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Korajkic A, Kelleher J, Shanks OC, Herrmann MP, McMinn BR. Effectiveness of two wastewater disinfection strategies for the removal of fecal indicator bacteria, bacteriophage, and enteric viral pathogens concentrated using dead-end hollow fiber ultrafiltration (D-HFUF). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154861. [PMID: 35358531 PMCID: PMC9291237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary influent and final effluent samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants using either chlorination or ultraviolet (UV) disinfection biweekly for one year. Paired measurements were determined for fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci), cultivated bacteriophages (somatic, F+, and CB-390 coliphage and GB-124 Bacteroides phage), human-associated viral markers (human polyomavirus [HPyV] and crAssphage), enteric pathogens (adenovirus, noroviruses genogroups I and II) as well as total infectious enteric virus. To increase the probability of detecting low concentration targets, both primary (10L) and final effluent wastewater samples (40-100 L) were concentrated using a dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafilter (D-HFUF). Despite seasonal temperature fluctuations, concentration shifts of FIB, bacteriophages, human-associated viruses, and viral pathogens measured in primary influent samples were minimal, while levels of infectious enteric virus were significantly higher in the spring and fall (P range: 0.0003-0.0409). FIB levels measured in primary influents were 1-2 log10 higher than bacteriophage, human-associated viral markers (except crAssphage) and viral pathogens measured. FIB displayed the greatest sensitivity to chlorine disinfection, while crAssphage, adenoviruses and infectious enteric viruses were significantly less sensitive (P ≤ 0.0096). During UV treatment, bacteriophages F+ and GB-124 were the most resistant of the culturable viruses measured (P ≤ 0.001), while crAssphage were the most resistant (P ≤ 0.0124) overall. When UV lamps were inactive, infectious enteric viruses were significantly more resilient to upstream treatment processes than all other targets measured (P ≤ 0.0257). Similar to infectious enteric viruses and adenoviruses; GB-124, F+, and crAssphages displayed the highest resistance to UV irradiation, signaling a potential applicability as pathogen surrogates in these systems. The use of D-HFUF enhanced the ability to estimate removal of viruses through wastewater treatment, with the expectation that future applications of this method will be used to better elucidate viral behavior within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja Korajkic
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Julie Kelleher
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Orin C Shanks
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Michael P Herrmann
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Brian R McMinn
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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2
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Jiang SC, Bischel HN, Goel R, Rosso D, Sherchan S, Whiteson KL, Yan T, Solo-Gabriele HM. Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-potable Water Reuse. WATER 2022; 14:1187. [PMID: 37622131 PMCID: PMC10448804 DOI: 10.3390/w14081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation and reuse have the potential to supplement water supplies, offering resiliency in times of drought and helping meet increased water demands associated with population growth. Non-potable water reuse represents the largest potential reuse market. Yet economic constraints for new water reuse infrastructure and safety concerns due to microbial water quality, and especially viral pathogen exposure, limit widespread implementation of water reuse. Cost-effective, real-time methods to measure or indicate viral quality of recycled water would do much to instill greater confidence in the practice. This manuscript discusses advancements in monitoring and modeling of viral health risks in the context of water reuse. First, we describe the current wastewater reclamation processes and treatment technologies with an emphasis on virus removal. Second, we review technologies for the measurement of viruses, both culture- and molecular-based, along with their advantages and disadvantages. We introduce promising viral surrogates and specific pathogenic viruses that can serve as indicators of viral risk for water reuse. We suggest metagenomic analyses for viral screening and flow cytometry for quantification of virus-like particles as new approaches to complement more traditional methods. Third, we describe modeling to assess health risks through quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs), the most common strategy to couple data on virus concentrations with human exposure scenarios. We then explore the potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to incorporate suites of data from wastewater treatment processes, water quality parameters, and viral surrogates. We recommend ANNs as a means to utilize existing water quality data, alongside new complementary measures of viral quality, to achieve cost-effective strategies to assess risks associated with infectious human viruses in recycled water. Given the review, we conclude that technologies are ready for identifying and implementing viral surrogates for health risk reduction in the next decade. Incorporating modeling with monitoring data would likely result in more robust assessment of water reuse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Water-Energy Nexus Center, 844G Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175
| | - Heather N Bischel
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Diego Rosso
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Water-Energy Nexus Center, 844G Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health sciences, Tulane university, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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3
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Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.
