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Kang JY, Ahn S, Shin O, Kim B, Park S. Long-Term Health Effects of Work Trajectories Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Work, Material, and Social Environments. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2024; 67:55-79. [PMID: 37272584 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2023.2220386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using data from 14 waves (2003-2016) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) (N = 1,627 individuals aged 45-64; 22778 observations), in this study, we conducted sequence analysis and a multi-categorical variable mediation analysis (1) to examine to what extent long-term work histories exhibit varying degrees of de-standardization and precariousness using sequence analysis (2) to explore the potential mediating effects of work, material, and social environments in the association between multiple work sequences and self-rated health. We found the coexistence of a relatively stable long-term employment pattern and a high prevalence of precariousness. The health and economic risks of precarious work fall disproportionately on older workers. Future researchers should continue to analyze whether the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to long-term changes in the workforce to improve our understanding of and response to working in later life and its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Department of Social Welfare, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Ahn
- National Pension Research Institute, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Oejin Shin
- School of Social Work, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - BoRin Kim
- Social Work, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sojung Park
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Lee MA, Kang JH. Does having children matter? Associations between transitions in work-family role combinations and depressive symptoms among married women in Korea. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101405. [PMID: 37128357 PMCID: PMC10148221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although having a variety of roles is generally beneficial for mental health, little is known about the relationships between work-family role combinations and depressive symptoms among married women in Korea, where child rearing is strongly considered a mother's responsibility. This study examines how the four types of work-family role combinations may be associated with depressive symptoms among married Korean women younger than 50 years old. Data were collected from 2012 through 2020 in five surveys by the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families. In total, 4811 married women (14,851 person-period observations) were analyzed using regression models with fixed effects. This enabled estimation of the within-person effects of transitions in work-family role combinations on depressive symptoms. Work-family role combinations were categorized as follows based on whether respondents had a job or at least one child: having both worker and mother roles, having a worker role only, having neither a worker nor a mother role, and having a mother role only. The findings indicate that married women who had only a mother role had more severe depressive symptoms than the other three groups. However, after controlling for whether respondents had a preschool-aged child, only those with both worker and mother roles had significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms compared with those with a mother role only. This study suggests that transitioning to being a working mother from a full-time mother may benefit the mental health of married Korean women. Furthermore, whether married women have a child critically impacts their mental health more than the number of roles. Raising a preschool-aged child seems to potentially be especially stressful for married Korean women. Working outside the home can protect the mental health of married Korean mothers who are affected by the social pressure to immerse themselves in child-rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Lee
- Department of Sociology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeong-han Kang
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Sociology, Yonsei Univesrity, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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3
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Schmitz W, Naegele L, Frerichs F, Ellwardt L. Gendered late working life trajectories, family history and welfare regimes: evidence from SHARELIFE. Eur J Ageing 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 36854927 PMCID: PMC9975140 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-023-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier employment choices based on family events in earlier life have an impact up until late working life, especially in welfare regimes that encourage the breadwinner-caretaker division. We investigate types of late employment patterns and how these are associated with earlier family events. We also test whether the association between early family history and late working life varies across five welfare regimes. Using retrospective life history data from SHARELIFE, our sample consists of 10,913 women and 10,614 men aged 65 years and older. Late working life trajectories are analyzed using gender-separate sequence analyses, which are summarized into eight groups applying cluster analyses. Using average marginal and interaction effects, we explain how the association between types of late working life, coresidential partnership history and parenthood history differs by welfare states. For instance, women's late employment is either shaped by unpaid care or paid (full- or part-time) work but not both, whereas men's late working life is mainly shaped by full-time work. Family history in earlier life is linked to unpaid care and part-time work-an association strongest in liberal and southern welfare regimes. However, among men earlier family events are linked to full-time work. Policymakers need gender-specific strategies to integrate workers into late working life. The implementation of new policies should aim to prevent these social inequalities in early life, as employment decisions caused by family history in earlier life stages-especially for women-tend to cumulate over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schmitz
- Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), Bonn, Germany. .,Cologne Graduate School in Management Economics and Social Sciences, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany.
