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Warren B, Eberl D. What can insects teach us about hearing loss? J Physiol 2024; 602:297-316. [PMID: 38128023 DOI: 10.1113/jp281281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, insects have been utilized to provide a deep and fundamental understanding of many human diseases and disorders. Here, we present arguments for insects as models to understand general principles underlying hearing loss. Despite ∼600 million years since the last common ancestor of vertebrates and invertebrates, we share an overwhelming degree of genetic homology particularly with respect to auditory organ development and maintenance. Despite the anatomical differences between human and insect auditory organs, both share physiological principles of operation. We explain why these observations are expected and highlight areas in hearing loss research in which insects can provide insight. We start by briefly introducing the evolutionary journey of auditory organs, the reasons for using insect auditory organs for hearing loss research, and the tools and approaches available in insects. Then, the first half of the review focuses on auditory development and auditory disorders with a genetic cause. The second half analyses the physiological and genetic consequences of ageing and short- and long-term changes as a result of noise exposure. We finish with complex age and noise interactions in auditory systems. In this review, we present some of the evidence and arguments to support the use of insects to study mechanisms and potential treatments for hearing loss in humans. Obviously, insects cannot fully substitute for all aspects of human auditory function and loss of function, although there are many important questions that can be addressed in an animal model for which there are important ethical, practical and experimental advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Warren
- Neurogenetics Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel Eberl
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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2
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He LS, Qi Y, Allard CAH, Valencia-Montoya WA, Krueger SP, Weir K, Seminara A, Bellono NW. Molecular tuning of sea anemone stinging. eLife 2023; 12:RP88900. [PMID: 37906220 PMCID: PMC10617991 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish and sea anemones fire single-use, venom-covered barbs to immobilize prey or predators. We previously showed that the anemone Nematostella vectensis uses a specialized voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channel to trigger stinging in response to synergistic prey-derived chemicals and touch (Weir et al., 2020). Here, we use experiments and theory to find that stinging behavior is suited to distinct ecological niches. We find that the burrowing anemone Nematostella uses uniquely strong CaV inactivation for precise control of predatory stinging. In contrast, the related anemone Exaiptasia diaphana inhabits exposed environments to support photosynthetic endosymbionts. Consistent with its niche, Exaiptasia indiscriminately stings for defense and expresses a CaV splice variant that confers weak inactivation. Chimeric analyses reveal that CaVβ subunit adaptations regulate inactivation, suggesting an evolutionary tuning mechanism for stinging behavior. These findings demonstrate how functional specialization of ion channel structure contributes to distinct organismal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yujia Qi
- Machine Learning Center Genoa (MalGa), Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Corey AH Allard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Wendy A Valencia-Montoya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Stephanie P Krueger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Keiko Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Agnese Seminara
- Machine Learning Center Genoa (MalGa), Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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3
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He LS, Qi Y, Allard CAH, Valencia-Montoya WA, Krueger SP, Weir K, Seminara A, Bellono NW. Molecular tuning of sea anemone stinging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545144. [PMID: 37577638 PMCID: PMC10418081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish and sea anemones fire single-use, venom-covered barbs to immobilize prey or predators. We previously showed that the anemone Nematostella vectensis uses a specialized voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channel to trigger stinging in response to synergistic prey-derived chemicals and touch (Weir et al., 2020). Here we use experiments and theory to find that stinging behavior is suited to distinct ecological niches. We find that the burrowing anemone Nematostella uses uniquely strong CaV inactivation for precise control of predatory stinging. In contrast, the related anemone Exaiptasia diaphana inhabits exposed environments to support photosynthetic endosymbionts. Consistent with its niche, Exaiptasia indiscriminately stings for defense and expresses a CaV splice variant that confers weak inactivation. Chimeric analyses reveal that CaVβ subunit adaptations regulate inactivation, suggesting an evolutionary tuning mechanism for stinging behavior. These findings demonstrate how functional specialization of ion channel structure contributes to distinct organismal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Yujia Qi
- Machine Learning Center Genoa (MalGa), Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Corey AH Allard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Wendy A Valencia-Montoya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Stephanie P Krueger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Keiko Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Agnese Seminara
- Machine Learning Center Genoa (MalGa), Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Kuvaeva EE, Mertsalov IB, Simonova OB. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Family of Channel Proteins. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422050046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pyatigorskaya NV, Filippova OV, Nikolenko NS, Kravchenko AD. Transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1: structure, function and ligands. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.90214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a protein expressed in many living organisms. During the study of TRPA1, its unique biological role as a universal and polymodal sensor of various altering agents was found. The aim of this study is to search and generalize information about structural features and molecular determinants, mechanisms of activation, action and modulation of TRPA1 as a universal pain and inflammation sensor, as well as the nature of activators and antagonists of this target and their therapeutic potential.
