1
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Dong QY, Wang Y, Wang ZQ, Liu YF, Yu H. Phylogeny and Systematics of the Genus Tolypocladium (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1158. [PMID: 36354925 PMCID: PMC9697939 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Tolypocladium are herein revised based on the most comprehensive dataset to date. Two species-level phylogenies of Tolypocladium were constructed: a single-gene phylogeny (ITS) of 35 accepted species and a multigene phylogeny (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef-1α, rpb1, and rpb2) of 27 accepted species. Three new species, Tolypocladium pseudoalbum sp. nov., Tolypocladium subparadoxum sp. nov., and Tolypocladium yunnanense sp. nov., are described in the present study. The genetic divergences of four markers (ITS, tef-1α, rpb1 and rpb2) among Tolypocladium species are also reported. The results indicated that species of Tolypocladium were best delimited by rpb1 sequence data, followed by the sequence data for the rpb2, tef-1α, and ITS provided regions. Finally, a key to the 48 accepted species of Tolypocladium worldwide is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Ying Dong
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yan-Fang Liu
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Hong Yu
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
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2
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Liu D, Wang Z, Zhou JJ, Gan X. Design, synthesis and nematocidal activity of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole amide moiety. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2046580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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3
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Tolypocladium reniformisporum sp. nov. and Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) co-occurring on Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Si J, Dong X, Zhang G, Lu H, Tang K, Zhang L, Kong X, Sheng K, Wang J, Zha X, Wang Y. The fucose-specific lectin gene AOL_s00054g276 affects trap formation and nematocidal activity of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6526307. [PMID: 35142828 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi are natural enemies of nematodes in nature. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a typical nematode-trapping fungus with a clear genetic background, can capture and infect nematodes by forming adhesive three-dimensional networks. Lectins, a class of glycoproteins containing glycosyl-specific recognition domains, play an important role in biological recognition. However, the fucose-specific lectins have rarely been studied regarding the process of preying on nematodes. In this study, we characterized the biological role of the fucose-specific lectin encoding gene AOL_s00054g276 (g276) in A. oligospora. The gene g276 was first deleted based on homologous recombination, then the phenotype and nematocidal activity of the Δg276 mutant was evaluated. The results showed that the deletion of gene g276 delayed trap formation and weakened its nematocidal activity; however, mycelial growth, conidia production, conidial germination rates, and adaption to environmental stresses were not affected. Our results suggest that the fucose-specific lectin encoding gene g276 might be associated with the morphogenesis of this fungus, and its deletion resulted in a significantly low density of three-dimensional traps (P < 0.05) and a significantly low nematode-tapping efficiency (P < 0.001). These findings provide a basis for further elucidating the mechanism of A. oligospora preying on nematodes and lay a foundation for the development and utilization of fungal-derived lectins for nematode control in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Si
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Hengqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kaijing Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangdong Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
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5
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Kooij PW, Pellicer J. Genome Size Versus Genome Assemblies: Are the Genomes Truly Expanded in Polyploid Fungal Symbionts? Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:2384-2390. [PMID: 33283863 PMCID: PMC7719231 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Each day, as the amount of genomic data and bioinformatics resources grows, researchers are increasingly challenged with selecting the most appropriate approach to analyze their data. In addition, the opportunity to undertake comparative genomic analyses is growing rapidly. This is especially true for fungi due to their small genome sizes (i.e., mean 1C = 44.2 Mb). Given these opportunities and aiming to gain novel insights into the evolution of mutualisms, we focus on comparing the quality of whole genome assemblies for fungus-growing ants cultivars (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) and a free-living relative. Our analyses reveal that currently available methodologies and pipelines for analyzing whole-genome sequence data need refining. By using different genome assemblers, we show that the genome assembly size depends on what software is used. This, in turn, impacts gene number predictions, with higher gene numbers correlating positively with genome assembly size. Furthermore, the majority of fungal genome size data currently available are based on estimates derived from whole-genome assemblies generated from short-read genome data, rather than from the more accurate technique of flow cytometry. Here, we estimated the haploid genome sizes of three ant fungal symbionts by flow cytometry using the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (1871) as a calibration standard. We found that published genome sizes based on genome assemblies are 2.5- to 3-fold larger than our estimates based on flow cytometry. We, therefore, recommend that flow cytometry is used to precalibrate genome assembly pipelines, to avoid incorrect estimates of genome sizes and ensure robust assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn W Kooij
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Freitas DF, da Rocha IM, Vieira-da-Motta O, de Paula Santos C. The Role of Melanin in the Biology and Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:597-613. [PMID: 34232439 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a heteropolymer formed by the polymerization of phenolic and indolic compounds. It occurs in organisms across all biological kingdoms and has a range different of functions, thus indicating its important evolutionary role. The presence of melanin offers several protective advantages, including against ultraviolet radiation, traumatic damage, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and pressure. For many species of fungi, melanin also participates directly in the process of virulence and pathogenicity. These organisms can synthesize melanin in two main ways: using a substrate of endogenous origin, involving 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN); alternatively, in an exogenous manner with the addition of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA or levodopa). As melanin is an amorphous and complex substance, its study requires expensive and inaccessible technologies and analyses are often difficult to perform with conventional biochemical techniques. As such, details about its chemical structure are not yet fully understood, particularly for nematophagous fungi that remain poorly studied. Thus, this review presents an overview of the different types of melanin, with an emphasis on fungi, and discusses the role of melanin in the biology and ecology of nematophagous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid França Freitas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Izabelli Martins da Rocha
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Animal Health Laboratory - Infectious Contagious Diseases Sector, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Paula Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil.
