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Duan T, Zhang Z, Genete M, Poux C, Sicard A, Lascoux M, Castric V, Vekemans X. Dominance between self-incompatibility alleles determines the mating system of Capsella allopolyploids. Evol Lett 2024; 8:550-560. [PMID: 39100231 PMCID: PMC11291619 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the main evolutionary transitions in plants and has broad effects on evolutionary trajectories. In Brassicaceae, the ability to inhibit self-fertilization is controlled by 2 genes, SCR and SRK, tightly linked within the S-locus. A series of small non-coding RNAs also encoded within the S-locus regulates the transcriptional activity of SCR alleles, resulting in a linear dominance hierarchy between them. In Brassicaceae, natural allopolyploid species are often self-compatible (SC) even when one of the progenitor species is self-incompatible, but the reason why polyploid lineages tend to lose self-incompatibility (SI) and the timing of the loss of SI (immediately after ancestral hybridization between the progenitor species, or at a later stage after the formation of allopolyploid lineages) have generally remained elusive. We used a series of synthetic diploid and tetraploid hybrids obtained between self-fertilizing Capsella orientalis and outcrossing Capsella grandiflora to test whether the breakdown of SI could be observed immediately after hybridization, and whether the occurrence of SC phenotypes could be explained by the dominance interactions between S-haplotypes inherited from the parental lineages. We used RNA-sequencing data from young inflorescences to measure allele-specific expression of the SCR gene and infer dominance interactions in the synthetic hybrids. We then evaluated the seed set from autonomous self-pollination in the synthetic hybrids. Our results demonstrate that self-compatibility of the hybrids depends on the relative dominance between S-alleles inherited from the parental species, confirming that SI can be lost instantaneously upon formation of the ancestral allopolyploid lineage. They also confirm that the epigenetic regulation that controls dominance interactions between S-alleles can function between subgenomes in allopolyploids. Together, our results illustrate how a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms controlling SI can illuminate our understanding of the patterns of co-variation between the mating system and changes in ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Duan
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zebin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mathieu Genete
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Poux
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent Castric
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
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Vieira J, Rocha S, Vázquez N, López-Fernández H, Fdez-Riverola F, Reboiro-Jato M, Vieira CP. Predicting Specificities Under the Non-self Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility Recognition Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:879. [PMID: 31379893 PMCID: PMC6649718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-self gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) recognition system is characterized by the presence of multiple F-box genes tandemly located in the S-locus, that regulate pollen specificity. This reproductive barrier is present in Solanaceae, Plantaginacea and Maleae (Rosaceae), but only in Petunia functional assays have been performed to get insight on how this recognition mechanism works. In this system, each of the encoded S-pollen proteins (called SLFs in Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae /SFBBs in Maleae) recognizes and interacts with a sub-set of non-self S-pistil proteins, called S-RNases, mediating their ubiquitination and degradation. In Petunia there are 17 SLF genes per S-haplotype, making impossible to determine experimentally each SLF specificity. Moreover, domain -swapping experiments are unlikely to be performed in large scale to determine S-pollen and S-pistil specificities. Phylogenetic analyses of the Petunia SLFs and those from two Solanum genomes, suggest that diversification of SLFs predate the two genera separation. Here we first identify putative SLF genes from nine Solanum and 10 Nicotiana genomes to determine how many gene lineages are present in the three genera, and the rate of origin of new SLF gene lineages. The use of multiple genomes per genera precludes the effect of incompleteness of the genome at the S-locus. The similar number of gene lineages in the three genera implies a comparable effective population size for these species, and number of specificities. The rate of origin of new specificities is one per 10 million years. Moreover, here we determine the amino acids positions under positive selection, those involved in SLF specificity recognition, using 10 Petunia S-haplotypes with more than 11 SLF genes. These 16 amino acid positions account for the differences of self-incompatible (SI) behavior described in the literature. When SLF and S-RNase proteins are divided according to the SI behavior, and the positively selected amino acids classified according to hydrophobicity, charge, polarity and size, we identified fixed differences between SI groups. According to the in silico 3D structure of the two proteins these amino acid positions interact. Therefore, this methodology can be used to infer SLF/S-RNase specificity recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rocha
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Noé Vázquez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática (ESEI), Edificio Politécnico, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Vigo, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Fernández
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática (ESEI), Edificio Politécnico, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática (ESEI), Edificio Politécnico, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Reboiro-Jato
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática (ESEI), Edificio Politécnico, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina P. Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Vázquez N, López-Fernández H, Vieira CP, Fdez-Riverola F, Vieira J, Reboiro-Jato M. BDBM 1.0: A Desktop Application for Efficient Retrieval and Processing of High-Quality Sequence Data and Application to the Identification of the Putative Coffea S-Locus. Interdiscip Sci 2019; 11:57-67. [PMID: 30712176 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-019-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, bioinformatics is one of the most important areas in modern biology and the creation of high-quality scientific software supporting this recent research area is one of the core activities of many researchers. In this context, high-quality sequence datasets are needed to perform inferences on the evolution of species, genes, and gene families, or to get evidence for adaptive amino acid evolution, among others. Nevertheless, sequence data are very often spread over several databases, many useful genomes and transcriptomes are non-annotated, the available annotation is not for the desired coding sequence isoform, and/or is unlikely to be accurate. Moreover, although the FASTA text-based format is quite simple and usable by most software applications, there are a number of issues that may be critical depending on the software used to analyse such files. Therefore, researchers without training in informatics often use a fraction of all available data. The above issues can be addressed using already available software applications, but there is no easy-to-use single piece of software that allows performing all these tasks within the same graphical interface, such as the one here presented, named BDBM (Blast DataBase Manager). BDBM can be used to efficiently get gene sequences from annotated and non-annotated genomes and transcriptomes. Moreover, it can be used to look for alternatives to existing annotations and to easily create reliable custom databases. Such databases are essential to prepare high-quality datasets. The analyses that we have performed on the Coffea canephora genome using BDBM aimed at the identification of the S-locus region (that harbours the genes involved in gametophytic self-incompatibility) led to the conclusion that there are two likely regions, one on chromosome 2 (around region 6600000-6650000), and another on chromosome 5 (around 15830000-15930000). Such findings are discussed in the context of the Rubiaceae gametophytic self-incompatibility evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Vázquez
- ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004, Ourense, Spain
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Fernández
- ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004, Ourense, Spain
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Reboiro-Jato
- ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004, Ourense, Spain
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
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Chen Q, Meng D, Gu Z, Li W, Yuan H, Duan X, Yang Q, Li Y, Li T. SLFL Genes Participate in the Ubiquitination and Degradation Reaction of S-RNase in Self-compatible Peach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:227. [PMID: 29520292 PMCID: PMC5826962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been proved that the gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), mainly exists in Rosaceae and Solanaceae, is controlled by S genes, which are two tightly linked genes located at highly polymorphic S-locus: the S-RNase for pistil specificity and the F-box gene (SFB/SLF) for pollen specificity, respectively. However, the roles of those genes in SI of peach are still a subject of extensive debate. In our study, we selected 37 representative varieties according to the evolution route of peach and identified their S genotypes. We cloned pollen determinant genes mutated PperSFB1m, PperSFB2m, PperSFB4m, and normal PperSFB2, and style determinant genes PperS1-RNase, PperS2-RNase, PperS2m-RNase, and PperS4-RNase. The mutated PperSFBs encode truncated SFB proteins due to a fragment insertion. The truncated PperSFBs and normal PperSFB2 interacted with PperS-RNases demonstrated by Y2H. Normal PperSFB2 was divided into four parts: box, box-V1, V1-V2, and HVa-HVb. The box domain of PperSFB2 did not interact with PperS-RNases, both of the box-V1 and V1-V2 had interactions with PperS-RNases, while the hypervariable region of PperSFB2 HVa-HVb only interacted with PperS2-RNase showed by Y2H and BiFC assay. Bioinformatics analysis of peach genome revealed that there were other F-box genes located at S-locus, and of which three F-box genes were specifically expressed in pollen, named as PperSLFL1, PperSLFL2, and PperSLFL3, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis PperSLFLs clustered with Maloideae SFBB genes, and PperSFB genes were clustered into the other group with other SFB genes of Prunus. Protein interaction analysis revealed that the three PperSLFLs interacted with PperSSK1 and PperS-RNases with no allelic specificity. In vitro ubiquitination assay showed that PperSLFLs could tag ubiquitin molecules onto PperS-RNases. The above results suggest that three PperSLFLs are the appropriate candidates for the "general inhibitor," which would inactivate the S-RNases in pollen tubes, involved in the self-incompatibility of peach.
