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Venturelli M, Morgan GR, Tarperi C, Zhao J, Naro F, Reggiani C, Donato AJ, Richardson RS, Schena F. Physiological determinants of mechanical efficiency during advanced ageing and disuse. J Physiol 2024; 602:355-372. [PMID: 38165402 DOI: 10.1113/jp285639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine which physiological factors impact net efficiency (ηnet) in oldest-old individuals at different stages of skeletal muscle disuse. To this aim, we examined ηnet, central haemodynamics, peripheral circulation, and peripheral factors (skeletal muscle fibre type, capillarization and concentration of mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). Twelve young (YG; 25 ± 2 years), 12 oldest-old mobile (OM; 87 ± 3 years), and 12 oldest-old immobile (OI; 88 ± 4 years) subjects performed dynamic knee extensor (KE) and elbow flexors (EF) exercise. Pulmonary oxygen uptake, photoplethysmography, Doppler ultrasound and muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii were used to assess central and peripheral adaptations to advanced ageing and disuse. Compared to the YG (12.1 ± 2.4%), the ηnet of lower-limb muscle was higher in the OM (17.6 ± 3.5%, P < 0.001), and lower in the OI (8.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001). These changes in ηnet during KE were coupled with significant peripheral adaptations, revealing strong correlations between ηnet and the proportion of type I muscle fibres (r = 0.82), as well as [mtDNA] (r = 0.77). No differences in ηnet were evident in the upper-limb muscles between YG, OM and OI. In view of the differences in limb-specific activity across the lifespan, these findings suggest that ηnet is reduced by skeletal muscle inactivity and not by chronological age, per se. Likewise, this study revealed that the age-related changes in ηnet are not a consequence of central or peripheral haemodynamic adaptations, but are likely a product of peripheral changes related to skeletal muscle fibre type and mitochondrial density. KEY POINTS: Although the effects of ageing and muscle disuse deeply impact the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, the combination of these factors on the mechanical efficiency are still a matter of debate. By measuring both upper- and lower-limb muscle function, which experience differing levels of disuse, we examined the influence of central and peripheral haemodynamics, and skeletal muscle factors linked to mechanical efficiency. Across the ages and degree of disuse, upper-limb muscles exhibited a preserved work economy. In the legs the oldest-old without mobility limitations exhibited an augmented mechanical efficiency, which was reduced in those with an impairment in ambulation. These changes in mechanical efficiency were associated with the proportion of type I muscle fibres. Recognition that the mechanical efficiency is not simply age-dependent, but the consequence of inactivity and subsequent skeletal muscle changes, highlights the importance of maintaining physical activity across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Garrett R Morgan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- The Murtha Cancer Center at Walter Reed Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jia Zhao
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fabio Naro
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- The Murtha Cancer Center at Walter Reed Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Mayfield DL, Cronin NJ, Lichtwark GA. Understanding altered contractile properties in advanced age: insights from a systematic muscle modelling approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:309-337. [PMID: 36335506 PMCID: PMC9958200 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Age-related alterations of skeletal muscle are numerous and present inconsistently, and the effect of their interaction on contractile performance can be nonintuitive. Hill-type muscle models predict muscle force according to well-characterised contractile phenomena. Coupled with simple, yet reasonably realistic activation dynamics, such models consist of parameters that are meaningfully linked to fundamental aspects of muscle excitation and contraction. We aimed to illustrate the utility of a muscle model for elucidating relevant mechanisms and predicting changes in output by simulating the individual and combined effects on isometric force of several known ageing-related adaptations. Simulating literature-informed reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity generated predictions at odds qualitatively with the characteristic slowing of contraction speed. Conversely, incorporating slower Ca2+ removal or a fractional increase in type I fibre area emulated expected changes; the former was required to simulate slowing of the twitch measured experimentally. Slower Ca2+ removal more than compensated for force loss arising from a large reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity or moderate reduction in Ca2+ release, producing realistic age-related shifts in the force-frequency relationship. Consistent with empirical data, reductions in free Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitivity reduced maximum tetanic force only slightly, even when acting in concert, suggesting a modest contribution to lower specific force. Lower tendon stiffness and slower intrinsic shortening speed slowed and prolonged force development in a compliance-dependent manner without affecting force decay. This work demonstrates the advantages of muscle modelling for exploring sources of variation and identifying mechanisms underpinning the altered contractile properties of aged muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Mayfield
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, USA.