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7
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Sagita R, Quax WJ, Haslinger K. Current State and Future Directions of Genetics and Genomics of Endophytic Fungi for Bioprospecting Efforts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:649906. [PMID: 33791289 PMCID: PMC8005728 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.649906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioprospecting of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi received great attention in the 1990s and 2000s, when the controversy around taxol production from Taxus spp. endophytes was at its height. Since then, hundreds of reports have described the isolation and characterization of putative secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi. However, only very few studies also report the genetic basis for these phenotypic observations. With low sequencing cost and fast sample turnaround, genetics- and genomics-based approaches have risen to become comprehensive approaches to study natural products from a wide-range of organisms, especially to elucidate underlying biosynthetic pathways. However, in the field of fungal endophyte biology, elucidation of biosynthetic pathways is still a major challenge. As a relatively poorly investigated group of microorganisms, even in the light of recent efforts to sequence more fungal genomes, such as the 1000 Fungal Genomes Project at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), the basis for bioprospecting of enzymes and pathways from endophytic fungi is still rather slim. In this review we want to discuss the current approaches and tools used to associate phenotype and genotype to elucidate biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in endophytic fungi through the lens of bioprospecting. This review will point out the reported successes and shortcomings, and discuss future directions in sampling, and genetics and genomics of endophytic fungi. Identifying responsible biosynthetic genes for the numerous secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic fungi opens the opportunity to explore the genetic potential of producer strains to discover novel secondary metabolites and enhance secondary metabolite production by metabolic engineering resulting in novel and more affordable medicines and food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Haslinger
- Groningen Institute of Pharmacy, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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8
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Yang Y, Sossah FL, Li Z, Hyde KD, Li D, Xiao S, Fu Y, Yuan X, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Chitinase GH18 Gene Family in Mycogone perniciosa. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:596719. [PMID: 33505368 PMCID: PMC7829358 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycogone perniciosa causes wet bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus and various Agaricomycetes species. In a previous work, we identified 41 GH18 chitinase genes and other pathogenicity-related genes in the genome of M. perniciosa Hp10. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin, and they have diverse functions in nutrition, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. However, these important genes in M. perniciosa have not been fully characterized, and their functions remain unclear. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis of M. perniciosa GH18 genes and analyzed the transcriptome profiles and GH18 expression patterns in M. perniciosa during the time course of infection in A. bisporus. Phylogenetic analysis of the 41 GH18 genes with those of 15 other species showed that the genes were clustered into three groups and eight subgroups based on their conserved domains. The GH18 genes clustered in the same group shared different gene structures but had the same protein motifs. All GH18 genes were localized in different organelles, were unevenly distributed on 11 contigs, and had orthologs in the other 13 species. Twelve duplication events were identified, and these had undergone both positive and purifying selection. The transcriptome analyses revealed that numerous genes, including transporters, cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), cytochrome P450, pathogenicity-related genes, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors, were significantly upregulated at different stages of M. perniciosa Hp10 infection of A. bisporus. Twenty-three out of the 41 GH18 genes were differentially expressed. The expression patterns of the 23 GH18 genes were different and were significantly expressed from 3 days post-inoculation of M. perniciosa Hp10 in A. bisporus. Five differentially expressed GH18 genes were selected for RT-PCR and gene cloning to verify RNA-seq data accuracy. The results showed that those genes were successively expressed in different infection stages, consistent with the previous sequencing results. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of pathogenicity-related and GH18 chitinase genes’ influence on M. perniciosa mycoparasitism of A. bisporus. Our findings may serve as a basis for further studies of M. perniciosa mycoparasitism, and the results have potential value for improving resistance in A. bisporus and developing efficient disease-management strategies to mitigate wet bubble disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Breeding, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Frederick Leo Sossah
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Dan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Breeding, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongping Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li H, Wang R, Zhang KQ, Xu J. Fungi-Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology, and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E206. [PMID: 33020457 PMCID: PMC7711821 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and nematodes are among the most abundant organisms in soil habitats. They provide essential ecosystem services and play crucial roles for maintaining the stability of food-webs and for facilitating nutrient cycling. As two of the very abundant groups of organisms, fungi and nematodes interact with each other in multiple ways. Here in this review, we provide a broad framework of interactions between fungi and nematodes with an emphasis on those that impact crops and agriculture ecosystems. We describe the diversity and evolution of fungi that closely interact with nematodes, including food fungi for nematodes as well as fungi that feed on nematodes. Among the nematophagous fungi, those that produce specialized nematode-trapping devices are especially interesting, and a great deal is known about their diversity, evolution, and molecular mechanisms of interactions with nematodes. Some of the fungi and nematodes are significant pathogens and pests to crops. We summarize the ecological and molecular mechanisms identified so far that impact, either directly or indirectly, the interactions among phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic nematodes, and crop plants. The potential applications of our understanding to controlling phytophagous nematodes and soilborne fungal pathogens in agricultural fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Haixia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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10
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Shu R, Zhang J, Meng Q, Zhang H, Zhou G, Li M, Wu P, Zhao Y, Chen C, Qin Q. A New High-Quality Draft Genome Assembly of the Chinese Cordyceps Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1074-1079. [PMID: 32579174 PMCID: PMC7486949 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It parasitizes and mummifies the underground ghost moth larvae, then produces a fruiting body. The fungus-insect complex, called Chinese cordyceps or "DongChongXiaCao," is not only a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, but also a major source of income for numerous Himalayan residents. Here, taking advantage of rapid advances in single-molecule sequencing, we assembled a highly contiguous genome assembly of O. sinensis. The assembly of 23 contigs was ∼110.8 Mb with a N50 length of 18.2 Mb. We used RNA-seq and homologous protein sequences to identify 8,916 protein-coding genes in the IOZ07 assembly. Moreover, 63 secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified in the improved assembly. The improved assembly and genome features described in this study will further inform the evolutionary study and resource utilization of Chinese cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Beijing Tongrentang Health Pharmaceutical (Qinghai) Co., Ltd., Delingha, China
