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Christiansen SG, Kravdal Ø. Union Status and Disability Pension. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2023; 39:21. [PMID: 37401991 PMCID: PMC10319698 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A lot is known about the association between marital status and mortality, and some of these studies have included data on cohabitation. Studies on the association with health problems, rather than mortality, are often based on self-reported health outcomes, and results from these studies are mixed. As cohabitation is now widespread, more studies that include data on cohabitation are needed. We use Norwegian register data that include detailed information about union status and all cases of disability pensioning from 2005 to 2016. We employ Cox regression analysis and a within-family design in order to control for hard to measure childhood characteristics. Compared to the married, the cohabiting have a somewhat higher risk of receiving disability pension due to mental disorders, and for men also due to physical disorders. Receipt of disability pension is most common among the never married, especially for men. The association between union status and disability pensioning is stronger for mental than for physical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Glestad Christiansen
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Kravdal
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Amiri S. Smoking and alcohol use in unemployed populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:254-277. [PMID: 34747337 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1981124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Unemployment is an economic and social phenomenon that has economic, social, personal, and health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unemployment and alcohol use and smoking as a systematic review and meta-analysis. The two databases PubMed and Scopus were selected for the search and using a set of keywords, these two sources of scientific information were searched from 2004 to June 2021 and 1996 until June 2021, respectively. To meta-analyze the relationship between unemployment and smoking and alcohol use, odds ratio and confidence interval were calculated for this relationship. The meta-analysis was performed based on a random-effects. Subgroups were also performed for men and women. Heterogeneity in studies as well as publication bias were also examined. A total of 52 cross-sectional and cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. In the relationship between unemployment and alcohol use, the odds ratio was 1.25 and the confidence interval was between 1.12 and 1.41. In the relationship between unemployment and smoking, the odds ratio was 1.43 and the confidence interval was between 1.13 and 1.81. According to the results, it can be said that unemployment increases the likelihood of alcohol use and smoking. Therefore, policymakers must pay more attention to the health consequences of economic problems, especially unemployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Amiri
- Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Costa BVDL, Assunção AÁ, Santos JE, da Silva LAF, Ramos SA, Lima EDP. Binge Drinking Among Public Sector Food Service Workers in Brazil: Physical and Psychosocial Demands on Focus. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e801-e806. [PMID: 34739445 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate occupational risk factors associated with binge drinking (BD) among public sector food service workers in a Brazilian capital. METHODS All workers from the Government-backed Economy Restaurant Program (GbERP) in Belo Horizonte city were evaluated. BD was defined as consumption of five or more doses (male) or four or more doses (female) of alcoholic beverages on a single occasion within 30 days. Occupational psychosocial and physical stressors were the main exposure variables; sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables were inserted as potential confounding factors. We performed logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 214 people participated in the study and 30.7% reported BD. Psychosocial (violence and high demands) and ergonomic aspects were associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of BD among GbERP workers. Actions are necessary to reduce violence and high strain and consequently BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Vieira de Lima Costa
- Department of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Dr Costa, Dr Assunção, Santos, Silva, Dr Lima), Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Dr Ramos)
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Assunção AÁ, Lima EDP, Guimarães MDC. [Mental disorders and participation in the labor market: a multicenter national study in Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00166815. [PMID: 28380147 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00166815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to explore the relationship between labor market participation and patient characteristics in a representative sample of 2,475 adults admitted to 26 Brazilian mental health institutions (15 Centers for Psychosocial Care and 11 hospitals). Socio-demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics were obtained with structured interviews. Multinomial regression was used. Increased likelihood of temporary absence from the work market was associated with female gender, single, divorced, or widowed conjugal status, lack of stable housing, and history of first admission or treatment before the age of 18. Increased likelihood of permanent absence from the labor market was associated with older age. Temporary or permanent leave from work was directly associated with low schooling, lifetime hospitalizations, and diagnosis of severe mental disorder and inversely associated with alcohol and drug use. The occupational vulnerabilities identified in the study raise the debate on specific policies for the mental health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ávila Assunção
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Cunha NO, Giatti L, Assunção AÁ. Factors associated with alcohol abuse and dependence among public transport workers in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:881-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Increasing illness among people out of labor market - A Danish register-based study. Soc Sci Med 2016; 156:21-8. [PMID: 27017087 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of decades of very active labor market policies, 25% of Denmark's population in the working ages are still out-of-work. The aim of this study was to investigate whether that is due to consistent or even increasing prevalence of ill health. For the period of 2002-2011, we investigated if i) the prevalence of four chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and mental disorders) among those out-of-work had changed, ii) the occurrence of new cases of those diseases were higher among those who were already out-of-work, or iii) if non-health-related benefits were disproportionately given to individuals recently diagnosed with a disease compared to those without disease. The study was register-based and comprised all Danish residents aged 20-60. During the study period, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders increased among both employed and non-employed people. The increased prevalence for mental disorder was particularly high among people receiving means-tested benefits. Disease incidence was higher among people outside rather than inside the labor market, especially for mental disorders. Employed people with incident diseases had an unsurprisingly increased risk of leaving the labor market. However, a high proportion of people with incident mental disorders received low level means-tested benefits in the three years following this diagnosis, which is concerning. Men treated for mental disorders in 2006 had high excess probability of receiving a cash-benefit, OR = 4.83 (4.53-5.14) for the period 2007-2010. The estimates were similar for women.