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Burke SK, Fenton AI, Konokhova Y, Hepple RT. Variation in muscle and neuromuscular junction morphology between atrophy-resistant and atrophy-prone muscles supports failed re-innervation in aging muscle atrophy. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111613. [PMID: 34740815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In advanced age, there is an accelerated decline in skeletal muscle mass that appears to be secondary to repeated cycles of denervation-reinnervation and eventually, failed reinnervation. However, whether variation in reinnervation capacity explains why some muscles are less vulnerable to age-related atrophy has not been addressed. In this study we examined changes in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber type, accumulation of severely atrophied myofibers, and expression of a marker of denervation in four muscles that exhibit differences in the degree of age-related atrophy and which span the extremes of fiber type composition in 8 mo old (8 M) and 34 mo old (34 M) male Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Aging muscle atrophy was most pronounced in the fast twitch gastrocnemius (Gas; 25%) and similar between extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (Sol) muscle (14-15%), whereas the slow-twitch adductor longus (AL) increased in mass by 21% between 8 M and 34 M (P < 0.05 for all). Only the Sol exhibited significant alterations in fiber type with aging, and there was a decrease in fiber CSA in the Gas, EDL, and Sol (P < 0.05) with aging that was not seen in the AL. Muscles that atrophied had an increased fraction of severely atrophic myofibers (P < 0.05), but this was not observed in the AL. The Gas and EDL both demonstrated a similar degree of age-related remodeling of pre- and post-synaptic NMJ components. On the other hand, pre- and post-synaptic morphology underwent greater changes with aging in the AL, and many of these same morphological variables were already greater in the Sol vs AL at 8 M, suggesting the Sol had already undergone substantial remodeling and may be nearing its adaptive limits. Consistent with this idea, analysis of NMJ morphology in Sol from 3 M rats exhibited similar values as 8 M AL, and the Sol demonstrated greater expression of the denervation marker neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) compared to the AL at 34 M. Collectively, our results are consistent with NMJ remodeling capacity being finite with aging and that maintained remodeling potential confers atrophy protection in aging skeletal muscle by reducing the degree of persistent denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Burke
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew I Fenton
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yana Konokhova
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Fitzgerald LF, Bartlett MF, Nagarajan R, Francisco EJ, Sup FC, Kent JA. Effects of old age and contraction mode on knee extensor muscle ATP flux and metabolic economy in vivo. J Physiol 2021; 599:3063-3080. [PMID: 33876434 DOI: 10.1113/jp281117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We used 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify in vivo skeletal muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) during three 24 s maximal-effort contraction protocols: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) intermittent isokinetic (MVDCIsoK ), and (3) intermittent isotonic (MVDCIsoT ) in the knee extensor muscles of young and older adults. ME was not different between groups during the MVIC but was lower in older than young adults during both dynamic contraction protocols. These results are consistent with an increased energy cost of locomotion, but not postural support, with age. The effects of old age on ME were not due to age-related changes in muscle oxidative capacity or ATP flux. Specific power was lower in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups. Together, this suggests a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age. ABSTRACT Muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) is similar in young and older adults during some isometric contractions, but less is known about potential age-related differences in ME during dynamic contractions. We hypothesized that age-related differences in ME would exist only during dynamic contractions, due to the increased energetic demand of dynamic versus isometric contractions. Ten young (Y; 27.5 ± 3.9 years, 6 men) and 10 older (O; 71 ± 5 years, 5 men) healthy adults performed three 24 s bouts of maximal contractions: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) isokinetic (120°·s-1 , MVDCIsoK ; 0.5 Hz), and (3) isotonic (load = 20% MVIC, MVDCIsoT ; 0.5 Hz). Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle was used to calculate ATP flux (mM ATP·s-1 ) through the creatine kinase reaction, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Quadriceps contractile volume (cm3 ) was measured by MRI. ME was calculated using the torque-time integral (MVIC) or power-time integral (MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT ), total ATP synthesis and contractile volume. As hypothesized, ME was not different between Y and O during the MVIC (0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 Nm. s. cm-3 . mM ATP-1 , mean ± SD, respectively; P = 0.847). However, during both MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT , ME was lower in O than Y adults (MVDCIsoK : 0.011 ± 0.003 vs. 0.007 ± 0.002 J. cm-3 . mM ATP-1 ; P < 0.001; MVDCIsoT : 0.011 ± 0.002 vs. 0.008 ± 0.002; P = 0.037, respectively), despite similar muscle oxidative capacity, oxidative and total ATP flux in both groups. The lower specific power in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups, suggests there is a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam F Fitzgerald
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Miles F Bartlett
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ericber Jimenez Francisco
- Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Frank C Sup
- Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Anagnostou ME, Hepple RT. Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Junction Degeneration with Aging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010197. [PMID: 31941062 PMCID: PMC7016881 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle deteriorates with aging, contributing to physical frailty, poor health outcomes, and increased risk of mortality. Denervation is a major driver of changes in aging muscle. This occurs through transient denervation-reinnervation events throughout the aging process that remodel the spatial domain of motor units and alter fiber type. In advanced age, reinnervation wanes, leading to persistent denervation that accelerates muscle atrophy and impaired muscle contractility. Alterations in the muscle fibers and motoneurons are both likely involved in driving denervation through destabilization of the neuromuscular junction. In this respect, mitochondria are implicated in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and are also likely key to aging muscle changes through their direct effects in muscle fibers and through secondary effects mediated by mitochondrial impairments in motoneurons. Indeed, the large abundance of mitochondria in muscle fibers and motoneurons, that are further concentrated on both sides of the neuromuscular junction, likely renders the neuromuscular junction especially vulnerable to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction with aging include impaired respiratory function, elevated reactive oxygen species production, and increased susceptibility to permeability transition, contributing to reduced ATP generating capacity, oxidative damage, and apoptotic signaling, respectively. Using this framework, in this review we summarize our current knowledge, and relevant gaps, concerning the potential impact of mitochondrial impairment on the aging neuromuscular junction, and the mechanisms involved.
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Differences in Liver TFAM Binding to mtDNA and mtDNA Damage between Aged and Extremely Aged Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102601. [PMID: 31137890 PMCID: PMC6566948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While mitochondrial dysfunction is acknowledged as a major feature of aging, much less is known about the role of mitochondria in extended longevity. Livers from aged (28-month-old) and extremely aged (32-month-old) rats were analyzed for citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) amount, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and 4.8 Kb “common deletion” contents. None of the assayed parameters differed significantly between age groups. TFAM-binding to mtDNA and the incidence of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in specific mtDNA regions, encompassing the origins of mtDNA replication (D-loop and Ori-L) and the 16-bp long direct repeat 1 (DR1) of the 4.8 Kb deletion, were determined. A decrease in TFAM binding was unveiled at all regions in extremely aged in comparison with aged rats. Reduced incidence of oxidized purines at all assayed regions was detected in 32-month-old rats compared with the 28-month-old group. A significant positive correlation between the incidence of 8-oxo-deoxoguanosine and TFAM-bound mtDNA was found at D-Loop and Ori-L regions only in 28-month-old rats. The absence of such correlation in 32-month-old rats indicates a different, fine-tuned regulation of TFAM binding in the two age groups and supports the existence of two different paces in aging and extended aging.