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Pratas MI, Aguiar B, Vieira J, Nunes V, Teixeira V, Fonseca NA, Iezzoni A, van Nocker S, Vieira CP. Inferences on specificity recognition at the Malus×domestica gametophytic self-incompatibility system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1717. [PMID: 29379047 PMCID: PMC5788982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Malus × domestica (Rosaceae) the product of each SFBB gene (the pollen component of the gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system) of a S-haplotype (the combination of pistil and pollen genes that are linked) interacts with a sub-set of non-self S-RNases (the pistil component), but not with the self S-RNase. To understand how the Malus GSI system works, we identified 24 SFBB genes expressed in anthers, and determined their gene sequence in nine M. domestica cultivars. Expression of these SFBBs was not detected in the petal, sepal, filament, receptacle, style, stigma, ovary or young leaf. For all SFBBs (except SFBB15), identical sequences were obtained only in cultivars having the same S-RNase. Linkage with a particular S-RNase was further established using the progeny of three crosses. Such data is needed to understand how other genes not involved in GSI are affected by the S-locus region. To classify SFBBs specificity, the amino acids under positive selection obtained when performing intra-haplotypic analyses were used. Using this information and the previously identified S-RNase positively selected amino acid sites, inferences are made on the S-RNase amino acid properties (hydrophobicity, aromatic, aliphatic, polarity, and size), at these positions, that are critical features for GSI specificity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Pratas
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Aguiar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Nunes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Teixeira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI,) Welcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SD, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Iezzoni
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | | | - Cristina P Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Matsumoto D, Tao R. Recognition of a wide-range of S-RNases by S locus F-box like 2, a general-inhibitor candidate in the Prunus-specific S-RNase-based self-incompatibility system. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:459-69. [PMID: 27071402 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many species in the Rosaceae, the Solanaceae, and the Plantaginaceae exhibit S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). This system comprises S-ribonucleases (S-RNases) as the pistil S determinant and a single or multiple F-box proteins as the pollen S determinants. In Prunus, pollen specificity is determined by a single S haplotype-specific F-box protein (SFB). The results of several studies suggested that SFB exerts cognate S-RNase cytotoxicity, and a hypothetical general inhibitor (GI) is assumed to detoxify S-RNases in non-specific manner unless it is affected by SFB. Although the identity of the GI is unknown, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses have indicated that S locus F-box like 1-3 (or S locus F-box with low allelic sequence polymorphism 1-3; SLFL1-3), which are encoded by a region of the Prunus genome linked to the S locus, are good GI candidates. Here, we examined the biochemical characteristics of SLFL1-3 to determine whether they have appropriate GI characteristics. Pull-down assays and quantitative expression analyses indicated that Prunus avium SLFL1-3 mainly formed a canonical SCF complex with PavSSK1 and PavCul1A. Binding assays with PavS(1,3,4,6)-RNases showed that PavSLFL1, PavSLFL2, and PavSLFL3 bound to PavS(3)-RNase, all PavS-RNases tested, and none of the PavS-RNases tested, respectively. Together, these results suggested that SLFL2 has the appropriate characteristics to be the GI in sweet cherry pollen, while SLFL1 may redundantly work with SLFL2 to detoxify all S-RNases. We discuss the possible roles of SLFL1-3 as the GI in the Prunus-specific S-RNase-based GSI mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Sassa H. Molecular mechanism of the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility in fruit trees of Rosaceae. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:116-21. [PMID: 27069396 PMCID: PMC4780795 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a major obstacle for stable fruit production in fruit trees of Rosaceae. SI of Rosaceae is controlled by the S locus on which at least two genes, pistil S and pollen S, are located. The product of the pistil S gene is a polymorphic and extracellular ribonuclease, called S-RNase, while that of the pollen S gene is a protein containing the F-box motif, SFB (S haplotype-specific F-box protein)/SFBB (S locus F-box brothers). Recent studies suggested that SI of Rosaceae includes two different systems, i.e., Prunus of tribe Amygdaleae exhibits a self-recognition system in which its SFB recognizes self-S-RNase, while tribe Pyreae (Pyrus and Malus) shows a non-self-recognition system in which many SFBB proteins are involved in SI, each recognizing subset of non-self-S-RNases. Further biochemical and biological characterization of the S locus genes, as well as other genes required for SI not located at the S locus, will help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms, origin, and evolution of SI of Rosaceae, and may provide the basis for breeding of self-compatible fruit tree cultivars.
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Aguiar B, Vieira J, Cunha AE, Vieira CP. No evidence for Fabaceae Gametophytic self-incompatibility being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:129. [PMID: 26032621 PMCID: PMC4451870 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabaceae species are important in agronomy and livestock nourishment. They have a long breeding history, and most cultivars have lost self-incompatibility (SI), a genetic barrier to self-fertilization. Nevertheless, to improve legume crop breeding, crosses with wild SI relatives of the cultivated varieties are often performed. Therefore, it is fundamental to characterize Fabaceae SI system(s). We address the hypothesis of Fabaceae gametophytic (G)SI being RNase based, by recruiting the same S-RNase lineage gene of Rosaceae, Solanaceae or Plantaginaceae SI species. RESULTS We first identify SSK1 like genes (described only in species having RNase based GSI), in the Trifolium pratense, Medicago truncatula, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, and Lupinus angustifolius genomes. Then, we characterize the S-lineage T2-RNase genes in these genomes. In T. pratense, M. truncatula, and C. arietinum we identify S-RNase lineage genes that in phylogenetic analyses cluster with Pyrinae S-RNases. In M. truncatula and C. arietinum genomes, where large scaffolds are available, these sequences are surrounded by F-box genes that in phylogenetic analyses also cluster with S-pollen genes. In T. pratense the S-RNase lineage genes show, however, expression in tissues not involved in GSI. Moreover, levels of diversity are lower than those observed for other S-RNase genes. The M. truncatula and C. arietinum S-RNase and S-pollen like genes phylogenetically related to Pyrinae S-genes, are also expressed in tissues other than those involved in GSI. To address if other T2-RNases could be determining Fabaceae GSI, here we obtained a style with stigma transcriptome of Cytisus striatus, a species that shows significant difference on the percentage of pollen growth in self and cross-pollinations. Expression and polymorphism analyses of the C. striatus S-RNase like genes revealed that none of these genes, is the S-pistil gene. CONCLUSION We find no evidence for Fabaceae GSI being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes. There is no evidence that T2-RNase lineage genes could be determining GSI in C. striatus. Therefore, to characterize the Fabaceae S-pistil gene(s), expression analyses, levels of diversity, and segregation analyses in controlled crosses are needed for those genes showing high expression levels in the tissues where GSI occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aguiar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Ana E Cunha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
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Aguiar B, Vieira J, Cunha AE, Fonseca NA, Iezzoni A, van Nocker S, Vieira CP. Convergent evolution at the gametophytic self-incompatibility system in Malus and Prunus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126138. [PMID: 25993016 PMCID: PMC4438004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) has evolved once before the split of the Asteridae and Rosidae. This conclusion is based on the phylogenetic history of the S-RNase that determines pistil specificity. In Rosaceae, molecular characterizations of Prunus species, and species from the tribe Pyreae (i.e., Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus) revealed different numbers of genes determining S-pollen specificity. In Prunus only one pistil and pollen gene determine GSI, while in Pyreae there is one pistil but multiple pollen genes, implying different specificity recognition mechanisms. It is thus conceivable that within Rosaceae the genes involved in GSI in the two lineages are not orthologous but possibly paralogous. To address this hypothesis we characterised the S-RNase lineage and S-pollen lineage genes present in the genomes of five Rosaceae species from three genera: M. × domestica (apple, self-incompatible (SI); tribe Pyreae), P. persica (peach, self-compatible (SC); Amygdaleae), P. mume (mei, SI; Amygdaleae), Fragaria vesca (strawberry, SC; Potentilleae), and F. nipponica (mori-ichigo, SI; Potentilleae). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Malus and Prunus S-RNase and S-pollen genes belong to distinct gene lineages, and that only Prunus S-RNase and SFB-lineage genes are present in Fragaria. Thus, S-RNase based GSI system of Malus evolved independently from the ancestral system of Rosaceae. Using expression patterns based on RNA-seq data, the ancestral S-RNase lineage gene is inferred to be expressed in pistils only, while the ancestral S-pollen lineage gene is inferred to be expressed in tissues other than pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aguiar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana E. Cunha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Fonseca
- CRACS-INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169–007, Porto, Portugal
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Welcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SD, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Iezzoni
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steve van Nocker
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cristina P. Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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10