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Cuevas-Ferrando E, Allende A, Pérez-Cataluña A, Truchado P, Hernández N, Gil MI, Sánchez G. Occurrence and Accumulation of Human Enteric Viruses and Phages in Process Water from the Fresh Produce Industry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081853. [PMID: 34441630 PMCID: PMC8391481 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The virological quality of process water (PW) used by the produce industry has received limited attention. As a first step to overcoming technical limitations in monitoring viruses in PW, the analytical performance of ultrafiltration was assessed to concentrate viral particles from 20 L of spiked PW. The selected method used for sample concentration of PW was carefully validated, thus enabling the accurate quantification and estimation of viral titers of human enteric viruses and phages. PW from the produce industry was collected periodically from the washing tanks of commercial facilities. The analysis of coliphages was performed by plaque assay, while the occurrence of enteric viruses and crAssphage was determined by molecular techniques. Significant differences in the physicochemical composition of PW, mostly due to the different nature of fresh produce types and differences in the sanitizer used in commercial operation, were observed. Accumulation of crAssphage and coliphages was observed in PW, but correlation with human enteric viruses was not possible due to the low prevalence of these pathogens in the PW analyzed. The obtained results showed that depending on the type of product washed, the product/water ratio and the residual concentrations of the sanitizers, the prevalence and concentration of bacteriophages changed significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (N.H.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Pilar Truchado
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (N.H.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Natalia Hernández
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (N.H.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Maria Isabel Gil
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (N.H.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (A.P.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of a single host strain that allows for an evaluation of the levels of total coliphages in any type of environmental sample would facilitate the detection of and reduction in complexity and costs, favoring countries or areas with technical and economic limitations. The CB390 strain is a candidate for this type of simultaneous determinations, mainly in water samples. The objective of the study was to establish the recovery capacity of the CB390 strain in solid and semi-solid samples and to evaluate the microbiological quality of the sludge generated and stabilized by lime and drying beds in two WWTPs in Colombia. The results of both matrices indicated that CB390 recovered similar numbers of total coliphages (p > 0.05) against the two host strains when evaluated separately. Only the drying bed treatment was able to reduce between 2.0 and 2.9 Log10 units for some microorganisms, while the addition of lime achieved a maximum reduction of 1.3 Log10 units for E. coli. In conclusion, the CB390 strain can be used in solid and semi-solid samples, and the treatment in a drying bed provided a product of microbiological quality. However, the results are influenced by the infrastructure of the WWTP, the treatment conditions, and the monitoring of the stabilization processes.
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Pascual-Benito M, Emiliano P, Casas-Mangas R, Dacal-Rodríguez C, Gracenea M, Araujo R, Valero F, García-Aljaro C, Lucena F. Assessment of dead-end ultrafiltration for the detection and quantification of microbial indicators and pathogens in the drinking water treatment processes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113628. [PMID: 33038613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A safe water supply requires distinct treatments and monitoring to guarantee the absence of pathogens and substances potentially hazardous for human health. In this study we assessed the efficiency of the dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) method to concentrate faecal indicator organisms (FIO) and pathogens in water samples with different physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected at the treatment stages of two drinking water treatment plants to analyse the concentration of a variety of 7 FIO and 4 reference microbes which have some species that are pathogenic to humans: Campylobacter spp., enteroviruses, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. The samples were analysed before and after concentration by DEUF, detecting FIO concentrations about 1 log10 higher in non-concentrated samples from both catchments. Percent recoveries were highly variable with a mean of 43.8 ± 17.5%, depending on the FIO and inherent sample characteristics. However, DEUF enabled FIO concentration in high volumes of water (100-500 l), allowing a reduction in the detection limit compared to the non-concentrated samples due to the high volume processing capabilities of the method. As a consequence, the detection of FIO removal from water in the drinking water treatment process was 1.0-1.5 logarithms greater in DEUF-treated water compared to unfiltered samples. The DEUF method improved the detection of target indicators and allowed for the detection of pathogens in low concentrations in water after the treatment stages, confirming the suitability of DEUF to concentrate high volumes of different types of water. This method could be useful for microbial analysis in water treatment monitoring and risk assessment, allowing the identification of critical points during the water treatment process and potential hazards in water destined for several uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pascual-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Emiliano
