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Neupert SD, Graham EK, Ogle D, Ali S, Zavala DV, Kincaid R, Hughes ML, Hu RX, Antonucci T, Suitor JJ, Gilligan M, Ajrouch KJ, Scott SB. A Coordinated Data Analysis of Four Studies Exploring Age Differences in Social Interactions and Loneliness During a Global Pandemic. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae086. [PMID: 38761103 PMCID: PMC11247406 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examining loneliness and social isolation during population-wide historical events may shed light on important theoretical questions about age differences, including whether these differences hold across different regions and the time course of the unfolding event. We used a systematic, preregistered approach of coordinated data analysis (CDA) of 4 studies (total N = 1,307; total observations = 18,492) that varied in design (intensive repeated-measures and cross-sectional), region, timing, and timescale during the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS We harmonized our data sets to a common period within 2020-2021 and created a common set of variables. We used a combination of ordinary least squares regression and multilevel modeling to address the extent to which there was within- and between-person variation in the associations between social isolation and loneliness, and whether these associations varied as a function of age. RESULTS Within- and between-person effects of social interactions were negatively associated with loneliness in 1 study; in follow-up sensitivity analyses, these patterns held across early and later pandemic periods. Across all data sets, there was no evidence of age differences in the within-person or between-person associations of social interactions and loneliness. DISCUSSION Applying the CDA methodological framework allowed us to detect common and divergent patterns of social interactions and loneliness across samples, ages, regions, periods, and study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevaun D Neupert
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Destiny Ogle
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sumbleen Ali
- Department of Human Ecology, SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Daisy V Zavala
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Reilly Kincaid
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - MacKenzie L Hughes
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rita X Hu
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Toni Antonucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Jill Suitor
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan Gilligan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristine J Ajrouch
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Sociology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Stacey B Scott
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Lippert JF, Lewis T, Bruce D, Trifunović N, Singh M, Prachand N. Work-related factors of mental health among Chicago residents two years into the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:365-377. [PMID: 38560920 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2323108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread consequences for economic, social, and general wellbeing with rates of anxiety and depression increasing across the population and disproportionately for some workers. This study explored which factors were the most salient contributors to mental health through a cross-sectional 68-item questionnaire that addressed topics related to the pandemic. Data were collected through an address-based sampling frame over the two months from April 2022 to June 2022. A total of 2,049 completed surveys were collected throughout Chicago's 77 Community Areas. Descriptive statistics including frequency and percentages were generated to describe workplace characteristics, work-related stress, and sample demographics and their relationship to psychological distress. Independent participant and workplace factors associated with the outcomes were identified using multivariable logistic regression. The weighted prevalence of persons experiencing some form of psychological distress from mild to serious was 32%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, certain marginalized communities experienced psychological distress more than others including females, adults over the age of 25 years of age, and people with higher income levels. Those who had been laid off, lost pay, or had reduced hours had increased odds of psychological distress (aOR = 1.71, CI95% 1.14-2.56; p = 0.009) as did people that reported that their work-related stress was somewhat or much worse as compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR = 2.22, CI95% 1.02-4.82; p = 0.04, aOR = 11.0, CI95% 4.65-26.1; p < 0.001, respectively). These results warrant further investigation and consideration in developing workplace and mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Lippert
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Taylor Lewis
- RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Douglas Bruce
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nena Trifunović
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meha Singh
- Office of Epidemiology, Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nik Prachand
- Office of Epidemiology, Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois
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Heller DJ, Madden D, Berhane T, Bickell NA, Van Hyfte G, Miller S, Ozbek U, Lin JY, M Schwartz R, Lopez RA, Arniella G, Mayer V, Horowitz CR, Benn EK, Vangeepuram N. Emotional and Financial Stressors in New York City During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consecutive Cross-Sectional Analysis. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-01921-5. [PMID: 38381324 PMCID: PMC11336030 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Mental and financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City was severe, but how vulnerable groups have been disproportionately impacted is incompletely understood. In partnership with community stakeholders, we administered a web-based survey to a convenience sample of New York City residents (18 + years) from May 2020 to April 2021 to evaluate their financial and emotional stressors. We analyzed outcomes by race, ethnicity, and education level. A total of 1854 adults completed the survey across three consecutive non-overlapping samples. Fifty-five percent identified other than non-Latinx White. Sixty-four percent reported emotional stress; 38%, 32%, and 32% reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder respectively; and 21% reported a large adverse financial impact. The leading unmet needs were mental health and food services (both 19%), and health services (18%). Need for both resources grew over time. Adverse financial impact directly correlated with presence of all four adverse mental health outcomes above. In multivariate analysis, non-White race and lack of college degree were associated with adverse financial impact, whereas LGBT identity and lack of college degree were associated with mental health impact. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, participants in this research demonstrated a large and growing mental and financial strain, disproportionately associated with lower education level, non-White race, and LGBT status. Our findings suggest an urgent need to differentially target COVID-19 mental health and resource support in New York City to persons in these vulnerable communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heller
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Devin Madden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Timnit Berhane
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nina A Bickell
- Institute for Health Equity Research (IHER), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Grace Van Hyfte
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Miller
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Umut Ozbek
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jung-Yi Lin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert A Lopez
- Treadwell Data, 2738 53rd Ave. SW, Seattle, WA, 98116, USA
| | - Guedy Arniella
- Institute for Family Health, 2006 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10035, USA
| | - Victoria Mayer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Institute for Health Equity Research (IHER), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Emma K Benn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nita Vangeepuram
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Ryan SC, Desjardins MR, Runkle JD, Wertis L, Sugg MM. Evaluating co-occurring space-time clusters of depression and suicide-related outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 47:100607. [PMID: 38042530 PMCID: PMC10693657 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly emerging research on the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic shows increasing patterns of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, and self-harming behaviors, particularly during the early months of the pandemic. Yet, few studies have investigated the spatial and temporal changes in depressive disorders and suicidal behavior during the pandemic. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate geographic patterns of emergency department admissions for depression and suicidal behavior in North Carolina before (March 2017-February 2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 - December 2021). Univariate cluster detection examined each outcome separately and multivariate cluster detection was used to examine the co-occurrence of depression and suicide-related outcomes in SatScan; the Rand index evaluated cluster overlap. Cluster analyses were adjusted for age, race, and sex. Findings suggest that the mental health burden of depression and suicide-related outcomes remained high in many communities throughout the pandemic. Rural communities exhibited a larger increase in the co-occurrence of depression and suicide-related ED visits during the pandemic period. Results showed the exacerbation of depression and suicide-related outcomes in select communities and emphasize the need for targeted and sustained mental health interventions throughout the many phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Ryan
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone NC, 28607, USA.
