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GrönholdtKlein M, Gorzi A, Wang L, Edström E, Rullman E, Altun M, Ulfhake B. Emergence and Progression of Behavioral Motor Deficits and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy across the Adult Lifespan of the Rat. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1177. [PMID: 37759577 PMCID: PMC10526071 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The facultative loss of muscle mass and function during aging (sarcopenia) poses a serious threat to our independence and health. When activities of daily living are impaired (clinical phase), it appears that the processes leading to sarcopenia have been ongoing in humans for decades (preclinical phase). Here, we examined the natural history of sarcopenia in male outbred rats to compare the occurrence of motor behavioral deficits with the degree of muscle wasting and to explore the muscle-associated processes of the preclinical and clinical phases, respectively. Selected metrics were validated in female rats. We used the soleus muscle because of its long duty cycles and its importance in postural control. Results show that gait and coordination remain intact through middle age (40-60% of median lifespan) when muscle mass is largely preserved relative to body weight. However, the muscle shows numerous signs of remodeling with a shift in myofiber-type composition toward type I. As fiber-type prevalence shifted, fiber-type clustering also increased. The number of hybrid fibers, myofibers with central nuclei, and fibers expressing embryonic myosin increased from being barely detectable to a significant number (5-10%) at late middle age. In parallel, TGFβ1, Smad3, FBXO32, and MuRF1 mRNAs increased. In early (25-month-old) and advanced (30-month-old) aging, gait and coordination deteriorate with the progressive loss of muscle mass. In late middle age and early aging due to type II atrophy (>50%) followed by type I atrophy (>50%), the number of myofibers did not correlate with this process. In advanced age, atrophy is accompanied by a decrease in SCs and βCatenin mRNA, whereas several previously upregulated transcripts were downregulated. The re-expression of embryonic myosin in myofibers and the upregulation of mRNAs encoding the γ-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the neuronal cell adhesion molecule, and myogenin that begins in late middle age suggest that one mechanism driving sarcopenia is the disruption of neuromuscular connectivity. We conclude that sarcopenia in rats, as in humans, has a long preclinical phase in which muscle undergoes extensive remodeling to maintain muscle mass and function. At later time points, these adaptive mechanisms fail, and sarcopenia becomes clinically manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max GrönholdtKlein
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Ali Gorzi
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran;
| | - Lingzhan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Erik Edström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mikael Altun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Brun Ulfhake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.A.)
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Tagawa T, Eshima H, Kakehi S, Kawamori R, Watada H, Tamura Y. A chronic high-fat diet does not exacerbate muscle atrophy in fast-twitch skeletal muscle of aged mice. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:940-945. [PMID: 37074636 PMCID: PMC10988437 DOI: 10.1113/ep091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Ageing leads to a loss of mass in skeletal muscle, but the effect of obesity on ageing-related muscle wasting is unclear. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the specific effect of obesity on fast-twitch skeletal muscle in ageing. What is the main finding and its importance? Our findings show that the obesity induced by long-term ingestion of a high-fat diet does not aggravate muscle wasting in fast-twitch skeletal muscle of aged mice, indicating that the present study provides morphological characteristics for skeletal muscle of sarcopenic obesity. ABSTRACT Obesity and ageing reduce muscle mass and lead to deficits in muscle maintenance, but it is not known whether obesity accelerates muscle wasting additively in the setting of ageing. We investigated morphological characteristics in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 or 20 months. The fast-twitch EDL muscle was harvested, and the muscle fibre-type composition, individual muscle cross-sectional area and myotube diameter were measured. We found an increase in the percentage of type IIa and IIx myosin heavy chain fibres in the whole EDL muscle, but a decrease in type IIB myosin heavy chain in both HFD protocols. The cross-sectional area and myofibre diameter were lower in both groups of aged mice (after 20 months of LFD or HFD) compared with young mice (after 4 months of the diets), but there were no differences between mice fed LFD or HFD for 20 months. These data suggest that long-term feeding of HFD does not aggravate muscle wasting in fast-twitch EDL muscle of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Tagawa
- Department of International TourismNagasaki International UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of International TourismNagasaki International UniversityNagasakiJapan
- Department of Metabolism & EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism & EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism & EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovations in DiabetesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic TargetsJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism & EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Fogarty MJ. Loss of larger hypoglossal motor neurons in aged Fischer 344 rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023:104092. [PMID: 37331418 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic (longitudinal, transversalis and verticalis) and extrinsic (genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus and geniohyoid) tongue muscles are innervated by hypoglossal motor neurons (MNs). Tongue muscle activations occur during many behaviors: maintaining upper airway patency, chewing, swallowing, vocalization, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and grooming/sexual activities. In the tongues of the elderly, reduced oral motor function and strength contribute to increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. Tongue muscle atrophy and weakness is also described in rats, yet hypoglossal MN numbers are unknown. In young (6-months, n=10) and old (24-months, n=8) female and male Fischer 344 (F344) rats, stereological assessment of hypoglossal MN numbers and surface areas were performed on 16µm Nissl-stained brainstem cryosections. We observed a robust loss of ~15% of hypoglossal MNs and a modest ~8% reduction in their surface areas with age. In the larger size tertile of hypoglossal MNs, age-associated loss of hypoglossal MNs approached ~30% These findings uncover a potential neurogenic locus of pathology for age-associated tongue dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.
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Sebti S, Zou Z, Shiloh MU. BECN1 F121A mutation increases autophagic flux in aged mice and improves aging phenotypes in an organ-dependent manner. Autophagy 2023; 19:957-965. [PMID: 35993269 PMCID: PMC9980460 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is necessary for lifespan extension in multiple model organisms and autophagy dysfunction impacts age-related phenotypes and diseases. Introduction of an F121A mutation into the essential autophagy protein BECN1 constitutively increases basal autophagy in young mice and reduces cardiac and renal age-related changes in longer lived Becn1F121A mutant mice. However, both autophagic and lysosomal activities decline with age. Thus, whether autophagic flux is maintained during aging and whether it is enhanced in Becn1F121A mice is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that old wild-type mice maintained functional autophagic flux in heart, kidney and skeletal muscle but not liver, and old Becn1F121A mice had increased autophagic flux in those same organs compared to wild type. In parallel, Becn1F121A mice were not protected against age-associated hepatic phenotypes but demonstrated reduced skeletal muscle fiber atrophy. These findings identify an organ-specific role for the ability of autophagy to impact organ aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Sebti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Mayfield DL, Cronin NJ, Lichtwark GA. Understanding altered contractile properties in advanced age: insights from a systematic muscle modelling approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:309-337. [PMID: 36335506 PMCID: PMC9958200 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Age-related alterations of skeletal muscle are numerous and present inconsistently, and the effect of their interaction on contractile performance can be nonintuitive. Hill-type muscle models predict muscle force according to well-characterised contractile phenomena. Coupled with simple, yet reasonably realistic activation dynamics, such models consist of parameters that are meaningfully linked to fundamental aspects of muscle excitation and contraction. We aimed to illustrate the utility of a muscle model for elucidating relevant mechanisms and predicting changes in output by simulating the individual and combined effects on isometric force of several known ageing-related adaptations. Simulating literature-informed reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity generated predictions at odds qualitatively with the characteristic slowing of contraction speed. Conversely, incorporating slower Ca2+ removal or a fractional increase in type I fibre area emulated expected changes; the former was required to simulate slowing of the twitch measured experimentally. Slower Ca2+ removal more than compensated for force loss arising from a large reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity or moderate reduction in Ca2+ release, producing realistic age-related shifts in the force-frequency relationship. Consistent with empirical data, reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity reduced maximum tetanic force only slightly, even when acting in concert, suggesting a modest contribution to lower specific force. Lower tendon stiffness and slower intrinsic shortening speed slowed and prolonged force development in a compliance-dependent manner without affecting force decay. This work demonstrates the advantages of muscle modelling for exploring sources of variation and identifying mechanisms underpinning the altered contractile properties of aged muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Mayfield
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, USA.