Materials and methods: This article presents an overview of the results of scientific research of TRPA1, its modulators, as well as an overview of their pharmacological potential over the period from the discovery of these channels to the present, with an emphasis on the last decade.
Results and discussion: The main collected data on expression, structural features and molecular determinants, mechanisms of activation and action of TRPA1 indicate its role as a universal and labile element of the primary response of the body to adverse exogenous and endogenous factors. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, hyperstimulation of TRPA1 channels can lead to such phenomena as pain, inflammation, itching, edema and other manifestations of alteration, and therefore TRPA1 blockade can be used in the treatment of various diseases accompanied by these pathological conditions. Currently, TRPA1 antagonists are being actively searched for and studied, as evidenced by a high patent activity over the past 14 years; however, the molecular mechanisms of action and pharmacological properties of TRPA1 blockers remain understudied.
Conclusion: Acquire of new information about TRPA1 will help in the development of its modulators, which can become promising analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators, and agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases of new generations.
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Nam A, Quarshie S, Kimble M, Hessinger DA. Functional Characterization of TRPV-Like Ion Channels Involved in Nematocyst Discharge from the Sea Anemone Diadumene lineata. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 242:48-61. [PMID: 35245164 DOI: 10.1086/717902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCnidarians require mechanical stimuli to trigger nematocyst discharge and initiate feeding behaviors. The interval from triggering stimulus to response is tens of microseconds, making it likely that mechanically gated ion channels trigger nematocyst discharge. Because many transient receptor potential channels are mechanically gated, we hypothesized that nematocyst discharge involves transient receptor potential channels. We therefore tested various transient receptor potential channel inhibitors to determine whether they inhibit nematocyst discharge and prey killing in the acontiate sea anemone (Actinaria) Diadumene lineata (a.k.a. Haliplanella luciae). Three types of cnidocyte supporting cell complexes regulate nematocyst discharge in anemones: Types C, B, and A. Discharge from Type Cs is directly triggered by stimulation of contact-sensitive mechanoreceptors, while Type Bs require activation of chemoreceptors from prey-derived N-acetylated sugars to sensitize contact-sensitive mechanoreceptors. In Type As, activated chemoreceptors tune vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors that predispose contact-sensitive mechanoreceptors for triggering. The non-selective transient receptor potential channel blockers lanthanum and gadolinium dose-dependently inhibited about 80% of prey killing and all nematocyst discharge from Type Bs and Type Cs, but not Type As. The selective transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) blocker GSK2193874 inhibited Type As and Type Bs. However, the selective TRPV4 blockers HC-067047 and RN-1734 inhibited only Type As. Thus, three TRPV4-selective blockers implicate TRPV-like involvement in discharge from Type As, whereas GSK2193874 also affected Type Bs. Our results suggest that a TRPV-like homolog plays an essential role in nematocyst-mediated prey killing from Type As, whereas other transient receptor potential channels are likely involved in discharge from Type B and C cnidocyte supporting cell complexes.
