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Zhang Y, Guo Y, Li M. The moderating effect of intergenerational relationships on the association between Internet engagement and mental well-being. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:36-44. [PMID: 37139965 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2207479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the moderating effect of intergenerational relationships on the association between Internet engagement and older Chinese adults' mental well-being and whether this relationship and the moderating role of intergenerational relationships differs by age. METHODS We collected survey data from 1,162 participants aged 60 and older. Using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to measure life satisfaction, the Chinese version of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale to evaluate loneliness, and the Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Chinese Parents (IRQS-AP) to assess intergenerational relationship quality. Two-stage least squares regression with interaction terms was used to examine the moderating effect of intergenerational relationships on the association between Internet engagement and mental well-being in different age groups. RESULTS Higher levels of Internet engagement were significantly associated with better life satisfaction and lower loneliness in older adults, particularly for the young-old. Furthermore, the positive association between Internet engagement and mental well-being was stronger for older adults with conflicted or detached intergenerational relationships. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging and training older adults to use the Internet to shrink the digital divide, developing a sound Internet infrastructure, providing low-cost Internet services, particularly for the young-old with conflicted or detached intergenerational relationships, and the old-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkai Zhang
- Department of Social Work & Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mengting Li
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Wang JJ, Lai DWL, Yu W. Social Capital and Mental Wellbeing of Older People Migrating along with Adult Children in Shenzhen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6857. [PMID: 37835127 PMCID: PMC10572125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of 'older people migrating along' (OPMA) with adult children is a unique outcome of social changes that have occurred in China. These individuals generally experience different challenges and needs associated with mental wellbeing. However, there is limited research on the relationship between the social capital and mental health of OPMA in China. This study aims to examine the mental health status of OPMA and the effects of bonding social capital and bridging social capital on their mental wellbeing in China by conducting a quantitative research survey among 399 OPMA participants. We found that bonding social capital correlated to only one indicator of mental wellbeing, subjective happiness. Bridging social capital had significant relationships with four mental health indicators, namely, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), subjective happiness, and life satisfaction. Through strengthening bridging social capital, these older adults can benefit from more opportunities for participation in formal or informal organizations in their communities and improve their mental wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Juan Wang
- Elderly Healthcare College, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Daniel W. L. Lai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Yu
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
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Wang P, Li T, Wu Z, Wang X, Jing J, Xin J, Sang X, Dai B. The development of career planning scale for junior high school students based on cognitive information processing theory. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1106624. [PMID: 37251027 PMCID: PMC10214959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the career theory of Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), we selected scale items from literature reviews and expert guidance. The scale consisted of 28 items with 4 factors (interests, abilities, values, personality). To test the scale's factor structure, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the model was modified according to CFA results. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis was applied to the model of the scale to prove the rationality of the total score. The internal consistency were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. In addition, the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extraction (AVE) of the scale were also calculated to test the convergent validity. After related analyses, the scale was proved to have good psychometric properties, which can be used to measure junior high school students' career planning level in information technology course from the aspects of interest, ability, values, and personality. The effect of the first-order confirmatory factor analysis model constructed in this study is not ideal. Therefore, on this basis, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis model is constructed in combination with existing literatures, and the rationality of the model is verified through data, which highlights the novelty of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Faculty of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Preschool Education Department, Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jihao Jing
- Faculty of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Xin
- Faculty of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuchun Sang
- Faculty of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shouguang City Luocheng Street to Liulu Experimental Primary School, Weifang, China
| | - Binrong Dai
- Shouguang City Luocheng Street to Liulu Experimental Primary School, Weifang, China
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The Influence of Parent- and Adult Child-level Factors on Intergenerational Relationship Quality: A Study of Chinese Families with Multiple Children in Hong Kong. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2023; 38:19-37. [PMID: 36692664 PMCID: PMC9974718 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-022-09467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intergenerational relationships have become increasingly crucial for maintaining well-being in aging families. Under a changing sociocultural background, families in Hong Kong increasingly exhibit diverse intergenerational relationships and functioning. Focusing on families with mutiple children, this study investigated how the characteristics of parents and their adult children jointly affect different domains of intergenerational relationship quality. A two-stage stratified random sampling design was adopted. Face-to-face questionnaire interviews were conducted between November 2016 and March 2017 with 1,001 Hong Kong residents aged ≥ 50 years. Data of 612 parents and 1,745 adult children were included for analysis. Hierarchical linear modeling was performed to examine child- and parent-level correlates of intergenerational relationship quality. Parents who were female, were married, had higher self-perceived economic status, owned a house, and had fewer depressive symptoms, exhibited higher intergenerational relationship quality. Parents' age was positively related to affectual closeness, whereas their educational level was negatively related to both affectual closeness and conflict. More favorable intergenerational relationships were reported by aging parents whose adult children were younger, female, and married. Children with higher educational levels exhibited higher levels of both affectual closeness and conflict with their parents. Moreover, affectual closeness was found to be transmitted between generations. The findings can help improve awareness of the factors affecting the different domains of intergenerational relationships, thus informing the development of targeted services and interventions to promote family relationships and well-being.