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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11
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Liu T, Huang Y, Chen XX, Long X, Yang YH, Zhu ML, Mo MH, Zhang KQ. Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Features and Possible Mechanisms of Glucose-Mediated Soil Fungistasis Relief in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3143. [PMID: 32038576 PMCID: PMC6989558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne pest diseases result in large annual agricultural losses globally. Fungal bio-control agents are an alternative means of controlling pest diseases; however, soil fungistasis limits the effect of fungal agents. Nutrients can relieve soil fungistasis, but the mechanisms behind this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we determined and quantified the transcriptomes of Arthrobotrys oligospora, a nematode-trapping fungus, derived from samples of fresh conidia, germinated conidia, soil fungistatic conidia, and glucose-relieved conidia. The transcriptomes of fungistatic and glucose-relieved conidia were significantly different from those of the other two conidia samples. KEGG pathway analyses showed that those genes upregulated in fungistatic and glucose-relieved conidia were mainly involved in translation and substance metabolism, and the downregulated genes were mainly involved in MAPK pathway, autophagy, mitophagy, and endocytosis. As being different from the transcriptome of fungistatic conidia, upregulated genes in the transcriptome of glucose-relieved conidia are also related to replication and repair, spliceosome, oxidative phosphorylation, autophagy, and degradation pathway (lysosome, proteasome, and RNA degradation). And the upregulated genes resulted from comparison of glucose-relieved conidia and fungistatic conidia were enriched in metabolic pathways, cycle, DNA replication, and repair. The differentially splicing events in the transcriptome of glucose-relieved conidia are far more than that of other two transcriptomes, and genes regulated by differentially splicing were analyzed through KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, autophagy genes were proved to play important role in resisting soil fungistasis and glucose-mediated soil fungistasis relief. These data indicate that, in addition to being a carbon and energy source for conidia germination, glucose may also help to relieve soil fungistasis by activating many cellular processes, including autophagy, DNA replication and repair, RNA alternative splicing, and degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-He Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhu
- Yunnan of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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12
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Haarith D, Hu W, Kim DG, Showalter DN, Chen S, Bushley KE. Culturable mycobiome of soya bean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) cysts from a long-term soya bean-corn rotation system is dominated by Fusarium. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Ludlow EJ, Vassiliadis S, Ekanayake PN, Hettiarachchige IK, Reddy P, Sawbridge TI, Rochfort SJ, Spangenberg GC, Guthridge KM. Analysis of the Indole Diterpene Gene Cluster for Biosynthesis of the Epoxy-Janthitrems in Epichloë Endophytes. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110560. [PMID: 31766147 PMCID: PMC6921081 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-janthitrems are a class of indole diterpenes with structural similarity to lolitrem B. Two taxa of asexual Epichloë endophytes have been reported to produce epoxy-janthitrems, LpTG-3 (Lolium perenne Taxonomic Group 3; e.g., NEA12) and LpTG-4 (e.g., E1). Epichloë epoxy-janthitrems are not well understood, the biosynthetic pathway and associated gene complement have not been described and while the literature suggests they are associated with superior protection against pasture insect pests and are tremorgenic in grazing mammals, these properties have not been confirmed using isolated and purified compounds. Whole genome sequence analysis was used to identify candidate genes for epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis that are unique to epoxy-janthitrem producing strains of Epichloë. A gene, jtmD, was identified with homology to aromatic prenyl transferases involved in synthesis of indole diterpenes. The location of the epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis gene cluster (JTM locus) was determined in the assembled nuclear genomes of NEA12 and E1. The JTM locus contains cluster 1 and cluster 2 of the lolitrem B biosynthesis gene cluster (LTM locus), as well as four genes jtmD, jtmO, jtm01, and jtm02 that are unique to Epichloë spp. that produce epoxy-janthitrems. Expression of each of the genes identified was confirmed using transcriptome analysis of perennial ryegrass-NEA12 and perennial ryegrass-E1 symbiota. Sequence analysis confirmed the genes are functionally similar to those involved in biosynthesis of related indole diterpene compounds. RNAi silencing of jtmD and in planta assessment in host-endophyte associations confirms the role of jtmD in epoxy-janthitrem production. Using LCMS/MS technologies, a biosynthetic pathway for the production of epoxy-janthitrems I-IV in Epichloë endophytes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Ludlow
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Piyumi N. Ekanayake
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Inoka K. Hettiarachchige
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Tim I. Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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15
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Gudmundsson M, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Comparative evolutionary histories of fungal proteases reveal gene gains in the mycoparasitic and nematode-parasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:171. [PMID: 30445903 PMCID: PMC6240243 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Clonostachys rosea (order Hypocreales) can control several important plant diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. Subtilisin-like serine proteases are considered to play an important role in pathogenesis in entomopathogenic, mycoparasitic, and nematophagous fungi used for biological control. In this study, we analysed the evolutionary histories of protease gene families, and investigated sequence divergence and regulation of serine protease genes in C. rosea. Results Proteases of selected hypocrealean fungal species were classified into families based on the MEROPS peptidase database. The highest number of protease genes (590) was found in Fusarium solani, followed by C. rosea with 576 genes. Analysis of gene family evolution identified non-random changes in gene copy numbers in the five serine protease gene families S1A, S8A, S9X, S12 and S33. Four families, S1A, S8A, S9X, and S33, displayed gene gains in C. rosea. A gene-tree / species-tree reconciliation analysis of the S8A family revealed that the gene copy number increase in C. rosea was primarily associated with the S08.054 (proteinase K) subgroup. In addition, regulatory and predicted structural differences, including twelve sites evolving under positive selection, among eighteen C. rosea S8A serine protease paralog genes were also observed. The C. rosea S8A serine protease gene prs6 was induced during interaction with the plant pathogenic species F. graminearum. Conclusions Non-random increases in S8A, S9X and S33 serine protease gene numbers in the mycoparasitic species C. rosea, Trichoderma atroviride and T. virens suggests an involvement in fungal-fungal interactions. Regulatory and predicted structural differences between C. rosea S8A paralogs indicate that functional diversification is driving the observed increase in gene copy numbers. The induction of prs6 expression in C. rosea during confrontation with F. graminearum suggests an involvement of the corresponding protease in fungal-fungal interactions. The results pinpoint the importance of serine proteases for ecological niche adaptation in C. rosea, including a potential role in the mycoparasitic attack on fungal prey. