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Shin HE, Won CW, Kim M. Circulating small non-coding RNA profiling for identification of older adults with low muscle strength and physical performance: A preliminary study. Exp Gerontol 2024; 197:112598. [PMID: 39343252 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently emerged as potential biomarkers of sarcopenia. However, previous studies have rarely explored the association of small ncRNAs with sarcopenic components, especially muscle strength and physical performance. We aimed to examine circulating small ncRNA profiles to detect low muscle strength and physical performance in older adults. METHODS Ninety-eight older adults were randomly selected from Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study and classified into the "Normal," "Low muscle strength (MS) only," "Low physical performance (PP) only," and "Low MS and PP" groups by Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. We used high-throughput sequencing to delineate small ncRNA profiles in plasma. Differentially expressed small ncRNAs were analyzed to reveal distinct patterns based on muscle strength and physical performance status. RESULTS In "Low MS and PP" group, 119 miRNAs, 86 piRNAs, 92 snoRNAs, 106 snRNAs, and 15 tRNAs were differentially expressed compared to "Normal" group (p < 0.05). After Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment, 39 miRNAs, 2 piRNAs, 75 snoRNAs, 48 snRNAs, and 15 tRNAs showed differential expression in "Low MS and PP" group compared to than "Normal" group (adjusted p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in comparisons between the other groups (adjusted p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The expression of circulating small ncRNAs were comprehensively characterized, revealing distinct signatures in older adults with both low muscle strength and physical performance compared to normal individuals. Although preliminary, this characterization can advance small ncRNA research on age-related declines in muscle strength and physical performance by providing foundational data for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Eun Shin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory Musculoskeletal Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Won
- Elderly Frailty Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Sacknovitz Y, Stein E, Lee D, Chen H, Chern A, Shiroma EJ, Devanand DP, Gudis DA, Overdevest JB. Association Between Multisensory Impairment and Depression Among Older Adults: A Population-Based Analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 171:115-123. [PMID: 38639309 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we examine how impairments in vision, hearing, touch, and olfaction relate to depression in older adults, considering both individual and multisensory impairments (MSIs). STUDY DESIGN Analysis of cross-sectional data from a longitudinal investigation involving black and white older adults aged 70 to 79 at enrollment. SETTING We studied 1640 black and white participants in the Health ABC study using complete sensory evaluation data from years 3 to 5. METHODS Our MSI assessment utilized data obtained for visual acuity, hearing perception, olfactory performance, and tactile function. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between the presence of individual and MSIs and depression which was defined as the presence of antidepressants prescribed for depression, or a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score of greater than 10. RESULTS We observed a possible dose-response relationship between the number of sensory impairments and depression. In adjusted models, when compared to no impairments, vision (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.93) and hearing impairments (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.11-1.99) were significantly associated with depression, whereas olfaction (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.83-1.47) and tactile impairments (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.96-1.70) were not. Participants with 3 sensory impairments had a higher rate of depression (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.22-3.54) compared to those without impairments, and this risk increased further for those with 4 sensory impairments (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.48-5.88). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that individuals with MSI represent a high-risk population for depression, warranting close monitoring to screen for depression. The study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple sensory impairments in the context of mental health and supports the early identification and monitoring of depression in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni Sacknovitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eli Stein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander Chern
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric J Shiroma
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Davangere P Devanand
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan B Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Winger ME, Caserotti P, Cauley JA, Boudreau RM, Piva SR, Cawthon PM, Orwoll ES, Ensrud KE, Kado DM, Strotmeyer ES. Lower Leg Power and Grip Strength Are Associated With Increased Fall Injury Risk in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:479-485. [PMID: 35662329 PMCID: PMC9977249 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research has not investigated both lower-extremity power and upper-extremity strength in the same fall injury study, particularly nonfracture fall injuries. METHODS In the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (baseline: N = 5 994; age 73.7 ± 5.9 years; 10.2% non-White), fall injuries (yes/no) were assessed prospectively with questionnaires approximately every 3 years over 9 years. Maximum leg power (Watts) from Nottingham single leg press and maximum grip strength (kg) from handheld dynamometry were assessed at baseline and standardized to kg body weight. Physical performance included gait speed (6-m usual; narrow walk) and chair stands speed. RESULTS Of men with ≥1/4 follow-ups (N = 5 178; age 73.4 ± 5.7 years), 40.4% (N = 2 090) had ≥1 fall injury. In fully adjusted repeated-measures logistic regressions, lower power/kg and grip strength/kg had higher fall injury risk (trend across quartiles: both p < .0001), with lower quartiles at significantly increased risk versus highest Q4 except for grip strength Q3 versus Q4. Fall injury risk was 19% higher per 1 standard deviation (SD) lower power/kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.26) and 16% higher per SD lower grip strength/kg (95% CI: 1.10-1.23). In models including both leg power/kg and grip strength/kg, odds ratios (ORs) were similar and independent of each other and physical performance (leg power/kg OR per SD = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.20; grip strength/kg OR per SD = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17). CONCLUSIONS Lower leg power/kg and grip strength/kg predicted future fall injury risk in older men independent of physical performance. Leg power potentially identifies fall injury risk better than grip strength at higher muscle function, though grip strength may be more suitable in clinical/practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Winger
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara R Piva
- Department of Physical Therapy and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Geriatrics Section, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Health Administration, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Brenowitz WD, Robbins NM, Strotmeyer ES, Yaffe K. Associations of Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Impairment and Risk of Dementia in Black and White Older Adults. Neurology 2022; 98:e1837-e1845. [PMID: 35264428 PMCID: PMC9109146 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Peripheral nerve impairments and dementia are common among older adults and share risk factors. However, few studies have examined whether peripheral nerve function and dementia are associated. We evaluated whether lower extremity peripheral nerve impairments were associated with higher incidence of dementia and whether associations differed by comorbidity subgroups (diabetes, low vitamin B12, and APOE ε4 allele carriers). METHODS We studied Black and White Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study participants 70 to 79 years of age and without dementia at enrollment. Lower extremity sensory and motor peripheral nerve function was measured at year 4 (the analytic baseline of this study). Sensory nerve impairments were measured with monofilament (1.4 g, 10 g) and vibration threshold of the toe. Monofilament insensitivity was defined as unable to detect monofilament (3 of 4 touches), and vibration detection impairment was defined as >130 μm. Fibular motor impairments were defined as <1 mV compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude and slow nerve conduction velocity <40 m/s. Incident dementia over the following 11 years was determined from medical records, cognitive scores, and medications. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics and health conditions assessed associations of nerve impairments with incident dementia. RESULTS Among 2,174 participants (52% women, 35% Black), 45% could not detect monofilament 1.4 g, 9% could not detect monofilament 10 g, 6% could not feel vibration, 10% had low CMAP amplitude, and 24% had slow conduction velocity. Monofilament 10 g (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% CI 0.99-1.84) and vibration detection insensitivity (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.24-2.40) were associated/borderline associated with a higher risk of dementia after covariate adjustment. Estimates were elevated but not significant for monofilament 1.4 g, CMAP amplitude, and conduction velocity (p > 0.05). Increasing number of peripheral nerve impairments was associated with higher risk of dementia in a graded fashion; for ≥3 impairments, the HR was 2.37 (95% CI 1.29-4.38). In subgroup analyses, effect estimates were generally higher among those with diabetes, low vitamin B12, and APOE ε4 allele except for vibration detection. DISCUSSION Peripheral nerve impairments, especially sensory, were associated with a higher risk of dementia even after adjustment for age and other health factors. These associations may represent a shared susceptibility to nervous system degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willa D Brenowitz