| | - L. Naegele
- Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), Bonn, Germany
| | - F. Frerichs
- Department of Ageing and Work, Institute for Gerontology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - L. Ellwardt
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Engels M, Wahrendorf M, Dragano N, McMunn A, Deindl C. Multiple social roles in early adulthood and later mental health in different labour market contexts. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2021; 50:100432. [PMID: 35027882 PMCID: PMC8754260 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2021.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Work and family roles entail divergent responsibilities, which can be a source of conflict especially in young adulthood - the so-called "rush-hour" of life. Combining these multiple social roles can result in an accumulation of stress but also be a valuable resource for mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate combined employment, parenthood and partnership trajectories of men and women during early adulthood, and to analyse the relationship of these multiple roles with depressive symptoms at older age. We used harmonised data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) with retrospective information on employment, partnerships and parenthood histories between age 25 and 40 for 18,816 men and 24,686 women (n = 43,502). We applied sequence analysis and clustering to group trajectories into four clusters for women and three clusters for men. We then used multilevel models to analyse the links between combined employment and family roles and later mental health in different historical labour market contexts (indicated by female employment rates). Women and men who did not combine work and family roles between age 25 and 40 report higher levels of depression than those who combined work and family. Results differ by gender and labour market context, with stronger differences between women in countries with higher female employment rates. Overall, combining multiple roles in early adulthood is associated with decreased rather than increased risk for depressive symptoms in older Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Engels
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Morten Wahrendorf
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne McMunn
- Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian Deindl
- Faculty of Social Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 50, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Zella S, Harper S. Employment trajectories and health: cohort differences in English and French women. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:587-594. [PMID: 32529259 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policy and social change have increased women's participation in the labour market and their opportunity to combine paid work with family care. We analyse whether a specific combination of employment and domestic duties over the life course are associated with variations in English and French women's health, focusing on two birth cohorts. METHODS We used sequence analysis to group women in English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, according to their work and family histories. Using ordered logistic regression, we tested for group differences in later self-reported health and depressive symptoms, while controlling for a range of adult socio-economic circumstances. RESULTS The findings confirm important differences between birth cohorts and countries. French women report a higher risk of poor self-reported health and mental issues than English women. Full-time domestic duties were particularly deleterious for the health of the two younger cohorts, whereas a combination of employment and domestic duties across the life course had a positive association with later-life health. DISCUSSION Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms linking work and care trajectories to poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zella
- Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, OX2 6PR Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Harper
- Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, OX2 6PR Oxford, UK
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Di Gessa G, Corna L, Price D, Glaser K. Lifetime employment histories and their relationship with 10-year health trajectories in later life: evidence from England. Eur J Public Health 2021; 30:793-799. [PMID: 32091579 PMCID: PMC7445040 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Employment histories influence health. However, most studies have so far investigated cross-sectional associations between employment histories and health, failing to recognize health as a dynamic process in later life. Methods We use Waves 3–8 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, including retrospective information on respondents’ employment activities. We used dynamic hamming distances to summarize lifetime employment histories up to state pension age (64 for men and 59 for women). Multilevel growth curve models were then used to estimate the influence of lifetime employment histories on later life health trajectories over a 10-year period using quality of life (QoL), somatic health, and depression. Results Net of selection effect and a host of contemporaneous material and social resources, men who exited early started off with poorer health than those with continuous attachment to the labour market but had a very similar health profile by the end of the 10-year period considered. Among women, better somatic health and higher QoL were observed among those who had employment breaks for family care, and this health advantage was maintained over time. Lifetime employment histories are not related to depression for either men or women. Conclusion Overall, differences in health by employment histories level off only among men who left earlier and those continuously employed. Flexible arrangements for men in poor health who benefit from leaving the labour market early and supporting women who wish to take breaks for family care may help reduce health inequalities in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Di Gessa
