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McHugh JW, Bayless DR, Ranganath N, Stevens RW, Kind DR, Wengenack NL, Shah AS. Candida guilliermondii fungemia: a 12-year retrospective review of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at a reference laboratory and tertiary care center. J Clin Microbiol 2024:e0105724. [PMID: 39440933 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01057-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of invasive candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species is increasing. Candida guilliermondii is an infrequent cause of candidemia but has been associated with decreased susceptibility to triazoles. Clinical data related to the infection with C. guilliermondii are sparse. Our study evaluated the antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) for C. guilliermondii isolates submitted to a reference laboratory over a 12-year period (2012-2023). AST patterns were examined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) and breakpoints. Where isolates were identified from patients treated at our institution, retrospective chart review was performed to describe patient risk factors, treatment approaches, and outcomes associated with C. guilliermondii fungemia. One hundred twelve blood culture isolates of C. guilliermondii were identified, and clinical data were available for 21 fungemic patients. A significant number of isolates (9.8-20.5%) were observed to be non-wild type for various triazoles. All isolates were susceptible to micafungin. A majority (76.2%) of cases of C. guilliermondii fungemia treated at our tertiary care center were hospital-acquired, and two-thirds of patients were immunocompromised at the time of diagnosis. Ten of the 21 patients died within 60 days of fungemia, although mortality was directly or partially attributed to C. guilliermondii fungemia in only four cases (19.0%). Echinocandins may be used for empiric therapy for C. guilliermondii until the results of AST are available. Further research is required to determine appropriate clinical breakpoints for triazoles. IMPORTANCE Our study addresses a significant knowledge gap in the clinical management of this non-Candida albicans species. Our retrospective review includes comprehensive AST data for 112 Candida guilliermondii isolates, which is the largest number of isolates reported from the United States to date. Susceptibility data are supplemented by clinical outcomes, where isolates were identified for patients treated at Mayo Clinic. Key findings from our study include the observation that a notable proportion of C. guilliermondii isolates exhibit non-wild-type profiles for various triazoles. Importantly, all isolates remained susceptible to echinocandins, suggesting their efficacy as first-line therapy in the absence of timely susceptibility results. Furthermore, our study highlights the high mortality associated with C. guilliermondii fungemia in immunocompromised patients, emphasizing the urgent need for optimized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W McHugh
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David R Bayless
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nischal Ranganath
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dalton R Kind
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nancy L Wengenack
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aditya S Shah
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Corrêa-Moreira D, da Costa GL, de Lima Neto RG, Pinto T, Salomão B, Fumian TM, Mannarino CF, Prado T, Miagostovich MP, de Souza Ramos L, Souza Dos Santos AL, Oliveira MME. Screening of Candida spp. in wastewater in Brazil during COVID-19 pandemic: workflow for monitoring fungal pathogens. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:43. [PMID: 38909197 PMCID: PMC11193224 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are often linked to poverty, which is associated with poor hygiene and sanitation conditions that have been severely worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 patients are treated with Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid that promotes an immunosuppressive profile, making patients more susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections, such as those caused by Candida species. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of Candida yeasts in wastewater samples collected to track viral genetic material during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified the yeasts using polyphasic taxonomy. Furthermore, we investigated the production of biofilm and hydrolytic enzymes, which are known virulence factors. Our findings revealed that all Candida species could form biofilms and exhibited moderate hydrolytic enzyme activity. We also proposed a workflow for monitoring wastewater using Colony PCR instead of conventional PCR, as this technique is fast, cost-effective, and reliable. This approach enhances the accurate taxonomic identification of yeasts in environmental samples, contributing to environmental monitoring as part of the One Health approach, which preconizes the monitoring of possible emergent pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Pinto
- Medical Microbiology Department, Paulo de Goés Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruna Salomão
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal Hospital of Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro, 20541-173, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Respiratory, Exanthematic, Enteric viruses and Viral Emergencies, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, General Microbiology Department, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, General Microbiology Department, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
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3
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Kidd SE, Hagen F, Halliday CL, Abdolrasouli A, Boekhout T, Crous PW, Ellis DH, Elvy J, Forrest GN, Groenewald M, Hahn RC, Houbraken J, Rodrigues AM, Scott J, Sorrell TC, Summerbell RC, Tsui CKM, Yurkov A, Chen SCA. Inconsistencies within the proposed framework for stabilizing fungal nomenclature risk further confusion. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0157023. [PMID: 38441055 PMCID: PMC11005369 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01570-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catriona L. Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alireza Abdolrasouli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teun Boekhout
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David H. Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Juliet Elvy