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology (W.D.B., K.Y.), Biostatistics (W.D.B., K.Y.), and Neurology (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (N.M.R.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hannover, NH; Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.), CA
| | - Nathaniel M Robbins
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology (W.D.B., K.Y.), Biostatistics (W.D.B., K.Y.), and Neurology (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (N.M.R.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hannover, NH; Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.), CA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology (W.D.B., K.Y.), Biostatistics (W.D.B., K.Y.), and Neurology (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (N.M.R.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hannover, NH; Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.), CA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.B., K.Y.), Epidemiology (W.D.B., K.Y.), Biostatistics (W.D.B., K.Y.), and Neurology (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (N.M.R.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hannover, NH; Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.), CA
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Kinematic and Electromyography Responses to Increasing Proprioception Demand and a Lack of Visual Feedback in Healthy, Middle-Aged Women Tested on an Unstable Platform. Motor Control 2022; 26:694-712. [DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate which changes in kinematics and muscle activity in healthy, middle-aged women are introduced to maintain balance on an unstable platform. Biodex Balance System tests were used in stable and unstable modes (sudden with eyes open/closed and gradual with eyes open). Simultaneously, lower-extremity kinematics and surface electromyography of back and legs muscles were captured. The dependence between balance scores, movement ranges, and root mean square of electromyography was assessed with multiple regression to evaluate the strategy used. The results showed multisegmental movements in sudden instability, and activity of at least one of the following muscles: gluteus maximus, erector spinae, and soleus in all conditions. Best balance scores were achieved when movements appeared in pelvis in transverse, and hip in frontal planes, worst when in pelvis in frontal, hip, and ankle in sagittal planes, and when mentioned muscles were activated. Further research is needed to identify the determinants of strategy choice.
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Gustafsson T, Ulfhake B. Sarcopenia: What Is the Origin of This Aging-Induced Disorder? Front Genet 2021; 12:688526. [PMID: 34276788 PMCID: PMC8285098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.688526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We here review the loss of muscle function and mass (sarcopenia) in the framework of human healthspan and lifespan, and mechanisms involved in aging. The rapidly changing composition of the human population will impact the incidence and the prevalence of aging-induced disorders such as sarcopenia and, henceforth, efforts to narrow the gap between healthspan and lifespan should have top priority. There are substantial knowledge gaps in our understanding of aging. Heritability is estimated to account for only 25% of lifespan length. However, as we push the expected lifespan at birth toward those that we consider long-lived, the genetics of aging may become increasingly important. Linkage studies of genetic polymorphisms to both the susceptibility and aggressiveness of sarcopenia are still missing. Such information is needed to shed light on the large variability in clinical outcomes between individuals and why some respond to interventions while others do not. We here make a case for the concept that sarcopenia has a neurogenic origin and that in manifest sarcopenia, nerve and myofibers enter into a vicious cycle that will escalate the disease progression. We point to gaps in knowledge, for example the crosstalk between the motor axon, terminal Schwann cell, and myofiber in the denervation processes that leads to a loss of motor units and muscle weakness. Further, we argue that the operational definition of sarcopenia should be complemented with dynamic metrics that, along with validated biomarkers, may facilitate early preclinical diagnosis of individuals vulnerable to develop advanced sarcopenia. We argue that preventive measures are likely to be more effective to counter act aging-induced disorders than efforts to treat manifest clinical conditions. To achieve compliance with a prescription of preventive measures that may be life-long, we need to identify reliable predictors to design rational and convincing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brun Ulfhake
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fuertes-Alvarez S, Izeta A. Terminal Schwann Cell Aging: Implications for Age-Associated Neuromuscular Dysfunction. Aging Dis 2021; 12:494-514. [PMID: 33815879 PMCID: PMC7990373 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Action potential is transmitted to muscle fibers through specialized synaptic interfaces called neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). These structures are capped by terminal Schwann cells (tSCs), which play essential roles during formation and maintenance of the NMJ. tSCs are implicated in the correct communication between nerves and muscles, and in reinnervation upon injury. During aging, loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia and dynapenia) are due, at least in part, to the progressive loss of contacts between muscle fibers and nerves. Despite the important role of tSCs in NMJ function, very little is known on their implication in the NMJ-aging process and in age-associated denervation. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the implication of tSCs in the age-associated degeneration of NMJs. We also speculate on the possible mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuertes-Alvarez
- 1Biodonostia, Tissue Engineering Group, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- 1Biodonostia, Tissue Engineering Group, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, San Sebastian 20014, Spain.,2Tecnun-University of Navarra, School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Science, Paseo Mikeletegi, 48, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
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Why Are Masters Sprinters Slower Than Their Younger Counterparts? Physiological, Biomechanical, and Motor Control Related Implications for Training Program Design. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:708-719. [PMID: 33450731 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elite sprint performances typically peak during an athlete's 20s and decline thereafter with age. The mechanisms underpinning this sprint performance decline are often reported to be strength-based in nature with reductions in strength capacities driving increases in ground contact time and decreases in stride lengths and frequency. However, an as-of-yet underexplored aspect of Masters sprint performance is that of age-related degradation in neuromuscular infrastructure, which manifests as a decline in both strength and movement coordination. Here, the authors explore reductions in sprint performance in Masters athletes in a holistic fashion, blending discussion of strength and power changes with neuromuscular alterations along with mechanical and technical age-related alterations. In doing so, the authors provide recommendations to Masters sprinters-and the aging population, in general-as to how best to support sprint ability and general function with age, identifying nutritional interventions that support performance and function and suggesting useful programming strategies and injury-reduction techniques.