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Laurie Corna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, Centre of Competence on Ageing, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Debora Price
- School of Social Sciences, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Glaser
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Institute of Gerontology, King's College London, London, UK
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Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Herrera-Peco I, Jurado MDMM, Oropesa NF, Gázquez Linares JJ. Predictors of Threat from COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Spanish Population. J Clin Med 2021; 10:692. [PMID: 33578923 PMCID: PMC7916724 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first measures for fighting the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is social isolation or quarantine. The perceived threat from COVID-19 in this situation, maintained over time, generates uncertainty and fears, etc., which could lead to mental disorders in the population. This study evaluated the perceived threat from COVID-19 in the Spanish population. The study design was cross-sectional and observational. The sample of 1014 participants recruited in Spain had a mean age of 40.87 (SD = 12.42). The gender distribution was 67.2% (n = 681) women and 32.8% (n = 333) men. Data were collected with an online survey. The instrument used was the Perception of Threat from COVID-19 Questionnaire, validated for the Spanish population. Our data showed a clear correlation between perceived threat with female gender, having children in one's care and level of education. However, no association was observed with age or marital status. Finally, we concluded that there is a greater perception of threat from COVID-19 by women with a lower education who have children in their care, and that they are also more sensitive to minor mental disorders, such as anxiety or stress, appearing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Herrera-Peco
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Alfonso X El Sabio Foundation, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Fátima Oropesa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
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Ruiz C, Llopis D, Roman A, Alfayate E, Herrera-Peco I. Spanish radiographers' concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic. Radiography (Lond) 2020; 27:414-418. [PMID: 33087309 PMCID: PMC7546189 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The current outbreak of COVID-19 has caused worldwide healthcare and social emergency in which healthcare professionals were under extreme work conditions while being fearful of becoming infected or spreading the disease to their relatives. The perceived threat of COVID-19 has the potential to cause severe psychological maladjustment. The aim of the study is to explore Spanish radiographers’ concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study was quantitative, observational and cross-sectional. The sample was made up of 546 radiographers working in Spain during the outbreak. The instrument used for analysis was an ad hoc questionnaire with socio-demographic questions and the questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19 validate to spanish healthcare professionals. Results The sample consisted of 70.1% of female, 29.7% of male and 0.2% undeclare sex participants. The results showed a high level of a perceived threat from COVID-19 (7.57 ± 0.088), furthermore we observed a high level of threat about the possibility of infecting family members (8.49 ± 0.25), patients (8.33 ± 0.086), and coworkers (8.35 ± 0.084). Furthermore, females have a higher level of a perception of threat to spread infection between patients (r = −0.136; p = 0.001) and coworkers (r = −0.118; p = 0.006), than males. Conclusion COVID-19 pandemic is perceived as a serious threat, being especially concerned about the threat of spreading the infection to family, coworkers, and patients. The perception of risk depends partly on professionals’ gender and family responsibilities. Implications for practice Our findings suggest that it is recommended that healthcare professionals receive formation to reinforce and improve their emotional competencies for coping successfully with potentially stressful situations like COVI19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruiz
- High Resolution Hospital, APES Poniente, Av. Tierno Galván. Loja, Granada, 18300, Spain.
| | - D Llopis
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Clinical Imaging Unit IDI-ICS, Gran Via, 199. Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 28691, Spain.
| | - A Roman
- Taulí University Hospital Taulí Park, 1. Sabadell, Barcelona, 080208, Spain.
| | - E Alfayate
- Neurology Diseases Investigation Center, Fundación CIEN, Carlos III Institute, Calle de Valderrebollo, 5, Madrid, 28031, Spain.
| | - I Herrera-Peco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, 28691, Spain.