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Torabian M, Zanjari N, Fadayevatan R, Froughan M, Harouni GG. The intergenerational relationship patterns between aging parents and their adult children. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:5464-5472. [PMID: 36505519 PMCID: PMC9730968 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1972_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older parent-child relations and their impact on the elderly's lives are of importance; thus, the present study aimed to investigate the patterns of the intergenerational relationships between aging parents and their adult children. Methods The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 463 elderly men and women, aged ≥60 years who were residing in Tehran City, Iran. The study participants were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. The Bai's (2017) 13-item Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Parents (IRQS-AP) was used to evaluate the patterns of intergenerational relationships among the study subjects. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS. The significance level of the tests was set at P ≥ 0.05. The logistic regression model was employed to investigate the factors related to the patterns of intergenerational relationships. Results The mean ± SD age of the explored aging parents was 67.93 ± 7.0 years. Besides, the mean ± SD number of children in the study participants was 3.55 ± 1.80. The mean ± SD scores of solidarity (structural, associational, consensual, affectual, functional, and normative) and conflict were measured to be (58.95 ± 17.55) and (64.10 ± 20.92), respectively. Furthermore, the mean ± SD score of the ambivalence pattern was calculated as (51.46 ± 21.61). The mean score of conflict was higher than those of solidarity and ambivalence. Additionally, the mean score of consensual-normative solidarity was higher than those of other dimensions of solidarity. The obtained data suggested a significant difference between age and the patterns of intergenerational relationships (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the mean scores of solidarity and conflict in the examined female elderly and their adult children were higher than those of their male counterparts and their adult children; however, the mean score of ambivalence in the male elderly and their adult children was higher than that in their female counterparts. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that aging parents who were literate (OR = 1.5), those who lived alone (OR = 1.2), and those who assessed their general health status as good (OR = 4), reported high levels of solidarity with their adult children. Conclusion The present research results demonstrated that the level of conflict between aging parents and their adult children exceeded the solidarity level, indicating the intergenerational gap. Therefore, the necessary implications should be adopted to promote intergenerational relationships within the family by providing family counseling. Further research is recommended to consider the essential role of predictive factors, such as age, gender, educational level, occupational status, living arrangements, health status, and socioeconomic status of aging parents concerning the intergenerational relationships between aging parents and their adult children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Torabian
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Zanjari
- Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Nasibeh Zanjari, Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Reza Fadayevatan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Froughan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza G. Harouni
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fu Y, Chen M. Intergenerational relationship quality and activity profiles among older adults in China. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e1885-e1897. [PMID: 34708475 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, very few studies have comprehensively investigated how intergenerational relationship quality (IRQ) between older parents and adult children is related to older adults' activity engagement. To fill this gap, this study endeavoured to examine the associations between IRQ and older adults' activity profiles, not only considering the overall IRQ but also different dimensions of IRQ. We also aimed to reveal the different roles of IRQ with son(s) and with daughter(s). This study made use of survey data collected in Yibin City, Sichuan Province of China in 2018 (N = 4,211). We adopted hierarchical cluster analysis to identify activity profiles, and performed multinomial logistic regressions to assess the association between IRQ and the profiles. We identified five activity profiles among older adults: "caregiving-oriented", "employment-oriented", "social withdrawal", "diverse engagement" and "physically active". Those with greater IRQ were more likely to be "caregiving-oriented" and have "diverse engagement" relative to "social withdrawal". It also showed that structural-associational solidarity and affectual closeness were more predictive of the activity profiles, compared to consensual-normative solidarity and intergenerational conflict. Children's gender plays an important role in the relationship between IRQ and activity engagement profiles. Good intergenerational relationships might not narrow down older adults' activity domains, and instead might actually promote their participation in diverse domains. Promoting structural-associational solidarity and affectual closeness was likely to reduce social withdrawal among older adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengni Chen