- Awanui Labs, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Rosane C. Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anderson M. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sporometrics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania C. Sorrell
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard C. Summerbell
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sporometrics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clement K. M. Tsui
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrey Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sharon C.-A. Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Taha MD, Didinen BI, Emek Onuk E, Metin S, Yilmaz S, Mohamed AA, Pakır S, Gülşen O, Abdel-Latif HMR. Identification of four autochthonous yeasts from the intestines of goldfish, Carassius auratus with potential probiotic properties and their effects on the most common fish bacterial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106381. [PMID: 37806502 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, probiotic yeasts have gained particular interest because of their numerous health benefits for farmed fish. Many autochthonous yeasts have been isolated and identified from fish species with potential probiotic characteristics. In the present study, four autochthonous yeast strains were identified and characterized from the intestinal tracts of 16 healthy goldfish, Carassius auratus. Their in vitro probiotic properties were examined in terms of cell surface hydrophobicity, co-aggregation, and tolerability to different pH values and bile salt concentrations. These strains were identified by culture characters and sequence analysis of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) gene regions. Four strains, namely Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii isolate jpn01, Debaryomyces nepalensis isolate jpn02, Blastobotrys proliferans isolate jpn05, and Diutina catenulata isolate jpn06, were identified and added to the NCBI GenBank with accession numbers defined as MT584874.1, MT584873.1, MT649918.1, and MT501155.1, respectively. Results demonstrated the capability of these strains to co-aggregate with several fish-associated bacterial pathogens such as Lactococcus garvieae, Vagococcus salmoninarum, Vibrio anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Only the jpn05 strain did not co-aggregate with A. hydrophila. All identified yeast isolates could grow and tolerate low pH conditions (pH 2.0) and bile salt concentrations (up to 1.5%). Of interest, the hydrophobicity (%) of the yeast isolates was 80%, 94.0%, 80.6%, and 66.4% for jpn01, jpn02, jpn05, and jpn06 isolates, respectively. In this context, our data provide important in vitro evidence for the potential probiotic features of the yeast isolates. These strains could be considered candidate probiotic yeasts; however, their application in aquaculture nutrition necessitates further in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Dheyaa Taha
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Behire Işıl Didinen
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ertan Emek Onuk
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55139, Turkey
| | - Seçil Metin
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sevdan Yilmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey.
| | - Abdiasis Ahmed Mohamed
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sırrı Pakır
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozan Gülşen
- Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt.
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5
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Selmecki A. Recurrent copy number variations in the human fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis. mBio 2023; 14:e0071323. [PMID: 37787545 PMCID: PMC10653803 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00713-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with increasing incidence in hospital settings worldwide; however, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms promoting its virulence and drug resistance. Bergin et al. systematically quantify the frequency and effect of copy number variation (CNV) across 170 diverse clinical and environmental isolates of C. parapsilosis (Bergin SA, Zhao F, Ryan AP, Müller CA, Nieduszynski CA, Zhai B, Rolling T, Hohl TM, Morio F, Scully J, Wolfe KH, Butler G, 2022, mBio, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01777-22). Using a combination of both short- and long-read whole genome sequencing techniques, they determine the structure and copy number of two CNVs that arose recurrently throughout the evolution of these isolates. Each CNV predominantly amplifies one coding sequence (ARR3 or RTA3); however, the amplitude and recombination breakpoints are variable across the isolates. Amplification of RTA3 correlates with drug resistance and deletion causes drug susceptibility. This study highlights the need for further research into the mechanisms and dynamics of CNV formation and the impact of these CNVs on virulence and drug resistance across diverse fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Selmecki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Cheng CY, Zhang MY, Niu YC, Zhang M, Geng YH, Deng H. Comparison of Fungal Genera Isolated from Cucumber Plants and Rhizosphere Soil by Using Various Cultural Media. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:934. [PMID: 37755042 PMCID: PMC10532442 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant endophytic fungi and rhizosphere soil fungi are often reported as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens or with plant growth promotion potential. Four treatments were performed in field and greenhouse experiments where cucumber plants were inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum in 2022. The roots, stems and leaves of cucumber plants and their rhizosphere soil were collected twice individually from the field and greenhouse for isolation of cucumber endophytic and rhizosphere soil fungi. All fungal strains were identified through sequence similarity of the ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 rDNA region. The potato dextrose agar (PDA) media yielded the highest number of genera isolated from cucumber plants, rhizosphere soil and both compared to other media. There were no significant differences among the four media for the isolation of all cucumber endophytic fungi. However, in the roots, the number of endophytic fungi isolated by MRBA was significantly higher than that isolated on malt extract agar (MEA), while in the stems, the number of fungi isolated with PDA was significantly higher than that isolated with Martin's rose bengal agar medium (MRBA). PDA had significantly higher isolation efficiency for the rhizosphere soil fungi than MRBA. The 28 fungal genera had high isolation efficiency, and the endophytic Trichoderma strains were significantly more isolated by MEA than those of MRBA. It is suggested that PDA can be used as a basic medium, and different cultural media can be considered for specific fungal genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yang Cheng