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Aguiar B, Vieira J, Cunha AE, Fonseca NA, Reboiro-Jato D, Reboiro-Jato M, Fdez-Riverola F, Raspé O, Vieira CP. Patterns of evolution at the gametophytic self-incompatibility Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrinae) S pollen genes support the non-self recognition by multiple factors model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2423-34. [PMID: 23606363 PMCID: PMC3654429 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility evolved once before the split of the Asteridae and Rosidae. In Prunus (tribe Amygdaloideae of Rosaceae), the self-incompatibility S-pollen is a single F-box gene that presents the expected evolutionary signatures. In Malus and Pyrus (subtribe Pyrinae of Rosaceae), however, clusters of F-box genes (called SFBBs) have been described that are expressed in pollen only and are linked to the S-RNase gene. Although polymorphic, SFBB genes present levels of diversity lower than those of the S-RNase gene. They have been suggested as putative S-pollen genes, in a system of non-self recognition by multiple factors. Subsets of allelic products of the different SFBB genes interact with non-self S-RNases, marking them for degradation, and allowing compatible pollinations. This study performed a detailed characterization of SFBB genes in Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrinae) to address three predictions of the non-self recognition by multiple factors model. As predicted, the number of SFBB genes was large to account for the many S-RNase specificities. Secondly, like the S-RNase gene, the SFBB genes were old. Thirdly, amino acids under positive selection-those that could be involved in specificity determination-were identified when intra-haplotype SFBB genes were analysed using codon models. Overall, the findings reported here support the non-self recognition by multiple factors model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aguiar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150–180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150–180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana E. Cunha
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150–180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Fonseca
- CRACS-INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - David Reboiro-Jato
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel Reboiro-Jato
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Olivier Raspé
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
| | - Cristina P. Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150–180 Porto, Portugal
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Soulard J, Qin X, Boivin N, Morse D, Cappadocia M. A new dual-specific incompatibility allele revealed by absence of glycosylation in the conserved C2 site of a Solanum chacoense S-RNase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1995-2003. [PMID: 23530129 PMCID: PMC3638826 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The stylar determinant of gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) in Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Plantaginaceae is an S-RNase encoded by a multiallelic S-locus. The primary structure of S-RNases shows five conserved (C) and two hypervariable (HV) regions, the latter forming a domain implicated in S-haplotype-specific recognition of the pollen determinant to SI. All S-RNases are glycosylated at a conserved site in the C2 region, although previous studies have shown that N-linked glycans at this position are not required for S-haplotype-specific recognition and pollen rejection. Here the incompatibility phenotype of three constructs derived from an originally monoglycosylated S11-RNase of Solanum chacoense, that were designed to explore the role of the HV domain in determining pollen recognition and the role of the N-linked glycan in the C2 region, is reported. In one series of experiments, a second glycosylation site was introduced in the HVa region to test for inhibition of pollen-specific recognition. This modification does not impede pollen rejection, although analysis shows incomplete glycosylation at the new site in the HVa region. A second construct, designed to permit complete glycosylation at the HVa site by suppression of the conserved site in the C2 region, did increase the degree of site occupancy, but, again, glycosylation was incomplete. Plants expressing this construct rejected S 11 pollen and, surprisingly, also rejected S 13 pollen, thus displaying an unusual dual specificity phenotype. This construct differs from the first by the absence of the conserved C2 glycosylation site, and thus the dual specificity is observed only in the absence of the C2 glycan. A third construct, completely lacking glycosylation sites, conferred an ability to reject only S 11 pollen, disproving the hypothesis that lack of a conserved glycan would confer a universal pollen rejection phenotype to the plant.
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Matsumoto D, Yamane H, Abe K, Tao R. Identification of a Skp1-like protein interacting with SFB, the pollen S determinant of the gametophytic self-incompatibility in Prunus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1252-62. [PMID: 22548785 PMCID: PMC3387707 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many species in Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae exhibit S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI). In this system, the pistil and pollen specificities are determined by S-RNase and the S locus F-box protein, respectively. The pollen S determinant F-box protein in Prunus (Rosaceae) is referred to by two different terms, SFB (for S-haplotype-specific F-box protein) and SLF (for S locus F box), whereas it is called SLF in Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae. Prunus SFB is thought to be a molecule indispensable for its cognate S-RNase to exert cytotoxicity and to arrest pollen tube growth in incompatible reactions. Although recent studies have demonstrated the molecular function of SCF(SLF) in the SI reaction of Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae, how SFB participates in the Prunus SI mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we report the identification of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) SFB (PavSFB)-interacting Skp1-like1 (PavSSK1) using a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screening against the pollen cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PavSSK1 belongs to the same clade as Antirrhinum hispanicum SLF-interacting Skp1-like1 and Petunia hybrida SLF-interacting Skp1-like1 (PhSSK1). In yeast, PavSSK1 interacted not only with PavSFBs from different S haplotypes and Cullin1-likes (PavCul1s), but also with S-locus F-box-likes. A pull-down assay confirmed the interactions between PavSSK1 and PavSFB and between PavSSK1 and PavCul1s. These results collectively indicate that PavSSK1 could be a functional component of the SCF complex and that PavSFB may function as a component of the SCF complex. We discuss the molecular function of PavSFB in self-/nonself-recognition in the gametophytic SI of Prunus.
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13
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Kakui H, Kato M, Ushijima K, Kitaguchi M, Kato S, Sassa H. Sequence divergence and loss-of-function phenotypes of S locus F-box brothers genes are consistent with non-self recognition by multiple pollen determinants in self-incompatibility of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:1028-1038. [PMID: 21851432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) of Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae is controlled by at least two tightly linked genes located at the complex S locus; the highly polymorphic S-RNase for pistil specificity and the F-box gene (SFB/SLF) for pollen. Self-incompatibility in Prunus (Rosaceae) is considered to represent a 'self recognition by a single factor' system, because loss-of-function of SFB is associated with self-compatibility, and allelic divergence of SFB is high and comparable to that of S-RNase. In contrast, Petunia (Solanaceae) exhibits 'non-self recognition by multiple factors'. However, the distribution of 'self recognition' and 'non-self recognition' SI systems in different taxa is not clear. In addition, in 'non-self recognition' systems, a loss-of-function phenotype of pollen S is unknown. Here we analyze the divergence of SFBB genes, the multiple pollen S candidates, of a rosaceous plant Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and show that intrahaplotypic divergence is high and comparable to the allelic diversity of S-RNase while interhaplotypic divergence is very low. Next, we analyzed loss-of-function of the SFBB1 type gene. Genetic analysis showed that pollen with the mutant haplotype S(4sm) lacking SFBB1-S(4) is rejected by pistils with an otherwise compatible S(1) while it is accepted by other non-self pistils. We found that the S(5) haplotype encodes a truncated SFBB1 protein, even though S(5) pollen is accepted normally by pistils with S(1) and other non-self haplotypes. These findings suggest that Japanese pear has a 'non-self recognition by multiple factors' SI system, although it is a species of Rosaceae to which Prunus also belongs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kakui
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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14
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Evolutionary patterns at the RNase based gametophytic self - incompatibility system in two divergent Rosaceae groups (Maloideae and Prunus). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:200. [PMID: 20584298 PMCID: PMC2909234 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within Rosaceae, the RNase based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system has been studied at the molecular level in Maloideae and Prunus species that have been diverging for, at least, 32 million years. In order to understand RNase based GSI evolution within this family, comparative studies must be performed, using similar methodologies. Result It is here shown that many features are shared between the two species groups such as levels of recombination at the S-RNase (the S-pistil component) gene, and the rate at which new specificities arise. Nevertheless, important differences are found regarding the number of ancestral lineages and the degree of specificity sharing between closely related species. In Maloideae, about 17% of the amino acid positions at the S-RNase protein are found to be positively selected, and they occupy about 30% of the exposed protein surface. Positively selected amino acid sites are shown to be located on either side of the active site cleft, an observation that is compatible with current models of specificity determination. At positively selected amino acid sites, non-conservative changes are almost as frequent as conservative changes. There is no evidence that at these sites the most drastic amino acid changes may be more strongly selected. Conclusions Many similarities are found between the GSI system of Prunus and Maloideae that are compatible with the single origin hypothesis for RNase based GSI. The presence of common features such as the location of positively selected amino acid sites and lysine residues that may be important for ubiquitylation, raise a number of issues that, in principle, can be experimentally addressed in Maloideae. Nevertheless, there are also many important differences between the two Rosaceae GSI systems. How such features changed during evolution remains a puzzling issue.