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to describe how the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis may be shaped by the effects of sex hormones and by age dependent changes in immune functions and physiology This review is intended to highlight the need to consider the effects of sex and sex in future studies of sarcoidosis. RECENT FINDINGS The clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis differ based on sex and gender There is emerging evidence that female and male hormones and X-linked genes are important determinants of immune responses to environmental antigens, which has important implications for granuloma formation in the context of sarcoidosis Furthermore, sex hormone levels predictably change throughout adolescence and adulthood, and this occurs in parallel with the onset immune senescence and changes in physiology with advanced age. SUMMARY Recent studies indicate that sex and age are important variables shaping the immune response of humans to environmental antigens We posit herein that sex and age are important determinants of sarcoidosis clinical phenotypes Many gaps in our understanding of the roles played by sex and gender in sarcoidosis, and these need to be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Singha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marina Kirkland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wonder Drake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elliott D Crouser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Shelley S, James RS, Eustace SJ, Eyre E, Tallis J. Effect of stimulation frequency on force, power, and fatigue of isolated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275021. [PMID: 35413119 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of stimulation frequency (140, 200, 230 and 260 Hz) on isometric force, work loop (WL) power, and the fatigue resistance of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle (n=32), isolated from 8-10-week-old CD-1 female mice. Stimulation frequency had significant effects on isometric properties of isolated mouse EDL, whereby increasing stimulation frequency evoked increased isometric force, quicker activation, and prolonged relaxation (P <0.047), until 230 Hz and above, thereafter force and activation did not differ (P >0.137). Increasing stimulation frequency increased maximal WL power output (P <0.001; 140 Hz, 71.3±3.5; 200 Hz, 105.4±4.1; 230 Hz, 115.5±4.1; 260 Hz, 121.1±4.1 W.kg-1), but resulted in significantly quicker rates of fatigue during consecutive WL's (P <0.004). WL shapes indicate impaired muscle relaxation at the end of shortening and subsequent increased negative work appeared to contribute to fatigue at 230 and 260 Hz, but not at lower stimulation frequencies. Cumulative work was unaffected by stimulation frequency, except at the start of fatigue protocol where 230 and 260 Hz produced more work than 140 Hz (P <0.039). We demonstrate that stimulation frequency affects force, power, and fatigue, but effects are not uniform between different assessments of contractile performance. Therefore, future work examining contractile properties of isolated skeletal muscle should consider increasing stimulation frequency beyond that needed for maximal force when examining maximal power but utilise a sub-maximal stimulation frequency for fatigue assessments to avoid high degree of negative work atypical of in vivo function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharn Shelley
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Rob S James
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Steven J Eustace
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Eyre
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Perisetti A, Goyal H, Yendala R, Chandan S, Tharian B, Thandassery RB. Sarcopenia in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current knowledge and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:432-448. [PMID: 35125828 PMCID: PMC8790553 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i4.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second most occurring cancer worldwide and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common (80%-90%) type among malignant liver cancers. Sarcopenia occurs very early in HCC and can predict and provide an opportunity to improve muscle health before engaging in the treatment options such as loco-regional, systemic, and transplant management. Multiple prognostic stating systems have been developed in HCC, such as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, Child-Pugh score and Albumin-Bilirubin grade. However, the evaluation of patients' performance status is a major limitation of these scoring systems. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge and recent advances about the role of sarcopenia in cirrhosis in general, while focusing specifically on HCC. Additionally, the role of sarcopenia in predicting clinical outcomes and prognostication in HCC patients undergoing loco-regional therapies, liver resection, liver transplantation and systematic therapy has been discussed. A literature review was performed using databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL on April 1, 2021, to identify published reports on sarcopenia in HCC. Sarcopenia can independently predict HCC-related mortality especially in patients undergoing treatments such as loco-regional, surgical liver transplantation and systemic therapies. Basic research is focused on evaluating a balance of anabolic and catabolic pathways responsible for muscle health. Early clinical studies have shown promising results in methods to improve sarcopenia in HCC which can potentially increase prognosis in these patients. As sarcopenia occurs very early in HCC, it can predict and provide an opportunity to improve muscle health before engaging in the treatment options such as loco-regional, systemic, and transplant management. Further, sarcopenia measurement can obviate the confounding caused by the abdominal ascites in these patients. The use of sarcopenia can add to the existing scoring systems to better prognosticate the HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Perisetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
- Department of Interventional Oncology and Surgical Endoscopy, Parkview Health, Fort Wayne, IN 46825, United States
| | - Hemant Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA 18501, United States
| | - Rachana Yendala
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Conway Regional Medical Center, Conway, AR 72034, United States
| | - Saurabh Chandan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, CHI Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68107, United States
| | - Benjamin Tharian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Ragesh Babu Thandassery
- Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
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Burke SK, Fenton AI, Konokhova Y, Hepple RT. Variation in muscle and neuromuscular junction morphology between atrophy-resistant and atrophy-prone muscles supports failed re-innervation in aging muscle atrophy. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111613. [PMID: 34740815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In advanced age, there is an accelerated decline in skeletal muscle mass that appears to be secondary to repeated cycles of denervation-reinnervation and eventually, failed reinnervation. However, whether variation in reinnervation capacity explains why some muscles are less vulnerable to age-related atrophy has not been addressed. In this study we examined changes in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber type, accumulation of severely atrophied myofibers, and expression of a marker of denervation in four muscles that exhibit differences in the degree of age-related atrophy and which span the extremes of fiber type composition in 8 mo old (8 M) and 34 mo old (34 M) male Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Aging muscle atrophy was most pronounced in the fast twitch gastrocnemius (Gas; 25%) and similar between extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (Sol) muscle (14-15%), whereas the slow-twitch adductor longus (AL) increased in mass by 21% between 8 M and 34 M (P < 0.05 for all). Only the Sol exhibited significant alterations in fiber type with aging, and there was a decrease in fiber CSA in the Gas, EDL, and Sol (P < 0.05) with aging that was not seen in the AL. Muscles that atrophied had an increased fraction of severely atrophic myofibers (P < 0.05), but this was not observed in the AL. The Gas and EDL both demonstrated a similar degree of age-related remodeling of pre- and post-synaptic NMJ components. On the other hand, pre- and post-synaptic morphology underwent greater changes with aging in the AL, and many of these same morphological variables were already greater in the Sol vs AL at 8 M, suggesting the Sol had already undergone substantial remodeling and may be nearing its adaptive limits. Consistent with this idea, analysis of NMJ morphology in Sol from 3 M rats exhibited similar values as 8 M AL, and the Sol demonstrated greater expression of the denervation marker neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) compared to the AL at 34 M. Collectively, our results are consistent with NMJ remodeling capacity being finite with aging and that maintained remodeling potential confers atrophy protection in aging skeletal muscle by reducing the degree of persistent denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Burke
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew I Fenton
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yana Konokhova
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Leichsenring K, Viswanathan A, Kutschke S, Siebert T, Böl M. Age-dependent mechanical and microstructural properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:453-465. [PMID: 34343717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During growth there are serious changes in the skeletal muscles to compensate for the changed requirements in terms of body weight and size. In this study, the age-dependent (between 21 and 100 days) mechanical and microstructural properties of rabbit soleus muscle tissue were investigated. For this purpose, morphological properties (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length) were measured at 5 different times during aging. On the other hand, fibre orientation-dependent axial and semi-confined compression experiments were realised. In addition, the essential components (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components), dominating the microstructure of muscle tissue, were analysed. While the mechanical results show hardly any age-dependent differences, the morphological and microstructural results show clear age-dependent differences. All morphological parameters increase significantly (animal mass by 839.2%, muscle mass 1050.6%, tibial length 233.6%). In contrast, microstructural parameters change differently. The percentage of fibres (divided into slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) fibres) increases significantly (137.6%), while the proportions of the extracellular matrix and the remaining components (48.2% and 46.1%) decrease. At the same time, the cross-sectional area of the fibres increases significantly (697.9%). The totality of this age-dependent information provides a deeper understanding of age-related changes in muscle structure and function and may contribute to successful development and validation of growth models in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reports the first comprehensive data set on age-dependent morphological (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length), mechanical (axial and semi-confined compression), and microstructural (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components) properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to understanding of load transfer mechanisms inside the muscle tissue during growth. On the other hand, these results are relevant to the fields of constitutive formulation of age-dependent muscle tissue.