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Rast JP, D'Alessio S, Kraev I, Lange S. Post-translational protein deimination signatures in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) plasma and plasma-extracellular vesicles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104225. [PMID: 34358577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys are a jawless vertebrate species belonging to an ancient vertebrate lineage that diverged from a common ancestor with humans ~500 million years ago. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has a filter feeding ammocoete larval stage that metamorphoses into a parasitic adult, feeding both on teleost and elasmobranch fish. Lampreys are a valuable comparative model species for vertebrate immunity and physiology due to their unique phylogenetic position, unusual adaptive immune system, and physiological adaptions such as tolerance to salinity changes and urea. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a phylogenetically conserved enzyme family which catalyses post-translational deimination/citrullination in target proteins, enabling proteins to gain new functions (moonlighting). The identification of deiminated protein targets in species across phylogeny may provide novel insights into post-translational regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released from cells that carry cargos of small molecules and proteins for cellular communication, involved in both normal and pathological processes. The current study identified deimination signatures in proteins of both total plasma and plasma-EVs in sea lamprey and furthermore reports the first characterisation of plasma-EVs in lamprey. EVs were poly-dispersed in the size range of 40-500 nm, similar to what is observed in other taxa, positive for CD63 and Flotillin-1. Plasma-EV morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Assessment of deimination/citrullination signatures in lamprey plasma and plasma-EVs, revealed 72 deimination target proteins involved in immunity, metabolism and gene regulation in whole plasma, and 37 target proteins in EVs, whereof 24 were shared targets. Furthermore, the presence of deiminated histone H3, indicative of gene-regulatory mechanisms and also a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), was confirmed in lamprey plasma. Functional protein network analysis revealed some differences in KEGG and GO pathways of deiminated proteins in whole plasma compared with plasma-EVs. For example, while common STRING network clusters in plasma and plasma-EVs included Peptide chain elongation, Viral mRNA translation, Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, STRING network clusters specific for EVs only included: Cellular response to heat stress, Muscle protein and striated muscle thin filament, Nucleosome, Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleosome and histone deacetylase complex. STRING network clusters specific for plasma were: Adipokinetic hormone receptor activity, Fibrinogen alpha/beta chain family, peptidase S1A, Glutathione synthesis and recycling-arginine, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process, Carbon metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase activity, Post-translational protein phosphorylation, Regulation of insulin-like growth factor transport and clotting cascade. Overall, for the EV citrullinome, five STRING network clusters, 10 KEGG pathways, 15 molecular GO pathways and 29 Reactome pathways were identified, compared with nine STRING network clusters, six KEGG pathways, two Molecular GO pathways and one Reactome pathway specific for whole plasma; while further pathways were shared. The reported findings indicate that major pathways relevant for immunity and metabolism are targets of deimination in lamprey plasma and plasma-EVs, with some differences, and may help elucidating roles for the conserved PAD enzyme family in regulation of immune and metabolic function throughout phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Rast
- Emory University School of Medicine, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Stefania D'Alessio
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Hofmann D, Garg N, Grässle S, Vanderheiden S, Bergheim BG, Bräse S, Jung N, Özbek S. A small molecule screen identifies novel inhibitors of mechanosensory nematocyst discharge in Hydra. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20627. [PMID: 34663887 PMCID: PMC8523708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians are characterized by the possession of stinging organelles, called nematocysts, which they use for prey capture and defense. Nematocyst discharge is controlled by a mechanosensory apparatus with analogies to vertebrate hair cells. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRPN) ion channel family are supposed to be involved in the transduction of the mechanical stimulus. A small molecule screen was performed to identify compounds that affect nematocyst discharge in Hydra. We identified several [2.2]paracyclophanes that cause inhibition of nematocyst discharge in the low micro-molar range. Further structure–activity analyses within the compound class of [2.2]paracyclophanes showed common features that are required for the inhibitory activity of the [2.2]paracyclophane core motif. This study demonstrates that Hydra can serve as a model for small molecule screens targeting the mechanosensory apparatus in native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hofmann
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niharika Garg
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Grässle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Vanderheiden
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bruno Gideon Bergheim
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Suat Özbek