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15
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Chen G, Zhang B, Zhao Z, Sui Z, Zhang H, Xue Y. 'A life or death decision' for pollen tubes in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2027-2037. [PMID: 20042540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mate choice is an essential process during sexual plant reproduction, in which self-incompatibility (SI) is widely adopted as an intraspecific reproductive barrier to inhibit self-fertilization by many flowering plants. Genetic studies show that a single polymorphic S-locus, encoding at least two components from both the pollen and pistil sides, controls the discrimination of self and non-self pollen. In the Solanaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rosaceae, an S-RNase-based SI mechanism is involved in such a discrimination process. Recent studies have provided some important clues to how a decision is made to accept cross pollen or specifically to reject self pollen. In this review, the molecular features of the pistil and pollen S-specificity factors are briefly summarized and then our current knowledge of the molecular control of cross-pollen compatibility (CPC) and self-pollen incompatibility (SPI) responses, respectively, is presented. The possible biochemical mechanisms of the specificity determinant between the pistil and pollen S factors are discussed and a hypothetical S-RNase endosome sorting model is proposed to illustrate the distinct destinies of pollen tubes following compatible and incompatible pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Zhao L, Huang J, Zhao Z, Li Q, Sims TL, Xue Y. The Skp1-like protein SSK1 is required for cross-pollen compatibility in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:52-63. [PMID: 20070569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The self-incompatibility (SI) response occurs widely in flowering plants as a means of preventing self-fertilization. In these self/non-self discrimination systems, plant pistils reject self or genetically related pollen. In the Solanaceae, Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae, pistil-secreted S-RNases enter the pollen tube and function as cytotoxins to specifically arrest self-pollen tube growth. Recent studies have revealed that the S-locus F-box (SLF) protein controls the pollen expression of SI in these families. However, the precise role of SLF remains largely unknown. Here we report that PhSSK1 (Petunia hybrida SLF-interacting Skp1-like1), an equivalent of AhSSK1 of Antirrhinum hispanicum, is expressed specifically in pollen and acts as an adaptor in an SCF(Skp1-Cullin1-F-box)(SLF) complex, indicating that this pollen-specific SSK1-SLF interaction occurs in both Petunia and Antirrhinum, two species from the Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae, respectively. Substantial reduction of PhSSK1 in pollen reduced cross-pollen compatibility (CPC) in the S-RNase-based SI response, suggesting that the pollen S determinant contributes to inhibiting rather than protecting the S-RNase activity, at least in solanaceous plants. Furthermore, our results provide an example that a specific Skp1-like protein other than the known conserved ones can be recruited into a canonical SCF complex as an adaptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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Bosković RI, Sargent DJ, Tobutt KR. Genetic evidence that two independent S-loci control RNase-based self-incompatibility in diploid strawberry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:755-63. [PMID: 20008462 PMCID: PMC2814107 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The self-incompatibility mechanism that reduces inbreeding in many plants of the Rosaceae is attributed to a multi-allelic S locus which, in the Prunoideae and Maloideae subfamilies, comprises two complementary genes, a stylar-expressed S-RNase and a pollen-expressed SFB. To elucidate incompatibility in the subfamily Rosoideae, stylar-specific RNases and self-(in)compatibility status were analysed in various diploid strawberries, especially Fragaria nubicola and F. viridis, both self-incompatible, and F. vesca, self-compatible, and in various progenies derived from them. Unexpectedly, two unlinked RNase loci, S and T, were found, encoding peptides distinct from Prunoideae and Maloideae S-RNases; the presence of a single active allele at either is sufficient to confer self-incompatibility. By contrast, in diploid Maloideae and Prunoideae a single locus encodes S-RNases that share several conserved regions and two active alleles are required for self-incompatibility. Our evidence implicates the S locus in unilateral inter-specific incompatibility and shows that S and T RNases can, remarkably, confer not only allele-specific rejection of cognate pollen but also unspecific rejection of Sn Tn pollen, where n indicates a null allele, consistent with the the presence of the pollen component, SFB, activating the cognitive function of these RNases. Comparison of relevant linkage groups between Fragaria and Prunus suggests that Prunus S-RNases, unique in having two introns, may have resulted from gene conversion in an ancestor of Prunus. In addition, it is shown that there is a non-S locus that is essential for self-incompatibility in diploid Fragaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan I Bosković
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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18
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Liu B, Morse D, Cappadocia M. Compatible pollinations in Solanum chacoense decrease both S-RNase and S-RNase mRNA. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5774. [PMID: 19492064 PMCID: PMC2686617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) allows plants to block fertilization by haploid pollen whose S-allele constitution matches one of the two S-alleles in the diploid styles. GSI in Solanum chacoense requires a stylar S-RNase, first secreted from cells of the transmitting tract then imported into incompatible (self) pollen tubes. However, the molecular mechanisms allowing compatible pollen to evade S-RNase attack are less clear, as compatible pollen tubes also import S-RNase. Using styles of the same age and size in order to lower the degree of inter-style variability in S-RNase levels, we observe reduction of up to 30% of the total non-self stylar S-RNase in vivo during compatible crosses, whereas no degradation of self S-RNases is detected. This marked difference in stylar S-RNase levels dovetails with measurements of pollen-specific Lat52 mRNA, which decreases four-fold in incompatible compared to compatible crosses. Unexpectedly, we also find evidence for a reciprocal signaling mechanism from compatible pollen to the cells of the transmitting tract that results in a roughly three-fold decrease in S-RNase transcript levels. These findings reveal a previously unsuspected feedback loop that may help reinforce the compatible reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Liu
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Biology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Morse
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Biology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Cappadocia
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Biology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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McClure B. Darwin's foundation for investigating self-incompatibility and the progress toward a physiological model for S-RNase-based SI. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1069-1081. [PMID: 19297550 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Charles Darwin made extensive observations of the pollination biology of a wide variety of plants. He carefully documented the consequences of self-pollination and described species that were self-sterile but that could easily be crossed with other plants of the same species. He believed that compatibility was controlled by the 'mutual action' of pollen and pistil contents. A genetic model for self-sterility was developed in the early 1900 s based on studies of the compatibility relationships among, what are now referred to as, self-incompatible (SI) Nicotiana species. Today, it is believed that SI in these species is controlled by an interaction between S-RNases produced in the pistil and F-box proteins expressed in pollen and, moreover, that this S-RNase-based SI system is shared by a great diversity of other plant species. Current research is aimed at understanding how the mutual actions of these S-gene products function in the physiological context of pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce McClure
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically controlled system adopted by many flowering plants to avoid inbreeding and thus to maintain species diversity. Generally, self-pollen rejection occurs through active pollen and pistil recognition and subsequent signaling responses. So far, three different molecular controls of pollen and pistil recognition have been characterized and are exemplified by three families: the Solanaceae, the Papaveraceae, and the Brassicaceae. With more components involved in these SI systems coming to light, recent studies have provided intriguing insights into the downstream reactions that follow the initial SI signal perception. The process of pollen rejection is closely associated with rapid and effective proteolytic events, including the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the vacuolar sorting pathway. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles of proteolysis in SI responses of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Hua ZH, Fields A, Kao TH. Biochemical models for S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:575-85. [PMID: 19825563 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically determined self/non-self-recognition process employed by many flowering plant species to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrosses. For the Plantaginaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae, it is now known that S-RNase and S-locus F-box (two multiple allelic genes at the S-locus) determine the female and male specificity, respectively, during SI interactions. However, how allelic products of these two genes interact inside pollen tubes to result in specific growth inhibition of self-pollen tubes remains to be investigated. Here, we review all the previously proposed biochemical models and discuss whether their predictions are consistent with all SI phenomena, including competitive interaction where SI breaks down in pollen that carries two different pollen S-alleles. We also discuss these models in light of the recent findings of compartmentalization of S-RNases in both incompatible and compatible pollen tubes. Lastly, we summarize the results from our recent biochemical studies of PiSLF (Petunia inflata SLF) and S-RNase, and present a new model for the biochemical mechanism of SI in the Solanaceae. The tenet of this model is that a PiSLF preferentially interacts with its non-self S-RNases in the cytoplasm of a pollen tube to result in the assembly of an E3-like complex, which then mediates ubiquitination and degradation of non-self S-RNases through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway. This model can explain all SI phenomena and, at the same time, has raised new questions for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Hua