- Ens d'Abastament d'Aigua Ter Llobregat (ATL), Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona
| | - Raquel Casas-Mangas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Dacal-Rodríguez
- The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gracenea
- The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Spain
| | - Rosa Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Valero
- Ens d'Abastament d'Aigua Ter Llobregat (ATL), Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Lee J, Park S, Lee C, Cho K, Jeong YS, Kim YM, Park KS, Choi JD, Sin Y, Ko G. Male-Specific and Somatic Coliphage Profiles from Major Aquaculture Areas in Republic of Korea. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:240-249. [PMID: 32666472 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal feces are important sources of various types of microbial contamination in water. Especially, enteric viruses, the major agents of waterborne infection, can attain long-term survival in water environments due to their strong resistance to various environmental factors including pH, salinity, and temperature. Coliphages are promising viral indicators for fecal contamination in water environments. Here, we investigated the seasonal and spatial distribution of male-specific and somatic coliphages in surface water and seawater at three major aquaculture areas, including Goseong Bay, Aphae Island, and Gomso Bay, in Republic of Korea over a period of 1 year. We selected 6 surface water and 14 seawater sampling sites for each study area and collected a total of 480 water samples from March 2014 to February 2015. Overall, surface water samples contained higher occurrences of coliphages than seawater samples. The high coliphage concentrations were detected in spring (March to May 2014). The differences in geographical features and patterns in land usage of the three aquaculture areas may have affected the coliphage concentration and occurrence. Moreover, environmental factors such as cumulative precipitation were strongly correlated with coliphage concentrations. Therefore, we suggest that further longitudinal studies on coliphage concentrations and distributions should be performed to support the application of coliphages in tracking fecal contamination in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeYoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyuseon Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Sam Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsik Sin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Viral and Bacterial Fecal Indicators in Untreated Wastewater across the Contiguous United States Exhibit Geospatial Trends. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02967-19. [PMID: 32060019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02967-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli and enterococci are typically used to assess the sanitary quality of recreational waters. However, these indicators suffer from several limitations, such as the length of time needed to obtain results and the fact that they are commensal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of many animals and have fate and transport characteristics dissimilar to pathogenic viruses. Numerous emerging technologies that offer same-day water quality results or pollution source information or that more closely mimic persistence patterns of disease-causing pathogens that may improve water quality management are now available, but data detailing geospatial trends in wastewater across the United States are sparse. We report geospatial trends of cultivated bacteriophage (somatic, F+, and total coliphages and GB-124 phage), as well as genetic markers targeting polyomavirus, enterococci, E. coli, Bacteroidetes, and human-associated Bacteroides spp. (HF183/BacR287 and HumM2) in 49 primary influent sewage samples collected from facilities across the contiguous United States. Samples were selected from rural and urban facilities spanning broad latitude, longitude, elevation, and air temperature gradients by using a geographic information system stratified random site selection procedure. Most indicators in sewage demonstrated a remarkable similarity in concentration regardless of location. However, some exhibited predictable shifts in concentration based on either facility elevation or local air temperature. Geospatial patterns identified in this study, or the absence of such patterns, may have several impacts on the direction of future water quality management research, as well as the selection of alternative metrics to estimate sewage pollution on a national scale.IMPORTANCE This study provides multiple insights to consider for the application of bacterial and viral indicators in sewage to surface water quality monitoring across the contiguous United States, ranging from method selection considerations to future research directions. Systematic testing of a large collection of sewage samples confirmed that crAssphage genetic markers occur at a higher average concentration than key human-associated Bacteroides spp. on a national scale. Geospatial testing also suggested that some methods may be more suitable than others for widespread implementation. Nationwide characterization of indicator geospatial trends in untreated sewage represents an important step toward the validation of these newer methods for future water quality monitoring applications. In addition, the large paired-measurement data set reported here affords the opportunity to conduct a range of secondary analyses, such as the generation of new or updated quantitative microbial risk assessment models used to estimate public health risk.