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen-Hua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (C.-Y.C.); (M.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (M.-Y.Z.); (Y.-C.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (M.-Y.Z.); (Y.-C.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong-Chun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (M.-Y.Z.); (Y.-C.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen-Hua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (C.-Y.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yue-Hua Geng
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen-Hua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (C.-Y.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Hui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (M.-Y.Z.); (Y.-C.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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Oliveira MME, Lopes AP, Pinto TN, da Costa GL, Goes-Neto A, Hauser-Davis RA. A Novel One Health Approach concerning Yeast Present in the Oral Microbiome of the Endangered Rio Skate ( Rioraja agassizii) from Southeastern Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1969. [PMID: 37630528 PMCID: PMC10459090 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current climate change scenario caused by anthropogenic activities has resulted in novel environmental pressures, increasing the occurrence and severity of fungal infections in the marine environment. Research on fungi in several taxonomic groups is widespread although not the case for elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). In this context, the aim of the present study was to screen the oral fungal microbiota present in artisanally captured Rioraja agassizii, a batoid that, although endangered, is highly fished and consumed worldwide. Oropharyngeal samples were obtained by swabbing and the samples were investigated using morphological and phenotypic methods by streaking on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and subculturing onto CHROMagar Candida (BD Difco) and CHROMagar Candida Plus (CHROMagarTM), as well as molecular techniques by amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA region and a MALDI-TOF MS assessment. The findings indicated the presence of Candida parapsilosis (seven isolates), Candida duobushaemulonii (one isolate) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (three isolates), several of these reported for the first time in Rioraja agassizii. In addition, a 100% agreement between the MALDI-TOF results and partial ITS region sequencing was noted, demonstrating that the MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid and effective alternative for yeast identification in Rioraja agassizii isolates and potentially in other elasmobranch species. These findings highlight the need for further research to determine the potential impact on elasmobranch health, ecology, and commercial fisheries. Furthermore, this research is paramount in a One Health framework and may be employed to predict elasmobranch responses to an evolving ocean, keep healthy populations in check, monitor species, and assess the public health consequences of consuming these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pontes Lopes
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Nobre Pinto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130100, MG, Brazil (A.G.-N.)
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130100, MG, Brazil (A.G.-N.)
| | - Aristóteles Goes-Neto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130100, MG, Brazil (A.G.-N.)
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, RJ, Brazil
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Wu N, Wu Y, Chu Y, Ren Z, Li H, Rong C, Yang M, Jiang N, Jiang Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Tian S. The first rare case of Candida palmioleophila infection reported in China and its genomic evolution in a human host environment. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1165721. [PMID: 37664129 PMCID: PMC10469324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida palmioleophila is a rare human pathogenic fungus, which has been poorly characterized at the genome level. In this study, we reported the first fatal case of C. palmioleophila infection in China and investigate the microevolution of C. palmioleophila in the human host environment. Methods A series of C. palmioleophila stains were collected from the patient at different time points for routine microbial and drug sensitivity testing. The first C. palmioleophila isolate 07202534 was identified by de novo whole genome sequencing. The in vitro and in vivo genetic evolutionary characteristics of C. palmioleophila were discussed based on the analysis of bioinformatics data. Results The six C. palmioleophila isolates displayed dose-dependent sensitivity to fluconazole. The C. palmioleophila genome contained homologous genes such as CDR1 and MDR1, which were recognized to be related to azole resistance. In addition, amino acid variation was detected at F105L and other important sites of ERG11. In addition, the mean divergence time between C. palmioleophila and Scheffersomyces stipites CBS 6054 was 406.04 million years, indicating that C. palmioleophila originated earlier than its closest relative. In addition, the six strains of C. palmioleophila isolated form the patient had higher homology and fewer mutation sites, which indicated the stability in C. palmioleophila genome. We also found that C. palmioleophila had a wide natural niche and may evolve slowly. Discussion We believe that this study will contribute to improve our understanding of the genetic evolution, pathogenicity, and drug resistance of C. palmioleophila and will aid in the prevention and control of its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunzhuo Chu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihui Ren
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenyang Fourth People’s Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailong Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Rong