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Huang SX, Wu HQ, Li YR, Wu J, Zhang SJ, Heng W, Zhang SL. Competitive interaction between two functional S-haplotypes confer self-compatibility on tetraploid Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl. CV. Nanjing Chuisi). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1075-85. [PMID: 18327590 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) has been studied extensively at the molecular level in Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, all of which exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). In the present study, four PpsS-haplotypes (Prunus pseudocerasus S-haplotypes) comprising at least two genes, i.e., PpsS-RNase (P. pseudocerasus S-RNase) and PpsSFB (P. pseudocerasus S-haplotype-specific F-box) have been successfully isolated in tetraploid P. pseudocerasus Lindl. CV. Nanjing Chuisi ("NC") which exhibited self-compatibility (SC), and its S-genotype was determined as S-1/S-3'/S-5/S-7. These PpsS-RNases, which were expressed exclusively in style, shared the typical structural features with S-RNases from other Prunus species exhibiting GSI. All PpsSFBs showed similar structure characteristics of SFBs from other Prunus species, and matched with the necessary conditions for pollen S-determinant. No mutations leading to dysfunction of S-haplotype were found in their full-length c-DNA sequences, except for PpsS-3'-haplotype which was not amplified by PCR. These four S-haplotypes complied with tetrasomic inheritance. Diploid pollen grains with S-genotypes S-7/S-1, S-7/S-5 and S-1/S-5 can grow the full length of the style after self-pollination, while pollen grains with S-3'/S-7, S-3'/S-1 and S-3'/S-5 cannot. These results suggest that PpsS-haplotypes-1, -5 and -7 are functional, and that competitive interaction between two of them confer self-compatibility on cultivar "NC". Furthermore, in terms of recognition specificity, diploid pollen grains carrying PpsS-3'-haplotype are equal to monoploid pollen grains carrying the other functional S-haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-X Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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23
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Characterization of SLFL1, a pollen-expressed F-box gene located in the Prunus S locus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-008-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Liu B, Morse D, Cappadocia M. Glycosylation of S-RNases may influence pollen rejection thresholds in Solanum chacoense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:545-552. [PMID: 18267942 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A survey of Solanum chacoense plants expressing an authentic S(11)-RNase transgene identified a line with partial compatibility to S(11) pollen. By comparing fruit set to the S-RNase levels determined immunologically in single styles, the minimum level of S(11)-RNase required for full rejection of S(11) pollen was estimated to be 18 ng per style. The S(11)-RNase threshold levels are thus considerably lower than those previously reported for the S(12)-RNase. Interestingly, these two allelic S-RNases differ dramatically in the extent of glycosylation, with the number of glycosylation sites varying from one (S(11)-RNase) to four (S(12)-RNase). It is suggested that reduced glycosylation of the S(11)-RNase may be related to the lower threshold for pollen rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Liu
- IRBV, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
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25
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Hua Z, Meng X, Kao TH. Comparison of Petunia inflata S-Locus F-box protein (Pi SLF) with Pi SLF like proteins reveals its unique function in S-RNase based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:3593-609. [PMID: 18024566 PMCID: PMC2174878 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.055426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Petunia inflata possesses S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI), which prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing. Two polymorphic genes at the S-locus, S-RNase and P. inflata S-locus F-box (Pi SLF), determine the pistil and pollen specificity, respectively. To understand how the interactions between Pi SLF and S-RNase result in SI responses, we identified four Pi SLF-like (Pi SLFL) genes and used them, along with two previously identified Pi SLFLs, for comparative studies with Pi SLF(2). We examined the in vivo functions of three of these Pi SLFLs and found that none functions in SI. These three Pi SLFLs and two other Pi SLFs either failed to interact with S(3)-RNase (a non-self S-RNase for all of them) or interacted much more weakly than did Pi SLF(2) in vitro. We divided Pi SLF(2) into FD1 (for Functional Domain1), FD2, and FD3, each containing one of the Pi SLF-specific regions, and used truncated Pi SLF(2), chimeric proteins between Pi SLF(2) and one of the Pi SLFLs that did not interact with S(3)-RNase, and chimeric proteins between Pi SLF(1) and Pi SLF(2) to address the biochemical roles of these three domains. The results suggest that FD2, conserved among three allelic variants of Pi SLF, plays a major role in the strong interaction with S-RNase; additionally, FD1 and FD3 (each containing one of the two variable regions of Pi SLF) together negatively modulate this interaction, with a greater effect on interactions with self S-RNase than with non-self S-RNases. A model for how an allelic product of Pi SLF determines the fate of its self and non-self S-RNases in the pollen tube is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hua
- Pensylvania State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802, USA
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26
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Surbanovski N, Tobutt KR, Konstantinović M, Maksimović V, Sargent DJ, Stevanović V, Bosković RI. Self-incompatibility of Prunus tenella and evidence that reproductively isolated species of Prunus have different SFB alleles coupled with an identical S-RNase allele. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:723-34. [PMID: 17461794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many species of Prunus display an S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI), controlled by a single highly polymorphic multigene complex termed the S-locus. This comprises tightly linked stylar- and pollen-expressed genes that determine the specificity of the SI response. We investigated SI of Prunus tenella, a wild species found in small, isolated populations on the Balkan peninsula, initially by pollination experiments and identifying stylar-expressed RNase alleles. Nine P. tenella S-RNase alleles (S(1)-S(9)) were cloned; their sequence analysis showed a very high ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions (K(a)/K(s)) and revealed that S-RNase alleles of P. tenella, unlike those of Prunus dulcis, show positive selection in all regions except the conserved regions and that between C2 and RHV. Remarkably, S(8)-RNase, was found to be identical to S(1)-RNase from Prunus avium, a species that does not interbreed with P. tenella and, except for just one amino acid, to S(11) of P. dulcis. However, the corresponding introns and S-RNase-SFB intergenic regions showed considerable differences. Moreover, protein sequences of the pollen-expressed SFB alleles were not identical, harbouring 12 amino-acid replacements between those of P. tenella SFB(8) and P. avium SFB(1). Implications of this finding for hypotheses about the evolution of new S-specificities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Surbanovski
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO Box 23, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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27
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Sassa H, Kakui H, Miyamoto M, Suzuki Y, Hanada T, Ushijima K, Kusaba M, Hirano H, Koba T. S locus F-box brothers: multiple and pollen-specific F-box genes with S haplotype-specific polymorphisms in apple and Japanese pear. Genetics 2007; 175:1869-81. [PMID: 17237509 PMCID: PMC1855134 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.068858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent findings suggest that the F-box genes SFB/SLF control pollen-part S specificity in the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system, how these genes operate in the system is unknown, and functional variation of pollen S genes in different species has been reported. Here, we analyzed the S locus of two species of Maloideae: apple (Malus domestica) and Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). The sequencing of a 317-kb region of the apple S9 haplotype revealed two similar F-box genes. Homologous sequences were isolated from different haplotypes of apple and Japanese pear, and they were found to be polymorphic genes derived from the S locus. Since each S haplotype contains two or three related genes, the genes were named SFBB for S locus F-box brothers. The SFBB genes are specifically expressed in pollen, and variable regions of the SFBB genes are under positive selection. In a style-specific mutant S haplotype of Japanese pear, the SFBB genes are retained. Apart from their multiplicity, SFBB genes meet the expected characteristics of pollen S. The unique multiplicity of SFBB genes as the pollen S candidate is discussed in the context of mechanistic variation in the S-RNase-based GSI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Sassa
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
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28
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McClure B. New views of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:639-46. [PMID: 17027324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) is the most widespread form of genetically controlled mate selection in plants. S-RNase controls pollination specificity in the pistil, while the newly discovered SLF/SFB controls pollination specificity in the pollen. A widely discussed model suggests that compatibility is explained by ubiquitylation and degradation of nonself-S-RNase and that, conversely, incompatibility is caused by failure to degrade self-S-RNase. This model is consistent with the long-standing view that S-RNase inhibition is central to SI. Recent results show, however, that S-RNase is compartmentalized in pollen tubes and, significantly, that compatibility might not require SLF/SFB. S-RNase compartmentalization and dislocation into the pollen tube cytoplasm might be similar to the trafficking of other cytotoxins such as ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce McClure
- Division of Biochemistry, 240a Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7310, USA.