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundsson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Li K, Wang C, Cai L, Zhuang W, Xiang M, Liu X. Introgression and gene family contraction drive the evolution of lifestyle and host shifts of hypocrealean fungi. Mycology 2018; 9:176-188. [PMID: 30181924 PMCID: PMC6115877 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1478333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocrealean fungi (Ascomycota) are known for their diversity of lifestyles. Their vital influences on agricultural and natural ecosystems have resulted in a number of sequenced genomes, which provide essential data for genomic analysis. Totally, 45 hypocrealean fungal genomes constructed a phylogeny. The phylogeny showed that plant pathogens in Nectriaceae diverged earliest, followed by animal pathogens in Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae with mycoparasites in Hypocreaceae. Insect/nematode pathogens and grass endophytes in Clavicipitaceae diverged at last. Gene families associated with host-derived nutrients are significantly contracted in diverged lineages compared with the ancestral species. Introgression was detected in certain lineages of hypocrealean fungi, and the main functions of the genes located in the introgressed regions are involved in host recognition, transcriptional regulation, stress response and cell growth regulation. These results indicate that contraction of gene families and introgression might be main mechanisms to drive lifestyle differentiation and evolution and host shift of hypocrealean fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Lin R, Qin F, Shen B, Shi Q, Liu C, Zhang X, Jiao Y, Lu J, Gao Y, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV, Wang G, Mao Z, Ling J, Yang Y, Cheng X, Xie B. Genome and secretome analysis of Pochonia chlamydosporia provide new insight into egg-parasitic mechanisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1123. [PMID: 29348510 PMCID: PMC5773674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia infects eggs and females of economically important plant-parasitic nematodes. The fungal isolates parasitizing different nematodes are genetically distinct. To understand their intraspecific genetic differentiation, parasitic mechanisms, and adaptive evolution, we assembled seven putative chromosomes of P. chlamydosporia strain 170 isolated from root-knot nematode eggs (~44 Mb, including 7.19% of transposable elements) and compared them with the genome of the strain 123 (~41 Mb) isolated from cereal cyst nematode. We focus on secretomes of the fungus, which play important roles in pathogenicity and fungus-host/environment interactions, and identified 1,750 secreted proteins, with a high proportion of carboxypeptidases, subtilisins, and chitinases. We analyzed the phylogenies of these genes and predicted new pathogenic molecules. By comparative transcriptome analysis, we found that secreted proteins involved in responses to nutrient stress are mainly comprised of proteases and glycoside hydrolases. Moreover, 32 secreted proteins undergoing positive selection and 71 duplicated gene pairs encoding secreted proteins are identified. Two duplicated pairs encoding secreted glycosyl hydrolases (GH30), which may be related to fungal endophytic process and lost in many insect-pathogenic fungi but exist in nematophagous fungi, are putatively acquired from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. The results help understanding genetic origins and evolution of parasitism-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmao Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoming Shen
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chichuan Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoyao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing, China.
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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18
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Wang R, Dong L, He R, Wang Q, Chen Y, Qu L, Zhang YA. Comparative genomic analyses reveal the features for adaptation to nematodes in fungi. DNA Res 2018; 25:4791394. [PMID: 29315395 PMCID: PMC6014366 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous (NP) fungi are ecologically important components of the soil microbiome in natural ecosystems. Esteya vermicola (Ev) has been reported as a NP fungus with a poorly understood evolutionary history and mechanism of adaptation to parasitism. Furthermore, NP fungal genomic basis of lifestyle was still unclear. We sequenced and annotated the Ev genome (34.2 Mbp) and integrated genetic makeup and evolution of pathogenic genes to investigate NP fungi. The results revealed that NP fungi had some abundant pathogenic genes corresponding to their niche. A number of gene families involved in pathogenicity were expanded, and some pathogenic orthologous genes underwent positive selection. NP fungi with diverse morphological features exhibit similarities of evolutionary convergence in attacking nematodes, but their genetic makeup and microscopic mechanism are different. Endoparasitic NP fungi showed similarity in large number of transporters and secondary metabolite coding genes. Noteworthy, expanded families of transporters and endo-beta-glucanase implied great genetic potential of Ev in quickly perturbing nematode metabolism and parasitic behavior. These results facilitate our understanding of NP fungal genomic features for adaptation to nematodes and lay a solid theoretical foundation for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ran He
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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19
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, McEwan K, Menzel U, Franko MA, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Evaluation of Clonostachys rosea for Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Soil and in Roots of Carrot and Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:52-59. [PMID: 28945522 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-17-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is a promising approach to reduce plant diseases caused by nematodes. We tested the effect of the fungus Clonostachys rosea strain IK726 inoculation on nematode community composition in a naturally nematode infested soil in a pot experiment, and the effect of C. rosea on plant health. The numbers of plant-parasitic nematode genera extracted from soil and plant roots decreased by 40 to 73% when C. rosea was applied, while genera of nonparasitic nematodes were not affected. Soil inoculation of C. rosea increased fresh shoot weight and shoot length of wheat plants by 20 and 24%, respectively, while only shoot dry weight increased by 48% in carrots. Light microscopy of in vitro C. rosea-nematode interactions did not reveal evidence of direct parasitism. However, culture filtrates of C. rosea growing in potato dextrose broth, malt extract broth and synthetic nutrient broth exhibited toxicity toward nematodes and immobilized 57, 62, and 100% of the nematodes, respectively, within 48 h. This study demonstrates that C. rosea can control plant-parasitic nematodes and thereby improve plant growth. The most likely mechanism responsible for the antagonism is antibiosis through production of nematicidal compounds, rather than direct parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin McEwan
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Uwe Menzel
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson Franko