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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Liu C, Zhou S, Bai X. Intergenerational relationship quality, sense of loneliness, and attitude toward later life among aging Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Front Psychol 2022; 13:930857. [PMID: 36017420 PMCID: PMC9397484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A positive attitude toward later life is crucial for wellbeing among older adults. Maintaining a healthy relationship with adult children can help reduce older parents’ sense of loneliness and nurture a positive life attitude. This study aimed to investigate the associations between multidimensional intergenerational relationship quality and attitudes toward later life among aging Chinese adults in Hong Kong and examine the mediating effects of a sense of loneliness. Representative survey data were collected from 801 participants (aged 50 years and over) with at least one adult child. Multiple linear regression was employed to investigate the associations between overall intergenerational relationship quality with a sense of loneliness as well as the attitude toward later life. To examine the mediating effects of a sense of loneliness, causal mediational analyses were performed. Results demonstrated that overall intergenerational relationship quality was positively associated with aging parents’ attitude toward later life, and this relationship could be partially mediated by a sense of loneliness. Among the four subdomains of intergenerational relationship quality, the influences of structural-associational solidarity and intergenerational conflict on attitude toward later life were almost fully mediated by a sense of loneliness, whereas the influences of consensual-normative solidarity and affectual closeness were partially mediated. These findings contributed to an improved understanding of the relationship between intergenerational relationship quality, sense of loneliness, and attitude toward later life, and could inform future policies and service programs that promote aging adults’ social integration and positive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Zhou,
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Active Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhou JJ, Bai X. Influence of intergenerational relationships on depressive symptoms in ageing Chinese adults in Hong Kong: Mediating effects of sense of loneliness. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:587. [PMID: 35840878 PMCID: PMC9287879 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health of older adults could be positively predicted by harmonious parent–adult children relationships, although the mechanism has not been sufficiently demonstrated. This study employed sense of loneliness as mediator to examine the influence of multiple domains of intergenerational relationships on depressive symptoms in ageing Chinese adults. Methods Data was extracted from a representative survey in Hong Kong among Chinese adults aged over 50 with at least one adult child (n = 801). Four key domains (structural–associational, consensual–normative, affectual closeness, and intergenerational conflict) were adopted to measure the intergenerational relationship quality. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the five-item Geriatric Depression Scale. The mediating role of sense of loneliness in the association between intergenerational relationships and depressive symptoms were tested by the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results The influence of overall intergenerational relationship quality and its four subdomains on depressive symptoms were significantly mediated by sense of loneliness. Among the four domains, affectual closeness presented the strongest association with older people’s depressive symptoms. The effect of intergenerational conflict on depressive symptoms was completely mediated by sense of loneliness, and the effects of remaining three domains were partially mediated. The domain of consensual–normative solidarity received the lowest rating by Chinese older adults. Conclusion The psychological pathway that loneliness links intergenerational relationships and depressive symptoms was supported in this study. With respect to improving intergenerational relationships, enhancing affectual connection between older parents and adult children was essential to prevent mental problems. This study calls for more attention to the protective role of diverse social relationships in improving mental health through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Zhou