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sufei Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Mediator Subunit Med15 Regulates Cell Morphology and Mating in Candida lusitaniae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030333. [PMID: 36983501 PMCID: PMC10053558 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida lusitaniae is an emerging opportunistic pathogenic yeast capable of shifting from yeast to pseudohyphae form, and it is one of the few Candida species with the ability to reproduce sexually. In this study, we showed that a dpp3Δ mutant, inactivated for a putative pyrophosphatase, is impaired in cell separation, pseudohyphal growth and mating. The defective phenotypes were not restored after the reconstruction of a wild-type DPP3 locus, reinforcing the hypothesis of the presence of an additional mutation that we suspected in our previous study. Genetic crosses and genome sequencing identified an additional mutation in MED15, encoding a subunit of the mediator complex that functions as a general transcriptional co-activator in Eukaryotes. We confirmed that inactivation of MED15 was responsible for the defective phenotypes by rescuing the dpp3Δ mutant with a wild-type copy of MED15 and constructing a med15Δ knockout mutant that mimics the phenotypes of dpp3Δ in vitro. Proteomic analyses revealed the biological processes under the control of Med15 and involved in hyphal growth, cell separation and mating. This is the first description of the functions of MED15 in the regulation of hyphal growth, cell separation and mating, and the pathways involved in C. lusitaniae.
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Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F. Fungal Nomenclature: Managing Change is the Name of the Game. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofac559. [PMID: 36632423 PMCID: PMC9825814 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have undergone and continue to undergo significant nomenclatural change, primarily due to the abandonment of dual species nomenclature in 2013 and the widespread application of molecular technologies in taxonomy allowing correction of past classification errors. These have effected numerous name changes concerning medically important species, but by far the group causing most concern are the Candida yeasts. Among common species, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida rugosa have been changed to Pichia kudriavzevii, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Clavispora lusitaniae, and Diutina rugosa, respectively. There are currently no guidelines for microbiology laboratories on implementing changes, and there is ongoing concern that clinicians will dismiss or misinterpret laboratory reports using unfamiliar species names. Here, we have outlined the rationale for name changes across the major groups of clinically important fungi and have provided practical recommendations for managing change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Kidd
- Correspondence: Sarah E. Kidd, BMedSc(Hons), PhD , National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia ()
| | - Alireza Abdolrasouli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Cao C, Bing J, Liao G, Nobile CJ, Huang G. Candida haemulonii species complex: emerging fungal pathogens of the Metschnikowiaceae clade. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:43. [PMID: 39238892 PMCID: PMC11376483 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Candida species represent the most common fungal pathogens of humans, causing not only superficial infections but also life-threatening invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. While Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of candidiasis, infections caused by non-albicans Candida species have been increasingly reported in clinical settings over the past two decades. Recently, species of the Metschnikowiaceae clade including the "superbug" Candida auris and other members of the Candida haemulonii species complex have attracted significant attention due to their multidrug resistance and high rates of transmission in clinical settings. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, biology, virulence, and drug resistance of the C. haemulonii species complex and discuss potential reasons for the recent increase in prevalence of infections caused by non-albicans species in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Cao
- The Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jian Bing
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guojian Liao
- The Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Guanghua Huang
- The Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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12
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Dougue AN, El‐Kholy MA, Giuffrè L, Galeano G, D′Aleo F, Kountchou CL, Nangwat C, Dzoyem JP, Giosa D, Pernice I, Shawky SM, Ngouana T, Boyom FF, Romeo O. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis reveals many novel genotypes and a high level of genetic diversity in Candida tropicalis isolates from Italy and Africa. Mycoses 2022; 65:989-1000. [PMID: 35713604 PMCID: PMC9796097 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida tropicalis is a human pathogenic yeast frequently isolated in Latin America and Asian-Pacific regions, although recent studies showed that it is also becoming increasingly widespread throughout several African and south-European countries. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about its global patterns of genetic variation as most of existing multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data come from Asia and there are no genotyped African isolates. OBJECTIVES We report detailed genotyping data from a large set of C. tropicalis isolates recovered from different clinical sources in Italy, Egypt and Cameroon in order to expand the allele/genotype library of MLST database (https://pubmlst.org/ctropicalis), and to explore the genetic diversity in this species. METHODS A total of 103 C. tropicalis isolates were genotyped using the MLST scheme developed for this species. All isolates were also tested for in vitro susceptibility to various antifungals to assess whether certain genotypes were associated with drug-resistance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 104 different alleles were detected across the MLST-loci investigated. The allelic diversity found at these loci resulted in 51 unique MLST genotypes of which 36 (70.6%) were novel. Global optimal eBURST analysis identified 18 clonal complexes (CCs) and confirm the existence of a specific Italian-cluster (CC36). Three CCs were also statistically associated with fluconazole resistance, which was elevated in Cameroon and Egypt. Our data show high genetic diversity in our isolates suggesting that the global population structure of C. tropicalis is still poorly understood. Moreover, its clinical impact in Italy, Egypt and Cameroon appears to be relevant and should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Ngueguim Dougue
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Mohammed A. El‐Kholy