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Layec G, Trinity JD, Hart CR, Le Fur Y, Zhao J, Reese V, Jeong EK, Richardson RS. Impaired Muscle Efficiency but Preserved Peripheral Hemodynamics and Mitochondrial Function With Advancing Age: Evidence From Exercise in the Young, Old, and Oldest-Old. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:1303-1312. [PMID: 29584857 PMCID: PMC6132121 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness in the elderly has been linked to recurrent falls and morbidity; therefore, elucidating the mechanisms contributing to the loss of muscle function and mobility with advancing age is critical. To this aim, we comprehensively examined skeletal muscle metabolic function and hemodynamics in 11 young (23 ± 2 years), 11 old (68 ± 2 years), and 10 oldest-old (84 ± 2 years) physical activity-matched participants. Specifically, oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial function, and the ATP cost of contraction as well as peripheral hemodynamics were assessed during dynamic plantar flexion exercise at 40 per cent of maximal work rate (WRmax). Both the PCr recovery time constant and the peak rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis were not significantly different between groups. In contrast, the ATP cost of dynamic contractions (young: 1.5 ± 1.0, old: 3.4 ± 2.1, oldest-old: 6.1 ± 3.6 mM min-1 W-1) and systemic markers of oxidative stress were signficantly increased with age, with the ATP cost of contraction being negatively correlated with WRmax (r = .59, p < .05). End-of-exercise blood flow per Watt rose significantly with increasing age (young: 37 ± 20, old: 82 ± 68, oldest-old: 154 ± 93 mL min-1 W-1). These findings suggest that the progressive deterioration of muscle contractile efficiency with advancing age may play an important role in the decline in skeletal muscle functional capacity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenael Layec
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Corey R Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Van Reese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Zhou J, Liao Z, Chen J, Zhao K, Xiao Q. Integrated study on comparative transcriptome and skeletal muscle function in aged rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 169:32-39. [PMID: 29325930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal aging-related changes in the skeletal muscle of SD rats by comparing transcriptome analysis, integrated with muscle physiological parameters. Ten rats aged 25 months were set as the old group (OG) and ten rats aged 6 months were set as the young group (YG). After 6 weeks of feeding, the body mass, grip strength, and gastrocnemius muscle mass were determined, and the differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing, followed by GO enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis. The results showed that the muscle index and the relative grip strength were lower in OG rats than YG rats. The expressions of AMPK, UCP3, IGF-1, several ion channel associated genes and collagen family genes were down-regulated in OG rats. MGMT, one of the strength determining genes and CHRNa1, a subunit of the acetylcholine receptor were up-regulated in OG rats. The present results supply the global transcriptomic information involved in aging related skeletal muscle dysfunction in rats. The reduced expressions of AMPK, IGF-1, and CASK can explain the losses of muscle mass and function in the aged rats. In addition, the up-regulation of MGMT and CHRNa1 also contribute to muscle wasting and weakness during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyin Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Kexiang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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9
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Kim Y, Men SS, Liang C, Receno CN, Brutsaert TD, Korol DL, Heffernan KS, DeRuisseau KC. Effects of long-term exposures to low iron and branched-chain amino acid containing diets on aging skeletal muscle of Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:165-173. [PMID: 29024598 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging skeletal muscle displays an altered iron status that may promote oxidative stress and sarcopenia. A diet containing low iron (LI) could reduce muscle iron status and attenuate age-related muscle atrophy. Supplemental branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) may also alleviate sarcopenia by promoting muscle protein synthesis and iron status improvement. This study examined individual and combined effects of LI and BCAA diets on anabolic signaling and iron status in skeletal muscle of aging rats. Twenty-nine-month-old male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats consumed the following control-base diets: control + regular iron (35 mg iron/kg) (CR; n = 11); control + LI (∼6 mg iron/kg) (CL; n = 11); 2×BCAA + regular iron (BR; n = 10); and 2×BCAA + LI (BL; n = 12) for 12 weeks. Although LI and/or 2×BCAA did not affect plantaris muscle mass, 2×BCAA groups showed lower muscle iron content than did CR and CL groups (P < 0.05). p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase phosphorylation was greater in 2×BCAA and LI animals compared with CR animals (P < 0.05). Interactions between IRON and BCAA were observed for proteins indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha) and oxidative capacity (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 and citrate synthase) (P < 0.05) wherein the combined diet (BL) negated potential benefits of individual diets. Antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, and oxidative injury (3-nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, and 4-hydroxynonenal) were similar between groups. In conclusion, 12 weeks of LI and 2×BCAA diets showed significant impacts on increasing anabolic signaling as well as ameliorating iron status; however, these interventions did not affect muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Kim
- a Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave, Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,b Muscle Energetics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 10 Center Drive Room B1D400, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sok Sambo Men
- c Department of Nutrition Science, Syracuse University, 426 Ostrom Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- d Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave., Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Candace N Receno
- d Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave., Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- d Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave., Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Donna L Korol
- e Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Kevin S Heffernan
- d Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave., Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Keith C DeRuisseau
- d Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Ave., Room 201 WB, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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10
