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Berv JS, Singhal S, Field DJ, Walker-Hale N, McHugh SW, Shipley JR, Miller ET, Kimball RT, Braun EL, Dornburg A, Parins-Fukuchi CT, Prum RO, Winger BM, Friedman M, Smith SA. Genome and life-history evolution link bird diversification to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0114. [PMID: 39083615 PMCID: PMC11290531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Complex patterns of genome evolution associated with the end-Cretaceous [Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg)] mass extinction limit our understanding of the early evolutionary history of modern birds. Here, we analyzed patterns of avian molecular evolution and identified distinct macroevolutionary regimes across exons, introns, untranslated regions, and mitochondrial genomes. Bird clades originating near the K-Pg boundary exhibited numerous shifts in the mode of molecular evolution, suggesting a burst of genomic heterogeneity at this point in Earth's history. These inferred shifts in substitution patterns were closely related to evolutionary shifts in developmental mode, adult body mass, and patterns of metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction triggered integrated patterns of evolution across avian genomes, physiology, and life history near the dawn of the modern bird radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Berv
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Daniel J. Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nathanael Walker-Hale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sean W. McHugh
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Population Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J. Ryan Shipley
- Department of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Eliot T. Miller
- Center for Avian Population Studies, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Edward L. Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - C. Tomomi Parins-Fukuchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Richard O. Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Zhang G, Li C, Li Q, Li B, Larkin DM, Lee C, Storz JF, Antunes A, Greenwold MJ, Meredith RW, Ödeen A, Cui J, Zhou Q, Xu L, Pan H, Wang Z, Jin L, Zhang P, Hu H, Yang W, Hu J, Xiao J, Yang Z, Liu Y, Xie Q, Yu H, Lian J, Wen P, Zhang F, Li H, Zeng Y, Xiong Z, Liu S, Zhou L, Huang Z, An N, Wang J, Zheng Q, Xiong Y, Wang G, Wang B, Wang J, Fan Y, da Fonseca RR, Alfaro-Núñez A, Schubert M, Orlando L, Mourier T, Howard JT, Ganapathy G, Pfenning A, Whitney O, Rivas MV, Hara E, Smith J, Farré M, Narayan J, Slavov G, Romanov MN, Borges R, Machado JP, Khan I, Springer MS, Gatesy J, Hoffmann FG, Opazo JC, Håstad O, Sawyer RH, Kim H, Kim KW, Kim HJ, Cho S, Li N, Huang Y, Bruford MW, Zhan X, Dixon A, Bertelsen MF, Derryberry E, Warren W, Wilson RK, Li S, Ray DA, Green RE, O'Brien SJ, Griffin D, Johnson WE, Haussler D, Ryder OA, Willerslev E, Graves GR, Alström P, Fjeldså J, Mindell DP, Edwards SV, Braun EL, Rahbek C, Burt DW, Houde P, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MTP, Wang J. Comparative genomics reveals insights into avian genome evolution and adaptation. Science 2014; 346:1311-20. [PMID: 25504712 PMCID: PMC4390078 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Birds are the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates and have wide relevance across many research fields. We explored bird macroevolution using full genomes from 48 avian species representing all major extant clades. The avian genome is principally characterized by its constrained size, which predominantly arose because of lineage-specific erosion of repetitive elements, large segmental deletions, and gene loss. Avian genomes furthermore show a remarkably high degree of evolutionary stasis at the levels of nucleotide sequence, gene synteny, and chromosomal structure. Despite this pattern of conservation, we detected many non-neutral evolutionary changes in protein-coding genes and noncoding regions. These analyses reveal that pan-avian genomic diversity covaries with adaptations to different lifestyles and convergent evolution of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Cai Li
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qiye Li
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Li
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Chul Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Matthew J Greenwold
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert W Meredith
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Anders Ödeen
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jie Cui
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Luohao Xu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hailin Pan
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zongji Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijun Jin
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Haofu Hu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Wei Yang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhikai Yang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yang Liu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Qiaolin Xie
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hao Yu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jinmin Lian
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Ping Wen
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hui Li
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yongli Zeng
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long Zhou
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Na An
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jie Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. BGI Education Center,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Qiumei Zheng
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yingqi Xiong
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Guangbiao Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Bo Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Schubert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jason T Howard
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ganeshkumar Ganapathy
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andreas Pfenning
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Osceola Whitney
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miriam V Rivas
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erina Hara
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Julia Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marta Farré
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Gancho Slavov
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Rui Borges
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Machado
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Imran Khan
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John Gatesy
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Juan C Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Olle Håstad
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7011, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger H Sawyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Heebal Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Michael W Bruford
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Xiangjiang Zhan
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Andrew Dixon
- International Wildlife Consultants, Carmarthen SA33 5YL, Wales, UK
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Derryberry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Shengbin Li
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - David A Ray
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania, FL 33004, USA
| | - Darren Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - David Haussler
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- Genetics Division, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gary R Graves
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC-116, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Post Office Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Per Alström
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - David P Mindell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Imperial College London, Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment Initiative, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - David W Burt
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute Building, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Houde
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Box 30001 MSC 3AF, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jian Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Jun Wang
- China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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