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Division of Clinical and Biological Sciences, College of PharmacyArab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT)AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Letterio Giuffrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Grazia Galeano
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco D′Aleo
- Laboratory of Clinical MicrobiologyGreat Metropolitan Hospital of Reggio CalabriaReggio CalabriaItaly
| | - Cyrille Levis Kountchou
- Research Unit of Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances (RUMAS), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon,Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant StudiesCenter for Medical Research in Health and Priority PathologiesYaoundéCameroon
| | - Claude Nangwat
- Research Unit of Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances (RUMAS), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Jean Paul Dzoyem
- Research Unit of Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances (RUMAS), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Domenico Giosa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Ida Pernice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Sherine M. Shawky
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research InstituteUniversity of AlexandriaAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Thierry Kammalac Ngouana
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon,Biomedical Research UnitLaboratoire SionYaoundéCameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
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13
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Gerstein AC, Sethi P. Experimental evolution of drug resistance in human fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101965. [PMID: 35952557 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution in vitro is a powerful tool to uncover the factors that contribute to resistance evolution and understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Here, we discuss recent experimental evolution studies from human fungal pathogens. We synthesize the results to highlight the common threads that influence resistance acquisition. The picture that emerges is that drug resistance consistently appears readily and rapidly. Mutations are often found in an overlapping set of genes and genetic pathways known to be involved in drug resistance, including whole or partial chromosomal aneuploidy. The likelihood of acquiring resistance and cross-resistance between drugs seems to be influenced by the specific drug (not just drug class), level of drug, and strain genetic background. We discuss open questions, such as the potential for increases in drug tolerance to evolve in static drugs. We highlight opportunities to use this framework to probe how different factors influence the rate and nature of adaptation to antifungal drugs in fungal microbes through a call for increased reporting on all replicates that were evolved, not just those that acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Statistics, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 318 Machray Hall, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Parul Sethi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada
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14
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Boden S, Morio F, Zhou M, Gerrits van den Ende B, Hagen F. De novo Nanopore Genome Sequencing of the Clinical Diutina catenulata Type-strain CBS565. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:417-420. [PMID: 35536527 PMCID: PMC9325844 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diutina catenulata is an ascomycetous yeast, that is regularly fluconazole-resistant and increasingly reported as the cause of invasive infection in humans. Here, we describe the de novo genome assembly of the clinical D. catenulata type-strain CBS565 and provide insights into the genome and compared it to an Illumina-sequenced environmental strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Boden
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Florent Morio
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'immunité, IICiMed, UR1155, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Communities of culturable yeasts and yeast-like fungi in oligotrophic hypersaline coastal waters of the Arabian Gulf surrounding Qatar. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:609-633. [PMID: 35322327 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This report is the first investigation of yeast biodiversity from the oligotrophic hypersaline coastal waters of the Arabian Gulf surrounding Qatar. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi, were cultured from seawater sampled at 13 coastal areas surrounding Qatar over a period of 2 years (December 2013-September 2015). Eight hundred and forty-two isolates belonging to 82 species representing two phyla viz., Ascomycota (23 genera) and Basidiomycota (16 genera) were identified by molecular sequencing. The results indicated that the coastal waters of the Qatari oligotrophic marine environment harbor a diverse pool of yeast species, most of which have been reported from terrestrial, clinical and aquatic sources in various parts of the world. Five species, i.e., Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Pichia kudriavzevii and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (n = 252/842; 30% isolates) are known as major opportunistic human pathogens. Fifteen species belonging to nine genera (n = 498/842; 59%) and 12 species belonging to seven genera (n = 459/842; 55%) are hydrocarbon degrading yeast and pollution indicator yeast species, respectively. Ascomycetous yeasts were predominant (66.38%; 559/842) as compared to their basidiomycetous counterparts (33.6%; 283/842). The most isolated yeast genera were Candida (28%; 236/842) (e.g., C. aaseri, C. boidinii, C. glabrata, C. intermedia, C. oleophila, C. orthopsilosis, C. palmioleophila, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudointermedia, C. rugopelliculosa, C. sake, C. tropicalis and C. zeylanoides), Rhodotorula (12.7%; 107/842), Naganishia (8.4%; 71/842), Aureobasidium (7.4%; 62/842), Pichia (7.3%; 62/842), and Debaryomyces (6.4%; 54/842). A total of eleven yeast species ( n = 38) isolated in this study are reported for the first time from the marine environment. Chemical testing demonstrated that seven out of the 13 sites had levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) ranging from 200 to 900 µg/L, whereas 6 sites showed higher TPH levels (> 1000-21000 µg/L). The results suggest that the yeast community structure and density are impacted by various physico-chemical factors, namely total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and sulphur.