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Picca A, Pesce V, Sirago G, Fracasso F, Leeuwenburgh C, Lezza AMS. "What makes some rats live so long?" The mitochondrial contribution to longevity through balance of mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA content. Exp Gerontol 2016; 85:33-40. [PMID: 27620821 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extremely interesting for aging research are those individuals able to reach older ages still with functions similar to those of younger counterparts. We examined liver samples from ad libitum-fed old (28-month-old, AL-28) and ad libitum-fed very old (32-month-old, AL-32) rats for a number of markers, relevant for mitochondrial functionality and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. As for the mtDNA content and the protein amounts of the citrate synthase and the antioxidant peroxiredoxin III there were no significant changes in the AL-32 animals. No significant longevity-related change was found for TFAM amount, but a 50% reduction in the amount of the Lon protease, responsible for turnover of TFAM inside mitochondria, characterized the AL-32 rats. No longevity-related change was observed also for the amounts of the mtDNA repair enzymes OGG1 and APE1, whereas the intra-mitochondrial amount of the cytochrome c protein showed a 50% increase in the AL-32 rats, indicating a likely reduced initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Totally unexpected was the doubling of two proteins, very relevant for mitochondrial dynamics, namely MFN2 and DRP1, in the AL-32 rats. This prompted us to the calculation of all individual fusion indexes that grouped together in the AL-32 rats, while in the AL-28 animals were very different. We found a strong positive correlation between the fusion indexes and the respective mtDNA contents in two AL-28 and four AL-32 rats. This supports the idea that the limited prevalence of fusion above a still active fission should have ensured a functional mitochondrial network and should have led to a quite narrow range of high mtDNA contents, likely the best-suitable for extended longevity. Our findings strongly suggest that, among the multiple causes leading to the longevity of the AL-32 rats, the maintenance of an adult-like balance of mitochondrial dynamics seems to be very relevant for the regulation of mtDNA content and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, (USA)
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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11
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Callahan DM, Umberger BR, Kent JA. Mechanisms of in vivo muscle fatigue in humans: investigating age-related fatigue resistance with a computational model. J Physiol 2016; 594:3407-21. [PMID: 26824934 DOI: 10.1113/jp271400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscle fatigue can be defined as the transient decrease in maximal force that occurs in response to muscle use. Fatigue develops because of a complex set of changes within the neuromuscular system that are difficult to evaluate simultaneously in humans. The skeletal muscle of older adults fatigues less than that of young adults during static contractions. The potential sources of this difference are multiple and intertwined. To evaluate the individual mechanisms of fatigue, we developed an integrative computational model based on neural, biochemical, morphological and physiological properties of human skeletal muscle. Our results indicate first that the model provides accurate predictions of fatigue and second that the age-related resistance to fatigue is due largely to a lower reliance on glycolytic metabolism during contraction. This model should prove useful for generating hypotheses for future experimental studies into the mechanisms of muscle fatigue. ABSTRACT During repeated or sustained muscle activation, force-generating capacity becomes limited in a process referred to as fatigue. Multiple factors, including motor unit activation patterns, muscle fibre contractile properties and bioenergetic function, can impact force-generating capacity and thus the potential to resist fatigue. Given that neuromuscular fatigue depends on interrelated factors, quantifying their independent effects on force-generating capacity is not possible in vivo. Computational models can provide insight into complex systems in which multiple inputs determine discrete outputs. However, few computational models to date have investigated neuromuscular fatigue by incorporating the multiple levels of neuromuscular function known to impact human in vivo function. To address this limitation, we present a computational model that predicts neural activation, biomechanical forces, intracellular metabolic perturbations and, ultimately, fatigue during repeated isometric contractions. This model was compared with metabolic and contractile responses to repeated activation using values reported in the literature. Once validated in this way, the model was modified to reflect age-related changes in neuromuscular function. Comparisons between initial and age-modified simulations indicated that the age-modified model predicted less fatigue during repeated isometric contractions, consistent with reports in the literature. Together, our simulations suggest that reduced glycolytic flux is the greatest contributor to the phenomenon of age-related fatigue resistance. In contrast, oxidative resynthesis of phosphocreatine between intermittent contractions and inherent buffering capacity had minimal impact on predicted fatigue during isometric contractions. The insights gained from these simulations cannot be achieved through traditional in vivo or in vitro experimentation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien M Callahan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Brian R Umberger
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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12
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Christie AD, Tonson A, Larsen RG, DeBlois JP, Kent JA. Human skeletal muscle metabolic economy in vivo: effects of contraction intensity, age, and mobility impairment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1124-35. [PMID: 25163917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00083.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that older muscle has greater metabolic economy (ME) in vivo than young, in a manner dependent, in part, on contraction intensity. Twenty young (Y; 24±1 yr, 10 women), 18 older healthy (O; 73±2, 9 women) and 9 older individuals with mild-to-moderate mobility impairment (OI; 74±1, 7 women) received stimulated twitches (2 Hz, 3 min) and performed nonfatiguing voluntary (20, 50, and 100% maximal; 12 s each) isometric dorsiflexion contractions. Torque-time integrals (TTI; Nm·s) were calculated and expressed relative to maximal fat-free muscle cross-sectional area (cm2), and torque variability during voluntary contractions was calculated as the coefficient of variation. Total ATP cost of contraction (mM) was determined from flux through the creatine kinase reaction, nonoxidative glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and used to calculate ME (Nm·s·cm(-2)·mM ATP(-1)). While twitch torque relaxation was slower in O and OI compared with Y (P≤0.001), twitch TTI, ATP cost, and economy were similar across groups (P≥0.15), indicating comparable intrinsic muscle economy during electrically induced isometric contractions in vivo. During voluntary contractions, normalized TTI and total ATP cost did not differ significantly across groups (P≥0.20). However, ME was lower in OI than Y or O at 20% and 50% MVC (P≤0.02), and torque variability was greater in OI than Y or O at 20% MVC (P≤0.05). These results refute the hypothesis of greater muscle ME in old age, and provide support for lower ME in impaired older adults as a potential mechanism or consequence of age-related reductions in functional mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita D Christie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Tonson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan G Larsen