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11
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Blasco A, Gras S, Mòdol-Caballero G, Tarabal O, Casanovas A, Piedrafita L, Barranco A, Das T, Pereira SL, Navarro X, Rueda R, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Motoneuron deafferentation and gliosis occur in association with neuromuscular regressive changes during ageing in mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1628-1660. [PMID: 32691534 PMCID: PMC7749545 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular mechanisms underlying the age-associated loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) are poorly understood, hampering the development of effective treatment strategies. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of age-related pathophysiological changes in the mouse neuromuscular system. METHODS Young, adult, middle-aged, and old (1, 4, 14, and 24-30 months old, respectively) C57BL/6J mice were used. Motor behavioural and electrophysiological tests and histological and immunocytochemical procedures were carried out to simultaneously analyse structural, molecular, and functional age-related changes in distinct cellular components of the neuromuscular system. RESULTS Ageing was not accompanied by a significant loss of spinal motoneurons (MNs), although a proportion (~15%) of them in old mice exhibited an abnormally dark appearance. Dark MNs were also observed in adult (~9%) and young (~4%) animals, suggesting that during ageing, some MNs undergo early deleterious changes, which may not lead to MN death. Old MNs were depleted of cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs (~40% and ~45%, respectively, P < 0.01), suggestive of age-associated alterations in MN excitability. Prominent microgliosis and astrogliosis [~93% (P < 0.001) and ~100% (P < 0.0001) increase vs. adults, respectively] were found in old spinal cords, with increased density of pro-inflammatory M1 microglia and A1 astroglia (25-fold and 4-fold increase, respectively, P < 0.0001). Ageing resulted in significant reductions in the nerve conduction velocity and the compound muscle action potential amplitude (~30%, P < 0.05, vs. adults) in old distal plantar muscles. Compared with adult muscles, old muscles exhibited significantly higher numbers of both denervated and polyinnervated neuromuscular junctions, changes in fibre type composition, higher proportion of fibres showing central nuclei and lipofuscin aggregates, depletion of satellite cells, and augmented expression of different molecules related to development, plasticity, and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, growth associated protein 43, agrin, fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1, and transforming growth factor-β1. Overall, these alterations occurred at varying degrees in all the muscles analysed, with no correlation between the age-related changes observed and myofiber type composition or muscle topography. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a global view of age-associated neuromuscular changes in a mouse model of ageing and help to advance understanding of contributing pathways leading to development of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Blasco
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Sílvia Gras
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Guillem Mòdol-Caballero
- Grup de Neuroplasticitat i Regeneració, Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Olga Tarabal
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Tapas Das
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Grup de Neuroplasticitat i Regeneració, Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep E Esquerda
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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12
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Ha TS. Geriatric Physiology for Surgical Intensivists: Part I. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.17479/jacs.2020.10.3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Hill C, James RS, Cox VM, Seebacher F, Tallis J. Age-related changes in isolated mouse skeletal muscle function are dependent on sex, muscle, and contractility mode. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R296-R314. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00073.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to simultaneously examine the age-related, muscle-specific, sex-specific, and contractile mode-specific changes in isolated mouse skeletal muscle function and morphology across multiple ages. Measurements of mammalian muscle morphology, isometric force and stress (force/cross-sectional area), absolute and normalized (power/muscle mass) work-loop power across a range of contractile velocities, fatigue resistance, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform concentration were measured in 232 isolated mouse (CD-1) soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and diaphragm from male and female animals aged 3, 10, 30, 52, and 78 wk. Aging resulted in increased body mass and increased soleus and EDL muscle mass, with atrophy only present for female EDL by 78 wk despite no change in MHC isoform concentration. Absolute force and power output increased up to 52 wk and to a higher level for males. A 23–36% loss of isometric stress exceeded the 14–27% loss of power normalized to muscle mass between 10 wk and 52 wk, although the loss of normalized power between 52 and 78 wk continued without further changes in stress ( P > 0.23). Males had lower power normalized to muscle mass than females by 78 wk, with the greatest decline observed for male soleus. Aging did not cause a shift toward slower contractile characteristics, with reduced fatigue resistance observed in male EDL and female diaphragm. Our findings show that the loss of muscle quality precedes the loss of absolute performance as CD-1 mice age, with the greatest effect seen in male soleus, and in most instances without muscle atrophy or an alteration in MHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob S. James
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Val. M. Cox
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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14
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Valadão PAC, de Aragão BC, Andrade JN, Magalhães-Gomes MPS, Foureaux G, Joviano-Santos JV, Nogueira JC, Machado TCG, de Jesus ICG, Nogueira JM, de Paula RS, Peixoto L, Ribeiro FM, Tapia JC, Jorge ÉC, Guatimosim S, Guatimosim C. Abnormalities in the Motor Unit of a Fast-Twitch Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle in Huntington's Disease. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419886212. [PMID: 31818120 PMCID: PMC6904785 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419886212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a disorder characterized by chronic
involuntary movements, dementia, and psychiatric symptoms. It is
caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for huntingtin protein
(HTT), leading to the formation of mutant proteins expressed in
various tissues. Although brain pathology has become the hallmark for
HD, recent studies suggest that damage of peripheral structures also
contributes to HD progression. We previously identified severe
alterations in the motor units that innervate cervical muscles in
12-month-old BACHD (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Huntington’s
Disease) mice, a well-established mouse model for HD. Here, we studied
lumbar motoneurons and their projections onto hind limb fast-twitch
skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior), which control balance and gait
in HD patients. We found that lumbar motoneurons were altered in the
HD mouse model; the number and size of lumbar motoneurons were reduced
in BACHD. Structural alterations were also present in the sciatic
nerve and neuromuscular junctions. Acetylcholine receptors were
organized in several small patches (acetylcholine receptor
fragmentation), many of which were partially innervated. In BACHD
mice, we observed atrophy of tibialis anterior muscles, decreased
expression of glycolytic fast Type IIB fibers, and at the
ultrastructural level, alterations of sarcomeres and mitochondria.
Corroborating all these findings, BACHD animals performed worse on
motor behavior tests. Our results provide additional evidences that
nerve–muscle communication is impaired in HD and that motoneurons from
distinct spinal cord locations are similarly affected in the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jéssica Neves Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Foureaux
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Nogueira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rayan Silva de Paula
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Peixoto
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - ÉriKa Cristina Jorge
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Yamaguchi K, Omori H, Tsuji T, Aoshiba K. Classical regression equations of spirometric parameters are not applicable for diagnosing spirometric abnormalities in adipotic adults. World J Respirol 2018; 8:1-12. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweighing and obese adults (defined as “adipotic” adults), has markedly increased over the world. A remarkable increase in the adipotic population urgently needs developing the regression equations for predicting spirometric parameters (SPs), which are specifically applicable to adipotic adults. Unfortunately, however, the reliable equations suitable for adipotic adults have not been reported to date. Recently, Yamaguchi et al have proposed the quantitative method to estimate the effects of adiposity on deciding the SPs incorporating with age-specific contributions of various explanatory, independent variables such as age (A), standing height (H), body weight (BW), and fat fraction of body mass (F). Extending the method proposed by Yamaguchi et al, we attempted to elaborate the novel regression equations applicable for diagnosing the spirometric abnormality in adipotic adults. For accomplishing this purpose, never-smoking, adipotic adults with body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m2 and no respiratory illness were recruited from the general population in Japan (n = 3696, including men: 1890 and women: 1806). Introducing the four explanatory variables of A, H, BW, and F, gender-specific and age-dependent regression equations that allowed for prescribing the SPs in adipotic adults were constructed. Comparing the results obtained for non-adipotic adults (i.e., those with normal BMI), the negative or positive impact of height on SPs was preserved in adipotic adults, as well. However, the negative impact of age on SPs was blunted in adipotic men and the positive effect of BW on SPs was impeded in adipotic men and women. The fat fraction of body mass-elicited negative impact on SPs vanished in adipotic women. These results indicate that the regression equations of SPs for adipotic adults differ significantly from those for non-adipotic adults, leading to the conclusion that the regression equations for non-adipotic adults should not be used while judging the spirometric abnormalities in adipotic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Omori
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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16