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16
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Forecasting the number of species of asexually reproducing fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Chang CC, Hall V, Cooper C, Grigoriadis G, Beardsley J, Sorrell TC, Heath CH. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis and rare yeast infections in the haematology/oncology setting, 2021. Intern Med J 2021; 51 Suppl 7:118-142. [PMID: 34937137 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii complex is an important opportunistic infection in people with immunodeficiency, including in the haematology/oncology setting. This may manifest clinically as cryptococcal meningitis or pulmonary cryptococcosis, or be detected incidentally by cryptococcal antigenemia, a positive sputum culture or radiological imaging. Non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus spp. rare yeast fungaemia are increasingly common in this population. These consensus guidelines aim to provide clinicians working in the Australian and New Zealand haematology/oncology setting with clear guiding principles and practical recommendations for the management of cryptococcosis, while also highlighting important and emerging rare yeast infections and their recommended management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Therapeutic and Vaccine Research Programme, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Victoria Hall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celia Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - George Grigoriadis
- Monash Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher H Heath
- Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2095-2113. [PMID: 33556223 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions aetiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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19
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Arastehfar A, Marcet-Houben M, Daneshnia F, Taj-Aldeen S, Batra D, Lockhart S, Shor E, Gabaldón T, Perlin D. Comparative genomic analysis of clinical Candida glabrata isolates identifies multiple polymorphic loci that can improve existing multilocus sequence typing strategy. Stud Mycol 2021; 100:100133. [PMID: 34909054 PMCID: PMC8640552 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second leading cause of candidemia in many countries and is one of the most concerning yeast species of nosocomial importance due to its increasing rate of antifungal drug resistance and emerging multidrug-resistant isolates. Application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to clinical C. glabrata isolates revealed an association of certain sequence types (STs) with drug resistance and mortality. The current C. glabrata MLST scheme is based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at six loci and is therefore relatively laborious and costly. Furthermore, only a few high-quality C. glabrata reference genomes are available, limiting rapid analysis of clinical isolates by whole genome sequencing. In this study we provide long-read based assemblies for seven additional clinical strains belonging to three different STs and use this information to simplify the C. glabrata MLST scheme. Specifically, a comparison of these genomes identified highly polymorphic loci (HPL) defined by frequent insertions and deletions (indels), two of which proved to be highly resolutive for ST. When challenged with 53 additional isolates, a combination of TRP1 (a component of the current MLST scheme) with either of the two HPL fully recapitulated ST identification. Therefore, our comparative genomic analysis identified a new typing approach combining SNPs and indels and based on only two loci, thus significantly simplifying ST identification in C. glabrata. Because typing tools are instrumental in addressing numerous clinical and biological questions, our new MLST scheme can be used for high throughput typing of C. glabrata in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Arastehfar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - M. Marcet-Houben
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Daneshnia
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | | | - D. Batra
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - S.R. Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - E. Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian Health School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07710, USA
| | - T. Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona 29, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D.S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian Health School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, 07710, USA
- Georgetown University Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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20
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Epidemiology of Candidemia in Kuwait: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080673. [PMID: 34436212 PMCID: PMC8399751 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Candida species cause a majority of invasive fungal infections. In this article, we describe the nationwide epidemiology of candidemia in Kuwait in 2018. Yeast bloodstream isolates submitted from all major hospitals and identified by phenotypic MALDI-TOF MS and/or by molecular methods were studied. Susceptibility testing was performed by Etest. Out of 313 bloodstream yeasts, 239 Candida spp. isolates (excluding duplicate isolates) were obtained during 234 candidemic episodes among 223 patients. Mixed-species candidemia and re-infection occurred in 5 and 11 patients, respectively. C. albicans (n = 74), C. parapsilosis (n = 54), C. tropicalis (n = 35), C. auris (n = 33), C. glabrata (n = 32), other Candida spp. (n = 11), and other yeasts (n = 9) caused fungemia. Nearly 50% of patients were in intensive care units. Candida spp. isolates (except C. glabrata) were susceptible to caspofungin and 27% of C. auris were amphotericin B-resistant. Resistance to fluconazole was 100% in C. auris, 17% in C. parapsilosis, 12% in C. glabrata, and 1% in C. albicans. Mortality was 47% for other Candida/yeast infections. Nationwide candidemia incidence in 2018 was 5.29 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Changes in species spectrum, increasing fluconazole resistance in C. parapsilosis, and the emergence of C. auris as a major pathogen in Kuwait are noteworthy findings. The data could be of help in informing decisions regarding planning, in the allocation of resources, and in antimicrobial stewardship.