| | - Michael R Desjardins
- Department of Epidemiology & Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - Luke Wertis
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone NC, 28607, USA
| | - Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone NC, 28607, USA
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Carr D, Sheffler J, Meynadasy M, Schmidt B, Hajcak G, Sachs-Ericsson N. A longitudinal examination of the protective effect of resilience against anxiety among older adults with high COVID-related worry. Cogn Behav Ther 2023; 52:419-437. [PMID: 37039031 PMCID: PMC10523701 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2023.2191825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study of community dwelling older adults (N = 453) examined consequences of COVID-related worries on changes in anxiety symptoms before relative to during the pandemic. We further evaluated if pre-COVID psychological resilience (PR) buffered the impact of COVID-related worry. Pre-COVID data were collected in September 2018. COVID-related worry and COVID anxiety symptoms were collected in October 2020 (Wave 2). Controlling for pre-COVID anxiety symptoms, we examined if COVID-related worries (e.g. I'm worried that I might die from COVID-19) were associated with increased anxiety symptoms, and whether pre-COVID PR moderated the association between COVID-related worries and prospective increases in anxiety symptoms. COVID-related worries were associated with increased anxiety symptoms (β = 0.005, p < .01), whereas pre-COVID PR was associated with a decrease in anxiety symptoms (β = -0.029, p < .05). PR moderated the association; COVID-related worries were associated with greater increases in anxiety symptoms among those with low pre-COVID PR (Model η2 = 0.35). Thus, the extent to which COVID-related worries influenced psychological health was dependent on pre-COVID levels of PR. We conclude the combined vulnerabilities of low pre-COVID PR and high COVID-related worries significantly increased the psychological consequences of COVID-19 for our sample of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Carr
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Julia Sheffler
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Meynadasy
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Brad Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Dunsmore VJ, Neupert SD. Coping With 'Scanxiety': Within-Person Processes in Lung Cancer. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231164336. [PMID: 36964680 PMCID: PMC10629386 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231164336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Patients with early-stage lung cancer undergo potentially curative therapy, and continue to undergo regularly scheduled CT scans to determine if cancer has reappeared, spread, or stayed the same. This process can be fraught with anxiety, coined 'Scanxiety'. The present study examined how coping and scan-related anxiety fluctuate within-person before one's scan. Method: Twenty five individuals with lung cancer who had received curative intent treatment (M age = 62.33, [SD = 8.10], 96% women, 80% white) participated in the study, which had two parts. First, participants provided information about proactive coping and scan-related anxiety every 30 days. Next, a daily diary study was implemented for 7 consecutive days before their CT scan, as well as the day of their CT scan, where participants reported on their daily anticipatory coping and scan-related anxiety. The 25 participants provided 59 monthly and 146 daily surveys for analysis. Results: Multilevel models revealed significant main effects of monthly proactive coping on monthly scan-related anxiety, as well as daily anticipatory coping on daily scan-related anxiety. On months when participants decreased their use of proactive coping, they also reported decreases in scan-related anxiety for that month. On days when participants reported decreases in outcome fantasy and stagnant deliberation, they reported decreases in scan-related anxiety for that day. Finally, a significant interaction was found such that on days when middle-aged adults reported increases in problem analysis, they also reported increases in scan-related anxiety for that day. Conclusion: These findings are the first to characterize how participants' coping and scanxiety fluctuate in the months and days prior to their CT scans. Results indicated that focusing on the present may be more beneficial in reducing scan-related anxiety rather than thinking about the future. Future work should implement strategies to reduce scanxiety by focusing on the present among those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Dunsmore
- Department of Psychology, 6798North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2331UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shevaun D Neupert
- Department of Psychology, 6798North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Sneed RS, Krendl AC. What factors are associated with psychological vulnerability & resiliency among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:e1-e4. [PMID: 35137063 PMCID: PMC9122744 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodlescia S Sneed
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
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