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Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for peripheral nerve impairment in older adults: A longitudinal analysis of Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242406. [PMID: 33320861 PMCID: PMC7737903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sensory and motor nerve deficits are prevalent in older adults and are associated with loss of functional independence. We hypothesize that chronic kidney disease predisposes to worsening sensorimotor nerve function over time. Materials and methods Participants were from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (N = 1121) with longitudinal data between 2000–01 (initial visit) and 2007–08 (follow-up visit). Only participants with non-impaired nerve function at the initial visit were included. The predictor was presence of CKD (estimated GFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73m2) from the 1999–2000 visit. Peripheral nerve function outcomes at 7-year follow-up were 1) Motor: “new” impairments in motor parameters (nerve conduction velocity NCV < 40 m/s or peroneal compound motor action potential < 1 mv) at follow-up, and 2) Sensory: “new” impairment defined as insensitivity to standard 10-g monofilament or light 1.4-g monofilament at the great toe and “worsening” as a change from light to standard touch insensitivity over time. The association between CKD and “new” or “worsening” peripheral nerve impairment was studied using logistic regression. Results The study population was 45.9% male, 34.3% Black and median age 75 y. CKD participants (15.6%) were older, more hypertensive, higher in BMI and had 2.37 (95% CI 1.30–4.34) fold higher adjusted odds of developing new motor nerve impairments in NCV. CKD was associated with a 2.02 (95% CI 1.01–4.03) fold higher odds of worsening monofilament insensitivity. CKD was not associated with development of new monofilament insensitivity. Conclusions Pre-existing CKD leads to new and worsening sensorimotor nerve impairments over a 7-year time period in community-dwelling older adults.
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Jump power, leg press power, leg strength and grip strength differentially associated with physical performance: The Developmental Epidemiologic Cohort Study (DECOS). Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111172. [PMID: 33245997 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight-bearing jump tests that measure lower-extremity muscle power may be more strongly related to physical performance measures vs. non-weight-bearing leg press power, leg press strength and grip strength. We investigated if multiple muscle function measures differentially related to standard physical performance measures. MATERIALS/METHODS In the Developmental Epidemiologic Cohort Study (DECOS; N = 68; age 78.5 ± 5.5 years; 57% women; 7% minorities), muscle function measures included power in Watts/kg (functional, weight-bearing: jump; mechanical: Nottingham power rig; Keiser pneumatic leg press) and strength in kg/kg body weight (Keiser pneumatic leg press; hand-held dynamometry). Physical performance outcomes included 6 m usual gait speed (m/s), usual-paced 400 m walk time (seconds), and 5-repeated chair stands speed (stands/s). RESULTS Women (N = 31; 79.8 ± 5.0 years) had lower muscle function and slower gait speed compared to men (N = 25; 78.7 ± 6.6 years), though similar 400 m walk time and chair stands speed. In partial Pearson correlations adjusted for age, sex, race and height, muscle function measures were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (all p < 0.05), though the individual correlations varied. In multiple regression analyses, each muscle function measure was statistically associated with all physical performance outcomes in models adjusted for age, sex, race, height, self-reported diabetes, self-reported peripheral vascular disease and self-reported pain in legs/feet (all p < 0.05). Jump power (β = 0.75) and grip strength (β = 0.71) had higher magnitudes of association with faster gait speed than lower-extremity power and strength measures (β range: 0.32 to 0.58). Jump power (β = 0.56) had a slightly lower magnitude of association with faster 400 m walk time vs. Keiser power70% 1-RM (β = 0.61), and a higher magnitude of association vs. Nottingham power, Keiser strength and grip strength (β range: 0.41 to 0.47). Jump power (β = 0.38) had a lower magnitude of association with chair stands speed than any other power or strength measures (β range: 0.50 to 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Jump power/kg and grip strength/kg may be more strongly related to faster gait speed, a standard measure of physical function and vital sign related to disability and mortality in older adults, compared to leg press power/strength. However, jump power/kg had a similar magnitude of association with 400 m walk time as Keiser power70% 1-RM/kg and a lower magnitude of association with faster chair stands speed than the other muscle function measures. Importantly, choice of muscle function measures should carefully reflect the study focus and methodologic considerations, including population.
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Haynes EMK, Neubauer NA, Cornett KMD, O'Connor BP, Jones GR, Jakobi JM. Age and sex-related decline of muscle strength across the adult lifespan: a scoping review of aggregated data. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1185-1196. [PMID: 32598857 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscle strength is sex-related and declines with advancing age; yet, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of age-related strength loss in human females and males has not been undertaken. To do so, segmented piecewise regression analysis was performed on aggregated data from studies published from 1990 to 2018 and are available in CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. The search identified 5613 articles that were reviewed for physical assessment results stratified by sex and age. Maximal isometric and isokinetic 60°·s-1 knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) contractions from 57 studies and 15 283 subjects (N = 7918 females) had sufficient data reported on females and males for meaningful statistical evaluation to be undertaken. The analysis revealed that isometric KE and KF strength undergo similar rapid declines in both sexes late in the sixth decade of life. Yet, there is an abrupt age-related decline in KE 60°·s-1 peak torque earlier in females (aged 41.8 years) than males (aged 66.7 years). In the assessment of KF peak torque, an age-related acceleration in strength loss was only identified in males (aged 49.3 years). The results suggest that age-related isometric strength loss is similar between sexes while the characteristics of KE and KF peak torque decline are sex-related, which likely explains the differential rate of age-related functional decline. Novelty Inclusion of muscle strength and torque of KE and KF data from >15 000 subjects. Isometric KE and KF strength loss are similar between sexes. Isokinetic 60°·s-1 KE torque decline accelerates 25 years earlier in females and female age-related KF peak torque decline does not accelerate with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M K Haynes
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - N A Neubauer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - K M D Cornett
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - B P O'Connor
- Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - G R Jones
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - J M Jakobi