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ant-infecting Ophiocordyceps genomes reveal a high diversity of potential behavioral manipulation genes and a possible major role for enterotoxins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12508. [PMID: 28970504 PMCID: PMC5624889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Much can be gained from revealing the mechanisms fungal entomopathogens employ. Especially intriguing are fungal parasites that manipulate insect behavior because, presumably, they secrete a wealth of bioactive compounds. To gain more insight into their strategies, we compared the genomes of five ant-infecting Ophiocordyceps species from three species complexes. These species were collected across three continents, from five different ant species in which they induce different levels of manipulation. A considerable number of (small) secreted and pathogenicity-related proteins were only found in these ant-manipulating Ophiocordyceps species, and not in other ascomycetes. However, few of those proteins were conserved among them, suggesting that several different methods of behavior modification have evolved. This is further supported by a relatively fast evolution of previously reported candidate manipulation genes associated with biting behavior. Moreover, secondary metabolite clusters, activated during biting behavior, appeared conserved within a species complex, but not beyond. The independent co-evolution between these manipulating parasites and their respective hosts might thus have led to rather diverse strategies to alter behavior. Our data indicate that specialized, secreted enterotoxins may play a major role in one of these strategies.
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Wang R, Dong L, Chen Y, Qu L, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Esteya Vermicola, a Nematophagous Fungus Attacking the Pine Wood Nematode, Harbors a Bacterial Endosymbiont Affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:201-209. [PMID: 28824050 PMCID: PMC5606689 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses have played pivotal roles in biological, ecological, and evolutionary diversification. Symbiotic bacteria affect the biology of hosts in a number of ways. Esteya vermicola, an endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, has high infectivity in the pine wood nematode (PWN), which causes devastating ecological damage and economic losses in Asia and Europe. An integration of molecular, phylogenetic, and morphological analyses revealed that surface-sterilized E. vermicola with septate hyphae from different geographic locations harbor bacterial endosymbionts. 16S rRNA gene sequences from four fungal strains all clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade that was the most closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri and affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria. The existence and intracellular location of endobacteria was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Our results showed that endobacteria were coccoid, vertically inherited, as yet uncultured, and essential symbionts. Ultrastructural observations indicated that young and old endobacteria differed in cell size, cell wall thickness, and the degree of reproduction. The results of the present study provide a fundamental understanding of the endobacteria inside E. vermicola and raise questions regarding the impact of endobacteria on the biology, ecology, and evolution of their fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry SciencesChina
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Yongan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
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Qu J, Zou X, Yu J, Zhou Y. The conidial mucilage, natural film coatings, is involved in environmental adaptability and pathogenicity of Hirsutella satumaensis Aoki. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1301. [PMID: 28465519 PMCID: PMC5431061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hirsutella genus is very special asexually-reproducing pathogens of insects by reduced sporulation, host specificity and spores covered by a thick mucilage layer. However, the ecological function of conidial mucilage remains elusive. In this study, the possible ecological role of conidial mucilage from the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella satumaensis was functionally investigated through tolerance, adherence and insect bioassays involving aerial conidia (AC) and mucilage-free conidia (MFC). Measurements of hydrophobicity using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) indicated that mucilage is main contributor to the surface hydrophobicity of AC. When subjected in tolerance assays to extreme temperatures, high chemical pressure, extended exposure to ultraviolet radiation and cold stress, AC produced more colonies, exhibited higher conidiation and germination percentages than those of MFC. In adhesion assays, MFC displayed an approximately 40% reduction in adherence to locust, dragonfly cuticle and onion epidermis when washed with 0.05% Tween 20. Similarly, Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella larvae infected with mucilage-producing AC experienced a relatively higher mortality rate. Our findings suggest that mucilage is critical to the ecological adaptability of H. satumaensis, where it plays positive roles on maintenance of spore surface hydrophobicity, enhancement of spore resistance to extreme environments and strengthening of spore adhesion and host pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Jianping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yeming Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Kepler RM, Maul JE, Rehner SA. Managing the plant microbiome for biocontrol fungi: examples from Hypocreales. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:48-53. [PMID: 28441534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Feeding an increasing global population requires continued improvements in agricultural efficiency and productivity. Meeting estimated future production levels requires the adoption of practices that increase output without environmental degradation associated with external inputs to supplement nutrition or control pests. Enriching the community of microbes associated with plants in agricultural systems for those providing ecosystem services such as pest control is one possible component towards achieving sustainable productivity increases. In this review we explore the current state of knowledge for Hypocreales fungi used in biological control. Advances in understanding the field ecology, diversity and genetic determinants of host range and virulence of hypocrealean fungi provide the means to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Kepler
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg 001, Rm 123, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg 001, Rm 123, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Stephen A Rehner
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
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Mitochondrial genome of the nematode endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella vermicola reveals a high level of synteny in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3295-3304. [PMID: 28341884 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse fungal family comprising multiple ecologically, economically, medicinally, and culturally important fungal species; however, only four species of the family have available mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). In this study, the complete mitogenome of the nematode endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella vermicola in Ophiocordycipitaceae was sequenced, and a comparative mitogenomic analysis of Ophiocordycipitaceae was performed. We found that the 53,793-bp circular mitogenome of H. vermicola, except for standard fungal mitochondrial genes, harbors seven introns acquired possibly through lateral transfer from other fungi and three free-standing open reading frames (ORFs) coding for hypothetical proteins. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences confirmed its placement in Ophiocordycipitaceae. Comparison on five mitogenomes of Ophiocordycipitaceae revealed great variation on their sizes, from 35.2 kb in Tolypocladium ophioglossoides to 157.5 kb in Ophiocordyceps sinensis, mainly due to variable numbers of introns (from 7 to 54) as well as variable lengths of intergenic regions. The five mitogenomes, however, are highly syntenic to each other in terms of gene order, the presence of an intronic ORF encoding ribosomal protein S3 within rnl, and the nad2/nad3 joining pattern. Our study is the first report of the mitogenome of H. vermicola and has facilitated the understanding of mitogenome evolution of Ophiocordycipitaceae.