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O'Rourke AR, Lindsay A, Tarpey MD, Yuen S, McCourt P, Nelson DM, Perrin BJ, Thomas DD, Spangenburg EE, Lowe DA, Ervasti JM. Impaired muscle relaxation and mitochondrial fission associated with genetic ablation of cytoplasmic actin isoforms. FEBS J 2018; 285:481-500. [PMID: 29265728 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While α-actin isoforms predominate in adult striated muscle, skeletal muscle-specific knockouts (KOs) of nonmuscle cytoplasmic βcyto - or γcyto -actin each cause a mild, but progressive myopathy effected by an unknown mechanism. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified morphological abnormalities in both the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in aged muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. We found βcyto - and γcyto -actin proteins to be enriched in isolated mitochondrial-associated membrane preparations, which represent the interface between mitochondria and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum important in signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. We also measured significantly elongated and interconnected mitochondrial morphologies associated with a significant decrease in mitochondrial fission events in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking βcyto - and/or γcyto -actin. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiration in muscle was not measurably affected as oxygen consumption was similar in skeletal muscle fibers from 12 month-old muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. Instead, we found that the maximal rate of relaxation after isometric contraction was significantly slowed in muscles of 12-month-old βcyto - and γcyto -actin muscle-specific KO mice. Our data suggest that impaired Ca2+ re-uptake may presage development of the observed SR morphological changes in aged mice while providing a potential pathological mechanism for the observed myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R O'Rourke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Preston McCourt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D'anna M Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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17
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da Silva RP, Martinez D, Lopez P, Cadore EL. Effect of strength training on sleep apnea severity in the elderly: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:489. [PMID: 29058628 PMCID: PMC5651603 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs due to sleep-induced upper airway muscle relaxation resulting in increased pharyngeal collapsibility. Clinical trials have shown a favorable effect of exercise training on OSA severity in middle-aged adults. Aging is characterized by motor-unit loss. Force training may affect the whole body muscle tone. We hypothesize that interventions increasing muscle strength might propagate to motor units at the abductor pharyngeal muscles, reducing collapsibility and, hence, sleep apnea severity in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS/DESIGN This is a randomized clinical trial including patients between 65 and 80 years of age, with obstructive sleep apnea, and an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between 20 and 50 events/hour, diagnosed by out-of-center in-home type III polysomnography. Forty subjects will be included and randomly assigned to two equal sized groups. The participants allocated to the intervention group will attend two sessions per week of one-hour strength training for the legs, arms, chest, back, and abdomen and the controls will receive advice on lifestyle change. The primary outcome measure of the study will be the change in apnea-hypopnea index and the secondary outcomes will be the body composition, evaluated by anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance variables; maximum dynamic force, appraised by one-repetition maximum strength test; muscle quality and thickness by ultrasound; physical function assessed by sit-to-stand test, timed up and go test, handgrip strength test. The study duration will be 12 weeks. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be performed. DISCUSSION The high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in elderly people is a public health issue. OSA is a recognized cause of cardiovascular disease and reduces quality of life due to sleepiness and fatigue. Exercise is a low-cost intervention that could help to detain the trend towards age-dependent loss of pharyngeal motor units and progressive severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Home-based strength exercises may represent a more practical approach than aerobic exercise for elderly patients. If the results confirm our hypothesis, further research on the clinical application of our findings will be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02742792 . Registered on 1 April 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pacheco da Silva
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Denis Martinez
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- Cardiology Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Exercise Research Laboratory, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
- Physical Education School, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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18
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Elashry MI, Matsakas A, Wenisch S, Arnhold S, Patel K. The effect of caloric restriction on the forelimb skeletal muscle fibers of the hypertrophic myostatin null mice. Acta Histochem 2017. [PMID: 28622884 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass loss has a broad impact on body performance and physical activity. Muscle wasting occurs due to genetic mutation as in muscular dystrophy, age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) as well as in chronic wasting disorders as in cancer cachexia. Food restriction reduces muscle mass underpinned by increased muscle protein break down. However the influence of dietary restriction on the morphometry and phenotype of forelimb muscles in a genetically modified myostatin null mice are not fully characterized. The effect of a five week dietary limitation on five anatomically and structurally different forelimb muscles was examined. C57/BL6 wild type (Mstn+/+) and myostatin null (Mstn-/-) mice were either given a standard rodent normal daily diet ad libitum (ND) or 60% food restriction (FR) for a 5 week period. M. triceps brachii Caput laterale (T.lateral), M. triceps brachii Caput longum (T.long), M. triceps brachii Caput mediale (T.medial), M. extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and M. flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) were dissected, weighted and processed for immunohistochemistry. Muscle mass, fibers cross sectional areas (CSA) and myosin heavy chain types IIB, IIX, IIA and type I were analyzed. We provide evidence that caloric restriction results in muscle specific weight reduction with the fast myofibers being more prone to atrophy. We show that slow fibers are less liable to dietary restriction induced muscle atrophy. The effect of dietary restriction was more pronounced in Mstn-/- muscles to implicate the oxidative fibers compared to Mstn+/+. Furthermore, peripherally located myofibers are more susceptible to dietary induced reduction compared to deep fibers. We additionally report that dietary restriction alters the glycolytic phenotype of the Mstn-/- into the oxidative form in a muscle dependent manner. In summary our study shows that calorie restriction alters muscle fiber profile of forelimb muscles of Myostatin null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Elashry
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | | | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, Whiteknights, University of Reading, RG6 6UB, United Kingdom
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19
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Saitoh M, Ishida J, Doehner W, von Haehling S, Anker MS, Coats AJS, Anker SD, Springer J. Sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle performance in heart failure: Review update 2016. Int J Cardiol 2017; 238:5-11. [PMID: 28427849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia in the context of heart failure (HF) has been termed cardiac cachexia, and represents a progressive involuntary weight loss. Cachexia is mainly the result of an imbalance in the homeostasis of muscle protein synthesis and degradation due to a lower activity of protein synthesis pathways and an over-activation of protein degradation. In addition, muscle wasting leads to of impaired functional capacity, even after adjusting for clinical relevant variables in patients with HF. However, there is no sufficient therapeutic strategy in muscle wasting in HF patients and very few studies in animal models. Exercise training represents a promising intervention that can prevent or even reverse the process of muscle wasting, and worsening the muscle function and performance in HF with muscle wasting and cachexia. The pathological mechanisms and effective therapeutic approach of cardiac cachexia remain uncertain, because of the difficulty to establish animal cardiac cachexia models, thus novel animal models are warranted. Furthermore, the use of improved animal models will lead to a better understanding of the pathways that modulate muscle wasting and therapeutics of muscle wasting of cardiac cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saitoh
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Junichi Ishida
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Charité - Campus Virchow (CVK), Center for Stroke Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus S Anker
- Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Department of Cardiology, Berlin, Germany Charité - Campus Virchow (CVK), Center for Stroke Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan D Anker
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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St-Jean-Pelletier F, Pion CH, Leduc-Gaudet JP, Sgarioto N, Zovilé I, Barbat-Artigas S, Reynaud O, Alkaterji F, Lemieux FC, Grenon A, Gaudreau P, Hepple RT, Chevalier S, Belanger M, Morais JA, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Gouspillou G. The impact of ageing, physical activity, and pre-frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and intramyocellular lipids in men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:213-228. [PMID: 27897402 PMCID: PMC5377417 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact impact of ageing on skeletal muscle phenotype and mitochondrial and lipid content remains controversial, probably because physical activity, which greatly influences muscle physiology, is rarely accounted for. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of ageing, physical activity, and pre-frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, and mitochondrial and intramyocellular lipid content in men. METHODS Recreationally active young adult (20-30 yo; YA); active (ACT) and sedentary (SED) middle-age (50-65 yo; MA-ACT and MA-SED); and older (65 + yo; 65 + ACT and 65 + SED) and pre-frail older (65 + PF) men were recruited. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected to assess, on muscle cross sections, muscle phenotype (using myosin heavy chain isoforms immunolabelling), the fibre type-specific content of mitochondria (by quantifying the succinate dehydrogenase stain intensity), and the fibre type-specific lipid content (by quantifying the Oil Red O stain intensity). RESULTS Only 65 + SED and 65 + PF displayed significantly lower overall and type IIa fibre sizes vs. YA. 65 + SED displayed a lower type IIa fibre proportion vs. YA. MA-SED and 65 + SED displayed a higher hybrid type IIa/IIx fibre proportion vs. YA. Sedentary and pre-frail, but not active, men displayed lower mitochondrial content irrespective of fibre type vs. YA. 65 + SED, but not 65 + ACT, displayed a higher lipid content in type I fibres vs. YA. Finally, mitochondrial content, but not lipid content, was positively correlated with indices of muscle function, functional capacity, and insulin sensitivity across all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Taken altogether, our results indicate that ageing in sedentary men is associated with (i) complex changes in muscle phenotype preferentially affecting type IIa fibres; (ii) a decline in mitochondrial content affecting all fibre types; and (iii) an increase in lipid content in type I fibres. They also indicate that physical activity partially protects from the effects of ageing on muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and lipid accumulation. No skeletal specific muscle phenotype of pre-frailty was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix St-Jean-Pelletier