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Active Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Torabian M, Fadayevatan R, Zanjari N, Foroughan M, Harouni GG. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Intergenerational relationship quality scale for aging parents and their children". JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:199. [PMID: 36003237 PMCID: PMC9393917 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_870_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating the status of intergenerational relationships of elderly parents with their adult childen is very important in examining issues related to the status of the elderly such as well being and quality of life and other aspects of elderly life. Giveeen the significance of the topic, the current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of "Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Parents and Their Children" (IRQS-AP). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 463 community-dwelling elders (aged 60 years or older) in Tehran participated in this study through multistage cluster sampling method. To investigate reliability, the construct and convergent validity of the IRQS-AP, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and interclass correlation coefficient were done. RESULTS The content validity index was 0.84 for the entire tool. In the CFA, we found the instrument had a four-factor structure and adequate internal consistency. The scale had a significant and positive correlation with the two measures of loneliness and depression. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha was estimated at 0.77, and the high value of the interclass correlation was 0.82. CONCLUSION The IRQS-AP is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to examine the status of intergenerational relationship quality in Iranian elder population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Torabian
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fadayevatan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Zanjari
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Segel-Karpas D, Ayalon L. Adult daughters' emotional response to COVID-19: the role of worry, solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence in the relationship with the mother. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:578-585. [PMID: 33860716 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1910795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Older adults' greater susceptibility to mortality from COVID-19 may have meaningful psychological implications not only for them, but also for their children. In this study, we focused on daughters of older women and examined the intergenerational relationships as a correlate of daughters' anxiety, depressive symptoms, and psychosomatic complaints.Method: Data were collected from 456 daughters of older mothers (M(age) = 40.82) during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel, when a relatively strict lockdown was enforced, separating mothers and daughters.Results: Findings suggest that while mothers' objective risk factors (age and morbidity) were mostly not associated with their daughters' distress, the daughters' concern about their mothers, and their perceived ambivalence in the relationship with the mother, as well as structural and affectual solidarity, were.Conclusion: We conclude that the mother-daughter relationship is an important correlate of daughters' reactions to this health crisis. Practically, it suggests that some daughters to aging mothers could be at a greater risk for emotional distress following the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Is an Intergenerational Program Effective in Increasing Social Capital among Participants? A Preliminary Study in Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the aging population and low economic growth have intensified generational conflicts, especially in the workplace. Social capital is one option that can solve generational conflicts by encouraging cooperation among colleagues. This study aims to explore the impact of the intergenerational program, Sedae Ieum Madang, on perceived social capital among participants in Korea. To measure the impact of the program, a one-group pretest/posttest design was applied, and a purposive sampling method was adopted to recruit participants. The final sample size was 53, including 30 older adults and 23 young adults. In items that measured participants’ level of trust in colleagues, the subindex of social capital was compared between before and after the program. Each item relates to peoples’ experience of social support in workplaces, as suggested in the swAge model. According to the measurement, peoples’ level of trust in their colleagues changed; only the older generation’s trust in their colleagues increased, while that of the younger generation did not. The results of this study show that the intergenerational program is effective in encouraging the older generation to trust their colleagues and fostering mutual support between younger and older generations, which is important in developing sustainable work environments.