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Olombrada M, Medina P, Budia F, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, García-Ortega L. Characterization of a new toxin from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae: the ribotoxin anisoplin. Biol Chem 2017; 398:135-142. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus relevant in biotechnology with applications like malaria vector control. Studies of its virulence factors are therefore of great interest. Fungal ribotoxins are toxic ribonucleases with extraordinary efficiency against ribosomes and suggested as potential insecticides. Here we describe this ribotoxin characteristic activity in M. anisopliae cultures. Anisoplin has been obtained as a recombinant protein and further characterized. It is structurally similar to hirsutellin A, the ribotoxin from the entomopathogen Hirsutella thompsonii. Moreover, anisoplin shows the ribonucleolytic activity typical of ribotoxins and cytotoxicity against insect cells. How Metarhizium uses this toxin and possible applications are of interest.
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Varshney D, Jaiswar A, Adholeya A, Prasad P. Phylogenetic analyses reveal molecular signatures associated with functional divergence among Subtilisin like Serine Proteases are linked to lifestyle transitions in Hypocreales. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:220. [PMID: 27756202 PMCID: PMC5069783 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subtilisin-like serine proteases or Subtilases in fungi are important for penetration and colonization of host. In Hypocreales, these proteins share several properties with other fungal, bacterial, plant and mammalian homologs. However, adoption of specific roles in entomopathogenesis may be governed by attainment of unique biochemical and structural features during the evolutionary course. Due to such functional shifts Subtilases coded by different family members of Hypocreales acquire distinct features according to respective hosts and lifestyle. We conducted phylogenetic and DIVERGE analyses and identified important protein residues that putatively assign functional specificity to Subtilases in fungal families/species under the order Hypocreales. Results A total of 161 Subtilases coded by 10 species from five different families under the fungal order Hypocreales was included in the analysis. Based on the presence of conserved domains, the Subtilase genes were divided into three subfamilies, Subtilisin (S08.005), Proteinase K (S08.054) and Serine-carboxyl peptidases (S53.001). These subfamilies were investigated for phylogenetic associations, protein residues under positive selection and functional divergence among paralogous clades. The observations were co-related with the life-styles of the fungal families/species. Phylogenetic and Divergence analyses of Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) families of proteins revealed that the paralogous clades were clear-cut representation of familial origin of the protein sequences. We observed divergence between the paralogous clades of plant-pathogenic fungi (Nectriaceae), insect-pathogenic fungi (Cordycipitaceae/Clavicipitaceae) and nematophagous fungi (Ophiocordycipitaceae). In addition, Subtilase genes from the nematode-parasitic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum made a unique cluster which putatively indicated that the fungus might have developed distinctive mechanisms for nematode-pathogenesis. Our evolutionary genetics analysis revealed evidence of positive selection on the Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) protein sequences of the entomopathogenic and nematophagous species belonging to Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae families of Hypocreales. Conclusions Our study provided new insights into the evolution of Subtilisin like serine proteases in Hypocreales, a fungal order largely consisting of biological control species. Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) proteins seemed to play important roles during life style modifications among different families and species of Hypocreales. Protein residues found significant in functional divergence analysis in the present study may provide support for protein engineering in future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0793-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Varshney
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Akanksha Jaiswar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Pushplata Prasad
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India.
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Population Genetics of Hirsutella rhossiliensis, a Dominant Parasite of Cyst Nematode Juveniles on a Continental Scale. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6317-6325. [PMID: 27542936 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01708-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirsutella rhossiliensis is a parasite of juvenile nematodes, effective against a diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes. Its global distribution on various nematode hosts and its genetic variation for several geographic regions have been reported, while the global population genetic structure and factors underlying patterns of genetic variation of H. rhossiliensis are unclear. In this study, 87 H. rhossiliensis strains from five nematode species (Globodera sp., Criconemella xenoplax, Rotylenchus robustus, Heterodera schachtii, and Heterodera glycines) in Europe, the United States, and China were investigated by multilocus sequence analyses. A total of 280 variable sites (frequency, 0.6%) at eight loci and six clustering in high accordance with geographic populations or host nematode-associated populations were identified. Although H. rhossiliensis is currently recognized as an asexual fungus, recombination events were frequently detected. In addition, significant genetic isolation by geography and nematode hosts was revealed. Overall, our analyses showed that recombination, geographic isolation, and nematode host adaptation have played significant roles in the evolutionary history of H. rhossiliensis IMPORTANCE: H. rhossiliensis has great potential for use as a biocontrol agent to control nematodes in a sustainable manner as an endoparasitic fungus. Therefore, this study has important implications for the use of H. rhossiliensis as a biocontrol agent and provides interesting insights into the biology of this species.