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada
| | - Charlotte H Pion
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Sgarioto
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Igor Zovilé
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Barbat-Artigas
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Reynaud
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Feras Alkaterji
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - François C Lemieux
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Grenon
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Département de Médecine, UdeM, et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'UdeM, Quebec, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology and Division of Critical Care Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Belanger
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Département de Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, UQAM, Quebec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Piette AB, Dufresne SS, Frenette J. A short-term statin treatment changes the contractile properties of fast-twitch skeletal muscles. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:449. [PMID: 27793139 PMCID: PMC5084426 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cumulative evidence indicates that statins induce myotoxicity. However, the lack of understanding of how statins affect skeletal muscles at the structural, functional, and physiological levels hampers proper healthcare management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the early after-effects of lovastatin on the slow-twitch soleus (Sol) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were orally administrated with placebo or lovastatin [50 mg/kg/d] for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the isometric ex vivo contractile properties of the Sol and EDL muscles were measured. Subtetanic and tetanic contractions were assessed and contraction kinetics were recorded. The muscles were then frozen for immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by an a posteriori Tukey’s test. Results The short-term lovastatin treatment did not induce muscle mass loss, muscle fiber atrophy, or creatine kinase (CK) release. It had no functional impact on slow-twitch Sol muscles. However, subtetanic stimulations at 10 Hz provoked greater force production in fast-twitch EDL muscles. The treatment also decreased the maximal rate of force development (dP/dT) of twitch contractions and prolonged the half relaxation time (1/2RT) of tetanic contractions of EDL muscles. Conclusions An early short-term statin treatment induced subtle but significant changes in some parameters of the contractile profile of EDL muscles, providing new insights into the selective initiation of statin-induced myopathy in fast-twitch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boulanger Piette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Dufresne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Hashimoto T, Yang B, Okazaki Y, Yoshizawa I, Kajihara K, Kato N, Wada M, Yanaka N. Time Course Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Pathology of GDE5 Transgenic Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163299. [PMID: 27658304 PMCID: PMC5033411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiesterase 5 (GDE5) selectively hydrolyses glycerophosphocholine to choline and is highly expressed in type II fiber-rich skeletal muscles. We have previously generated that a truncated mutant of GDE5 (GDE5dC471) that lacks phosphodiesterase activity and shown that transgenic mice overexpressing GDE5dC471 in skeletal muscles show less skeletal muscle mass than control mice. However, the molecular mechanism and pathophysiological features underlying decreased skeletal muscle mass in GDE5dC471 mice remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the skeletal muscle disorder throughout development and investigated the primary cause of muscle atrophy. While type I fiber-rich soleus muscle mass was not altered in GDE5dC471 mice, type II fiber-rich muscle mass was reduced in 8-week-old GDE5dC471 mice. Type II fiber-rich muscle mass continued to decrease irreversibly in 1-year-old transgenic mice with an increase in apoptotic cell. Adipose tissue weight and blood triglyceride levels in 8-week-old and 1-year-old transgenic mice were higher than those in control mice. This study also demonstrated compensatory mRNA expression of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) components, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α1, γ, and ε subunits) and acetylcholinesterase in type II fiber-rich quadriceps muscles in GDE5dC471 mice. However, we did not observe morphological changes in NMJs associated with skeletal muscle atrophy in GDE5dC471 mice. We also found that HSP70 protein levels are significantly increased in the skeletal muscles of 2-week-old GDE5dC471 mice and in mouse myoblastic C2C12 cells overexpressing GDE5dC471. These findings suggest that GDE5dC471 mouse is a novel model of early-onset irreversible type II fiber-rich myopathy associated with cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Bo Yang
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuri Okazaki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ikumi Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Kajihara
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanobu Wada
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gehrke AG, Krull MS, McDonald RS, Sparby T, Thoele J, Troje SW, ZumBerge J, Thompson LV. The Effects of Non-Weight Bearing on Skeletal Muscle in Older Rats: an Interrupted Bout versus an Uninterrupted Bout. Biol Res Nurs 2016; 5:195-202. [PMID: 14737920 DOI: 10.1177/1099800403260693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in skeletal muscle, in combination with bed rest, may result in a poorer rehabilitation potential for an elderly patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of non-weight bearing (hind limb unweighting [HU]) on the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in older rats. Two non-weight bearing conditions were used: an uninterrupted bout of HU and an interrupted bout of HU. Twenty-one rats were randomly placed into 1 of 3 groups: control, interrupted HU (2 phases of 7 days of HU, separated by a 4-day weight-bearing phase) and an uninterrupted HU (18 uninterrupted days of HU). Following non-weight bearing, the soleus and EDL muscles were removed. Fiber type identification was performed by myofibrillar ATPase and cross-sectional area was determined. The findings suggest that any period of non-weight bearing leads to a decrease in muscle wet weight (19%-45%). Both type I and type II fibers of the soleus showed atrophy (decrease in cross-sectional area, 35%-44%) with an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing. Only the type II fibers of the soleus showed recovery with an interrupted bout of weight bearing. In the EDL, type II fibers were more affected by an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing (15% decrease in fiber size) compared to the type I fibers. EDL type II fibers showed more atrophy with interrupted bouts of non-weight bearing than with a single bout (a 40% compared to a 15% decrease). This study shows that initial weight bearing after an episode of non-weight bearing may be damaging to type II fibers of the EDL.
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Deschenes MR, Leathrum CM. Gender-specific neuromuscular adaptations to unloading in isolated rat soleus muscles. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:300-7. [PMID: 26773754 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential of gender to affect unloading-induced neuromuscular adaptations was investigated. METHODS Twenty male and 20 female rats were assigned to control (CTL), or unloaded (UL) conditions. After 2 weeks of unloading, soleus muscles were removed, and neuromuscular function was assessed during a train of alternating indirect (neural) and direct (muscle) stimuli. RESULTS In rested muscle, strength showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) main effects for gender (male > female) and treatment (CTL > UL). By the end of the testing protocol, when muscles showed fatigue, gender-related and treatment-related differences in strength had disappeared. Neuromuscular transmission efficiency and strength suffered a greater decline during the testing protocol in males than females. Unloaded male muscles displayed greater contractile velocity than female muscles both when rested and fatigued. CONCLUSIONS Gender affected unloading-induced neuromuscular adaptations. The greater strength of rested male muscles was due to greater muscle mass and neuromuscular transmission efficiency. Muscle Nerve 54: 300-307, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 23187-8795, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Colleen M Leathrum
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 23187-8795, USA
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25
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Arjunan SP, Kumar D. Effect of age on changes in motor units functional connectivity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2900-3. [PMID: 26736898 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With age, there is a change in functional connectivity of motor units in muscle. This leads to reduced muscle strength. This study has investigated the effect of age on the changes in the motor unit recruitment by measuring the mutual information between multiple channels of surface electromyogram (sEMG) of biceps brachii muscle. It is hypothesised that with ageing, there is a reduction in number of motor units, which can lead to an increase in the dependency of remaining motor units. This increase can be observed in the mutual information between the multiple channels of the muscle activity. Two channels of sEMG were recorded during the maximum level of isometric contraction. 28 healthy subjects (Young: age range 20-35years and Old: age range - 60-70years) participated in the experiments. The normalized mutual information (NMI), a measure of dependency factor, was computed for the sEMG recordings. Statistical analysis was performed to test the effect of age on NMI. The results show that the NMI among the older cohort was significantly higher when compared with the young adults.
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Multi-atlas-based fully automatic segmentation of individual muscles in rat leg. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 29:223-35. [PMID: 26646521 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-015-0511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify individual muscle volume in rat leg MR images using a fully automatic multi-atlas-based segmentation method. MATERIALS AND METHODS We optimized a multi-atlas-based segmentation method to take into account the voxel anisotropy of numbers of MRI acquisition protocols. We mainly tested an image upsampling process along Z and a constraint on the nonlinear deformation in the XY plane. We also evaluated a weighted vote procedure and an original implementation of an artificial atlas addition. Using this approach, we measured gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle volumes and compared the results with manual segmentation. The method reliability for volume quantification was evaluated using the relative overlap index. RESULTS The most accurate segmentation was obtained using a nonlinear registration constrained in the XY plane by zeroing the Z component of the displacement and a weighted vote procedure for both muscles regardless of the number of atlases. The performance of the automatic segmentation and the corresponding volume quantification outperformed the interoperator variability using a minimum of three original atlases. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the reliability of a multi-atlas segmentation approach for the automatic segmentation and volume quantification of individual muscles in rat leg and found that constraining the registration in plane significantly improved the results.