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Moorthi RN, Doshi S, Fried LF, Moe SM, Sarnak MJ, Satterfield S, Schwartz AV, Shlipak M, Lange-Maia BS, Harris TB, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Chronic kidney disease and peripheral nerve function in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:625-632. [PMID: 29757410 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poor mobility. Peripheral nerve function alterations play a significant role in low mobility. We tested the hypothesis that early CKD is associated with altered sensory, motor and autonomic nerve function. METHODS Participants in the Health, Aging and Body Composition cohort who had kidney function measures in Year 3 (1999-2000) and nerve function measurements at Year 4 (2000-01) were analyzed (n = 2290). Sensory (vibration threshold, monofilament insensitivity to light and standard touch), motor [compound motor action potentials (CMAPs), nerve conduction velocities (NCVs)] and autonomic (heart rate response and recovery after a 400-m walk test) nerve function as well as participant characteristics were compared across cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate categorized as ≤60 (CKD) or >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (non-CKD). The association between CKD and nerve function was examined with logistic regression adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Participants with CKD (n = 476) were older (77 ± 3 versus 75 ± 3 years; P < 0.05) and had a higher prevalence of diabetes (20.6% versus 13.1%; P < 0.001). CKD was associated with higher odds for vibration detection threshold {odds ratio [OR] 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.7]} and light touch insensitivity [OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.7)]. CMAPs and NCVs were not significantly different between CKD and non-CKD patients. In adjusted analyses, participants with CKD had higher odds of an abnormal heart rate response [OR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.2)] and poor heart rate recovery [OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.0)]. CONCLUSIONS CKD is associated with changes in sensory and autonomic nerve function, even after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities, including diabetes. Longitudinal studies in CKD are needed to determine the contribution of nerve impairments to clinically important outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani N Moorthi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Simit Doshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Linda F Fried
- Renal Section, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark J Sarnak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Shlipak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brittney S Lange-Maia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Brenowitz WD, Kaup AR, Lin FR, Yaffe K. Multiple Sensory Impairment Is Associated With Increased Risk of Dementia Among Black and White Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:890-896. [PMID: 30452551 PMCID: PMC6521912 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined impairment in multiple senses (multisensory impairment) and risk of dementia in comparison to having a single or no sensory impairment. METHODS We studied 1,810 black and white nondemented participants from Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study aged 70-79 years at enrollment. Sensory impairment was determined at our study baseline (Year 3-5 of Health ABC) using established cut points for vision (Bailey-Lovie visual acuity and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test), hearing (audiometric testing), smell (12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test), and touch (peripheral nerve function tests). Incident dementia over 10 years of follow-up was based on hospitalization records, dementia medications, or at least 1.5 SD decline in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score (race-specific). Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for demographics, health behaviors, and health conditions evaluated the relationship between risk of dementia and increasing number of sensory impairments. RESULTS Sensory impairments were common: 28% had visual impairment, 35% had hearing loss, 22% had poor smell, 12% had touch insensitivity; 26% had more than two impairments, and 5.6% had more than three sensory impairments. Number of impairments was associated with risk of dementia in a graded fashion (p < .001). Compared to no sensory impairments, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.98) for one sensory impairment, 1.91 (95% CI: 1.39, 2.63) for two sensory impairments, and 2.85 (95% CI: 1.88, 4.30) for more than three sensory impairments. CONCLUSIONS Multisensory impairment was strongly associated with increased risk of dementia. Although, the nature of this relationship needs further investigation, sensory function assessment in multiple domains may help identify patients at high risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willa D Brenowitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Allison R Kaup
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, California
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Frank R Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, California
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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Cobley JN, Sakellariou GK, Husi H, McDonagh B. Proteomic strategies to unravel age-related redox signalling defects in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:24-32. [PMID: 30219702 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative damage and disrupted redox signalling are consistently associated with age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Redox signalling can directly regulate biogenesis and degradation pathways and indirectly via activation of key transcription factors. Contracting skeletal muscle fibres endogenously generate free radicals (e.g. superoxide) and non-radical derivatives (e.g. hydrogen peroxide). Exercise induced redox signalling can promote beneficial adaptive responses that are disrupted by age-related redox changes. Identifying and quantifying the redox signalling pathways responsible for successful adaptation to exercise makes skeletal muscle an attractive physiological model for redox proteomic approaches. Site specific identification of the redox modification and quantification of site occupancy in the context of protein abundance remains a crucial concept for redox proteomics approaches. Notwithstanding, the technical limitations associated with skeletal muscle for proteomic analysis, we discuss current approaches for the identification and quantification of transient and stable redox modifications that have been employed to date in ageing research. We also discuss recent developments in proteomic approaches in skeletal muscle and potential implications and opportunities for investigating disrupted redox signalling in skeletal muscle ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | | | - Holger Husi
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Ireland.
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Macrophage Depletion Ameliorates Peripheral Neuropathy in Aging Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4610-4620. [PMID: 29712789 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3030-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is known as a major risk factor for the structure and function of the nervous system. There is urgent need to overcome such deleterious effects of age-related neurodegeneration. Here we show that peripheral nerves of 24-month-old aging C57BL/6 mice of either sex show similar pathological alterations as nerves from aging human individuals, whereas 12-month-old adult mice lack such alterations. Specifically, nerve fibers showed demyelination, remyelination and axonal lesion. Moreover, in the aging mice, neuromuscular junctions showed features typical for dying-back neuropathies, as revealed by a decline of presynaptic markers, associated with α-bungarotoxin-positive postsynapses. In line with these observations were reduced muscle strengths. These alterations were accompanied by elevated numbers of endoneurial macrophages, partially comprising the features of phagocytosing macrophages. Comparable profiles of macrophages could be identified in peripheral nerve biopsies of aging persons. To determine the pathological impact of macrophages in aging mice, we selectively targeted the cells by applying an orally administered CSF-1R specific kinase (c-FMS) inhibitor. The 6-month-lasting treatment started before development of degenerative changes at 18 months and reduced macrophage numbers in mice by ∼70%, without side effects. Strikingly, nerve structure was ameliorated and muscle strength preserved. We show, for the first time, that age-related degenerative changes in peripheral nerves are driven by macrophages. These findings may pave the way for treating degeneration in the aging peripheral nervous system by targeting macrophages, leading to reduced weakness, improved mobility, and eventually increased quality of life in the elderly.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging is a major risk factor for the structure and function of the nervous system. Here we show that peripheral nerves of 24-month-old aging mice show similar degenerative alterations as nerves from aging human individuals. Both in mice and humans, these alterations were accompanied by endoneurial macrophages. To determine the pathological impact of macrophages in aging mice, we selectively targeted the cells by blocking a cytokine receptor, essential for macrophage survival. The treatment strongly reduced macrophage numbers and substantially improved nerve structure and muscle strength. We show, for the first time, that age-related degenerative changes in peripheral nerves are driven by macrophages. These findings may be helpful for treatment weakness and reduced mobility in the elderly.