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Campos C, Méndez J, Venegas C, Riaño LF, Castaño P, Leiton N, Riaño E. Aptness of Escherichia coli host strain CB390 to detect total coliphages in Colombia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9246. [PMID: 31239501 PMCID: PMC6592933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal bacteria have been used for more than a century as indicators of fecal contamination in water. In recent years, the monitoring of somatic and F-specific coliphages has been gradually included in guidelines and regulations as an additional parameter to reinforce water safety. The Escherichia coli host strain CB390 was tailored to detect both somatic and F-specific coliphages in a single test. The efficacy of this strain for bacteriophage detection, previously evaluated in Western Europe and North America, was assessed here for the first time in South America. The detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages by the strain CB390, as well as by standardized methods, was performed in drinking and river water and municipal and abattoir wastewaters. No statistical difference was found in the numbers of total coliphages detected by strain CB390 and the sum of somatic and F-specific coliphages determined separately by the standardized ISO methods. The data presented here provide further validation of the effectiveness of the host strain E. coli CB390 for the detection of total coliphages in waters in a single test and demonstrate its suitability for application in upper-middle income countries of the Americas (World Bank category).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campos
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Javier Méndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics. Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Camilo Venegas
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Riaño
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Paula Castaño
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Natalia Leiton
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Eliana Riaño
- Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Toribio-Avedillo D, Martín-Díaz J, Jofre J, Blanch AR, Muniesa M. New approach for the simultaneous detection of somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA coliphages as indicators of fecal pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:263-272. [PMID: 30471594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of coliphages have been recently included in different water management policies as indicators of viral fecal pollution in water and food: somatic coliphages, which infect E. coli through cell wall receptors, and F-specific RNA coliphages, which infect through the F-pili. Somatic coliphages are more abundant in fecally contaminated waters, except reclaimed waters, those disinfected by UV irradiation, and some groundwater samples that show a higher level of F-specific coliphages. Somatic coliphages are morphologically similar to DNA enteric viruses while F-specific coliphages are similar to RNA viruses such as norovirus and hepatitis A viruses, which are the viral pathogens of concern in sewage. The use of strains sensitive to both types of phages has been proposed for total coliphage enumeration, thereby avoiding double analysis. The standardized methods available for coliphage detection are robust and cost-effective, but the introduction of ready-to-use methods would facilitate routine implementation in laboratories. The fastest available tool for somatic coliphage enumeration is the recently developed Bluephage, which uses a modified β-glucuronide-overexpressing E. coli strain unable to take up the glucuronide substrate. The overexpressed enzyme accumulates inside the bacterial cells until released by phage-induced cell lysis, whereupon it encounters its substrate and the medium changes from yellow to blue. The present method uses E. coli strain CB12, sensitive to somatic coliphages and F-specific coliphages due to the expression of the F-pili. The Bluephage approach incorporating CB12 detects both types of coliphages in a time range of 1:30 to 4:00 h, as assayed with coliphages from raw sewage, river water, sludge and mussels. This strategy can be applied to obtain qualitative and quantitative results and is applicable to microplates as well as to large sample volumes (100 ml). Moreover it can provide monitoring of water bodies at real time, as for example for ambient recreational beach monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toribio-Avedillo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Martín-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rosiles-González G, Ávila-Torres G, Moreno-Valenzuela OA, Acosta-González G, Leal-Bautista RM, Grimaldo-Hernández CD, Brown JK, Chaidez-Quiroz C, Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP, Hernández-Zepeda C. Occurrence of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) in Groundwater from a Karst Aquifer System in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:487-497. [PMID: 28646449 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico hosts a karst aquifer system that is the only source of freshwater for the area; however, it is vulnerable to human-mediated contamination. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is one of the most abundant RNA viruses associated with human feces, making it a viable indicator for tracking fecal pollution in aquatic environments, including groundwater. In this study, groundwater samples collected from a karst aquifer from fresh and brackish water locations were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria, somatic and male F+ specific coliphages, and PMMoV during the rainy and dry seasons. Total coliform bacteria were detected at all sites, whereas Escherichia coli were found at relatively low levels <40 MPN/100 ml. The highest average concentrations of somatic and male F+ specific coliphages were 920 and 330 plaque forming units per 100 ml, respectively, detected in freshwater during the rainy season. PMMoV RNA was detected in 85% of the samples with gene sequences sharing 99-100% of nucleotide identity with PMMoV sequences available in GenBank. Quantification of PMMoV genome copies (GC) by quantitative real-time PCR indicated concentrations ranging from 1.7 × 101 to 1.0 × 104 GC/L, with the highest number of GC detected during the rainy season. No significant correlation was observed between PMMoV occurrence by season or water type (p > 0.05). Physicochemical and indicator bacteria were not correlated with PMMoV concentrations. The abundance and prevalence of PMMoV in the karst aquifer may reflect its environmental persistence and its potential as a fecal indicator in this karst aquifer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rosiles-González
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Gerardo Ávila-Torres
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Oscar A Moreno-Valenzuela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43, No 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gilberto Acosta-González
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Rosa María Leal-Bautista
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Cinthya D Grimaldo-Hernández
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez-Quiroz
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a El Dorado Km5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP 80129, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Cecilia Hernández-Zepeda
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México.
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