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Meskers CGM, de Groot JH, de Vlugt E, Schouten AC. NeuroControl of movement: system identification approach for clinical benefit. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:48. [PMID: 26441563 PMCID: PMC4561669 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders after neurological diseases like stroke, cerebral palsy (CP), dystonia and at old age requires understanding of the altered capacity to adequately respond to physical obstacles in the environment. With posture and movement disorders, the control of muscles is hampered, resulting in aberrant force generation and improper impedance regulation. Understanding of this improper regulation not only requires the understanding of the role of the neural controller, but also attention for: (1) the interaction between the neural controller and the "plant", comprising the biomechanical properties of the musculaskeletal system including the viscoelastic properties of the contractile (muscle) and non-contractile (connective) tissues: neuromechanics; and (2) the closed loop nature of neural controller and biomechanical system in which cause and effect interact and are hence difficult to separate. Properties of the neural controller and the biomechanical system need to be addressed synchronously by the combination of haptic robotics, (closed loop) system identification (SI), and neuro-mechanical modeling. In this paper, we argue that assessment of neuromechanics in response to well defined environmental conditions and tasks may provide for key parameters to understand posture and movement disorders in neurological diseases and for biomarkers to increase accuracy of prediction models for functional outcome and effects of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel G. M. Meskers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan H. de Groot
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Vlugt
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyDelft, Netherlands
| | - Alfred C. Schouten
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyDelft, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
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Russell JA, Connor NP. Effects of age and radiation treatment on function of extrinsic tongue muscles. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:254. [PMID: 25472556 PMCID: PMC4269095 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-014-0254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation treatment for head and neck cancer often results in difficulty swallowing. Muscle weakness and fibrosis have been identified clinically as possible etiologies for swallowing problems following radiation. Aging may compound the effects of radiation on swallowing because radiation-induced damage to muscles and other tissues critical for the oropharyngeal swallow is overlaid on a declining sensorimotor system. However, there have been no investigations of the manner in which aging and radiation treatment effects combine to impact tongue muscles, which are critical effectors of the oropharyngeal swallow. Methods Thirty-seven male Fisher 344/Brown Norway rats were divided into four groups; young adults (9 month old), old (32 months old), young radiation (9 months), and old radiation (32 months old). Two fractions of 11 Gy on consecutive days was delivered by external beam radiation to the ventral side of the rat’s body over the anterior portion (20 X 30 mm area) of the anterior digastric muscle. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effects of age and radiation and their interaction on muscle contractile properties. Post-hoc testing was completed using Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD). Results Radiation was associated with a significant decrease in tongue force production and reduced speed of tongue muscle contraction. However, radiation treatment did not lead to muscle atrophy and fibrosis formation in the GG muscle. Radiation treatment did not exacerbate atrophic changes observed with aging, or lead to additional fibrosis formation in the GG muscle from that observed in the other groups. Conclusions The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of radiation on muscles of the tongue and to determine whether aging altered the extent of radiation injury to tongue muscles. Radiation was associated with a significant decrease in tongue force production and reduced speed of tongue muscle contraction, and the reduction in the speed of tongue muscle contraction was exacerbated in the aged-rat tongue. This work provides a foundation for future investigations of treatments for concurrent effects of aging and radiation on muscles of the tongue and swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Russell
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Nadine P Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Ballak SB, Degens H, Busé-Pot T, de Haan A, Jaspers RT. Plantaris muscle weakness in old mice: relative contributions of changes in specific force, muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, and number. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9726. [PMID: 25414077 PMCID: PMC4239237 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The age-related decline in muscle function contributes to the movement limitations in daily life in old age. The age-related loss in muscle force is attributable to loss of myofibers, myofiber atrophy, and a reduction in specific force. The contribution of each of these determinants to muscle weakness in old age is, however, largely unknown. The objective of this study is to determine whether a loss in myofiber number, myofiber atrophy, and a reduction in specific muscle force contribute to the age-related loss of muscle force in 25-month-old mouse. Maximal isometric force of in situ m. plantaris of C57BL/6J male adult (9 months) and old (25 months) mice was determined and related to myofiber number, myofiber size, intramuscular connective tissue content, and proportion of denervated myofibers. Isometric maximal plantaris muscle force was 13 % lower in old than adult mice (0.97 ± 0.05 N vs. 0.84 ± 0.03 N; P < 0.05). M. plantaris mass of old mice was not significantly smaller than that of adult mice. There was also no significant myofiber atrophy or myofiber loss. Specific muscle force of old mice was 25 % lower than that of adult mice (0.55 ± 0.05 vs. 0.41 ± 0.03 N·mm(-2), P < 0.01). In addition, with age, the proportion of type IIB myofibers decreased (43.6 vs. 38.4 %, respectively), while the connective tissue content increased (11.6 vs. 16.4 %, respectively). The age-related reduction in maximal isometric plantaris muscle force in 25-month-old male C57BL/6J mice is mainly attributable to a reduction in specific force, which is for 5 % explicable by an age-related increase in connective tissue, rather than myofiber atrophy and myofiber loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam B. Ballak
- />School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- />Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Degens
- />School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Tinelies Busé-Pot
- />Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold de Haan
- />School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- />Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- />Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramly E, Kaafarani HMA, Velmahos GC. The effect of aging on pulmonary function: implications for monitoring and support of the surgical and trauma patient. Surg Clin North Am 2014; 95:53-69. [PMID: 25459542 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related anatomic, physiologic, and immunologic changes to the pulmonary system, as well as a high prevalence of chronic pulmonary diseases, puts the geriatric patient at an especially high risk for postoperative pulmonary complications. Successful perioperative respiratory care of the geriatric patient relies on careful risk assessment and optimization of pulmonary function and support. The success of such efforts aimed at preventing and/or mitigating pulmonary complications in the geriatric patient depends on a thorough, individualized, yet standardized and evidence-based approach to the care of every patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Ramly
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 810, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haytham M A Kaafarani
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 810, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - George C Velmahos
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 810, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Messinger-Rapport BJ, Gammack JK, Thomas DR, Morley JE. Clinical update on nursing home medicine: 2013. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 14:860-76. [PMID: 24286710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This is the seventh article in the series of Clinical Updates on Nursing Home Care. The topics covered are antiresorptive drugs, hip fracture, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, depression, undernutrition, anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, exercise, pain, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
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Tallis J, James RS, Little AG, Cox VM, Duncan MJ, Seebacher F. Early effects of ageing on the mechanical performance of isolated locomotory (EDL) and respiratory (diaphragm) skeletal muscle using the work-loop technique. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R670-84. [PMID: 24990861 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous isolated muscle studies examining the effects of ageing on contractility have used isometric protocols, which have been shown to have poor relevance to dynamic muscle performance in vivo. The present study uniquely uses the work-loop technique for a more realistic estimation of in vivo muscle function to examine changes in mammalian skeletal muscle mechanical properties with age. Measurements of maximal isometric stress, activation and relaxation time, maximal power output, and sustained power output during repetitive activation and recovery are compared in locomotory extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and core diaphragm muscle isolated from 3-, 10-, 30-, and 50-wk-old female mice to examine the early onset of ageing. A progressive age-related reduction in maximal isometric stress that was of greater magnitude than the decrease in maximal power output occurred in both muscles. Maximal force and power developed earlier in diaphragm than EDL muscle but demonstrated a greater age-related decline. The present study indicates that ability to sustain skeletal muscle power output through repetitive contraction is age- and muscle-dependent, which may help rationalize previously reported equivocal results from examination of the effect of age on muscular endurance. The age-related decline in EDL muscle performance is prevalent without a significant reduction in muscle mass, and biochemical analysis of key marker enzymes suggests that although there is some evidence of a more oxidative fiber type, this is not the primary contributor to the early age-related reduction in muscle contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rob S James