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Kwong ANL, Yan ECW. The Role of Quality of Face-to-face Intergenerational Contact in Reducing Ageism: The Perspectives of Young People. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2021.1952134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fu J, Cheng Z, Liu S, Hu Z, Zhong Z, Luo Y. Development and Validation of Peer Relationship Scale for Chinese Community-Dwelling Elderly. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:889-903. [PMID: 34234586 PMCID: PMC8253932 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s311352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to develop and psychometrically test the peer relationship scales (PRSs) for the Chinese community-dwelling elderly. METHODS Based on the Adams-Blieszner-Ueno integrative conceptual framework, we first drafted item-pool from the literature review, in-depth interviews, and group discussion. After a cross-sectional study in Chongqing, PR, China, we recruited a random sample of 404 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the factor structure of the scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability were used to assess internal consistency. Moreover, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity were all calculated. RESULTS The results supported a two-factor (ie, quantity of intimate peer relationship, the quantity of non-intimate peer relationship) model for PRS-Quantity and a 12-item three-factor (ie, cognitive process, affective process, behavioral process) model for PRS-Quality. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.870 for PRS-Quantity and 0.851 for PRS-Quality. Both scales showed good test-retest reliability (r = 0.890 for PRS-Quantity, r = 0.889 for PRS-Quality), concurrent validity (r = 0.832 for PRS-Quantity, -0.800 for PRS-Quality), and acceptable construct validity. DISCUSSION Overall, our findings suggested that the PRSs are reliable and valid measurements to evaluate the quantity and quality of peer relationships among Chinese community-dwelling elderly. The scales may serve as attempted tools for researchers and practitioners to access the social health of the elderly and evaluate the effectiveness of related services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fu
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongping Hu
- Department of Combination of Medical and Health, Thirteenth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Zhong
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Bai X, Liu C, Song Y, Sörensen S. Adaptation and Validation of the Preparation for Future Care Needs Scale for Chinese Older Adults in Hong Kong. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:e357-e368. [PMID: 34166488 PMCID: PMC9372894 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Care planning can protect against or offset potential stressors in the caregiving stage and mitigate their detrimental effects. This study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate 2 short forms of the multidimensional, theory-guided scale measuring preparation for future care needs (PFCN) among Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. Research Design and Methods Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 862 community-dwelling individuals aged 60 years and older. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to assess the structural validity of the scales. Criterion-related validity, known-groups validity, and internal consistency were also examined. Results EFA yielded a 14-item 4-factor (awareness, avoidance, decision making, and concrete planning) model, which was supported by CFA and explained 68.9% of the total variance. CFA also supported the structural validity of the 5-item scale. Criterion-related validity of the 2 scales was supported by their significant and positive correlations with domain-specific planning behaviors for retirement. Known-groups validity of the 2 scales was demonstrated by significant differences in scores between male and female older adults and scores between different educational levels and socioeconomic status. Cronbach’s alphas for the internal consistency of the 14-item and 5-item scales were 0.889 and 0.774, respectively. Discussion and Implications PFCN scales enable researchers and service practitioners to accurately understand and assess older adults’ processes and efforts in care planning, facilitate the identification of individuals at risk from inadequate planning, and inform the development of interventions to enhance care preparation in target domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Active Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yajun Song
- School of Social and Public Administration, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Silvia Sörensen
- Warner School of Education and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Hokowhitu B, Oetzel JG, Simpson ML, Nock S, Reddy R, Meha P, Johnston K, Jackson AM, Erueti B, Rewi P, Warbrick I, Cameron MP, Zhang Y, Ruru S. Kaumātua Mana Motuhake Pōi: a study protocol for enhancing wellbeing, social connectedness and cultural identity for Māori elders. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:377. [PMID: 33008342 PMCID: PMC7530863 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Aotearoa New Zealand population is ageing accompanied by health and social challenges including significant inequities that exist between Māori and non-Māori around poor ageing and health. Although historically kaumātua (elder Māori) faced a dominant society that failed to realise their full potential as they age, Māori culture has remained steadfast in upholding elders as cultural/community anchors. Yet, many of today's kaumātua have experienced 'cultural dissonance' as the result of a hegemonic dominant culture subjugating an Indigenous culture, leading to generations of Indigenous peoples compelled or forced to dissociate with their culture. The present research project, Kaumātua Mana Motuhake Pōī (KMMP) comprises two interrelated projects that foreground dimensions of wellbeing within a holistic Te Ao Māori (Māori epistemology) view of wellbeing. Project 1 involves a tuakana-teina/peer