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob P DeBlois
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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13
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Garvey SM, Dugle JE, Kennedy AD, McDunn JE, Kline W, Guo L, Guttridge DC, Pereira SL, Edens NK. Metabolomic profiling reveals severe skeletal muscle group-specific perturbations of metabolism in aged FBN rats. Biogerontology 2014; 15:217-32. [PMID: 24652515 PMCID: PMC4019835 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles exhibit age-related adaptive and pathological remodeling. Several muscles in particular undergo progressive atrophy and degeneration beyond median lifespan. To better understand myocellular responses to aging, we used semi-quantitative global metabolomic profiling to characterize trends in metabolic changes between 15-month-old adult and 32-month-old aged Fischer 344 × Brown Norway (FBN) male rats. The FBN rat gastrocnemius muscle exhibits age-dependent atrophy, whereas the soleus muscle, up until 32 months, exhibits markedly fewer signs of atrophy. Both gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were analyzed, as well as plasma and urine. Compared to adult gastrocnemius, aged gastrocnemius showed evidence of reduced glycolytic metabolism, including accumulation of glycolytic, glycogenolytic, and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. Pyruvate was elevated with age, yet levels of citrate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were reduced, consistent with mitochondrial abnormalities. Indicative of muscle atrophy, 3-methylhistidine and free amino acids were elevated in aged gastrocnemius. The monounsaturated fatty acids oleate, cis-vaccenate, and palmitoleate also increased in aged gastrocnemius, suggesting altered lipid metabolism. Compared to gastrocnemius, aged soleus exhibited far fewer changes in carbohydrate metabolism, but did show reductions in several glycolytic intermediates, fumarate, malate, and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Plasma biochemicals showing the largest age-related increases included glycocholate, heme, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, 1-palmitoleoyl-glycerophosphocholine, palmitoleate, and creatine. These changes suggest reduced insulin sensitivity in aged FBN rats. Altogether, these data highlight skeletal muscle group-specific perturbations of glucose and lipid metabolism consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction in aged FBN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Garvey
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, 3300 Stelzer Road, Bldg RP4-2, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA,
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14
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Venturelli M, Richardson RS. Point: Skeletal muscle mechanical efficiency does increase with age. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1108-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01438.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (e-mail: )
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Russell S. Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (e-mail: )
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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15
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Gouspillou G, Hepple RT. Facts and controversies in our understanding of how caloric restriction impacts the mitochondrion. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1075-84. [PMID: 23523973 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has pronounced benefits in promoting healthy aging. Amongst the most frequently implicated physiological mechanisms implicated in this benefit is altered mitochondrial function. Whereas a reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a widely consistent effect of CR, an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, which is accepted by many as fact, is contradicted on several levels, most critically by a lack of increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis rate in vivo. Furthermore, an increase in PGC-1α protein and markers of mitochondrial content with CR is a highly variable observation between studies. On the other hand, deacetylation of several mitochondrial proteins by the sirtuin, Sirt3, is an increasingly reported observation and at least so far, this observation is consistent between studies. Notwithstanding this point, the controversies evident in the published literature underscore the significant questions that remain in our understanding of how CR impacts the mitochondrion and suggest we have yet to fully understand the complexities herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gouspillou
- McGill University Health Center, Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Gravelle BMR, Murias JM, Spencer MD, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM. Adjustments of pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise and constant-load moderate-intensity exercise in young and older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1466-75. [PMID: 22961268 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00884.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The matching of muscle O(2) delivery to O(2) utilization can be inferred from the adjustments in muscle deoxygenation (Δ[HHb]) and pulmonary O(2) uptake (Vo(2p)). This study examined the adjustments of Vo(2p) and Δ[HHb] during ramp incremental (RI) and constant-load (CL) exercise in adult males. Ten young adults (YA; age: 25 ± 5 yr) and nine older adults (OA; age: 70 ± 3 yr) completed two RI tests and six CL step transitions to a work rate (WR) corresponding to 1) 80% of the estimated lactate threshold (same relative WR) and 2) 50 W (same absolute WR). Vo(2p) was measured breath by breath, and Δ[HHb] of the vastus lateralis was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Δ[HHb]-WR profiles were normalized from baseline (0%) to peak Δ[HHb] (100%) and fit using a sigmoid function. The sigmoid slope (d) was greater (P < 0.05) in OA (0.027 ± 0.01%/W) compared with YA (0.017 ± 0.01%/W), and the c/d value (a value corresponding to 50% of the amplitude) was smaller (P < 0.05) for OA (133 ± 40 W) than for YA (195 ± 51 W). No age-related differences in the sigmoid parameters were reported when WR was expressed as a percentage of peak WR. Vo(2p) kinetics compared with Δ[HHb] kinetics for the 50-W transition were similar between YA and OA; however, Δ[HHb] kinetics during the transition to 80% of the lactate threshold were faster than Vo(2p) kinetics in both groups. The greater reliance on O(2) extraction displayed in OA during RI exercise suggests a lower O(2) delivery-to-O(2) utilization relationship at a given absolute WR compared with YA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M R Gravelle