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander G Little
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Val M Cox
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ballak SB, Degens H, de Haan A, Jaspers RT. Aging related changes in determinants of muscle force generating capacity: a comparison of muscle aging in men and male rodents. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 14:43-55. [PMID: 24495393 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human aging is associated with a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and force generating capacity, however the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. Rodents models have often been used to enhance our understanding of mechanisms of age-related changes in human skeletal muscle. However, to what extent age-related alterations in determinants of muscle force generating capacity observed in rodents resemble those in humans has not been considered thoroughly. This review compares the effect of aging on muscle force generating determinants (muscle mass, fiber size, fiber number, fiber type distribution and muscle specific tension), in men and male rodents at similar relative age. It appears that muscle aging in male F344*BN rat resembles that in men most; 32-35-month-old rats exhibit similar signs of muscle weakness to those of 70-80-yr-old men, and the decline in 36-38-month-old rats is similar to that in men aged over 80 yrs. For male C57BL/6 mice, age-related decline in muscle force generating capacity seems to occur only at higher relative age than in men. We conclude that the effects on determinants of muscle force differ between species as well as within species, but qualitatively show the same pattern as that observed in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam B Ballak
- School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold de Haan
- School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
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Abstract
There are many age-associated changes in the respiratory and pulmonary immune system. These changes include decreases in the volume of the thoracic cavity, reduced lung volumes, and alterations in the muscles that aid respiration. Muscle function on a cellular level in the aging population is less efficient. The elderly population has less pulmonary reserve, and cough strength is decreased in the elderly population due to anatomic changes and muscle atrophy. Clearance of particles from the lung through the mucociliary elevator is decreased and associated with ciliary dysfunction. Many complex changes in immunity with aging contribute to increased susceptibility to infections including a less robust immune response from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Considering all of these age-related changes to the lungs, pulmonary disease has significant consequences for the aging population. Chronic lower respiratory tract disease is the third leading cause of death in people aged 65 years and older. With a large and growing aging population, it is critical to understand how the body changes with age and how this impacts the entire respiratory system. Understanding the aging process in the lung is necessary in order to provide optimal care to our aging population. This review focuses on the nonpathologic aging process in the lung, including structural changes, changes in muscle function, and pulmonary immunologic function, with special consideration of obstructive lung disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lowery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Identification of microRNAs involved in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 381:105-13. [PMID: 23716137 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a novel class of post-transcriptional gene regulators, have been demonstrated to be involved in several cellular processes regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. To investigate the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated regulation during the process of muscle atrophy, we performed miRNA microarray hybridization between normal differentiated C2C12 cells and dexamethasone (DEX)-treated C2C12 cells. We observed that 11 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated and six miRNAs were down-regulated in the differentiated C2C12 cells after being treated with DEX. Stem-loop real-time RT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of six selected miRNAs (miR-1, miR-147, miR-322, miR-351, and miR-503*, miR-708). miRNA potential target prediction was accomplished using TargetScan, and many target genes related to muscle growth and atrophy have been reported in previous studies. The results of the current study suggested the potential roles of these differentially expressed miRNAs in skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Bertoni-Freddari C, Fattoretti P, Caselli U, Giorgetti B, Albanelli S, Torelli F, Felzani G, Vecchiet J. A morphometric study on human muscle mitochondria in aging. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 25:101-5. [PMID: 23604901 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-002-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles capable of significant changes of their ultrastructural features according to the tissue-specific energy demands. In human biopsies of vastus lateralis and anterior tibialis muscles from young (25.0 ± 4.4 years), middle-aged (50.4 ± 7.5 years) and old (75.5±3.9 years) healthy volunteers, we carried out a morphometric study on subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria to assess whether age-related alterations of the morphology of these organelles contribute to the muscle performance decay in aging. By computer-assisted methods, we measured: the average area (MAA), the longer diameter (Dmax) and the ratio perimeter to area (pleomorphic index: Plei) of mitochondria. No significant age-related ultrastructural differences were found either in subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar organelles. However, in middle-aged as well as in the old group of patients vs. the young one, MAA and Dmax showed a clear trend to decrease, while Plei showed a marked, age-related tendency to increase. Higher percentages of less pleomorphic organelles were found in the youngest group of patients and this was particularly evident in the subsarcolemmal mitochondrial population. In addition to reporting on discrete aspects of mitochondrial ultrastructure, MAA, Dmax and Plei are closely related to each other and provide a reliable index of the muscle mitochondria adaptive response to age. Thus, we interpret our results as indicating a substantial preservation of muscle mitochondrial ultrastructure during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bertoni-Freddari
- Centre for Surgical Research (Neurobiology of Aging Unit) "N. Masera" Research Department INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60100 Ancona, Italy
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Sugimoto K. [The application of life style diseases-animal models to the research for sarcopenia]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2013; 50:766-9. [PMID: 24622221 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.50.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Arjunan SP, Kumar DK. Age-associated changes in muscle activity during isometric contraction. Muscle Nerve 2012. [PMID: 23203513 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of age on the complexity of muscle activity and the variance in the force of isometric contraction. METHODS Surface electromyography (sEMG) from biceps brachii muscle and force of contraction were recorded from 96 subjects (20-70 years of age) during isometric contractions. RESULTS There was a reduction in the complexity of sEMG associated with aging. The relationship of age and complexity was approximated using a bilinear fit, with the average knee point at 45 years. There was an age-associated increase in the coefficient of variation (CoV) of the force of muscle contraction, and this increase was correlated with the decrease in complexity of sEMG (r(2) = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS There was an age-associated increase in CoV and also a reduction in the complexity of sEMG. The correlation between these 2 factors can be explained based on the age-associated increase in motor unit density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar P Arjunan
- Biosignals Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Australia.
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Denervation causes fiber atrophy and myosin heavy chain co-expression in senescent skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29082. [PMID: 22235261 PMCID: PMC3250397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although denervation has long been implicated in aging muscle, the degree to which it is causes the fiber atrophy seen in aging muscle is unknown. To address this question, we quantified motoneuron soma counts in the lumbar spinal cord using choline acetyl transferase immunhistochemistry and quantified the size of denervated versus innervated muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle using the in situ expression of the denervation-specific sodium channel, Nav1.5, in young adult (YA) and senescent (SEN) rats. To gain insights into the mechanisms driving myofiber atrophy, we also examined the myofiber expression of the two primary ubiquitin ligases necessary for muscle atrophy (MAFbx, MuRF1). MN soma number in lumbar spinal cord declined 27% between YA (638±34 MNs×mm−1) and SEN (469±13 MNs×mm−1). Nav1.5 positive fibers (1548±70 μm2) were 35% smaller than Nav1.5 negative fibers (2367±78 μm2; P<0.05) in SEN muscle, whereas Nav1.5 negative fibers in SEN were only 7% smaller than fibers in YA (2553±33 μm2; P<0.05) where no Nav1.5 labeling was seen, suggesting denervation is the primary cause of aging myofiber atrophy. Nav1.5 positive fibers had higher levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 (P<0.05), consistent with involvement of the proteasome proteolytic pathway in the atrophy of denervated muscle fibers in aging muscle. In summary, our study provides the first quantitative assessment of the contribution of denervation to myofiber atrophy in aging muscle, suggesting it explains the majority of the atrophy we observed. This striking result suggests a renewed focus should be placed on denervation in seeking understanding of the causes of and treatments for aging muscle atrophy.