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ziegler B, Yiallouros I, Trageser B, Kumar S, Mercker M, Kling S, Fath M, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Holstein TW, Hartl M, Marciniak-Czochra A, Stetefeld J, Stöcker W, Özbek S. The Wnt-specific astacin proteinase HAS-7 restricts head organizer formation in Hydra. BMC Biol 2021; 19:120. [PMID: 34107975 PMCID: PMC8191133 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hydra head organizer acts as a signaling center that initiates and maintains the primary body axis in steady state polyps and during budding or regeneration. Wnt/beta-Catenin signaling functions as a primary cue controlling this process, but how Wnt ligand activity is locally restricted at the protein level is poorly understood. Here we report a proteomic analysis of Hydra head tissue leading to the identification of an astacin family proteinase as a Wnt processing factor. Results Hydra astacin-7 (HAS-7) is expressed from gland cells as an apical-distal gradient in the body column, peaking close beneath the tentacle zone. HAS-7 siRNA knockdown abrogates HyWnt3 proteolysis in the head tissue and induces a robust double axis phenotype, which is rescued by simultaneous HyWnt3 knockdown. Accordingly, double axes are also observed in conditions of increased Wnt activity as in transgenic actin::HyWnt3 and HyDkk1/2/4 siRNA treated animals. HyWnt3-induced double axes in Xenopus embryos could be rescued by coinjection of HAS-7 mRNA. Mathematical modelling combined with experimental promotor analysis indicate an indirect regulation of HAS-7 by beta-Catenin, expanding the classical Turing-type activator-inhibitor model. Conclusions We show the astacin family protease HAS-7 maintains a single head organizer through proteolysis of HyWnt3. Our data suggest a negative regulatory function of Wnt processing astacin proteinases in the global patterning of the oral-aboral axis in Hydra. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01046-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Ziegler
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Yiallouros
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Trageser
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kling
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Fath
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2 N2, Canada
| | - Walter Stöcker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jékely G, Godfrey-Smith P, Keijzer F. Reafference and the origin of the self in early nervous system evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190764. [PMID: 33550954 PMCID: PMC7934971 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of the function of early nervous systems usually focus on a causal flow from sensors to effectors, by which an animal coordinates its actions with exogenous changes in its environment. We propose, instead, that much early sensing was reafferent; it was responsive to the consequences of the animal's own actions. We distinguish two general categories of reafference-translocational and deformational-and use these to survey the distribution of several often-neglected forms of sensing, including gravity sensing, flow sensing and proprioception. We discuss sensing of these kinds in sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, cnidarians and bilaterians. Reafference is ubiquitous, as ongoing action, especially whole-body motility, will almost inevitably influence the senses. Corollary discharge-a pathway or circuit by which an animal tracks its own actions and their reafferent consequences-is not a necessary feature of reafferent sensing but a later-evolving mechanism. We also argue for the importance of reafferent sensing to the evolution of the body-self, a form of organization that enables an animal to sense and act as a single unit. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Peter Godfrey-Smith
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fred Keijzer
- Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Heath-Heckman E, Yoo S, Winchell C, Pellegrino M, Angstadt J, Lammardo VB, Bautista D, De-Miguel FF, Weisblat D. Transcriptional profiling of identified neurons in leech. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:215. [PMID: 33765928 PMCID: PMC7992859 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While leeches in the genus Hirudo have long been models for neurobiology, the molecular underpinnings of nervous system structure and function in this group remain largely unknown. To begin to bridge this gap, we performed RNASeq on pools of identified neurons of the central nervous system (CNS): sensory T (touch), P (pressure) and N (nociception) neurons; neurosecretory Retzius cells; and ganglia from which these four cell types had been removed. Results Bioinformatic analyses identified 3565 putative genes whose expression differed significantly among the samples. These genes clustered into 9 groups which could be associated with one or more of the identified cell types. We verified predicted expression patterns through in situ hybridization on whole CNS ganglia, and found that orthologous genes were for the most part similarly expressed in a divergent leech genus, suggesting evolutionarily conserved roles for these genes. Transcriptional profiling allowed us to identify candidate phenotype-defining genes from expanded gene families. Thus, we identified one of eight hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as a candidate for mediating the prominent sag current in P neurons, and found that one of five inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), representing a sub-family of IP3Rs absent from vertebrate genomes, is expressed with high specificity in T cells. We also identified one of two piezo genes, two of ~ 65 deg/enac genes, and one of at least 16 transient receptor potential (trp) genes as prime candidates for involvement in sensory transduction in the three distinct classes of leech mechanosensory neurons. Conclusions Our study defines distinct transcriptional profiles for four different neuronal types within the leech CNS, in addition to providing a second ganglionic transcriptome for the species. From these data we identified five gene families that may facilitate the sensory capabilities of these neurons, thus laying the basis for future work leveraging the strengths of the leech system to investigate the molecular processes underlying and linking mechanosensation, cell type specification, and behavior. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07526-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heath-Heckman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Current address: Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Shinja Yoo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Winchell
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Current address: Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James Angstadt
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Diana Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Francisco F De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Weisblat
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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12