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21
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Performance of Two Novel Chromogenic Media for the Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Compared with Other Commercially Available Formulations. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03220-20. [PMID: 33536293 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03220-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida species are emerging in the nosocomial environment, with the multidrug-resistant (MDR) species Candida auris being the most notorious example. Consequently, rapid and accurate species identification has become essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate five commercially available chromogenic media for the presumptive identification of C. auris Two novel chromogenic formulations, CHROMagar Candida Plus (CHROMagar) and HiCrome C. auris MDR selective agar (HiMedia), and three reference media, CandiSelect (Bio-Rad), CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar), and Chromatic Candida (Liofilchem), were inoculated with a collection of 9 genetically diverse C. auris strains and 35 strains from closely related comparator species. After 48 h of incubation, the media were evaluated for their ability to detect and identify C. auris All media had the same limitations in the differentiation of the more common species Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata Only on CHROMagar Candida Plus did C. auris colonies develop a species-specific coloration. Nevertheless, the closely related pathogenic species Candida pseudohaemulonii and Candida vulturna developed a similar appearance as C. auris on this medium. CHROMagar Candida Plus was shown to be superior in the detection and identification of C. auris, with 100% inclusivity for C. auris compared to 0% and 33% for the reference media and HiCrome C. auris MDR selective agar, respectively. Although C. vulturna and C. pseudohaemulonii can cause false positives, CHROMagar Candida Plus was shown to be a valuable addition to the plethora of mostly molecular methods for C. auris detection and identification.
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Arastehfar A, Lass-Flörl C, Garcia-Rubio R, Daneshnia F, Ilkit M, Boekhout T, Gabaldon T, Perlin DS. The Quiet and Underappreciated Rise of Drug-Resistant Invasive Fungal Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E138. [PMID: 32824785 PMCID: PMC7557958 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens are attributable to a significant economic burden and mortality worldwide. Antifungal treatments, although limited in number, play a pivotal role in decreasing mortality and morbidities posed by invasive fungal infections (IFIs). However, the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris and Candida glabrata and acquiring invasive infections due to azole-resistant C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Aspergillus spp. in azole-naïve patients pose a serious health threat considering the limited number of systemic antifungals available to treat IFIs. Although advancing for major fungal pathogens, the understanding of fungal attributes contributing to antifungal resistance is just emerging for several clinically important MDR fungal pathogens. Further complicating the matter are the distinct differences in antifungal resistance mechanisms among various fungal species in which one or more mechanisms may contribute to the resistance phenotype. In this review, we attempt to summarize the burden of antifungal resistance for selected non-albicansCandida and clinically important Aspergillus species together with their phylogenetic placement on the tree of life. Moreover, we highlight the different molecular mechanisms between antifungal tolerance and resistance, and comprehensively discuss the molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in a species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Arastehfar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
| | - Farnaz Daneshnia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey;
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.D.); (T.B.)