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29
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Hua Z, Kao TH. Identification and characterization of components of a putative petunia S-locus F-box-containing E3 ligase complex involved in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:2531-53. [PMID: 17028207 PMCID: PMC1626602 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.041061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petunia inflata S-locus F-box (Pi SLF) is thought to function as a typical F-box protein in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation and, along with Skp1, Cullin-1, and Rbx1, could compose an SCF complex mediating the degradation of nonself S-RNase but not self S-RNase. We isolated three P. inflata Skp1s (Pi SK1, -2, and -3), two Cullin-1s (Pi CUL1-C and -G), and an Rbx1 (Pi RBX1) cDNAs and found that Pi CUL1-G did not interact with Pi RBX1 and that none of the three Pi SKs interacted with Pi SLF(2). We also isolated a RING-HC protein, S-RNase Binding Protein1 (Pi SBP1), almost identical to Petunia hybrida SBP1, which interacts with Pi SLFs, S-RNases, Pi CUL1-G, and an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, suggesting that Pi CUL1-G, SBP1, and SLF may be components of a novel E3 ligase complex, with Pi SBP1 playing the roles of Skp1 and Rbx1. S-RNases interact more with nonself Pi SLFs than with self Pi SLFs, and Pi SLFs also interact more with nonself S-RNases than with self S-RNases. Bacterially expressed S(1)-, S(2)-, and S(3)-RNases are degraded by the 26S proteasomal pathway in a cell-free system, albeit not in an S-allele-specific manner. Native glycosylated S(3)-RNase is not degraded to any significant extent; however, deglycosylated S(3)-RNase is degraded as efficiently as the bacterially expressed S-RNases. Finally, S-RNases are ubiquitinated in pollen tube extracts, but whether this is mediated by the Pi SLF-containing E3 complex is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hua
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pensylvania State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802, USA
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30
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Hauck NR, Ikeda K, Tao R, Iezzoni AF. The mutated S1-haplotype in sour cherry has an altered S-haplotype-specific F-box protein gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 97:514-20. [PMID: 16985081 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esl029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) is an outcrossing mechanism in flowering plants that is genetically controlled by 2 separate genes located at the highly polymorphic S-locus, termed S-haplotype. This study characterizes a pollen part mutant of the S(1)-haplotype present in sour cherry (Rosaceae, Prunus cerasus L.) that contributes to the loss of GSI. Inheritance of S-haplotypes from reciprocal interspecific crosses between the self-compatible sour cherry cultivar Ujfehértói Fürtös carrying the mutated S(1)-haplotype (S(1)'S(4)S(d)S(null)) and the self-incompatible sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars carrying the wild-type S(1)-haplotype revealed that the mutated S(1)-haplotype confers unilateral incompatibility with a functional pistil component and a nonfunctional pollen component. The altered sour cherry S(1)-haplotype pollen part mutant, termed S(1)', contains a 615-bp Ds-like element within the S(1)-haplotype-specific F-box protein gene (SFB(1)'). This insertion generates a premature in-frame stop codon that would result in a putative truncated SFB(1) containing only 75 of the 375 amino acids present in the wild-type SFB(1). S(1)' along with 2 other previously characterized Prunus S-haplotype mutants, S(f) and S(6m), illustrate that mobile element insertion is an evolutionary force contributing to the breakdown of GSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael R Hauck
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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31
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McClure BA, Franklin-Tong V. Gametophytic self-incompatibility: understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in "self" pollen tube inhibition. PLANTA 2006; 224:233-45. [PMID: 16794841 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents the production of "self" seed and inbreeding by providing a recognition and rejection system for "self," or genetically identical, pollen. Studies of gametophytic SI (GSI) species at a molecular level have identified two completely different S-genes and SI mechanisms. One GSI mechanism, which is found in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, has S-RNase as the pistil S-component and an F-box protein as the pollen S-component. However, non-S-locus factors are also required. In an incompatible situation, the S-RNases degrade pollen RNA, thereby preventing pollen tube growth. Here, in the light of recent evidence, we examine alternative models for how compatible pollen escapes this cytotoxic activity. The other GSI mechanism, so far found only in the Papaveraceae, has a small secreted peptide, the S-protein, as its pistil S-component. The pollen S-component remains elusive, but it is thought to be a transmembrane receptor, as interaction of the S-protein with incompatible pollen triggers a signaling network, resulting in rapid actin depolymerization and pollen tube inhibition and programmed cell death (PCD). Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms involved in regulating pollen tube inhibition in these two GSI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, 105 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA.
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32
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Bosković RI, Wolfram B, Tobutt KR, Cerović R, Sonneveld T. Inheritance and interactions of incompatibility alleles in the tetraploid sour cherry. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:315-26. [PMID: 16307228 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Three progenies of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) were analysed to correlate self-(in)compatibility status with S-RNase phenotype in this allotetraploid hybrid of sweet and ground cherry. Self-(in)compatibility was assessed in the field and by monitoring pollen tube growth after selfing. The S-RNase phenotypes were determined by isoelectric focusing of stylar proteins and staining for RNase activity and, for the parents, confirmed by PCR. Seedling phenotypes were generally consistent with disomic segregation of S-RNase alleles. The genetic arrangements of the parents were deduced to be 'Köröser' (self-incompatible) S1S4.S(B) S(D), 'Schattenmorelle' (self-compatible) S6S13.S(B)S(B), and clone 43.87 (self-compatible) S4S13.S(B)S(B), where "." separates the two homologous genomes. The presence of S4 and S6 alleles at the same locus led to self-incompatibility, whereas S13 and S(B) at homologous loci led to self-compatibility. The failure of certain heteroallelic genotypes in the three crosses or in the self-incompatible seedlings indicates that S4 and S6 are dominant to S(B). However, the success of S13S(B) pollen on styles expressing corresponding S-RNases indicates competitive interaction or lack of pollen-S components. In general, the universal compatibility of S13S(B) pollen may explain the frequent occurrence of S13 and S(B) together in sour cherry cultivars. Alleles S(B) and S(D), that are presumed to derive from ground cherry, and S13, presumably from sweet cherry, were sequenced. Our findings contribute to an understanding of inheritance of self-(in)compatibility, facilitate screening of progenies for self-compatibility and provide a basis for studying molecular interactions in heteroallelic pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Bosković
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK.