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Taubenheim J, Willoweit-Ohl D, Knop M, Franzenburg S, He J, Bosch TCG, Fraune S. Bacteria- and temperature-regulated peptides modulate β-catenin signaling in Hydra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21459-21468. [PMID: 32817436 PMCID: PMC7474684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010945117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal development has traditionally been viewed as an autonomous process directed by the host genome. But, in many animals, biotic and abiotic cues, like temperature and bacterial colonizers, provide signals for multiple developmental steps. Hydra offers unique features to encode these complex interactions of developmental processes with biotic and abiotic factors, and we used it here to investigate the impact of bacterial colonizers and temperature on the pattern formation process. In Hydra, formation of the head organizer involves the canonical Wnt pathway. Treatment with alsterpaullone (ALP) results in acquiring characteristics of the head organizer in the body column. Intriguingly, germfree Hydra polyps are significantly more sensitive to ALP compared to control polyps. In addition to microbes, β-catenin-dependent pattern formation is also affected by temperature. Gene expression analyses led to the identification of two small secreted peptides, named Eco1 and Eco2, being up-regulated in the response to both Curvibacter sp., the main bacterial colonizer of Hydra, and low temperatures. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that Eco peptides are involved in the regulation of pattern formation and have an antagonistic function to Wnt signaling in Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Taubenheim
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doris Willoweit-Ohl
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mirjam Knop
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jinru He
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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13
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Himmel NJ, Cox DN. Transient receptor potential channels: current perspectives on evolution, structure, function and nomenclature. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201309. [PMID: 32842926 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels (TRP channels) is widely recognized for the roles its members play in sensory nervous systems. However, the incredible diversity within the TRP superfamily, and the wide range of sensory capacities found therein, has also allowed TRP channels to function beyond sensing an organism's external environment, and TRP channels have thus become broadly critical to (at least) animal life. TRP channels were originally discovered in Drosophila and have since been broadly studied in animals; however, thanks to a boom in genomic and transcriptomic data, we now know that TRP channels are present in the genomes of a variety of creatures, including green algae, fungi, choanoflagellates and a number of other eukaryotes. As a result, the organization of the TRP superfamily has changed radically from its original description. Moreover, modern comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have brought to light the vertebrate-centricity of much of the TRP literature; much of the nomenclature has been grounded in vertebrate TRP subfamilies, resulting in a glossing over of TRP channels in other taxa. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the function, structure and evolutionary history of TRP channels, and put forth a more complete set of non-vertebrate-centric TRP family, subfamily and other subgroup nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Himmel NJ, Gray TR, Cox DN. Phylogenetics Identifies Two Eumetazoan TRPM Clades and an Eighth TRP Family, TRP Soromelastatin (TRPS). Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2034-2044. [PMID: 32159767 PMCID: PMC7306681 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatins (TRPMs) are most well known as cold and menthol sensors, but are in fact broadly critical for life, from ion homeostasis to reproduction. Yet, the evolutionary relationship between TRPM channels remains largely unresolved, particularly with respect to the placement of several highly divergent members. To characterize the evolution of TRPM and like channels, we performed a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of >1,300 TRPM-like sequences from 14 phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Brachiopoda, Chordata, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Mollusca, Nematoda, Nemertea, Phoronida, Priapulida, Tardigrada, and Xenacoelomorpha), including sequences from a variety of recently sequenced genomes that fill what would otherwise be substantial taxonomic gaps. These findings suggest: 1) the previously recognized TRPM family is in fact two distinct families, including canonical TRPM channels and an eighth major previously undescribed family of animal TRP channel, TRP soromelastatin; 2) two TRPM clades predate the last bilaterian-cnidarian ancestor; and 3) the vertebrate-centric trend of categorizing TRPM channels as 1-8 is inappropriate for most phyla, including other chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
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15
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Weir K, Dupre C, van Giesen L, Lee ASY, Bellono NW. A molecular filter for the cnidarian stinging response. eLife 2020; 9:57578. [PMID: 32452384 PMCID: PMC7250568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All animals detect and integrate diverse environmental signals to mediate behavior. Cnidarians, including jellyfish and sea anemones, both detect and capture prey using stinging cells called nematocytes which fire a venom-covered barb via an unknown triggering mechanism. Here, we show that nematocytes from Nematostella vectensis use a specialized voltage-gated calcium channel (nCaV) to distinguish salient sensory cues and control the explosive discharge response. Adaptations in nCaV confer unusually sensitive, voltage-dependent inactivation to inhibit responses to non-prey signals, such as mechanical water turbulence. Prey-derived chemosensory signals are synaptically transmitted to acutely relieve nCaV inactivation, enabling mechanosensitive-triggered predatory attack. These findings reveal a molecular basis for the cnidarian stinging response and highlight general principles by which single proteins integrate diverse signals to elicit discrete animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christophe Dupre
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amy S-Y Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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16