educator model approach focused on increasing service access and utilisation to support kaumātua with the greatest health and social needs. Project 2 focuses on physical activity and cultural knowledge exchange (including te reo Māori--Māori language) through intergenerational models of learning. METHODS Both projects have a consistent research design and common set of methods that coalesce around the emphasis on kaupapa kaumatua; research projects led by kaumātua and kaumātua providers that advance better life outcomes for kaumātua and their communities. The research design for each project is a mixed-methods, pre-test and two post-test, staggered design with 2-3 providers receiving the approach first and then 2-3 receiving it on a delayed basis. A pre-test (baseline) of all participants will be completed. The approach will then be implemented with the first providers. There will then be a follow-up data collection for all participants (post-test 1). The second providers will then implement the approach, which will be followed by a final data collection for all participants (post-test 2). DISCUSSION Two specific outcomes are anticipated from this research; firstly, it is hoped that the research methodology provides a framework for how government agencies, researchers and relevant sector stakeholders can work with Māori communities. Secondly, the two individual projects will each produce a tangible approach that, it is anticipated, will be cost effective in enhancing kaumātua hauora and mana motuhake. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ( ACTRN12620000316909 ). Registered 6 March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Oetzel
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | | | - Sophie Nock
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Rangimahora Reddy
- Rauawaawa Kaumātua Charitable Trust, 50 Colombo St., Hamilton, 3204 New Zealand
| | - Pare Meha
- Rauawaawa Kaumātua Charitable Trust, 50 Colombo St., Hamilton, 3204 New Zealand
| | - Kirsten Johnston
- Rauawaawa Kaumātua Charitable Trust, 50 Colombo St., Hamilton, 3204 New Zealand
| | | | - Bevan Erueti
- Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Poia Rewi
- University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Isaac Warbrick
- Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Yingsha Zhang
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Stacey Ruru
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
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Bai X, Li Z, Chen J, Liu C, Wu X. Socioeconomic inequalities in mental distress and life satisfaction among older Chinese men and women: The role of family functioning. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:1270-1281. [PMID: 32092239 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing concern over socioeconomic inequality in health, few studies have focused on health inequality among older adults. The present study examined the independent and joint effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and family functioning on mental health and subjective well-being and explored the gender differences in such relations. Representative survey data on older adults (N = 1,432) were drawn from the third wave of the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics conducted in 2015. Descriptive analyses and ordinary least-squares regressions were conducted for data analysis. The results demonstrate that receipt of means-tested welfare payments was associated with more severe mental distress and lower life satisfaction; living in private (as opposed to public or subsidised) housing was associated with better mental health; whereas holding investments and larger residence size were related to higher life satisfaction. Moreover, greater family functioning predicted better mental health and greater subjective well-being and mitigated the detrimental effects of low SES. Gender differences were observed concerning the effects of different predictors. The findings could inform the development of health-promotion services sensitive to gender and socioeconomic differences and facilitate integration of individual- and family-level services for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhonglu Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Center for Applied Social and Economic Research (CASER), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Fu YY, Ji XW. Intergenerational relationships and depressive symptoms among older adults in urban China: The roles of loneliness and insomnia symptoms. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:1310-1322. [PMID: 32115795 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults has increased recently. Intergenerational relationships play an important role in the mental health conditions of older adults, especially in Chinese culture. Therefore, this study aims to unravel the complex connection between intergenerational relationships and depression, and to explore the potential mediating roles of loneliness and nighttime insomnia symptoms within that connection. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in China with 2038 participants aged 65 years or above. Variables were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale, the Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Chinese Parents (IRQS-AP), three nighttime insomnia symptoms extracted from the Insomnia Severity Index and the De Jong Gierveld Six-Item Loneliness Scale. The IRQS-AP includes four subdimensions: consensual-normative solidarity, structural-associational solidarity, affectual closeness and intergenerational conflicts. Path analyses were performed in Mplus to investigate regression coefficients and mediating effects. Results showed that three general intergenerational relationships (consensual-normative solidarity, affectual closeness and intergenerational conflicts) were significantly correlated with all mental health outcomes, including their symptoms of loneliness, insomnia and depression. A serial mediation model suggested that loneliness mediated the connection between those constructs of intergenerational relationships and depression, with an independent path to insomnia symptoms via loneliness. The proposed mediators fully mediated the effects of affectual closeness on depression. Nighttime insomnia symptoms alone mediated only the relationship between intergenerational conflicts and depression independently from paths involving depression. Removal of sleep item from CES-D did not affect the results of paths. Our findings highlight the importance of intergenerational relationships for mental health, especially for the mediating effects of loneliness and nighttime insomnia symptoms on the relationship between intergenerational relationships and depression. Effective mental health services for older adults can address their feelings of loneliness and sleep problems, especially for those who have a poor relationship with their adult children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Fu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wen Ji