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33
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Hauck NR, Yamane H, Tao R, Iezzoni AF. Accumulation of nonfunctional S-haplotypes results in the breakdown of gametophytic self-incompatibility in tetraploid Prunus. Genetics 2005; 172:1191-8. [PMID: 16219786 PMCID: PMC1456217 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.049395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from self-incompatibility (SI) to self-compatibility (SC) is regarded as one of the most prevalent transitions in Angiosperm evolution, having profound impacts on the genetic structure of populations. Yet, the identity and function of mutations that result in the breakdown of SI in nature are not well understood. This work provides the first detailed genetic description of the breakdown of S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) in a polyploid species that exhibits genotype-dependent loss of SI. Genetic analyses of six natural sour cherry (Rosaceae, Prunus cerasus) selections identified seven independent, nonfunctional S-haplotypes with disrupted pistil component (stylar-S) and/or pollen component (pollen-S) function. A genetic model demonstrating that the breakdown of SI in sour cherry is due to the accumulation of a minimum of two nonfunctional S-haplotypes within a single individual is developed and validated. Our finding that sour cherry is SI when only one nonfunctional S-haplotype is present has significant evolutionary implications since nonfunctional S-haplotypes would be maintained in the population without causing an abrupt shift to SC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that heteroallelic sour cherry pollen is self-incompatible, which is counter to the well-documented phenomenon in the Solanaceae where SC accompanying polyploidization is frequently due to the SC of heteroallelic pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael R Hauck
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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34
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Qin X, Soulard J, Laublin G, Morse D, Cappadocia M. Molecular analysis of the conserved C4 region of the S11-RNase of Solanum chacoense. PLANTA 2005; 221:531-537. [PMID: 15650838 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The stylar component to gametophytic self-incompatibility in Solanaceae is an S-RNase. Its primary structure has a characteristic pattern of two hypervariable regions, involved in pollen recognition, and five constant regions. Two of the latter (C2 and C3) constitute the active site, while the highly hydrophobic C1 and C5 are believed to be involved in protein stability. We analyzed the role of the C4 region by site-directed mutagenesis. A GGGG mutant, in which the four charged residues in the C4 region were replaced with glycine, did not accumulate the protein to detectable levels in styles, suggestive of a role in protein stability. A R115G mutant, in which a charged amino acid was eliminated to reduce the potential binding affinity, had no effect on the pollen rejection phenotype. This suggests the C4 does not interact with partners such as potential pollen tube receptors facilitating S-RNase uptake. Finally, a K113R mutant replaced a potential ubiquitination target with arginine. However, this RNase acted as the wild type in both incompatible and compatible crosses. The latter crosses rule out the role of the conserved C4 lysine in ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xike Qin
- IRBV, Biology Department, University of Montreal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Canada, H1X 2B2
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35
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Abstract
It is known that a single-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system can persist with just two distinct alleles in an autotetraploid population, in contrast to diploid GSI systems, assuming "competitive interaction" in which heteroallelic pollen is universally compatible. The steady-state population structure of a GSI system in autotetraploids was investigated in an undivided population assuming "competitive interaction." A deterministic model was developed to predict the frequencies of genotypes with two, three, or four distinct S alleles, assuming no mutation or population subdivision. The model showed that unlike in diploid GSI systems, the limiting values of the frequencies of genotype classes do not minimize pollen wastage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ridout
- Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NF, UK
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36
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction in many flowering plants involves self-incompatibility (SI), which is one of the most important systems to prevent inbreeding. In many species, the self-/nonself-recognition of SI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, the S-locus. Molecular dissection of the S-locus revealed that SI represents not one system, but a collection of divergent mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of three distinct SI mechanisms, each controlled by two separate determinant genes at the S-locus. In the Brassicaceae, the determinant genes encode a pollen ligand and its stigmatic receptor kinase; their interaction induces incompatible signaling(s) within the stigma papilla cells. In the Solanaceae-type SI, the determinants are a ribonuclease and an F-box protein, suggesting the involvement of RNA and protein degradation in the system. In the Papaveraceae, the only identified female determinant induces a Ca2+-dependent signaling network that ultimately results in the death of incompatible pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takayama
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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37
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Sonneveld T, Tobutt KR, Vaughan SP, Robbins TP. Loss of pollen-S function in two self-compatible selections of Prunus avium is associated with deletion/mutation of an S haplotype-specific F-box gene. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:37-51. [PMID: 15598801 PMCID: PMC544488 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.026963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an S haplotype-specific F-box (SFB) gene has been proposed as a candidate for the pollen-S specificity gene of RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility in Prunus (Rosaceae). We have examined two pollen-part mutant haplotypes of sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Both were found to retain the S-RNase, which determines stylar specificity, but one (S3' in JI 2434) has a deletion including the haplotype-specific SFB gene, and the other (S4' in JI 2420) has a frame-shift mutation of the haplotype-specific SFB gene, causing amino acid substitutions and premature termination of the protein. The loss or significant alteration of this highly polymorphic gene and the concomitant loss of pollen self-incompatibility function provides compelling evidence that the SFB gene encodes the pollen specificity component of self-incompatibility in Prunus. These loss-of-function mutations are inconsistent with SFB being the inactivator of non-self S-RNases and indicate the presence of a general inactivation mechanism, with SFB conferring specificity by protecting self S-RNases from inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Sonneveld
- Plant Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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38
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McClure B. S-RNase and SLF determine S-haplotype-specific pollen recognition and rejection. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:2840-7. [PMID: 15522846 PMCID: PMC527184 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.161130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Qiao H, Wang F, Zhao L, Zhou J, Lai Z, Zhang Y, Robbins TP, Xue Y. The F-box protein AhSLF-S2 controls the pollen function of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:2307-22. [PMID: 15308757 PMCID: PMC520935 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have provided evidence that the polymorphic self-incompatibility (S) locus-encoded F-box (SLF) protein AhSLF-S(2) plays a role in mediating a selective S-RNase destruction during the self-incompatible response in Antirrhinum hispanicum. To investigate its role further, we first transformed a transformation-competent artificial chromosome clone (TAC26) containing both AhSLF-S(2) and AhS(2)-RNase into a self-incompatible (SI) line of Petunia hybrida. Molecular analyses showed that both genes are correctly expressed in pollen and pistil in four independent transgenic lines of petunia. Pollination tests indicated that all four lines became self-compatible because of the specific loss of the pollen function of SI. This alteration was transmitted stably into the T1 progeny. We then transformed AhSLF-S(2) cDNA under the control of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pollen-specific promoter LAT52 into the self-incompatible petunia line. Molecular studies revealed that AhSLF-S(2) is specifically expressed in pollen of five independent transgenic plants. Pollination tests showed that they also had lost the pollen function of SI. Importantly, expression of endogenous SLF or SLF-like genes was not altered in these transgenic plants. These results phenocopy a well-known phenomenon called competitive interaction whereby the presence of two different pollen S alleles within pollen leads to the breakdown of the pollen function of SI in several solanaceaous species. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AhSLF-S(2) physically interacts with PhS(3)-RNase from the P. hybrida line used for transformation. Together with the recent demonstration of PiSLF as the pollen determinant in P. inflata, these results provide direct evidence that the polymorphic SLF including AhSLF-S(2) controls the pollen function of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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40
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Ushijima K, Yamane H, Watari A, Kakehi E, Ikeda K, Hauck NR, Iezzoni AF, Tao R. The S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene, SFB, is defective in self-compatible haplotypes of Prunus avium and P. mume. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 39:573-586. [PMID: 15272875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many Prunus species, including sweet cherry and Japanese apricot, of the Rosaceae, display an S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). The specificity of this outcrossing mechanism is determined by a minimum of two genes that are located in a multigene complex, termed the S locus, which controls the pistil and pollen specificities. SFB, a gene located in the S locus region, encodes an F-box protein that has appropriate S haplotype-specific variation to be the pollen determinant in the self-incompatibility reaction. This study characterizes SFBs of two self-compatible (SC) haplotypes, S(4') and S(f), of Prunus. S(4') of sweet cherry is a pollen-part mutant (PPM) that was produced by X-ray irradiation, while S(f) of Japanese apricot is a naturally occurring SC haplotype that is considered to be a PPM. DNA sequence analysis revealed defects in both SFB(4') and SFB(f). A 4 bp deletion upstream from the HVa coding region of SFB(4') causes a frame-shift that produces transcripts of a defective SFB lacking the two hypervariable regions, HVa and HVb. Similarly, the presence of a 6.8 kbp insertion in the middle of the SFB(f) coding region leads to transcripts for a defective SFB lacking the C-terminal half that contains HVa and HVb. As all reported SFBs of functional S haplotypes encode intact SFB, the fact that the partial loss-of-function mutations in SFB are present in SC mutant haplotypes of Prunus provides additional evidence that SFB is the pollen S gene in GSI in Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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41
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Yamauchi A, Hosokawa A, Nagata H, Shimoda M. Triploid Bridge and Role of Parthenogenesis in the Evolution of Autopolyploidy. Am Nat 2004; 164:101-12. [PMID: 15266374 DOI: 10.1086/421356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autopolyploidization is considered to play an important role in plant evolution. In polyploidization, the polyploid evolves from the original diploid cytotype, in which the triploid state is considered to mediate the process (triploid bridge). Nevertheless, the fitness of triploid individuals seems to be too low to facilitate the polyploidization process (triploid block). The evolutionary condition of autopolyploidy was analyzed using a mathematical model focusing on the role of parthenogenesis in triploid and tetraploid individuals. In addition, offspring were assumed to arise by sexual reproduction by conjugations between haploid, diploid, and triploid gametes produced by diploid, tetraploid, and triploid individuals. According to the analysis, even if triploid block suppresses the fitness of sexually produced triploids, the polyploidization process can proceed when parthenogenesis occurs frequently. If only triploids frequently reproduce parthenogenetically, the evolutionary consequences tend to depend on the fitness of the tetraploid individuals. On the basis of a predetermined parameter set, if tetraploid fitness is relatively low, all three ploidies can coexist. Otherwise, tetraploidization occurs. In this case, triploid parthenogenesis promotes not only triploidization but also tetraploidization. However, if both triploids and tetraploids frequently reproduce parthenogenetically, the ploidy levels with the highest fitness are likely to dominate in the population through direct competition among cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamauchi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kamitanakami Hiranocho, Otsu 520-2113, Japan.