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toni Gabaldon
- Life Sciences Programme, Barcelona, Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 08024 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
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Ahangarkani F, Shokohi T, Rezai MS, Ilkit M, Mahmoodi Nesheli H, Karami H, Tamaddoni A, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Khodavaisy S, Meis JF, Badali H. Epidemiological features of nosocomial candidaemia in neonates, infants and children: A multicentre study in Iran. Mycoses 2020; 63:382-394. [PMID: 31985076 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial bloodstream candidaemia is a life-threatening fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality, especially among paediatric patients undergoing intensive immunosuppressive therapy. Limited data on the epidemiology of candidaemia and susceptibility profiles are available for Iran. To characterise candidaemia epidemiology, comorbidity risk factors, species distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles among paediatric patients in Iran. This observational cross-sectional study enrolled 26 189 patients <18 years old at three reference paediatric hospitals in Mazandaran and Tehran over 2 years. Blood samples from patients with suspected fungal bloodstream infection were analysed using the BACTEC culture system. Fungal isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and DNA sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution guideline. We observed 109 episodes of nosocomial candidaemia in paediatric patients with or without immunosuppressive therapy. The most common healthcare-associated factor was central vascular catheter use (97%). The all-cause mortality rate was 40%, of which 48% was attributable to candidaemia. While Candida albicans was the most frequent causative agent (49%), emerging and uncommon Candida species were also isolated. Candidaemia mortality by non-albicans Candida species was significantly higher than that by C. albicans (P < .05). All fluconazole-resistant species were non-albicans Candida species. Uncommon Candida species with reduced susceptibility to antifungals are emerging as major agents of nosocomial candidaemia in high-risk paediatric patients in Iran. Appropriate source control, antifungal regimens and improved antifungal stewardship are warranted for managing and decreasing the burden of nosocomial candidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi Nesheli
- Non-Communicable Pediatrics Disease Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Karami
- Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tamaddoni
- Non-Communicable Pediatrics Disease Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc /CWZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Stavrou AA, Pérez-Hansen A, Lackner M, Lass-Flörl C, Boekhout T. Elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations to antifungal drugs prevail in 14 rare species of candidemia-causing Saccharomycotina yeasts. Med Mycol 2020; 58:987-995. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAntifungal susceptibility profiles of rare Saccharomycotina yeasts remain missing, even though an increase in prevalence of such rare Candida species was reported in candidemia. Majority of these rare yeast species carry intrinsic resistances against at least one antifungal compound. Some species are known to be cross-resistant (against multiple drugs of the same drug class) or even multi-drug resistant (against multiple drugs of different drug classes). We performed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) according to EUCAST broth microdilution for 14 rare species (Clavispora lusitaniae, Candida intermedia, Candida auris, Diutina rugosa, Wickerhamiella pararugosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, Pichia norvegensis, Candida nivariensis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Candida palmioleophila, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Meyerozyma caribbica, and Debaryomyces hansenii) known to cause candidemia. In total, 234 isolates were tested for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Amphothericin B had the broadest efficiency against the 14 tested rare yeast species, while high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against azole drugs and echinocandins were common. Voriconazole was the most efficient azole drug. Multidrug resistance was observed for the species C. auris and K. marxianus. Multidrug resistant individual isolates were found for Y. lipolytica and M. caribbica. In conclusion, the observed high MIC values of the rare Saccharomycotina species tested limit antifungal treatment options, complicating the management of such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia A Stavrou
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pérez-Hansen
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schoepfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schoepfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schoepfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
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25
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Boekhout T. A tribute to Cletus P. Kurtzman (1938-2017). FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5531062. [PMID: 31294788 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Emerging Fungal Infections: New Patients, New Patterns, and New Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5030067. [PMID: 31330862 PMCID: PMC6787706 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of clinical mycology is constantly changing. New therapies for malignant and autoimmune diseases have led to new risk factors for unusual mycoses. Invasive candidiasis is increasingly caused by non-albicans Candida spp., including C. auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast with the potential for nosocomial transmission that has rapidly spread globally. The use of mould-active antifungal prophylaxis in patients with cancer or transplantation has decreased the incidence of invasive fungal disease, but shifted the balance of mould disease in these patients to those from non-fumigatus Aspergillus species, Mucorales, and Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. The agricultural application of triazole pesticides has driven an emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in environmental and clinical isolates. The widespread use of topical antifungals with corticosteroids in India has resulted in Trichophyton mentagrophytes causing recalcitrant dermatophytosis. New dimorphic fungal pathogens have emerged, including Emergomyces, which cause disseminated mycoses globally, primarily in HIV infected patients, and Blastomyceshelicus and B. percursus, causes of atypical blastomycosis in western parts of North America and in Africa, respectively. In North America, regions of geographic risk for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis have expanded, possibly related to climate change. In Brazil, zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important disease of felines and people.
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