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The transcription factor SKN7 regulates conidiation, thermotolerance, apoptotic-like cell death and parasitism in the nematode endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30047. [PMID: 27436205 PMCID: PMC4951753 DOI: 10.1038/srep30047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SKN7 is a highly conserved protein among fungi and was initially recognized as a response regulator that protects cells from oxidative stress and maintains cell wall integrity in yeast. Orthologs of SKN7 are extensively present in biocontrol agents of plant pathogens, but they had not been functionally characterized. Here, we identified and characterized the transcription factor SKN7 in the nematode endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis. Null mutant lacking HIM-SKN7 (HIM_03620), which was generated by a gene disruption strategy, demonstrated reduced conidiation, increased sensitivity to high temperature, hydrogen peroxide, mannitol and ethanol, and reduced fungal resistance to farnesol. However, over-expression mutant showed increased conidial production, thermotolerance and resistance to farnesol, suggesting that HIM-SKN7 regulates antiapoptotic-like cell death in H. minnesotensis. Moreover, the results showed that in null mutant, H. minnesotensis had decreased endoparasitic ability as compared to wild type and over-expression strain. During the infection process, the relative expression of the HIM-SKN7 gene was significantly induced in the wild type and over-expression strain. The results of the present study advance our understanding of the functions of the SKN7 gene in biocontrol agents, in particular, nematode endoparasitic fungi.
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29
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Wang G, Liu Z, Lin R, Li E, Mao Z, Ling J, Yang Y, Yin WB, Xie B. Biosynthesis of Antibiotic Leucinostatins in Bio-control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and Their Inhibition on Phytophthora Revealed by Genome Mining. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005685. [PMID: 27416025 PMCID: PMC4946873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum of Ophiocordycipitaceae is one of the most promising and commercialized agents for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other insects and plant pathogens. However, how the fungus functions at the molecular level remains unknown. Here, we sequenced two isolates (PLBJ-1 and PLFJ-1) of P. lilacinum from different places Beijing and Fujian. Genomic analysis showed high synteny of the two isolates, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated they were most related to the insect pathogen Tolypocladium inflatum. A comparison with other species revealed that this fungus was enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), proteases and pathogenesis related genes. Whole genome search revealed a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites (SMs) encoding genes. The non-ribosomal peptide synthetase LcsA, which is comprised of ten C-A-PCP modules, was identified as the core biosynthetic gene of lipopeptide leucinostatins, which was specific to P. lilacinum and T. ophioglossoides, as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, gene expression level was analyzed when PLBJ-1 was grown in leucinostatin-inducing and non-inducing medium, and 20 genes involved in the biosynthesis of leucionostatins were identified. Disruption mutants allowed us to propose a putative biosynthetic pathway of leucinostatin A. Moreover, overexpression of the transcription factor lcsF increased the production (1.5-fold) of leucinostatins A and B compared to wild type. Bioassays explored a new bioactivity of leucinostatins and P. lilacinum: inhibiting the growth of Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici. These results contribute to our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of leucinostatins and may allow us to utilize P. lilacinum better as bio-control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Lebrigand K, He LD, Thakur N, Arguel MJ, Polanowska J, Henrissat B, Record E, Magdelenat G, Barbe V, Raffaele S, Barbry P, Ewbank JJ. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Drechmeria coniospora Reveals Core and Specific Genetic Requirements for Fungal Endoparasitism of Nematodes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006017. [PMID: 27153332 PMCID: PMC4859500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drechmeria coniospora is an obligate fungal pathogen that infects nematodes via the adhesion of specialized spores to the host cuticle. D. coniospora is frequently found associated with Caenorhabditis elegans in environmental samples. It is used in the study of the nematode's response to fungal infection. Full understanding of this bi-partite interaction requires knowledge of the pathogen's genome, analysis of its gene expression program and a capacity for genetic engineering. The acquisition of all three is reported here. A phylogenetic analysis placed D. coniospora close to the truffle parasite Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Hirsutella minnesotensis, another nematophagous fungus. Ascomycete nematopathogenicity is polyphyletic; D. coniospora represents a branch that has not been molecularly characterized. A detailed in silico functional analysis, comparing D. coniospora to 11 fungal species, revealed genes and gene families potentially involved in virulence and showed it to be a highly specialized pathogen. A targeted comparison with nematophagous fungi highlighted D. coniospora-specific genes and a core set of genes associated with nematode parasitism. A comparative gene expression analysis of samples from fungal spores and mycelia, and infected C. elegans, gave a molecular view of the different stages of the D. coniospora lifecycle. Transformation of D. coniospora allowed targeted gene knock-out and the production of fungus that expresses fluorescent reporter genes. It also permitted the initial characterisation of a potential fungal counter-defensive strategy, involving interference with a host antimicrobial mechanism. This high-quality annotated genome for D. coniospora gives insights into the evolution and virulence of nematode-destroying fungi. Coupled with genetic transformation, it opens the way for molecular dissection of D. coniospora physiology, and will allow both sides of the interaction between D. coniospora and C. elegans, as well as the evolutionary arms race that exists between pathogen and host, to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lebrigand
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Le D. He
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Arguel
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jolanta Polanowska
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Record
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, CP 925, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy-Polytech, CP 925, Marseille, France
| | - Ghislaine Magdelenat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes (LBioMEG), Evry, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes (LBioMEG), Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail: (PB); (JJE)
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PB); (JJE)