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Jin P, Jan LY, Jan YN. Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: Structural Features Relevant to Mechanotransduction Mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:207-229. [PMID: 32084327 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels underlies a variety of fundamental physiological processes that require sensation of mechanical force. Different mechanosensitive channels adapt distinctive structures and mechanotransduction mechanisms to fit their biological roles. How mechanosensitive channels work, especially in animals, has been extensively studied in the past decade. Here we review key findings in the functional and structural characterizations of these channels and highlight the structural features relevant to the mechanotransduction mechanism of each specific channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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17
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Bezares-Calderón LA, Berger J, Jékely G. Diversity of cilia-based mechanosensory systems and their functions in marine animal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190376. [PMID: 31884914 PMCID: PMC7017336 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that detect mechanical forces usually have one or more specialized cilia. These mechanosensory cells underlie hearing, proprioception or gravity sensation. To date, it is unclear how cilia contribute to detecting mechanical forces and what is the relationship between mechanosensory ciliated cells in different animal groups and sensory systems. Here, we review examples of ciliated sensory cells with a focus on marine invertebrate animals. We discuss how various ciliated cells mediate mechanosensory responses during feeding, tactic responses or predator-prey interactions. We also highlight some of these systems as interesting and accessible models for future in-depth behavioural, functional and molecular studies. We envisage that embracing a broader diversity of organisms could lead to a more complete view of cilia-based mechanosensation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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18
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Shoemark DK, Ziegler B, Watanabe H, Strompen J, Tucker RP, Özbek S, Adams JC. Emergence of a Thrombospondin Superfamily at the Origin of Metazoans. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1220-1238. [PMID: 30863851 PMCID: PMC6526912 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered central to the evolution of metazoan multicellularity; however, the repertoire of ECM proteins in nonbilaterians remains unclear. Thrombospondins (TSPs) are known to be well conserved from cnidarians to vertebrates, yet to date have been considered a unique family, principally studied for matricellular functions in vertebrates. Through searches utilizing the highly conserved C-terminal region of TSPs, we identify undisclosed new families of TSP-related proteins in metazoans, designated mega-TSP, sushi-TSP, and poriferan-TSP, each with a distinctive phylogenetic distribution. These proteins share the TSP C-terminal region domain architecture, as determined by domain composition and analysis of molecular models against known structures. Mega-TSPs, the only form identified in ctenophores, are typically >2,700 aa and are also characterized by N-terminal leucine-rich repeats and central cadherin/immunoglobulin domains. In cnidarians, which have a well-defined ECM, Mega-TSP was expressed throughout embryogenesis in Nematostella vectensis, with dynamic endodermal expression in larvae and primary polyps and widespread ectodermal expression in adult Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata polyps. Hydra Mega-TSP was also expressed during regeneration and siRNA-silencing of Mega-TSP in Hydra caused specific blockade of head regeneration. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the conserved TSP C-terminal region identified each of the TSP-related groups to form clades distinct from the canonical TSPs. We discuss models for the evolution of the newly defined TSP superfamily by gene duplications, radiation, and gene losses from a debut in the last metazoan common ancestor. Together, the data provide new insight into the evolution of ECM and tissue organization in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berenice Ziegler
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jennifer Strompen
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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19
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Sensory receptor repertoire in cyprid antennules of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216294. [PMID: 31048879 PMCID: PMC6497305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle settlement involves sensing of a variety of exogenous cues. A pair of antennules is the main sensory organ that the cyprid larva uses to explore the surface. Antennules are equipped with a number of setae that have both chemo- and mechanosensing function. The current study explores the repertoire of sensory receptors in Balanus improvisus cyprid antennules with the goal to better understand sensory systems involved in the settling behavior of this species. We carried out transcriptome sequencing of dissected B. improvisus cyprid antennules. The generated transcriptome assembly was used to search for sensory receptors using HMM models. Among potential chemosensory genes, we identified the ionotropic receptors IR25a, IR8a and IR93a, and several divergent IR candidates to be expressed in the cyprid antennules. We found one gustatory-like receptor but no odorant receptors, chemosensory or odorant-binding proteins. Apart from chemosensory receptors, we also identified 13 potential mechanosensory genes represented by several transient receptor potential channels (TRP) subfamilies. Furthermore, we analyzed changes in expression profiles of IRs and TRPs during the B. improvisus settling process. Several of the sensory genes were differentially expressed during the course of larval settlement. This study gives expanded knowledge about the sensory systems present in barnacles, a taxonomic group for which only limited information about receptors is currently available. It furthermore serves as a starting point for more in depth studies of how sensory signaling affects settling behavior in barnacles with implications for preventing biofouling.