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Callahan DM, Kent-Braun JA. Effect of old age on human skeletal muscle force-velocity and fatigue properties. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1345-52. [PMID: 21868683 PMCID: PMC3220307 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the muscles of aged individuals contract with less force, have slower relaxation rates, and demonstrate a downward shift in their force-velocity relationship. The factors mediating age-related differences in skeletal muscle fatigue are less clear. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that age-related shifts in the force-velocity relationship impact the fatigue response in a velocity-dependent manner. Three fatigue protocols, consisting of intermittent, maximum voluntary knee extension contractions performed for 4 min, were performed by 11 young (23.5 ± 0.9 yr, mean ± SE) and 10 older (68.9 ± 4.3) women. The older group fatigued less during isometric contractions than the young group (to 71.1 ± 3.7% initial torque and 59.8 ± 2.5%, respectively; P = 0.02), while the opposite was true during contractions performed at a relatively high angular velocity of 270°·s(-1) (old: 28.0 ± 3.9% initial power, young: 52.1 ± 6.9%; P < 0.01). Fatigue was not different (P = 0.74) between groups during contractions at an intermediate velocity, which was selected for each participant based on their force-velocity relationship. There was a significant association between force-velocity properties and fatigue induced by the intermediate-velocity fatigue protocol in the older (r = 0.72; P = 0.02) and young (r = 0.63; P = 0.04) groups. These results indicate that contractile velocity has a profound impact on age-related skeletal muscle fatigue resistance and suggest that changes in the force-velocity relationship partially mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien M Callahan
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst MA 01003, USA
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18
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Russ DW, Grandy JS, Toma K, Ward CW. Ageing, but not yet senescent, rats exhibit reduced muscle quality and sarcoplasmic reticulum function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 201:391-403. [PMID: 20874807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Reduced muscle force greater than expected from loss of muscle mass has been reported in ageing muscles. Impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release has been implicated as a possible mechanism, and attributed to several factors, including loss of ryanodine receptor (RYR) expression and protein binding. The aim of this study was to evaluate muscle quality and SR Ca(2+) release in ageing rats that were not so old that major atrophy had occurred. METHODS We collected in situ force data from the plantarflexor muscle group and muscle mass from the constituent muscles to determine muscle quality (force/mass) in adult (6-8 months) and ageing (24 months) rats (n=8/group). We evaluated SR Ca(2+) uptake and release, and determined expression of key proteins associated with Ca(2+) release [RYR and FK506 binding protein (FKBP)] and uptake (SERCA, parvalbumin, calsequestrin). RESULTS Plantarflexor force and muscle quality were reduced with ageing (approx. 28 and 34%, respectively), but atrophy was limited, and significant only in the medial gastrocnemius (approx. 15%). The fast phase of SR Ca(2+) release was reduced with ageing in both gastrocnemii, as was FKBP expression and FKBP-RYR binding, but RYR expression was not affected. Similar, but non-significant changes were present in the plantaris, but the soleus muscle generally showed no ageing-related changes. CONCLUSION These data suggest a possible role for impaired SR Ca(2+) release in ageing-related loss of muscle quality, although not through loss of RYR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Russ
- Laboratory for Integrative Muscle Biology, School of Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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19
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Picard M, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Romestaing C, Thomas MM, Rowan SL, Taivassalo T, Hepple RT. Mitochondrial functional impairment with aging is exaggerated in isolated mitochondria compared to permeabilized myofibers. Aging Cell 2010; 9:1032-46. [PMID: 20849523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis and have been implicated in aging. However, it remains unclear whether age-related loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, is associated with abnormal mitochondrial function. Two technically different approaches have mainly been used to measure mitochondrial function: isolated mitochondria and permeabilized myofiber bundles, but the reliability of these measures in the context of sarcopenia has not been systematically assessed before. A key difference between these approaches is that contrary to isolated mitochondria, permeabilized bundles contain the totality of fiber mitochondria where normal mitochondrial morphology and intracellular interactions are preserved. Using the gastrocnemius muscle from young adult and senescent rats, we show marked effects of aging on three primary indices of mitochondrial function (respiration, H(2) O(2) emission, sensitivity of permeability transition pore to Ca(2+) ) when measured in isolated mitochondria, but to a much lesser degree when measured in permeabilized bundles. Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial isolation procedures typically employed to study aged muscles expose functional impairments not seen in situ. We conclude that aging is associated with more modest changes in mitochondrial function in sarcopenic muscle than suggested previously from isolated organelle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Kinesiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2W 1S4, Canada
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20
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Hunter GR, Bickel CS, Del Corral P, Byrne NM, Hills AP, Larson-Meyer DE, Bamman MM, Newcomer BR. Age, muscle fatigue, and walking endurance in pre-menopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:715-23. [PMID: 20972575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with loss of endurance; however, aging is also associated with decreased fatigue during maximal isometric contractions. The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between age and walking endurance (WE) and maximal isometric fatigue (MIF) and to determine which metabolic/fitness components explain the expected age effects on WE and MIF. Subjects were 96 pre-menopausal women. Oxygen uptake (walking economy) was assessed during a 3-mph walk; aerobic capacity and WE by progressive treadmill test; knee extension strength by isometric contractions, MIF during a 90-s isometric plantar flexion (muscle metabolism measured by (31)P MRS). Age was related to increased walking economy (low VO(2), r = -0.19, P < 0.03) and muscle metabolic economy (force/ATP, 0.34, P = 0.01), and reduced MIF (-0.26, P < 0.03). However, age was associated with reduced WE (-0.28, P < 0.01). Multiple regression showed that muscle metabolic economy explained the age-related decrease in MIF (partial r for MIF and age -0.13, P = 0.35) whereas walking economy did not explain the age-related decrease in WE (partial r for WE and age -0.25, P < 0.02). Inclusion of VO(2max) and knee endurance strength accounted for the age-related decreased WE (partial r for WE and age = 0.03, P > 0.80). In premenopausal women, age is related to WE and MIF. In addition, these results support the hypothesis that age-related increases in metabolic economy may decrease MIF. However, decreased muscle strength and oxidative capacity are related to WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 South 13th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294-1250, USA.