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Guo Q, Fokkens L, Miskei M, Pócsi I, Zhang W, Chen M, Wang L, Sun Y, Donzelli BGG, Gibson DM, Nelson DR, Luo JG, Rep M, Liu H, Yang S, Wang J, Krasnoff SB, Xu Y, Molnár I, Lin M. Insights into Adaptations to a Near-Obligate Nematode Endoparasitic Lifestyle from the Finished Genome of Drechmeria coniospora. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23122. [PMID: 26975455 PMCID: PMC4792172 DOI: 10.1038/srep23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi employ three distinct predatory strategies: nematode trapping, parasitism of females and eggs, and endoparasitism. While endoparasites play key roles in controlling nematode populations in nature, their application for integrated pest management is hindered by the limited understanding of their biology. We present a comparative analysis of a high quality finished genome assembly of Drechmeria coniospora, a model endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, integrated with a transcriptomic study. Adaptation of D. coniospora to its almost completely obligate endoparasitic lifestyle led to the simplification of many orthologous gene families involved in the saprophytic trophic mode, while maintaining orthologs of most known fungal pathogen-host interaction proteins, stress response circuits and putative effectors of the small secreted protein type. The need to adhere to and penetrate the host cuticle led to a selective radiation of surface proteins and hydrolytic enzymes. Although the endoparasite has a simplified secondary metabolome, it produces a novel peptaibiotic family that shows antibacterial, antifungal and nematicidal activities. Our analyses emphasize the basic malleability of the D. coniospora genome: loss of genes advantageous for the saprophytic lifestyle; modulation of elements that its cohort species utilize for entomopathogenesis; and expansion of protein families necessary for the nematode endoparasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Qiannan Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bruno G. G. Donzelli
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Donna M. Gibson
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Stuart B. Krasnoff
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Cheng X, Liu X, Xiang M. Genome Studies on Nematophagous and Entomogenous Fungi in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2010009. [PMID: 29376926 PMCID: PMC5753090 DOI: 10.3390/jof2010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematophagous and entomogenous fungi are natural enemies of nematodes and insects and have been utilized by humans to control agricultural and forestry pests. Some of these fungi have been or are being developed as biological control agents in China and worldwide. Several important nematophagous and entomogenous fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora and Drechslerella stenobrocha), nematode endoparasite (Hirsutella minnesotensis), insect pathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp.) and Chinese medicinal fungi (Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris), have been genome sequenced and extensively analyzed in China. The biology, evolution, and pharmaceutical application of these fungi and their interacting with host nematodes and insects revealed by genomes, comparing genomes coupled with transcriptomes are summarized and reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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Sun J, Park SY, Kang S, Liu X, Qiu J, Xiang M. Development of a transformation system for Hirsutella spp. and visualization of the mode of nematode infection by GFP-labeled H. minnesotensis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10477. [PMID: 26190283 PMCID: PMC4507137 DOI: 10.1038/srep10477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutella rhossiliensis and H. minnesotensis are endoparasitic fungi of the second-stage juvenile (J2) of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) in nature. They also parasitize both H. glycines J2 and Caenorhabditis elegans on agar plates. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation conditions were established for these Hirsutella spp. The resulting transformants were similar to the corresponding wild-type strains. The infection processes of H. glycines J2 and C. elegans second larval stage (L2) by H. minnesotensis expressing ZsGreen were microscopically analyzed. Conidia of H. minnesotensis adhered to passing nematodes within 8 h post-inoculation (hpi), formed an infection peg between 8 and 12 hpi, and penetrated the nematode cuticle between 12 and 24 hpi for C. elegans L2 and between 12 and 32 hpi for H. glycines J2. Hyphal proliferation inside of the nematode coelom was observed at approximately 32 hpi for C. elegans L2 and at approximately 40 hpi for H. glycines J2. The fungus consumed the whole body and grew out to produce conidia at approximately 156 and 204 hpi for C. elegans L2 and H. glycines J2, respectively. The efficient transformation protocol and a better understanding of infection process provide a solid foundation for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying fungal parasitism of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junzhi Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Park 1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhang YJ, Zhang S, Liu XZ. The complete mitochondrial genome of the nematode endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2693-4. [PMID: 26029879 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1046126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of a nematode fungal pathogen, Hirsutella minnesotensis, is sequenced. The circular mitogenome of H. minnesotensis is 52,245 bp in length and consists of 2 rRNA, 25 tRNA and 14 standard protein-coding genes of the oxidative phosphorylation system as well as four additional free-standing ORFs encoding for an endonuclease or a hypothetical protein. Seven genes (rnl, cob, cox1, nad3, nad4, nad4L and nad5) are invaded by group I or unclassified introns, and these introns carry ORFs of ribosomal protein S3 and GIY-YIG/LAGLIDADG endonucleases or hypothetical proteins. Evidence of intron degeneration is significant for the nad4L intron and cox1-i1 due to unexpected stop codons and/or frame shifting. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated protein sequences confirms H. minnesotensis as a member of the fungal order Hypocreales. In this study, we present the complete mitogenome sequence of H. minnesotensis, which is the first complete mitogenome of the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University , Taiyuan , China and
| | - Shu Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University , Taiyuan , China and
| | - Xing-Zhong Liu
- b State Key Laboratory of Mycology , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Wang C. A vision for the innovative study of fungal biology in China: Presidential address. Mycology 2015; 6:1-3. [PMID: 26000193 PMCID: PMC4409049 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1026112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
I am proud to be elected as the sixth president of the Mycological Society of China, and highly pleased to have a chance to share my personal opinion here with my fellow mycologists and students regarding the innovative performance of fungal biology studies in China. A stepwise buildup of knowledge and sharp scientific vision is the prerequisite for innovative studies. Taken together with the most advanced techniques and elegant experimental designs, the scholars would have a better chance to acquire novel and conceptual results rather than the “me too” stories by focusing on the mechanisms related with fungal unique biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
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