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20
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Blanquart S, Borowiec AS, Delcourt P, Figeac M, Emerling CA, Meseguer AS, Roudbaraki M, Prevarskaya N, Bidaux G. Evolution of the human cold/menthol receptor, TRPM8. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 136:104-118. [PMID: 30980935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genes showing versatile functions or subjected to fast expansion and contraction during the adaptation of species to specific ecological conditions, like sensory receptors for odors, pheromones and tastes, are characterized by a great plasticity through evolution. One of the most fascinating sensory receptors in the family of TRP channels, the cold and menthol receptor TRPM8, has received significant attention in the literature. Recent studies have reported the existence of TRPM8 channel isoforms encoded by alternative mRNAs transcribed from alternative promoters and processed by alternative splicing. Since the first draft of the human genome was accomplished in 2000, alternative transcription, alternative splicing and alternative translation have appeared as major sources of gene product diversity and are thought to participate in the generation of complexity in higher organisms. In this study, we investigate whether alternative transcription has been a driving force in the evolution of the human forms of the cold receptor TRPM8. We identified 33 TRPM8 alternative mRNAs (24 new sequences) and their associated protein isoforms in human tissues. Using comparative genomics, we described the evolution of the human TRPM8 sequences in eight ancestors since the origin of Amniota, and estimated in which ancestors the new TRPM8 variants originated. In order to validate the estimated origins of this receptor, we performed experimental validations of predicted exons in mouse tissues. Our results suggest a first diversification event of the cold receptor in the Boreoeutheria ancestor, and a subsequent divergence at the origin of Simiiformes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Sophie Borowiec
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Philippe Delcourt
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- Université de Lille, Plate-forme de génomique fonctionnelle et structurale, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, Cellule de bioinformatique du plateau commun de séquençage du CHRU de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christopher A Emerling
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea S Meseguer
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université Montpellier, UMR5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Morad Roudbaraki
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Gabriel Bidaux
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France; Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69550 Bron, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Département de Cardiologie, IHU-OPERA Bâtiment B13, 69550 Bron, France.
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21
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Schlosser G. A Short History of Nearly Every Sense-The Evolutionary History of Vertebrate Sensory Cell Types. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:301-316. [PMID: 29741623 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving from filter feeding chordate ancestors, vertebrates adopted a more active life style. These ecological and behavioral changes went along with an elaboration of the vertebrate head including novel complex paired sense organs such as the eyes, inner ears, and olfactory epithelia. However, the photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors used in these sense organs have a long evolutionary history and homologous cell types can be recognized in many other bilaterians or even cnidarians. After briefly introducing some of the major sensory cell types found in vertebrates, this review summarizes the phylogenetic distribution of sensory cell types in metazoans and presents a scenario for the evolutionary history of various sensory cell types involving several cell type diversification and fusion events. It is proposed that the evolution of novel cranial sense organs in vertebrates involved the redeployment of evolutionarily ancient sensory cell types for building larger and more complex sense organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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22
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Renard E, Leys SP, Wörheide G, Borchiellini C. Understanding Animal Evolution: The Added Value of Sponge Transcriptomics and Genomics: The disconnect between gene content and body plan evolution. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700237. [PMID: 30070368 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are important but often-neglected organisms. The absence of classical animal traits (nerves, digestive tract, and muscles) makes sponges challenging for non-specialists to work with and has delayed getting high quality genomic data compared to other invertebrates. Yet analyses of sponge genomes and transcriptomes currently available have radically changed our understanding of animal evolution. Sponges are of prime evolutionary importance as one of the best candidates to form the sister group of all other animals, and genomic data are essential to understand the mechanisms that control animal evolution and diversity. Here we review the most significant outcomes of current genomic and transcriptomic analyses of sponges, and discuss limitations and future directions of sponge transcriptomic and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Continental Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Continental Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
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23
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Zhang H, Yue X, Cheng H, Zhang X, Cai Y, Zou W, Huang G, Cheng L, Ye F, Kang L. OSM-9 and an amiloride-sensitive channel, but not PKD-2, are involved in mechanosensation in C. elegans male ray neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7192. [PMID: 29740060 PMCID: PMC5940728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is crucial for touch sensation, hearing, proprioception, and pain sensing. In C. elegans, male ray neurons have been implicated to be involved in the mechanosensation required for mating behavior. However, whether ray neurons directly sense mechanical stimulation is not yet known, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been identified. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we recorded the touch-induced calcium responses in male ray neurons. Our data demonstrated that ray neurons are sensitive to mechanical stimulation in a neurotransmitter-independent manner. PKD-2, a putative sensor component for both mechanosensation and chemosensation in male-specific neurons, was not required for the touch-induced calcium responses in RnB neurons, whereas the TRPV channel OSM-9 shaped the kinetics of the responses. We further showed that RnB-neuron mechanosensation is likely mediated by an amiloride-sensitive DEG/ENaC channel. These observations lay a foundation for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Yue