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21
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Hepple RT. Mitochondrial protein import in aging muscle: can Tom still do it? Focus on "Biogenesis of the mitochondrial Tom40 channel in skeletal muscle from aged animals and its adaptability to chronic contractile activity". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1298-300. [PMID: 20219952 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00070.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Thomas MM, Vigna C, Betik AC, Tupling AR, Hepple RT. Initiating treadmill training in late middle age offers modest adaptations in Ca2+ handling but enhances oxidative damage in senescent rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1269-78. [PMID: 20200131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00663.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging skeletal muscle shows an increased time to peak force and relaxation and a decreased specific force, all of which could relate to changes in muscle Ca(2+) handling. The purpose of this study was to determine if Ca(2+)-handling protein content and function are decreased in senescent gastrocnemius muscle and if initiating a training program in late middle age (LMA, 29 mo old) could improve function in senescent (34- to 36-mo-old) muscle. LMA male Fischer 344 x Brown-Norway rats underwent 5-7 mo of treadmill training. Aging resulted in a decrease in maximal sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) activity and a decrease in Ca(2+) release rate but no change in Ca(2+) uptake rate. Efficiency of the Ca(2+) pump was increased with age, as was the content of SERCA2a. Training caused a further increase in SERCA2a content. Aging also caused an increase in protein carbonyl and reactive nitrogen species damage accumulation, and both further increased with training. Consistent with the increase in oxidative damage, heat shock protein 70 content was increased with age and further increased with training. Together, these results suggest that while initiating exercise training in LMA augments the age-related increase in expression of heat shock protein 70 and the more efficient SERCA2a isoform, it did not prevent the decrease in SERCA activity and exacerbated oxidative damage in senescent gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Thomas
- Muscle and Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Tevald MA, Foulis SA, Lanza IR, Kent-Braun JA. Lower energy cost of skeletal muscle contractions in older humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R729-39. [PMID: 20032262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00713.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the cost of muscle contraction may be reduced in old age, which could be an important mediator of age-related differences in muscle fatigue under some circumstances. We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrically elicited contractions to examine the energetic cost of ankle dorsiflexion in 9 young (Y; 26 +/- 3.8 yr; mean +/- SD) and 9 older healthy men (O; 72 +/- 4.6). We hypothesized that the energy cost of twitch and tetanic contractions would be lower in O and that this difference would be greater during tetanic contractions at f(50) (frequency at 50% of peak force from force-frequency relationship) than at 25 Hz. The energy costs of a twitch (O = 0.13 +/- 0.04 mM ATP/twitch, Y = 0.18 +/- 0.06; P = 0.045) and a 60-s tetanus at 25 Hz (O = 1.5 +/- 0.4 mM ATP/s, Y = 2.0 +/- 0.2; P = 0.01) were 27% and 26% lower in O, respectively, while the respective force.time integrals were not different. In contrast, energy cost during a 90-s tetanus at f(50) (O = 10.9 +/- 2.0 Hz, Y = 14.8 +/- 2.1 Hz; P = 0.002) was 49% lower in O (1.0 +/- 0.2 mM ATP/s) compared with Y (1.9 +/- 0.2; P < 0.001). Y had greater force potentiation during the f(50) protocol, which accounted for the greater age difference in energy cost at f(50) compared with 25 Hz. These results provide novel evidence of an age-related difference in human contractile energy cost in vivo and suggest that intramuscular changes contribute to the lower cost of contraction in older muscle. This difference in energetics may provide an important mechanism for the enhanced fatigue resistance often observed in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Tevald
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusett 01003, USA
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24
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Betik AC, Baker DJ, Krause DJ, McConkey MJ, Hepple RT. Exercise training in late middle-aged male Fischer 344 x Brown Norway F1-hybrid rats improves skeletal muscle aerobic function. Exp Physiol 2008; 93:863-71. [PMID: 18356556 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.042069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Fischer 344 x Brown Norway F1-hybrid (F344BN) rat has become an increasingly popular and useful strain for studying age-related declines in skeletal muscle function because this strain lives long enough to experience significant declines in muscle mass. Since exercise is often considered a mechanism to combat age-related declines in muscle function, determining the utility of this strain of rat for studying the effects of exercise on the ageing process is necessary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasticity of skeletal muscle aerobic function in late middle-aged male rats following 7 weeks of treadmill exercise training. Training consisted of 60 min per day, 5 days per week with velocity gradually increasing over the training period according to the capabilities of individual rats. The final 3 weeks involved 2 min high-intensity intervals to increase the training stimulus. We used in situ skeletal muscle aerobic metabolic responses and in vitro assessment of muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity to describe the adaptations of aerobic function from the training. Training increased running endurance from 11.3 +/- 0.6 to 15.5 +/- 0.8 min, an improvement of approximately 60%. Similarly, distal hindlimb muscles from trained rats exhibited a higher maximal oxygen consumption in situ (23.2 +/- 1.3 versus 19.7 +/- 0.8 mumol min(-1) for trained versus sedentary rats, respectively) and greater citrate synthase and complex IV enzyme activities in gastrocnemius (29 and 19%, respectively) and plantaris muscles (24 and 28%, respectively) compared with age-matched sedentary control animals. Our results demonstrate that skeletal muscles from late middle-aged rats adapt to treadmill exercise by improving skeletal muscle aerobic function and mitochondrial enzyme activities. This rat strain seems suitable for further investigations using exercise as an intervention to combat ageing-related declines of skeletal muscle aerobic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Betik
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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25
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Łochyński D, Krutki P, Celichowski J. Effect of ageing on the regulation of motor unit force in rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. Exp Gerontol 2007; 43:218-28. [PMID: 18160241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of ageing on the regulation of force through the firing rate (force-frequency relationship) and motor unit contractile output were investigated in three types of motor unit (MU): FF, FR and S, in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. A control group of young (5-10 months) Wistar rats was compared to three groups of older (20-21, 24-25 and 28-30 months) animals. The optimal tetanus characterized by the maximum contractile output (force-time area - FTA - per single pulse) was determined. During ageing, the steep part of the force-frequency relationship of medial gastrocnemius MUs shifted towards lower stimulation rates. However, in all MU types of the oldest rats, the opposite shift (towards higher rates) was observed. Ageing induced a substantial increase in the maximal FTA per pulse, particularly in S and FF units, but only subtly altered the fusion index of the optimal tetanus of MUs. Moreover, a transient increase in the mean forces of FF MUs was revealed in the groups of 20-21 and 24-25 months rats, and a significant decrease in the fatigue resistance of FR MUs accompanied ageing. These findings increase our understanding of the functional mechanisms responsible for changes in rate coding and alterations in muscle fatigability during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Łochyński