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16
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Sakellariou GK, McDonagh B, Porter H, Giakoumaki II, Earl KE, Nye GA, Vasilaki A, Brooks SV, Richardson A, Van Remmen H, McArdle A, Jackson MJ. Comparison of Whole Body SOD1 Knockout with Muscle-Specific SOD1 Knockout Mice Reveals a Role for Nerve Redox Signaling in Regulation of Degenerative Pathways in Skeletal Muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:275-295. [PMID: 29065712 PMCID: PMC5743036 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Lack of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in homozygous knockout mice (Sod1-/-) leads to accelerated age-related muscle loss and weakness, but specific deletion of CuZnSOD in skeletal muscle (mSod1KO mice) or neurons (nSod1KO mice) resulted in only mild muscle functional deficits and failed to recapitulate the loss of mass and function observed in Sod1-/- mice. To dissect any underlying cross-talk between motor neurons and skeletal muscle in the degeneration in Sod1-/- mice, we characterized neuromuscular changes in the Sod1-/- model compared with mSod1KO mice and examined degenerative molecular mechanisms and pathways in peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle. RESULTS In contrast to mSod1KO mice, myofiber atrophy in Sod1-/- mice was associated with increased muscle oxidative damage, neuromuscular junction degeneration, denervation, nerve demyelination, and upregulation of proteins involved in maintenance of myelin sheaths. Proteomic analyses confirmed increased proteasomal activity and adaptive stress responses in muscle of Sod1-/- mice that were absent in mSod1KO mice. Peripheral nerve from neither Sod1-/- nor mSod1KO mice showed increased oxidative damage or molecular responses to increased oxidation compared with wild type mice. Differential cysteine (Cys) labeling revealed a specific redox shift in the catalytic Cys residue of peroxiredoxin 6 (Cys47) in the peripheral nerve from Sod1-/- mice. Innovation and Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that neuromuscular integrity, redox mechanisms, and pathways are differentially altered in nerve and muscle of Sod1-/- and mSod1KO mice. Results support the concept that impaired redox signaling, rather than oxidative damage, in peripheral nerve plays a key role in muscle loss in Sod1-/- mice and potentially sarcopenia during aging. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 275-295.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos K Sakellariou
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brian McDonagh
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Porter
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ifigeneia I Giakoumaki
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E Earl
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Nye
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susan V Brooks
- 2 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arlan Richardson
- 3 Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,4 Oklahoma VA Medical Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- 4 Oklahoma VA Medical Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,5 Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Anne McArdle
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- 1 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Sakellariou GK, McDonagh B. Redox Homeostasis in Age-Related Muscle Atrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:281-306. [PMID: 30390257 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and weakness, characterized by loss of lean muscle mass and function, has a significant effect on the independence and quality of life of older people. The cellular mechanisms that drive the age-related decline in neuromuscular integrity and function are multifactorial. Quiescent and contracting skeletal muscle can endogenously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from various cellular sites. Excessive RONS can potentially cause oxidative damage and disruption of cellular signaling pathways contributing to the initiation and progression of age-related muscle atrophy. Altered redox homeostasis and modulation of intracellular signal transduction processes have been proposed as an underlying mechanism of sarcopenia. This chapter summarizes the current evidence that has associated disrupted redox homeostasis and muscle atrophy as a result of skeletal muscle inactivity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Sakellariou GK, Lightfoot AP, Earl KE, Stofanko M, McDonagh B. Redox homeostasis and age-related deficits in neuromuscular integrity and function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:881-906. [PMID: 28744984 PMCID: PMC5700439 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major site of metabolic activity and is the most abundant tissue in the human body. Age-related muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) and weakness, characterized by progressive loss of lean muscle mass and function, is a major contributor to morbidity and has a profound effect on the quality of life of older people. With a continuously growing older population (estimated 2 billion of people aged >60 by 2050), demand for medical and social care due to functional deficits, associated with neuromuscular ageing, will inevitably increase. Despite the importance of this 'epidemic' problem, the primary biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related deficits in neuromuscular integrity and function have not been fully determined. Skeletal muscle generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from a variety of subcellular sources, and age-associated oxidative damage has been suggested to be a major factor contributing to the initiation and progression of muscle atrophy inherent with ageing. RONS can modulate a variety of intracellular signal transduction processes, and disruption of these events over time due to altered redox control has been proposed as an underlying mechanism of ageing. The role of oxidants in ageing has been extensively examined in different model organisms that have undergone genetic manipulations with inconsistent findings. Transgenic and knockout rodent studies have provided insight into the function of RONS regulatory systems in neuromuscular ageing. This review summarizes almost 30 years of research in the field of redox homeostasis and muscle ageing, providing a detailed discussion of the experimental approaches that have been undertaken in murine models to examine the role of redox regulation in age-related muscle atrophy and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam P. Lightfoot
- School of Healthcare ScienceManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterM1 5GDUK
| | - Kate E. Earl
- MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
| | - Martin Stofanko
- Microvisk Technologies LtdThe Quorum7600 Oxford Business ParkOxfordOX4 2JZUK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
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Riemann BL, Lininger M, Kirkland MK, Petrizzo J. Age related changes in balance performance during self-selected and narrow stance testing. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 75:65-69. [PMID: 29190546 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various balance tests have been considered as fall risk screening tools however there is a lot of variability in the methods and outcome measures reported. Based on previous research examining age-related changes in balance and differences between fallers and nonfallers, the purpose of this investigation was to examine age-related balance changes, as reflected in medial-lateral center of pressure (CP) velocity, in community-dwelling/independently living adults (≥60years) during self-selected and narrow stance testing with eyes opened and closed. METHODS Two hundred and thirty adults aged 60yrs or older completed one 45s trial under two stances (self-selected, narrow) and two visual conditions (eyes opened, eyes closed). Average medial-lateral CP velocity was computed from the CP data, with preliminary analysis demonstrating positive skewness and association with body height. A sway velocity index (SVI) was created by a natural logarithm transformation and dividing by body height. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the association between age, visual condition, stance, and sex with SVI. RESULTS Age, visual condition, stance and sex were all demonstrated to be significant predictors of SVI, with the combination of the predictors explaining 25% of the variance in the SVI. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the balance testing protocol and SVI to be sensitive to age-related changes in balance performance. The results of this study should help future research aimed towards establishing a quick, easy to administer, and readily interpretable instrumented test for assisting with identifying potential balance impairments in older adults who have yet to demonstrate outward deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Riemann
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, United States.