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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18
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Bai X. Whom should I rely on for my future care? Patterns of care expectations and intergenerational correlates among ageing Chinese adults in Hong Kong. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:115-125. [PMID: 30106203 PMCID: PMC7379681 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined ageing parents' care expectations across multiple care domains (financial and material, emotional, personal and informational) towards filial and formal sources and identified intergenerational correlates of care expectation patterns using a proposed care expectation model. Data of 780 eligible ageing parents were drawn from a representative household survey of ageing adults (≥50 years) conducted in 2016-2017. Latent class analysis was used to examine the typological structure underlying ageing parents' care expectations. Four patterns of care expectations were discovered: mixed-maximal, filial-modest, formal-modest and neither-minimal. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to validate the newly proposed care expectation model. In addition to certain predisposing factors (participants' age, sex and education), parental enabling resources (economic status), health characteristics (physical, mental and functional health status), children-related enabling characteristics (number of sons and marital status of children), and intergenerational enabling circumstances (intergenerational relationships and caregiving to their own parents) were introduced into the model and found to be associated with ageing parents' care expectations. The findings can inform policy and programmes that effectively respond to ageing adults' diverse care expectations in Hong Kong and have implications for other Asian societies facing rapid population ageing and increasing care demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
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Bai X. Hong Kong Chinese aging adults voice financial care expectations in changing family and sociocultural contexts: implications for policy and services. J Aging Soc Policy 2018; 31:415-444. [PMID: 29708469 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2018.1471308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being one of the world's wealthiest cities, approximately one-third of Hong Kong older adults live below the poverty line. Innovatively using the Photovoice research method, this study invited 36 Hong Kong Chinese aging adults to photograph images and voice their concerns and expectations regarding financial care. Insufficient government support, diminishing family support, insecurity and fear regarding future finances, and strong desire for self-sufficiency through early preparation and bridge employment were recurring themes observed in the participants' photographs and narratives. The shifting of the participants' financial care expectations from informal to formal sources in changing family and sociocultural contexts indicated that older people are in urgent need of policy reform from a needs-based to rights-based approach to foster empowerment and fulfill older people's rights of financial security, dignity and participation. Improving the retirement protection system should go hand in hand with encouraging family support and caregiving and creating age-friendly working environment for older residents. The findings of this study may have crucial policy implications for Hong Kong and other aging societies, especially those that share similar filial piety values and have seemingly ungenerous welfare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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Bai X, Yang S, Knapp M. Sources and directions of social support and life satisfaction among solitary Chinese older adults in Hong Kong: the mediating role of sense of loneliness. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:63-71. [PMID: 29379277 PMCID: PMC5757492 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s148334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on survey data collected from 151 community-dwelling solitary Chinese older adults in Hong Kong, the present study used path analysis to examine the mediating role of sense of loneliness in the relationship between different sources and directions of social support and life satisfaction. The results showed that sense of loneliness mediated the effects of support from families, friends, and support for others on life satisfaction. In addition, a formal source of social support was not associated with life satisfaction among solitary older adults, although those with a more secure financial status had greater overall life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing awareness among social and health care service providers about the negative effects of insufficient social support on older adults' sense of loneliness and life satisfaction. Family and friendship networks should be expanded for solitary older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Yang
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Martin Knapp
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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