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Arjunan SP, Kumar DK, Bastos T. Fractal based complexity measure and variation in force during sustained isometric muscle contraction: effect of aging. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:3484-3487. [PMID: 23366677 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the effect of age on the fractal based complexity measure of muscle activity and variance in the force of isometric muscle contraction. Surface electromyogram (sEMG) and force of muscle contraction were recorded from 40 healthy subjects categorized into: Group 1: Young - age range 20-30; 10 Males and 10 Females, Group 2: Old - age range 55-70; 10 Males and 10 Females during isometric exercise at Maximum Voluntary contraction (MVC). The results show that there is a reduction in the complexity of surface electromyogram (sEMG) associated with aging. The results demonstrate that there is an increase in the coefficient of variance (CoV) of the force of muscle contraction and a decrease in complexity of sEMG for the Old age group when compared with the Young age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar P Arjunan
- Biosignals Lab, Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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Horner AM, Russ DW, Biknevicius AR. Effects of early-stage aging on locomotor dynamics and hindlimb muscle force production in the rat. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3588-95. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.055087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Attenuation of locomotor function is common in many species of animals as they age. Dysfunctions may emerge from a constellation of age-related impairments, including increased joint stiffness, reduced ability to repair muscle tissue, and decreasing fine motor control capabilities. Any or all of these factors may contribute to gait abnormalities and substantially limit an animal's speed and mobility. In this study we examined the effects of aging on whole-animal locomotor performance and hindlimb muscle mechanics in young adult rats aged 6–8 months and ‘early aged’ 24-month-old rats (Rattus norvegicus, Fischer 344 × Brown Norway crosses). Analyses of gaits and kinematics demonstrated that aged rats moved significantly more slowly, sustained longer hindlimb support durations, moved with a greater proportion of asymmetrical gaits, were more plantigrade, and moved with a more kyphotic spinal posture than the young rats. Additionally, the external mechanical energy profiles of the aged animals were variable across trials, whereas the younger rats moved predominantly with bouncing mechanics. In situ analyses of the ankle extensor/plantar flexor muscle group (soleus, plantaris, and medial and lateral gastrocnemii) revealed reduced maximum force generation with aging, despite minimal changes in muscle mass. The weakened muscles were implicated in the degradation of hindfoot posture, as well as variability in center-of-mass mechanics. These results demonstrate that the early stages of aging have consequences for whole-body performance, even before age-related loss of muscle mass begins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Horner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - David W. Russ
- Ohio University Division of Physical Therapy, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Audrone R. Biknevicius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Johnson AM, Connor NP. Effects of electrical stimulation on neuromuscular junction morphology in the aging rat tongue. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:203-11. [PMID: 21254085 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure in cranial muscles may contribute to age-related deficits in critical sensorimotor actions such as swallowing. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is used in swallowing therapy, but it is unclear how NMJ structure is affected or if NMJ morphology is best measured in two or three dimensions. Two- and three-dimensional measurements of NMJ morphology in the genioglossus muscle were compared in rats that had undergone 8 weeks of hypoglossal nerve stimulation vs. untreated controls. The relationship between motor endplate volume and nerve terminal volume had a mean positive slope in 90% of the young adult controls, but it was positive in only 50% of the old controls; 89% of NMES old rats had a positive slope. NMJ measurements were more accurate when measured in three dimensions. In the NMJ, aging and NMES are associated with changes in the pre- and post-synaptic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Picard M, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Romestaing C, Thomas MM, Rowan SL, Taivassalo T, Hepple RT. Mitochondrial functional impairment with aging is exaggerated in isolated mitochondria compared to permeabilized myofibers. Aging Cell 2010; 9:1032-46. [PMID: 20849523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis and have been implicated in aging. However, it remains unclear whether age-related loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, is associated with abnormal mitochondrial function. Two technically different approaches have mainly been used to measure mitochondrial function: isolated mitochondria and permeabilized myofiber bundles, but the reliability of these measures in the context of sarcopenia has not been systematically assessed before. A key difference between these approaches is that contrary to isolated mitochondria, permeabilized bundles contain the totality of fiber mitochondria where normal mitochondrial morphology and intracellular interactions are preserved. Using the gastrocnemius muscle from young adult and senescent rats, we show marked effects of aging on three primary indices of mitochondrial function (respiration, H(2) O(2) emission, sensitivity of permeability transition pore to Ca(2+) ) when measured in isolated mitochondria, but to a much lesser degree when measured in permeabilized bundles. Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial isolation procedures typically employed to study aged muscles expose functional impairments not seen in situ. We conclude that aging is associated with more modest changes in mitochondrial function in sarcopenic muscle than suggested previously from isolated organelle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
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Chan S, Head SI. Age- and gender-related changes in contractile properties of non-atrophied EDL muscle. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12345. [PMID: 20808812 PMCID: PMC2925956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, ageing causes skeletal muscles to become atrophied, weak, and easily fatigued. In rodent studies, ageing has been associated with significant muscle atrophy and changes in the contractile properties of the muscles. However, it is not entirely clear whether these changes in contractile properties can occur before there is significant atrophy, and whether males and females are affected differently. Methods and Results We investigated various contractile properties of whole isolated fast-twitch EDL muscles from adult (2–6 months-old) and aged (12–22 months-old) male and female mice. Atrophy was not present in the aged mice. Compared with adult mice, EDL muscles of aged mice had significantly lower specific force, longer tetanus relaxation times, and lower fatiguability. In the properties of absolute force and muscle relaxation times, females were affected by ageing to a greater extent than males. Additionally, EDL muscles from a separate group of male mice were subjected to eccentric contractions of 15% strain, and larger force deficits were found in aged than in adult mice. Conclusion Our findings provide further insight into the muscle atrophy, weakness and fatiguability experienced by the elderly. We have shown that even in the absence of muscle atrophy, there are definite alterations in the physiological properties of whole fast-twitch muscle from ageing mice, and for some of these properties the alterations are more pronounced in female mice than in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stewart I. Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Thomas MM, Vigna C, Betik AC, Tupling AR, Hepple RT. Initiating treadmill training in late middle age offers modest adaptations in Ca2+ handling but enhances oxidative damage in senescent rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1269-78. [PMID: 20200131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00663.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging skeletal muscle shows an increased time to peak force and relaxation and a decreased specific force, all of which could relate to changes in muscle Ca(2+) handling. The purpose of this study was to determine if Ca(2+)-handling protein content and function are decreased in senescent gastrocnemius muscle and if initiating a training program in late middle age (LMA, 29 mo old) could improve function in senescent (34- to 36-mo-old) muscle. LMA male Fischer 344 x Brown-Norway rats underwent 5-7 mo of treadmill training. Aging resulted in a decrease in maximal sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) activity and a decrease in Ca(2+) release rate but no change in Ca(2+) uptake rate. Efficiency of the Ca(2+) pump was increased with age, as was the content of SERCA2a. Training caused a further increase in SERCA2a content. Aging also caused an increase in protein carbonyl and reactive nitrogen species damage accumulation, and both further increased with training. Consistent with the increase in oxidative damage, heat shock protein 70 content was increased with age and further increased with training. Together, these results suggest that while initiating exercise training in LMA augments the age-related increase in expression of heat shock protein 70 and the more efficient SERCA2a isoform, it did not prevent the decrease in SERCA activity and exacerbated oxidative damage in senescent gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Thomas
- Muscle and Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Colloca G, Santoro M, Gambassi G. Age-related physiologic changes and perioperative management of elderly patients. Surg Oncol 2009; 19:124-30. [PMID: 20004566 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging itself only minimally increases operative risk, but with aging, there is an increase of the prevalence of chronic diseases and a progressive deterioration of organ function. Aging is associated with a progressive decrease in heart, lung and kidney performance. Under normal conditions, these physiologic changes do not produce any problems for the elderly, but when these patients are subjected to the stress of surgery or its complications, there may be inadequate functional reserve. It is very important to know age-related patho-physiological changes in order to be able to better evaluate elderly patients undergoing surgery, and to prevent and manage preoperative complications. In this review we try to identify and to describe the most frequent physiological changes in the elderly, how those impact pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters, and how to assess and manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Colloca
- Centro Medicina Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2009. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009; 10:530-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Betik AC, Thomas MM, Wright KJ, Riel CD, Hepple RT. Exercise training from late middle age until senescence does not attenuate the declines in skeletal muscle aerobic function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R744-55. [PMID: 19571205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90959.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that 7 wk of treadmill exercise training in late-middle-aged rats can reverse the modest reductions in skeletal muscle aerobic function and enzyme activity relative to values in young adult rats (Exp Physiol 93: 863-871, 2008). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether extending this training program into senescence would attenuate the accelerated decline in the muscle aerobic machinery normally seen at this advanced age. For this purpose, 29-mo-old Fisher 344 Brown-Norway rats underwent 5 or 7 mo of treadmill exercise training. Training resulted in greater exercise capacity during an incremental treadmill exercise test and reduced percent body fat in 34- and 36-mo-old rats and improved survival. Despite these benefits at the whole body level, in situ muscle aerobic capacity and muscle mass were not greater in the trained groups at 34 mo or 36 mo of age. Similarly, the trained groups did not have higher activities of citrate synthase (CS) or Complex IV in homogenates of either the plantaris (fast twitch) or the soleus (slow twitch) muscles at either age. Finally, protein expression of CS (a marker of mitochondrial content) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (relating to the drive on mitochondrial biogenesis) were not higher in the trained groups. Therefore, although treadmill training from late middle age into senescence had significant benefits on running capacity, survival, and body fat, it did not prevent the declines in muscle mass, muscle aerobic capacity, or mitochondrial enzyme activities normally seen across this age, revealing a markedly diminished plasticity of the aerobic machinery in response to endurance exercise at advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Betik
- Muscle and Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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