- Department of Neurobiology, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
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Lanza IR, Larsen RG, Kent-Braun JA. Effects of old age on human skeletal muscle energetics during fatiguing contractions with and without blood flow. J Physiol 2007; 583:1093-105. [PMID: 17673506 PMCID: PMC2277194 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.138362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported lower glycolytic flux (ATP(GLY)) and increased reliance on oxidative ATP synthesis (ATP(OX)) in contracting muscle of older compared to young humans. To further investigate this age-related difference in the pathways of ATP synthesis, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the rates of ATP(OX), ATP(GLY) and net phosphocreatine hydrolysis in vivo during maximal muscle contractions under free-flow (FF) and ischaemic (ISC) conditions in the ankle dorsiflexors of 20 young (27 +/- 3 years; 10 male, 10 female) and 18 older (70 +/- 5 years; 10 male, 8 female) adults. We hypothesized that ATP(GLY) would be higher in young compared to old during FF contractions, but that old would be unable to increase ATP(GLY) during ISC to match that of the young, which would suggest impaired glycolytic ATP synthesis with old age. Peak glycolytic flux during FF was lower in older (0.8 +/- 0.1 mm ATP s(-1)) compared to young (1.4 +/- 0.1 mm ATP s(-1), P < 0.001) subjects. During ISC, peak ATP(GLY) increased in old to a level similar to that of young (1.4 +/- 0.2 mm ATP s(-1), 1.3 +/- 0.2 mm ATP s(-1), respectively; P = 0.86), suggesting that glycolytic function remains intact in aged muscle in vivo. Notably, older adults fatigued less than young during both FF and ISC (P <or= 0.004). These results provide novel evidence of unimpaired in vivo glycolytic function in the skeletal muscle of older adults during maximal isometric dorsiflexion, and suggest a potential role for differences in metabolic economy and as a result, metabolite accumulation, in the fatigue resistance of the old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Lanza
- Department of Kinesiology, Totman 108, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Baker DJ, Hepple RT. The Versatility of the Pump-Perfused Rat Hindlimb Preparation: Examples Relating to Skeletal Muscle Function and Energy Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 30:576-90. [PMID: 16293905 DOI: 10.1139/h05-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pump-perfused rat hindlimb model, in various forms, has been in use for several decades. There are many applications for this model, owing to the ability to control the content and rate of perfusion. In the context of exercise physiology this model has been put to particularly good use. In this report we summarize some of the central surgical differences between different versions of the pump-perfused rat hindlimb model, including the double hindlimb + trunk, double hindlimb alone, single hindlimb, and distal hindlimb-alone models. We also summarize specific elements of the perfusion medium and measurement of force used in our lab during assessment of muscle metabolic and contractile responses, and illustrate some of the differences from the in vivo condition that merit consideration. We then provide specific examples of how the single pump-perfused hindlimb and distal hindlimb-alone versions of this model have been used to study muscle function and energy metabolism. In this context we show how this model can be used to permit the experimenter to manipulate and control the rate of O2delivery and to add specific compounds that inhibit a particular aspect of muscle metabolism, such that in combination with measurements of the flux of specific substances across the muscle and/or fast-freezing of muscle after contractions, more can be understood about the metabolic state of the contracting muscles. Key words: aerobic metabolism, mitochondria, aging, adaptation
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Baker
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Hepple RT, Baker DJ, Kaczor JJ, Krause DJ. Long‐term caloric restriction abrogates the age‐related decline in skeletal muscle aerobic function. FASEB J 2005; 19:1320-2. [PMID: 15955841 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3535fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term caloric restriction (CR) on the age-associated decline of skeletal muscle aerobic function. Skeletal muscle maximal aerobic performance (VO2max) was assessed in ad libitum (AL) and CR rats aged 8-10 months and 35 months using a pump-perfused hindlimb model to match oxygen delivery to muscle mass between groups. Whereas there was a 46% decline in muscle mass-specific VO2max between 8-10 mo (524+/-13 micromol x min(-1) x 100 g(-1); mean+/- SE) and 35 mo (281+/-54 micromol x min(-1) x 100 g(-1)) in AL rats, not only did CR rats begin at the same point in 8-10 mo old rats (490+/-42 micromol x min(-1) x 100 g(-1)), we found no decline in 35 mo old CR animals (484+/-49 micromol x min(-1) x 100 g(-1)). Interestingly, although most markers of oxidative capacity began at a lower point in young adult CR animals, CR rats exhibited a higher in situ activity of complex IV at VO2max. This activity allows the young adult CR animals to exhibit normal aerobic capacity despite the lower oxidative enzyme activities. In stark contrast to the 19-41% decline in activities of citrate synthase, complexes I-III, and complex IV in homogenates prepared from the plantaris muscle and mixed region of gastrocnemius muscle with aging in AL rats, no age-related decline was found in CR animals. Thus, our results showed that CR preserves aerobic function in aged skeletal muscles by facilitating a higher in situ function of complex IV and by preventing the age-related decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity.
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Hagen JL, Krause DJ, Baker DJ, Fu MH, Tarnopolsky MA, Hepple RT. Skeletal Muscle Aging in F344BN F1-Hybrid Rats: I. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to the Age-Associated Reduction in VO2max. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:1099-110. [PMID: 15602055 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/59.11.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although mitochondrial DNA damage accumulates in aging skeletal muscles, how this relates to the decline in muscle mass-specific skeletal muscle aerobic function is unknown. We used a pump-perfused rat hind-limb model to examine maximal aerobic performance (V̇O2max) in young adult (YA; 8–9-month-old), late middle aged (LMA; 28–30-month-old) and senescent (SEN; 36-month-old) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1-hybrid rats at matched rates of convective O2 delivery (QO2). Despite similar muscle QO2 during a 4-minute contraction bout, muscle mass-specific V̇O2max was reduced in LMA (15%) and SEN (52%) versus YA. In plantaris muscle homogenates, nested polymerase chain reaction revealed an increased frequency of mitochondrial DNA deletions in the older animals. A greater reduction in the flux through electron transport chain complexes I–III than citrate synthase activity in the older animals suggests mitochondrial dysfunction consequent to mitochondrial DNA damage with aging. These results support the hypothesis that a reduced oxidative capacity, due in part to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, contributes to the decline in aerobic performance in aging skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Hagen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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