| | - Monica Lininger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, United States
| | | | - John Petrizzo
- Department of Exercise Science, Health Studies, Physical Education, and Sport Management, Adelphi University, United States
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20
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Arnold WD, Taylor RS, Li J, Nagy JA, Sanchez B, Rutkove SB. Electrical impedance myography detects age-related muscle change in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185614. [PMID: 29049394 PMCID: PMC5648130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and strength represents one of the most significant contributors to impaired function in older adults. Convenient and non-invasive biomarkers are needed that can readily identify and track age-related muscle change. Previous data has suggested electrical impedance myography (EIM) has the potential to serve in this capacity. In this study we investigated how changes in EIM compared with other standard measures of muscle structure and function in aged compared with young mice. A total of 19 male mice aged approximately 25 months and 19 male mice aged 3 months underwent surface multifrequency EIM of the right gastrocnemius muscle using standard methods. Fore and hind limb grip strength, sciatic compound muscle action potential amplitude, and in-situ force of the gastrocnemius were also measured; after sacrifice, gastrocnemius myofiber size was assessed using standard histology. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the association between EIM and muscle characteristics. EIM in aged animals demonstrated significantly lower 50 kHz impedance phase (p<0.001) and reactance (p<0.01) values as well as reduced multifrequency parameters. In contrast, absolute gastrocnemius muscle mass was no different between young and aged mice (p = 0.58) but was reduced in aged mice after normalization to body mass (p<0.001). Median myofiber size in the aged mice was not different from that of young mice (p = 0.72). Aged mice showed reduced muscle function on the basis of normalized fore limb (p<0.001) and normalized hind limb (p<0.001) grip strength, as well as normalized gastrocnemius twitch (p<0.001) and normalized maximal isometric force (p<0.001). Sciatic compound muscle action potential amplitude was reduced in aged mice (p<0.05). EIM parameters showed good correlation with reduced standard physiological and electrophysiological measures of muscle health. Our study suggests that EIM is sensitive to aged-related muscle change and may represent a convenient and valuable method of quantifying loss of muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Nagy
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seward B. Rutkove
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lange-Maia BS, Newman AB, Jakicic JM, Cauley JA, Boudreau RM, Schwartz AV, Simonsick EM, Satterfield S, Vinik AI, Zivkovic S, Harris TB, Strotmeyer ES. Relationship between sensorimotor peripheral nerve function and indicators of cardiovascular autonomic function in older adults from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Exp Gerontol 2017; 96:38-45. [PMID: 28442382 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related peripheral nervous system (PNS) impairments are highly prevalent in older adults. Although sensorimotor and cardiovascular autonomic function have been shown to be related in persons with diabetes, the nature of the relationship in general community-dwelling older adult populations is unknown. METHODS Health, Aging and Body Composition participants (n=2399, age=76.5±2.9years, 52% women, 38% black) underwent peripheral nerve testing at the 2000/01 clinic visit. Nerve conduction amplitude and velocity were measured at the peroneal motor nerve. Sensory nerve function was assessed with vibration detection threshold and monofilament (1.4-g/10-g) testing at the big toe. Symptoms of lower-extremity peripheral neuropathy were collected by self-report. Cardiovascular autonomic function indicators included postural hypotension, resting heart rate (HR), as well as HR response to and recovery from submaximal exercise testing (400m walk). Multivariable modeling adjusted for demographic/lifestyle factors, medication use and comorbid conditions. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, poor motor nerve conduction velocity (<40m/s) was associated with greater odds of postural hypotension, (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.5), while poor motor amplitude (<1mV) was associated with 2.3beats/min (p=0.003) higher resting HR. No associations were observed between sensory nerve function or symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and indicators of cardiovascular autonomic function. CONCLUSIONS Motor nerve function and indicators of cardiovascular autonomic function remained significantly related even after considering many potentially shared risk factors. Future studies should investigate common underlying processes for developing multiple PNS impairments in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney S Lange-Maia
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave., 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Desoto Street., A528 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - John M Jakicic
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Oak Hill Commons, 32 Oak Hill Court, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Desoto Street, A510 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave., 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 649 Doctor's Office Building, 66 N. Pauline St., Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Aaron I Vinik
- Department of Neurobiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, United States
| | - Sasa Zivkovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Ave. Suite 810, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Gateway Building, 3C309, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave., 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Río-Rodríguez D, Iglesias-Soler E, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M. Modulation of quadriceps corticospinal excitability by femoral nerve stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2017; 637:148-153. [PMID: 27865881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We explored the conditioning effect of a percutaneous electrical pulse of the femoral nerve on cortical motor evoked responses in the rectus femoris muscle. METHODS Corticospinal excitability of rectus femoris muscle was measured in sixteen healthy subjects, when a single transcranial magnetic pulse was preceded by an electrical femoral nerve stimulus, using twelve inter-stimulus intervals (from 10 to 275ms). We also evaluated the effects of the intensities of the transcranial magnetic and of the electrical pulses. RESULTS Quadriceps motor evoked potentials were inhibited and facilitated when a single femoral nerve electrical stimulus was delivered at inter-stimulus intervals of 25ms and 150ms, respectively. The facilitation was reduced when low electrical intensity was used, while the inhibition decreased with high intensity transcranial magnetic pulse. CONCLUSION Afferent inputs of a femoral stimulation modulate the responses elicited by transcranial magnetic pulses of the contralateral quadriceps motor cortex. This modulation indicates a sensorimotor integration of proximal lower limb muscles that may be mediated via different types of afferents. This could be of relevance for studies that explore the role of lower limb muscles in postural control and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Río-Rodríguez
- Learning and Human Movement Control Group, INEF Galicia, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
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Physical Training and Activity in People With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Paradigm Shift. Phys Ther 2017; 97:31-43. [PMID: 27445060 PMCID: PMC6256941 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20160124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) occurs in more than 50% of people with diabetes and is an important risk factor for skin breakdown, amputation, and reduced physical mobility (ie, walking and stair climbing). Although many beneficial effects of exercise for people with diabetes have been well established, few studies have examined whether exercise provides comparable benefits to people with DPN. Until recently, DPN was considered to be a contraindication for walking or any weight-bearing exercise because of concerns about injuring a person's insensitive feet. These guidelines were recently adjusted, however, after research demonstrated that weight-bearing activities do not increase the risk of foot ulcers in people who have DPN but do not have severe foot deformity. Emerging research has revealed positive adaptations in response to overload stress in these people, including evidence for peripheral neuroplasticity in animal models and early clinical trials. This perspective article reviews the evidence for peripheral neuroplasticity in animal models and early clinical trials, as well as adaptations of the integumentary system and the musculoskeletal system in response to overload stress. These positive adaptations are proposed to promote improved function in people with DPN and to foster the paradigm shift to including weight-bearing exercise for people with DPN. This perspective article also provides specific assessment and treatment recommendations for this important, high-risk group.