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Nurmela K, Heikkinen V, Hokkanen R, Ylinen A, Uitti J, Mattila A, Joukamaa M, Virtanen P. Identification of alcohol abuse and transition from long-term unemployment to disability pension. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:518-24. [PMID: 25930940 DOI: 10.1177/1403494815580149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to reveal potential gaps and inconsistencies in the identification of alcohol abuse in health care and in employment services and to analyse the granting of disability pensions with respect to the alcohol abuse identification pattern. METHODS The material consisted of documentary information on 505 long-term unemployed subjects with low employability sent to the development project entitled 'Eligibility for a Disability Pension' in 2001-2006 in Finland. The dichotomous variables 'Alcohol abuse identified in employment services' and 'Alcohol abuse identified in health care' were cross-tabulated to obtain a four-class variable 'Alcohol abuse identification pattern'. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to ascertain the association of alcohol abuse identification pattern with the granting of disability pensions. RESULTS Alcohol abuse was detected by both health care and employment services in 47% of those identified as abusers (41% of examinees). Each service systems also identified cases that the other did not. When alcohol abuse was identified in health care only, the OR for a disability pension being granted was 2.8 (95% CI 1.5-5.2) compared with applicants without identified alcohol abuse. The result remained the same and statistically significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol abuse identified in health care was positively associated with the granting of a disability pension. Closer co-operation between employment services and health care could help to identify those long-term unemployed individuals with impaired work ability in need of thorough medical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Nurmela
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Non-Institutional Mental Health Services, City of Tampere, Finland
| | - Virpi Heikkinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Hokkanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aarne Ylinen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jukka Uitti
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aino Mattila
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Virtanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Institute of advanced social research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Yaogo A, Fombonne E, Lert F, Melchior M. Adolescent Repeated Alcohol Intoxication as a Predictor of Young Adulthood Alcohol Abuse: The Role of Socioeconomic Context. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:1795-804. [PMID: 26630381 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1058824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Trajectories of alcohol abuse from adolescence onwards are not well known. We examined the relationship between repeated alcohol intoxication in adolescence and later alcohol abuse, testing whether this association varies depending on individuals' socioeconomic context. METHODS Study participants (n = 674, age 22-35 years in 2009) belong to the French TEMPO cohort study; their parents also participate in an epidemiological study-the GAZEL cohort. Repeated alcohol intoxication was assessed by questionnaire in adolescence (1999) (defined by ≥3 episodes of alcohol intoxication in the preceding 12 months). In young adulthood (2009), alcohol abuse was assessed by the WHO AUDIT questionnaire. Socioeconomic characteristic studied was childhood family income. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, childhood temperament, parental history of alcohol use, and the quality of family relations. RESULTS Among adolescents who reported repeated alcohol intoxication, 30.8% reported alcohol abuse in young adulthood (adjusted OR=4.27, 95%CI 2.21-8.27). This association appeared stronger in participants who grew up in families with low income (adjusted OR=11.86, 95%CI 3.35-41.94 vs. 2.49, 95%CI 1.09-5.68 for youths from families with intermediate or high income). CONCLUSIONS In most adolescents (69.2%), alcohol abuse is a time-limited behavior. Nonetheless, in participants from low income families, the likelihood of persistent alcohol abuse beyond adolescence may be increased. Although some limitations are noted, a preliminary conclusion is that alcohol abuse trajectories over time need to be monitored, particularly in certain subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yaogo
- a INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health , Department of Social Epidemiology , Paris , France.,b Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health , Department of Social Epidemiology , Paris , France.,c University of Paris South , UMRS 1018, Villejuif , France
| | - Eric Fombonne
- d Department of Psychiatry , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - France Lert
- e University of Versailles Saint-Quentin , UMRS 1018, Villejuif , France.,f INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, CESP , Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health , Villejuif , France
| | - Maria Melchior
- a INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health , Department of Social Epidemiology , Paris , France.,b Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health , Department of Social Epidemiology , Paris , France
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Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002-2010. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:350-3. [PMID: 25042761 PMCID: PMC4127107 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic shock of 2008-2009 provided an opportunity to study the robustness of observed statistical associations between unemployment and problematic substance use. METHODS Data from 405,000 non-institutionalized adult participants in the 2002 to 2010 U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to compare substance outcomes among unemployed and employed persons. Association of unemployment with substance outcomes was examined for the years 2002-2004, 2005-2007, 2008, and 2009-2010, corresponding to periods prior to and after the economic downturn of 2008. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, urban/rural residence, current DSM-IV Major Depression, and local county unemployment rates. RESULTS Higher rates of past month tobacco and illicit drug use, heavy alcohol use, and past-year drug or alcohol abuse/dependence were found among the unemployed. Markedly increased unemployment in 2009-2010 did not moderate the association between substance outcomes and employment. This association was not confounded by sex, age group, or race/ethnicity for tobacco and illicit drugs, although it varied for alcohol outcomes among 18-25 year-olds. Results based on retrospective data regarding marijuana use in the period prior to unemployment suggest its use was associated with future job loss. CONCLUSIONS Employment status was strongly and robustly associated with problematic use of substances. Prevention and treatment interventions are warranted for a group whose employment and resulting insurance status may impair access to much needed health care.