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9
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Wels J, Takami T. The Impact of Transitioning to Non-Standard Employment on Older Workers’ Self-Reported and Mental Health in Japan. A Longitudinal Perspective Using the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-020-09392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
AbstractSocio-economic inequalities in physical and mental health persist at older ages and previous studies have shown that partnership and parenthood histories are also associated with differentials in later-life health. These domains of adult life interact, and both may be influenced by earlier life circumstances, indicating a need for a holistic approach to understanding lifecourse influences on health at older ages. In this paper, we identify classes of lifecourse types for a United Kingdom (UK) cohort born 1933–1945 and investigate differences between the latent classes identified in physical and mental health, and changes in health over a five-year follow-up period. Data were drawn from Waves 1–5 (2009–2013) of the nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Study. Multi-level models were used to analyse associations with summary indicators of physical and mental health measured using the SF-12, and changes in health, controlling for childhood circumstances and taking account of support from family and friends in later life. Lifecourses characterised by lower socio-economic position, early parenthood and large family size were associated with worse physical and mental health in later life, with respondents who had combined a high socio-economic position and two children being the most advantaged. The study indicates that socio-economic disparities in later-life health vary depending on the way in which individuals combine work and family life.
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Wels J. The association between self-reported health, late career transitions and working time modulations in England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ijwhm-04-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
There is an emerging literature focusing on the impact of late career transitions on health, but little is known so far about the role working time modulations might play in explaining older workers’ health. The paper aims to discuss this issue.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Waves 4–7, the paper assesses the association between the different types of change in working time, the total weekly working hours at baseline and the level of income and the change in Self-perceived health (SPH). The model controls for financial wealth, qualification, gender, age, the sector of activity and self-reported health at baseline.
Findings
Respondents who retire have a better SPH compared with those who keep working at constant working time. Those who work long hours benefit more from retiring. Respondents working long hours before being unemployed tend to be less affected by a negative change in SPH. Those who reduce working time by 50 per cent or more and work long hours at baseline have lower probabilities to be affected by a negative change in SPH compared with those who work fewer hours. Finally, low-paid workers are those who benefit the most from retiring or reducing working time.
Social implications
Results point out the need to foster working time arrangements for low-paid workers to prevent adverse health impacts.
Originality/value
There is a significant association between change in working time and change in self-reported health that has not been examined by previous studies.
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Engels M, Weyers S, Moebus S, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Pesch B, Behrens T, Dragano N, Wahrendorf M. Gendered work-family trajectories and depression at older age. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:1478-1486. [PMID: 30621439 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1501665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The paper identifies types of work-family trajectories of men and women and investigates their links with depression at older age. Method: We use data from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, with retrospective information on employment histories and parenthood between age 20 and 50 (1482 men and 1537 women, born between 1925 and 1955). We apply sequence analysis and group trajectories into six clusters for each gender. We test their association with two alternative measures of depression: self-reported depressive symptoms and intake of antidepressant medication. Multivariate models exclude participants with early life depression and adjust for age, marital status, education, and income. Results: We find clear differences of work-family trajectories between men and women, where women's trajectories are generally more diverse, and include family leaves and returns into full or part-time work. For men, work-family trajectories are neither related to depressive symptoms nor to medication intake. In contrast, women who returned into full-time work after family leave show more depression than those who return part-time, both in terms of depressive symptoms and intake of antidepressant medication. Conclusion: Our findings show gender differences in terms of work-family trajectories and their health-related consequences. In particular, findings suggest that mothers who return to full-time work are a vulnerable group for depression at older age and should be the focus of further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Engels
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Simone Weyers
- Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Morten Wahrendorf
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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Zella S, Harper S. The Impact of Life Course Employment and Domestic Duties on the Well-Being of Retired Women and the Social Protection Systems That Frame This. J Aging Health 2019; 32:285-295. [PMID: 30596299 DOI: 10.1177/0898264318821205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The article addresses whether specific combinations of employment and domestic duties over the life course are associated with variations in women's health at the time of retirement. It also explores the differences of this relationship in four European welfare states. Method: Women from three waves of SHARE (Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe) are grouped using sequence analysis. Using logistic regression models, group differences in later life depression and self-reported health are tested. Predicted probabilities are applied to analyze welfares' differences. Results: The findings confirm that a combination of employment and domestic duties across the life course has a positive association with later life health. Being outside the labor market is detrimental for women's health. Well-being across the life course is framed by the welfare context in which women live. Discussion: We suggest that further research is needed to explore the mechanisms linking work and care trajectories to poor health and enable appropriate interventions.
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