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Canta A, Chiorazzi A, Carozzi VA, Meregalli C, Oggioni N, Bossi M, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Avezza F, Crippa L, Lombardi R, de Vito G, Piazza V, Cavaletti G, Marmiroli P. Age-related changes in the function and structure of the peripheral sensory pathway in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:136-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
We determined whether sensorimotor peripheral nerve (PN) function was associated with physical activity (PA) in older men. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Pittsburgh, PA, site (n = 328, age 78.8 ± 4.7 years) conducted PN testing, including: peroneal motor and sural sensory nerve conduction (latencies, amplitudes: CMAP and SNAP for motor and sensory amplitude, respectively), 1.4g/10g monofilament (dorsum of the great toe), and neuropathy symptoms. ANOVA and multivariate linear regression modeled PN associations with PA (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [PASE] and SenseWear Armband). After multivariable adjustment, better motor latency was associated with higher PASE scores (160.5 ± 4.8 vs. 135.6 ± 6.7, p < .01). Those without versus with neuropathy symptoms had higher PASE scores (157.6 ± 5.3 vs. 132.9 ± 7.1, p < .01). Better versus worse SNAP was associated with slightly more daily vigorous activity (9.5 ± 0.8 vs. 7.3 ± 0.7, p = .05). Other PN measures were not associated with PA. Certain PN measures were associated with lower PA, suggesting a potential pathway for disability.
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Hvid LG, Strotmeyer ES, Skjødt M, Magnussen LV, Andersen M, Caserotti P. Voluntary muscle activation improves with power training and is associated with changes in gait speed in mobility-limited older adults — A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2016; 80:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rogan S, Radlinger L, Baur H, Schmidtbleicher D, de Bie RA, de Bruin ED. Sensory-motor training targeting motor dysfunction and muscle weakness in long-term care elderly combined with motivational strategies: a single blind randomized controlled study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 27239241 PMCID: PMC4884400 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-016-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of a combined innovative training regime consisting of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration (SR-WBV) and a dance video game (DVG) on physical performance and muscle strength in long-term-care dwelling elderly. METHODS Thirthy long-term-care elderly were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG; n = 16) receiving combined SR-WBV training and DVG, or a sham group (SG; n = 14). IG performed five sets one minute of SR-WBV, with one minute rest between sets (base frequency 3 Hz up to 6 Hz, Noise 4) during the first five weeks on three days per week. From week five to eight a DVG was added to SR-WBV for IG on three days per week. SG performed a five-set SR-WBV program (1 Hz, Noise 1) lasting five times one minute, with one minute rest in between, three days a week. From week five to eight stepping exercises on a trampoline were added on three days per week. PRIMARY OUTCOME Short physical performance battery (SPPB). Secondary outcome: isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC), and sub phases of IMVC (Fsub), isometric rate of force development (IRFD) and sub time phases of IRFD (IRFDsub) were measured at baseline, after four and eight weeks. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for analyses of time and interaction effects and MANOVA determined between group intervention effects. RESULTS Between group effects revealed significant effects on the SPPB primary outcome after four weeks F(1, 27) = 6.17; p = 0.02) and after eight weeks F(1,27) = 11.8; p = 0.002). Secondary muscle function related outcome showed significant between group effects in IG on IRFD, Fsub 30 ms, 100 ms, 200 ms and IRFDsub 0-30 ms, 0-50 ms, 0-100 ms and 100-200 ms compared to SG (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks SR-WBV and DVG intervention improved lower extremity physical function and muscle strength compared to a sham intervention in long-term-care elderly. SR-WBV and DVG seems to be effective as a training regime for skilling up in long-term-care elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Rogan
- Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Radlinger
- Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heiner Baur
- Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rob A de Bie
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, HIT J 31.2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Callaghan BC, Xia R, Banerjee M, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Schwartz AV, Vinik AI, Feldman EL, Strotmeyer ES. Metabolic Syndrome Components Are Associated With Symptomatic Polyneuropathy Independent of Glycemic Status. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:801-7. [PMID: 26965720 PMCID: PMC4839175 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome is associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). We aimed to determine the magnitude of this effect and the precise components involved. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We determined the symptomatic DSP prevalence in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study (prospective cohort study, with subjects aged 70-79 years at baseline), stratified by glycemic status (glucose tolerance test) and the number of additional metabolic syndrome components (updated National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III definition). DSP was defined as neuropathic symptoms (questionnaire) plus at least one of three confirmatory tests (heavy monofilament, peroneal conduction velocity, and vibration threshold). Multivariable logistic and linear regression evaluated the association of metabolic syndrome components with DSP in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. RESULTS Of 2,382 participants with neuropathy measures (mean age 73.5 ± 2.9 years, 38.2% black, 51.7% women), 21.0% had diabetes, 29.9% prediabetes, 52.8% metabolic syndrome, and 11.1% DSP. Stratified by glycemic status, DSP prevalence increased as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased (P = 0.03). Diabetes (cross-sectional model, odds ratio [OR] 1.65 [95% CI 1.18-2.31]) and baseline hemoglobin A1C (longitudinal model, OR 1.42 [95% CI 1.15-1.75]) were the only metabolic syndrome measures significantly associated with DSP. Waist circumference and HDL were significantly associated with multiple secondary neuropathy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Independent of glycemic status, symptomatic DSP is more common in those with additional metabolic syndrome components. However, the issue of which metabolic syndrome components drive this association, in addition to hyperglycemia, remains unclear. Larger waist circumference and low HDL may be associated with DSP, but larger studies with more precise metabolic measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Xia
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Nathalie de Rekeneire
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anne B Newman
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Lange-Maia BS, Newman AB, Cauley JA, Boudreau RM, Jakicic JM, Caserotti P, Glynn NW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Schwartz AV, Satterfield S, Simonsick EM, Vinik AI, Zivkovic S, Strotmeyer ES. Sensorimotor Peripheral Nerve Function and the Longitudinal Relationship With Endurance Walking in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97:45-52. [PMID: 26343170 PMCID: PMC4696894 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether lower extremity sensorimotor peripheral nerve deficits are associated with reduced walking endurance in older adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with 6 years of follow-up. SETTING Two university research clinics. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study from the 2000-2001 annual clinical examination (N=2393; mean age ± SD, 76.5±2.9y; 48.2% men; 38.2% black) and a subset with longitudinal data (n=1178). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants underwent peripheral nerve function examination in 2000-2001, including peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude and velocity, vibration perception threshold, and monofilament testing. Symptoms of lower extremity peripheral neuropathy included numbness or tingling and sudden stabbing, burning, pain, or aches in the feet or legs. The Long Distance Corridor Walk (LDCW) (400 m) was administered in 2000-2001 and every 2 years afterward for 6 years to assess endurance walking performance over time. RESULTS In separate, fully adjusted linear mixed models, poor vibration threshold (>130 μm), 10-g and 1.4-g monofilament insensitivity were each associated with a slower 400-m walk completion time (16.0 s, 14.4s, and 6.9 s slower, respectively; P<.05 for each). Poor motor amplitude (<1 mV), poor vibration perception threshold, and 10-g monofilament insensitivity were related to greater slowing per year (4.7, 4.2, and 3.8 additional seconds per year, respectively; P<.05), although poor motor amplitude was not associated with initial completion time. CONCLUSIONS Poorer sensorimotor peripheral nerve function is related to slower endurance walking and greater slowing longitudinally. Interventions to reduce the burden of sensorimotor peripheral nerve function impairments should be considered to help older adults maintain walking endurance-a critical component for remaining independent in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney S Lange-Maia