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Diderichsen F, Andersen I, Manuel C, Andersen AMN, Bach E, Baadsgaard M, Brønnum-Hansen H, Hansen FK, Jeune B, Jørgensen T, Søgaard J. Health Inequality - determinants and policies. Scand J Public Health 2012; 40:12-105. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494812457734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Finn Diderichsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingelise Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celie Manuel
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elsa Bach
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jes Søgaard
- The Danish Institute for Health Services Research
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Lundin A, Backhans M, Hemmingsson T. Unemployment and hospitalization owing to an alcohol-related diagnosis among middle-aged men in Sweden. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:663-9. [PMID: 21995441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unemployment is associated with alcohol-related morbidity. However, the extent to which the association is causal is unclear, and it is not known whether other risk factors remain uncontrolled for. This study examines the association between unemployment and later alcohol-related hospitalization, adjusted for preexisting alcohol disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, behavioral risk factors, and social factors. METHODS The study was based on a military conscription cohort (men born in 1949 to 1951), with information on psychiatric diagnosis and psychological assessment and from a drug-use survey, which was then linked to national registers. The analyses were performed on data on the 37,798 individuals who were in paid employment in 1990 to 1991. RESULTS It was found that short- and long-term unemployment (1 to 89 days and ≥90 days) were associated with hospitalization owing to an alcohol-related diagnosis at 12-year follow-up (HR(crude) = 2.25, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.09 and HR(crude) = 2.95, 95% CI 2.51 to 3.48, respectively). After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) decreased but were still significantly elevated (HR(adjusted) = 1.52, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.10 and HR(adjusted) = 1.61, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.92, respectively). When follow-up was split into 3 time bands, it was found that the short- and medium-term associations were about the same and independent of unemployment duration, with adjusted HRs ranging between 1.70 and 1.76. No significant long-term associations were found after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Unemployment was related to becoming hospitalized owing to an alcohol-related diagnosis. A substantial part of the elevated relative risk of alcohol-related hospitalization related to unemployment was found to be associated with already existing individual risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cook S, De Stavola B, Saburova L, Kiryanov N, Vasiljev M, McCambridge J, McKee M, Polikina O, Gil A, Leon DA. Socio-demographic predictors of dimensions of the AUDIT score in a population sample of working-age men in Izhevsk, Russia. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:702-8. [PMID: 21727097 PMCID: PMC3196365 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between socio-demographic factors and alcohol drinking patterns identified through a formal analysis of the factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score in a population sample of working-age men in Russia. METHODS In 2008-2009, a sample of 1005 men aged 25-59 years living in Izhevsk, Russia were interviewed and information collected about socio-demographic circumstances. Responses to the AUDIT questions were obtained through a self-completed questionnaire. Latent dimensions of the AUDIT score were determined using confirmatory factor analysis and expressed as standard deviation (SD) units. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the strength of association of these dimensions with socio-demographic variables. RESULTS The AUDIT was found to have a two-factor structure: alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Both dimensions were higher in men who were unemployed seeking work compared with those in regular paid employment. For consumption, there was a difference of 0.59 SDs, (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23, 0.88) and for alcohol-related problems one of 0.66 SD (95% CI: 0.31, 1.00). Alcohol-related problems were greater among less educated compared with more educated men (P-value for trend = 0.05), while consumption was not related to education. Similar results were found for associations with an amenity index based on car ownership and central heating. Neither dimension was associated with marital status. While we found evidence that the consumption component of AUDIT was underestimated, this did not appear to explain the associations of this dimension with socio-demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Education and amenity index, both measures of socio-economic position, were inversely associated with alcohol-related problems but not with consumption. This discordance suggests that self-reported questions on frequency and volume may be less sensitive markers of socio-economic variation in drinking than are questions about dependence and harm. Further investigation of the validity of the consumption component of AUDIT in Russia is warranted as it appears that the concept of a standard 'drink' as used in the instrument is not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cook
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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