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hankui Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guifang Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lufeng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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24
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Sánchez-Gracia A, Guirao-Rico S, Hinojosa-Alvarez S, Rozas J. Computational prediction of the phenotypic effects of genetic variants: basic concepts and some application examples in Drosophila nervous system genes. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:307-319. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1398241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Guirao-Rico
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Hinojosa-Alvarez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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Evidence that polycystins are involved in Hydra cnidocyte discharge. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:1. [PMID: 28078622 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Like other cnidarians, the freshwater organism Hydra is characterized by the possession of cnidocytes (stinging cells). Most cnidocytes are located on hydra tentacles, where they are organized along with sensory cells and ganglion cells into battery complexes. The function of the battery complexes is to integrate multiple types of stimuli for the regulation of cnidocyte discharge. The molecular mechanisms controlling the discharge of cnidocytes are not yet fully understood, but it is known that discharge depends on extracellular Ca2+ and that mechanically induced cnidocyte discharge can be enhanced by the presence of prey extracts and other chemicals. Experiments in this paper show that a PKD2 (polycystin 2) transient receptor potential (TRP) channel is expressed in hydra tentacles and bases. PKD2 (TRPP) channels belong to the TRP channel superfamily and are non-selective Ca2+ channels involved in the transduction of both mechanical and chemical stimuli in other organisms. Non-specific PKD2 channel inhibitors Neo (neomycin) and Gd3+ (gadolinium) inhibit both prey capture and cnidocyte discharge in hydra. The PKD2 activator Trip (triptolide) enhances cnidocyte discharge in both starved and satiated hydra and reduces the inhibition of cnidocyte discharge caused by Neo. PKD1 and 2 proteins are known to act together to transduce mechanical and chemical stimuli; in situ hybridization experiments show that a PKD1 gene is expressed in hydra tentacles and bases, suggesting that polycystins play a direct or indirect role in cnidocyte discharge.
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Abstract
Repeats are ubiquitous elements of proteins and they play important roles for cellular function and during evolution. Repeats are, however, also notoriously difficult to capture computationally and large scale studies so far had difficulties in linking genetic causes, structural properties and evolutionary trajectories of protein repeats. Here we apply recently developed methods for repeat detection and analysis to a large dataset comprising over hundred metazoan genomes. We find that repeats in larger protein families experience generally very few insertions or deletions (indels) of repeat units but there is also a significant fraction of noteworthy volatile outliers with very high indel rates. Analysis of structural data indicates that repeats with an open structure and independently folding units are more volatile and more likely to be intrinsically disordered. Such disordered repeats are also significantly enriched in sites with a high functional potential such as linear motifs. Furthermore, the most volatile repeats have a high sequence similarity between their units. Since many volatile repeats also show signs of recombination, we conclude they are often shaped by concerted evolution. Intriguingly, many of these conserved yet volatile repeats are involved in host-pathogen interactions where they might foster fast but subtle adaptation in biological arms races. KEY WORDS: protein evolution, domain rearrangements, protein repeats, concerted evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schüler
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms University, Huefferstrasse 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms University, Huefferstrasse 1, Muenster, Germany
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Pisani D, Pett W, Dohrmann M, Feuda R, Rota-Stabelli O, Philippe H, Lartillot N, Wörheide G. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15402-7. [PMID: 26621703 PMCID: PMC4687580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how complex traits, such as epithelia, nervous systems, muscles, or guts, originated depends on a well-supported hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships among major animal lineages. Traditionally, sponges (Porifera) have been interpreted as the sister group to the remaining animals, a hypothesis consistent with the conventional view that the last common animal ancestor was relatively simple and more complex body plans arose later in evolution. However, this premise has recently been challenged by analyses of the genomes of comb jellies (Ctenophora), which, instead, found ctenophores as the sister group to the remaining animals (the "Ctenophora-sister" hypothesis). Because ctenophores are morphologically complex predators with true epithelia, nervous systems, muscles, and guts, this scenario implies these traits were either present in the last common ancestor of all animals and were lost secondarily in sponges and placozoans (Trichoplax) or, alternatively, evolved convergently in comb jellies. Here, we analyze representative datasets from recent studies supporting Ctenophora-sister, including genome-scale alignments of concatenated protein sequences, as well as a genomic gene content dataset. We found no support for Ctenophora-sister and conclude it is an artifact resulting from inadequate methodology, especially the use of simplistic evolutionary models and inappropriate choice of species to root the metazoan tree. Our results reinforce a traditional scenario for the evolution of complexity in animals, and indicate that inferences about the evolution of Metazoa based on the Ctenophora-sister hypothesis are not supported by the currently available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom;
| | - Walker Pett
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Martin Dohrmann
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Roberto Feuda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all' Adige 38010, Italy
| | - Hervé Philippe
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, USR CNRS 2936, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis 09200, France; Département de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Nicolas Lartillot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany; Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich 80333, Germany
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