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John M Jakicic
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nancy W Glynn
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron I Vinik
- Department of Neurobiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Sasa Zivkovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Hepple RT, Rice CL. Innervation and neuromuscular control in ageing skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2015; 594:1965-78. [PMID: 26437581 DOI: 10.1113/jp270561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the neuromuscular system affecting the ageing motor unit manifest structurally as a reduction in motor unit number secondary to motor neuron loss; fibre type grouping due to repeating cycles of denervation-reinnervation; and instability of the neuromuscular junction that may be due to either or both of a gradual perturbation in postsynaptic signalling mechanisms necessary for maintenance of the endplate acetylcholine receptor clusters or a sudden process involving motor neuron death or traumatic injury to the muscle fibre. Functionally, these changes manifest as a reduction in strength and coordination that precedes a loss in muscle mass and contributes to impairments in fatigue. Regular muscle activation in postural muscles or through habitual physical activity can attenuate some of these structural and functional changes up to a point along the ageing continuum. On the other hand, regular muscle activation in advanced age (>75 years) loses its efficacy, and at least in rodents may exacerbate age-related motor neuron death. Transgenic mouse studies aimed at identifying potential mechanisms of motor unit disruptions in ageing muscle are not conclusive due to many different mechanisms converging on similar motor unit alterations, many of which phenocopy ageing muscle. Longitudinal studies of ageing models and humans will help clarify the cause and effect relationships and thus, identify relevant therapeutic targets to better preserve muscle function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Borde R, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Dose-Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1693-720. [PMID: 26420238 PMCID: PMC4656698 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training (RT) is an intervention frequently used to improve muscle strength and morphology in old age. However, evidence-based, dose-response relationships regarding specific RT variables (e.g., training period, frequency, intensity, volume) are unclear in healthy old adults. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to determine the general effects of RT on measures of muscle strength and morphology and to provide dose-response relationships of RT variables through an analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that could improve muscle strength and morphology in healthy old adults. DATA SOURCES A computerized, systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library from January 1984 up to June 2015 to identify all RCTs related to RT in healthy old adults. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The initial search identified 506 studies, with a final yield of 25 studies. Only RCTs that examined the effects of RT in adults with a mean age of 65 and older were included. The 25 studies quantified at least one measure of muscle strength or morphology and sufficiently described training variables (e.g., training period, frequency, volume, intensity). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We quantified the overall effects of RT on measures of muscle strength and morphology by computing weighted between-subject standardized mean differences (SMDbs) between intervention and control groups. We analyzed the data for the main outcomes of one-repetition maximum (1RM), maximum voluntary contraction under isometric conditions (MVC), and muscle morphology (i.e., cross-sectional area or volume or thickness of muscles) and assessed the methodological study quality by Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 and χ2 statistics. A random effects meta-regression was calculated to explain the influence of key training variables on the effectiveness of RT in terms of muscle strength and morphology. For meta-regression, training variables were divided into the following subcategories: volume, intensity, and rest. In addition to meta-regression, dose-response relationships were calculated independently for single training variables (e.g., training frequency). RESULTS RT improved muscle strength substantially (mean SMDbs = 1.57; 25 studies), but had small effects on measures of muscle morphology (mean SMDbs = 0.42; nine studies). Specifically, RT produced large effects in both 1RM of upper (mean SMDbs = 1.61; 11 studies) and lower (mean SMDbs = 1.76; 19 studies) extremities and a medium effect in MVC of lower (mean SMDbs = 0.76; four studies) extremities. Results of the meta-regression revealed that the variables "training period" (p = 0.04) and "intensity" (p < 0.01) as well as "total time under tension" (p < 0.01) had significant effects on muscle strength, with the largest effect sizes for the longest training periods (mean SMDbs = 2.34; 50-53 weeks), intensities of 70-79% of the 1RM (mean SMDbs = 1.89), and total time under tension of 6.0 s (mean SMDbs = 3.61). A tendency towards significance was found for rest in between sets (p = 0.06), with 60 s showing the largest effect on muscle strength (mean SMDbs = 4.68; two studies). We also determined the independent effects of the remaining training variables on muscle strength. The following independently computed training variables are most effective in improving measures of muscle strength: a training frequency of two sessions per week (mean SMDbs = 2.13), a training volume of two to three sets per exercise (mean SMDbs = 2.99), seven to nine repetitions per set (mean SMDbs = 1.98), and a rest of 4.0 s between repetitions (SMDbs = 3.72). With regard to measures of muscle morphology, the small number of identified studies allowed us to calculate meta-regression for the subcategory training volume only. No single training volume variable significantly predicted RT effects on measures of muscle morphology. Additional training variables were independently computed to detect the largest effect for the single training variable. A training period of 50-53 weeks, a training frequency of three sessions per week, a training volume of two to three sets per exercise, seven to nine repetitions per set, a training intensity from 51 to 69% of the 1RM, a total time under tension of 6.0 s, a rest of 120 s between sets, and a rest of 2.5 s between repetitions turned out to be most effective. LIMITATIONS The current results must be interpreted with caution because of the poor overall methodological study quality (mean PEDro score 4.6 points) and the considerable large heterogeneity (I2) = 80%, χ2 = 163.1, df = 32, p < 0.01) for muscle strength. In terms of muscle morphology, our search identified nine studies only, which is why we consider our findings preliminary. While we were able to determine a dose-response relationship based on specific individual training variables with respect to muscle strength and morphology, it was not possible to ascertain any potential interactions between these variables. We recognize the limitation that the results may not represent one general dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS This systematic literature review and meta-analysis confirmed the effectiveness of RT on specific measures of upper and lower extremity muscle strength and muscle morphology in healthy old adults. In addition, we were able to extract dose-response relationships for key training variables (i.e., volume, intensity, rest), informing clinicians and practitioners to design effective RTs for muscle strength and morphology. Training period, intensity, time under tension, and rest in between sets play an important role in improving muscle strength and morphology and should be implemented in exercise training programs targeting healthy old adults. Still, further research is needed to reveal optimal dose-response relationships following RT in healthy as well as mobility limited and/or frail old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Borde
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
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