associated with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a deterrent to healthcare access, adversely impacting patients' health. Therefore, we investigated the extent of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending among individuals diagnosed with chronic NCDs among household members in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among households in Riyadh Province from the beginning of January 2021 to the end of June 2021. The respondents were asked to record OOP spending throughout the past three months in their health. A generalized linear regression model was used to determine the effects of several factors on the level of OOP spending. A total of 39.6% of the households studied had at least one member with a chronic NCD. Diabetes patients spent an average of SAR 932 (USD 248), hypertension patients SAR 606 (USD 162), and hypothyroid patients SAR 402 (USD 107). It was shown that households with older and more educated members had greater OOP spending. Households with an employed head of household, more family members, higher SES status, health insurance coverage, and urban residency had significantly higher OOP expenditure. The burden of OOP spending for chronic NCD households remains high, with some disparities. The research offers important information for decision making to lower OOP cost among NCD households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad S. Almalki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K. Alahmari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Alqahtani
- Drug & Pharmaceutical Affairs, Riyadh First Health Cluster (C1) at Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M. Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Alruwaybiah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader A. Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi M. Alqahtani
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Clinical Research Department, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad J. Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
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Asif I, Thornton JS, Carek S, Miles C, Nayak M, Novak M, Stovak M, Zaremski JL, Drezner J. Exercise medicine and physical activity promotion: core curricula for US medical schools, residencies and sports medicine fellowships: developed by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine and endorsed by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:369-375. [PMID: 35012931 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity provides a variety of health benefits and is proven to treat and prevent several non-communicable diseases. Specifically, physical activity enhances muscular and osseous strength, improves cardiorespiratory fitness, and reduces the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, mental health disorders, cognitive decline and several cancers. Despite these well-known benefits, physical activity promotion in clinical practice is underused due to insufficient training during medical education. Medical trainees in the USA receive relatively few hours of instruction in sports and exercise medicine (SEM). One reason for this shortage of instruction is a lack of curricular resources at each level of medical education. To address this need, the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) assembled a group of SEM experts to develop curricular guidance for exercise medicine and physical activity promotion at the medical school, residency and sports medicine fellowship levels of training. After an evidence review of existing curricular examples, we performed a modified Delphi process to create curricula for medical students, residents and sports medicine fellows. Three training level-specific curricula emerged, each containing Domains, General Learning Areas, and Specific Learning Areas; options for additional training and suggestions for assessment and evaluation were also provided. Review and comment on the initial curricula were conducted by three groups: a second set of experts in exercise medicine and physical activity promotion, sports medicine fellowship directors representing a variety of fellowship settings and the AMSSM Board of Directors. The final curricula for each training level were prepared based on input from the review groups. We believe enhanced medical education will enable clinicians to better integrate exercise medicine and physical activity promotion in their clinical practice and result in healthier, more physically active patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Asif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jane S Thornton
- Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Carek
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville Campus, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher Miles
- Family Medicine and Sports Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa Nayak
- Orthopaedics, Henry Ford Health System, Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa Novak
- Family Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Stovak
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jason L Zaremski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan Drezner
- Center for Sports Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Zhao Y, He L, Marthias T, Ishida M, Anindya K, Desloge A, D'Souza M, Cao G, Lee JT. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure Associated with Physical Inactivity, Excessive Weight, and Obesity in China: Quantile Regression Approach. Obes Facts 2022; 15:416-427. [PMID: 35249040 PMCID: PMC9209956 DOI: 10.1159/000522433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies exploring associations of physical inactivity, obesity, and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) mainly used traditional linear regression, and little is known about the effect of both physical inactivity and obesity on OOPE across the percentile distribution. This study aims to assess the effects of physical inactivity and obesity on OOPE in China using a quantile regression approach. METHODS Study participants included 10,687 respondents aged 45 years and older from the recent wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2015. Linear regression and quantile regression models were used to examine the association of physical activity, body weight with annual OOPE. RESULTS Overall, the proportion of overweight and obesity was 33.2% and 5.8%, respectively. The proportion of individuals performing high-level, moderate-level, and low-level physical activity was 55.2%, 12.7%, and 32.1%, respectively. The effects of low-level physical activity on annual OOPE were small at the bottom quantiles but more pronounced at higher quantiles. Respondents with low-level activity had an increased annual OOPE of 26.9 USD, 150.3 USD, and 1,534.4 USD, at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, respectively, compared with those with high-level activity. The effects of overweight and obesity on OOPE were also small at the bottom quantiles but more pronounced at higher quantiles. CONCLUSION Interventions that improve the lifestyles and unhealthy behaviors among people with obesity and physical inactivity are likely to yield substantial financial gains for the individual and health systems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,
| | - Li He
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiara Marthias
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Marie Ishida
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanya Anindya
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allissa Desloge
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monique D'Souza
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaofang Cao
- College of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - John Tayu Lee
- The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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