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42
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Abstract
• Researchers have hypothesized that self-compatibility (SC) should be more common in polyploid taxa than their diploid counterparts because of selection for reproductive assurance and/or the expected decline in inbreeding depression associated with having 'extra' gene copies. Support for this view has come from an observed breakdown of self-incompatibility (SI) in some species with a gametophytic system (GSI). The purpose of this research was to assess the strength of this relationship across a wider array of SI systems. • A large database, of diploid chromosome numbers, ploidy levels, and types of SI system, was assembled for angiosperm species and used to test for an association between ploidy and SC. • No strong association was found between SC and polyploidy at the level of species or families, and there was no evidence that those having a functional SI system also had fewer polyploid taxa or that most polyploids experience a breakdown in SI. • These results challenge the assumption that self-fertilization is strongly associated with polyploidy and suggest directions for further research on the evolution of polyploidy in relation to SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Mable
- Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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43
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Sijacic P, Wang X, Skirpan AL, Wang Y, Dowd PE, McCubbin AG, Huang S, Kao TH. Identification of the pollen determinant of S-RNase-mediated self-incompatibility. Nature 2004; 429:302-5. [PMID: 15152253 DOI: 10.1038/nature02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many flowering plants have adopted self-incompatibility mechanisms to prevent inbreeding and promote out-crosses. In the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, two separate genes at the highly polymorphic S-locus control self-incompatibility interactions: the S-RNase gene encodes the pistil determinant and the previously unidentified S-gene encodes the pollen determinant. S-RNases interact with pollen S-allele products to inhibit the growth of self-pollen tubes in the style. Pollen-expressed F-box genes showing allelic sequence polymorphism have recently been identified near to the S-RNase gene in members of the Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae; but until now have not been directly shown to encode the pollen determinant. Here we report the identification and characterization of PiSLF, an S-locus F-box gene of Petunia inflata (Solanaceae). We show that transformation of S1S1, S1S2 and S2S3 plants with the S2-allele of PiSLF causes breakdown of their pollen function in self-incompatibility. This breakdown of pollen function is consistent with 'competitive interaction', in which pollen carrying two different pollen S-alleles fails to function in self-incompatibility. We conclude that PiSLF encodes the pollen self-incompatibility determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paja Sijacic
- Integrative Biosciences Graduate Degree Program, The Pennsylvania State University, 403 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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44
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Isolation of S-RNase binding proteins from Solanum chacoense: identification of an SBP1 (RING finger protein) orthologue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Tobutt KR, Bosković R, Cerović R, Sonneveld T, Ruzić D. Identification of incompatibility alleles in the tetraploid species sour cherry. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:775-785. [PMID: 14689184 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The incompatibility genetics of sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus), an allotetraploid species thought to be derived from sweet cherry (diploid) and ground cherry (tetraploid), were investigated by test crossing and by analysis of stylar ribonucleases which are known to be the products of incompatibility alleles in sweet cherry. Stylar extracts of 36 accessions of sour cherry were separated electrophoretically and stained for ribonuclease activity. The zymograms of most accessions showed three bands, some two or four. Of the ten bands seen, six co-migrated with bands that in sweet cherry are attributed to the incompatibility alleles S(1), S(3), S(4), S(6, ) S(9) and S(13). 'Cacanski Rubin', 'Erdi Botermo B', 'Koros' and 'Ujfehertoi Furtos', which showed bands apparently corresponding to S(1) and S(4), were test pollinated with the sweet cherry 'Merton Late' ( S(1) S(4)). Monitoring pollen tube growth, and, in one case, fruit set, showed that these crosses were incompatible and that the four sour cherries indeed have the alleles S(1) and S(4). Likewise, test pollination of 'Marasca Piemonte', 'Marasca Savena' and 'Morello, Dutch' with 'Noble' ( S(6) S(13)) showed that these three sour cherries have the alleles S(6) and S(13). S(13) was very frequent in sour cherry cultivars, but is rare in sweet cherry cultivars, whereas with S(3) the situation is reversed. It was suggested that the other four bands are derived from ground cherry and one of these, provisionally attributed to S(B), occurred frequently in a small set of ground cherry accessions surveyed. Analysing some progenies from sour by sweet crosses by S allele-specific PCR and monitoring the success of some sweet by sour crosses were informative. They indicated mostly disomic inheritance, with sweet cherry S alleles belonging to one locus and, presumably, the ground cherry alleles to the other, and helped clarify the genomic arrangement of the alleles and the interactions in heteroallelic pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Tobutt
- Horticulture Research International, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, West Malling, UK.
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46
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Qiao H, Wang H, Zhao L, Zhou J, Huang J, Zhang Y, Xue Y. The F-box protein AhSLF-S2 physically interacts with S-RNases that may be inhibited by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway of protein degradation during compatible pollination in Antirrhinum. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:582-95. [PMID: 14973168 PMCID: PMC385274 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.017673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/30/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility S-locus-encoded F-box (SLF) proteins have been identified in Antirrhinum and several Prunus species. Although they appear to play an important role in self-incompatible reaction, functional evidence is lacking. Here, we provide several lines of evidence directly implicating a role of AhSLF-S(2) in self-incompatibility in Antirrhinum. First, a nonallelic physical interaction between AhSLF-S(2) and S-RNases was demonstrated by both coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays. Second, AhSLF-S(2) interacts with ASK1- and CULLIN1-like proteins in Antirrhinum, and together, they likely form an Skp1/Cullin or CDC53/F-box (SCF) complex. Third, compatible pollination was specifically blocked after the treatment of the proteasomal inhibitors MG115 and MG132, but they had little effect on incompatible pollination both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the ubiquitin/26S proteasome activity is involved in compatible pollination. Fourth, the ubiquitination level of style proteins was increased substantially after compatible pollination compared with incompatible pollination, and coimmunoprecipitation revealed that S-RNases were ubiquitinated after incubating pollen proteins with compatible but not with incompatible style proteins, suggesting that non-self S-RNases are possibly degraded by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. Fifth, the S-RNase level appeared to be reduced after 36 h of compatible pollination. Taken together, these results show that AhSLF-S(2) interacts with S-RNases likely through a proposed SCF(AhSLF-S2) complex that targets S-RNase destruction during compatible rather than incompatible pollination, thus providing a biochemical basis for the inhibition of pollen tube growth as observed in self-incompatible response in Antirrhinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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47
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Kao TH, Tsukamoto T. The molecular and genetic bases of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16 Suppl:S72-S83. [PMID: 15010517 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.016154.s-rnase-based] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-hui Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pensylvania State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802-4500, USA.
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48
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Kao TH, Tsukamoto T. The molecular and genetic bases of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16 Suppl:S72-83. [PMID: 15010517 PMCID: PMC2643390 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.016154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-hui Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pensylvania State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802-4500, USA.
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49
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Franklin-Tong NVE, Franklin FCH. Gametophytic self-incompatibility inhibits pollen tube growth using different mechanisms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2003; 8:598-605. [PMID: 14659709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most important mechanisms used by plants to prevent self-pollination and consequently inbreeding. It is genetically controlled by the S-locus, which allows the recognition and rejection of 'self' (S-phenotypically identical) pollen. Gametophytically controlled SI (GSI) is the most widespread SI system. To date, only two forms have been elucidated in detail at the molecular level, revealing two different stigmatic S-genes. Here we summarize the evidence for the use of two different mechanisms to inhibit incompatible pollen tube growth. Because the limited data suggest the independent evolution of these two GSI systems, it would be interesting to explore other GSI systems to determine the extent of the mechanistic diversity.
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50
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Franklin-Tong VE, Franklin FCH. The different mechanisms of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003; 358:1025-32. [PMID: 12831468 PMCID: PMC1693207 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self or genetically identical pollen. Gametophytic SI is probably the most widespread of the SI systems and, so far, two completely different SI mechanisms, which appear to have evolved separately, have been identified. One mechanism is the RNase system, which is found in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae. The other is a complex system, so far found only in the Papaveraceae, which involves the triggering of signal transduction cascade(s) that result in rapid pollen tube inhibition and cell death. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms involved in controlling pollen tube inhibition in these two systems.
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