1
|
Takeda-Okuda N, Yeon SJ, Matsumi Y, Matsuura Y, Hosaka YZ, Tamura JI. Quantitative, compositional, and immunohistochemical analyses of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan in internal organs of deer (Cervus nippon centralis and C. n. yesoensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129680. [PMID: 38281521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) + dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations and the sulfation patterns of CS-DS in the cartilaginous tissues and alimentary canals of Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle were investigated in the present study. CS + DS concentrations were high in cartilaginous tissues, namely, the trachea and scapular cartilage region (5- 12 g*), and low in the alimentary canal (~0.3 g*). HA concentrations were low in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal (~0.2 g*). All tissues mainly contained A-type [HexAGalNAc(4-sulfate)] and C-type [HexAGalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The ratios of A-type/C-type CS + DS were 1.2- 3.1 and 0.9- 16.4 in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. CS + DS predominantly comprised β-D-GlcA and α-L-IdoA in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. The alimentary canal characteristically contained up to 14 % highly sulfated E-type [HexAGalNAc(4,6-disulfate)] and D-type [HexA(2-sulfate)GalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The specific distributions of CS and DS were immunohistochemically confirmed using CS + DS-specific antibodies. Although the omasum of cattle is more likely to have higher concentrations of CS + DS and HA, no significant species differences were observed in the concentrations or sulfation patterns of CS + DS among species for Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle. (*per 100 g of defatted dry tissue).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumi
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuura
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bains KK, Ashworth S, Koudouna E, Young RD, Hughes CE, Quantock AJ. Chondroitin Sulphate/Dermatan Sulphate Proteoglycans: Potential Regulators of Corneal Stem/Progenitor Cell Phenotype In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032095. [PMID: 36768414 PMCID: PMC9917298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycans with variable sulphation-motifs along their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are closely associated with the stem cell niche of articular cartilage, where they are believed to influence the characteristics of the resident stem cells. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of hybrid CS/dermatan sulphate (DS) GAGs in the periphery of the adult chicken cornea, which is the location of the cornea's stem cell niche in a number of species, using a monoclonal antibody, 6C3, that recognises a sulphation motif-specific CS/DS GAG epitope. This revealed positive labelling that was restricted to the subepithelial corneal stroma, as well as nearby bony structures within the sclera, called ossicles. When cultivated on cell culture dishes coated with 6C3-rich CS/DS, corneal stromal cells (keratocytes) that had been isolated from embryonic chicken corneas formed circular colonies, which took several days to reach confluency. A flow cytometric analysis of these keratocytes revealed changes in their expression levels of the indicative stem cell markers, Connexin 43 (Cx43), Paired Box 6 (PAX6), B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 (Bmi-1), and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) suggestive of a less-differentiated phenotype compared with expression levels in cells not exposed to CS/DS. These findings support the view that CS/DS promotes the retention of a stem cell phenotype in corneal cells, much as it has been proposed to do in other connective tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiranjit K. Bains
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sean Ashworth
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Elena Koudouna
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Robert D. Young
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Clare E. Hughes
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Andrew J. Quantock
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berdiaki A, Neagu M, Giatagana EM, Kuskov A, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Glycosaminoglycans: Carriers and Targets for Tailored Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:395. [PMID: 33800172 PMCID: PMC8001210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), natural biomacromolecules, essential ECM, and cell membrane components are extensively altered in cancer tissues. During disease progression, the GAG fine structure changes in a manner associated with disease evolution. Thus, changes in the GAG sulfation pattern are immediately correlated to malignant transformation. Their molecular weight, distribution, composition, and fine modifications, including sulfation, exhibit distinct alterations during cancer development. GAGs and GAG-based molecules, due to their unique properties, are suggested as promising effectors for anticancer therapy. Considering their participation in tumorigenesis, their utilization in drug development has been the focus of both industry and academic research efforts. These efforts have been developing in two main directions; (i) utilizing GAGs as targets of therapeutic strategies and (ii) employing GAGs specificity and excellent physicochemical properties for targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. This review will comprehensively discuss recent developments and the broad potential of GAG utilization for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eirini-Maria Giatagana
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Andrey Kuskov
- Department of Technology of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Restaino OF, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. High-performance capillary electrophoresis to determine intact keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in animal origin chondroitin sulfate samples and food supplements. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1740-1748. [PMID: 32357264 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is extracted from animal cartilaginous tissues and is commercialized as active principle against osteoarthritis. Its biological activity depends on its purity grade and could be altered by the presence of other glycosaminoglycans like keratan sulfate that could be contemporarily extracted from animal tissues or like hyaluronic acid that, instead, is added on purpose in food supplements. Although numerous methods are reported in literature for quality control analyses of chondroitin sulfate, few of them are able to detect other glycosaminoglycans. In this paper, for the first time, a new high-performance CE method was set up to quantify the chondroitin sulfate, the eventual keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid as intact chains: five chondroitin sulfate standards and 13 animal origin samples or food supplements from six different suppliers were analyzed. The new method was able to determine keratan sulfate similarly to a previously reported high-performance anion-exchange chromatography method, but in addition it showed the advantage to determine also the hyaluronic acid as never reported before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Restaino OF, Finamore R, Stellavato A, Diana P, Bedini E, Trifuoggi M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. European chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine food supplements: A systematic quality and quantity assessment compared to pharmaceuticals. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:114984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
6
|
Jacobsen Á, Shi X, Shao C, Eysturskarδ J, Mikalsen SO, Zaia J. Characterization of Glycosaminoglycans in Gaping and Intact Connective Tissues of Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fillets by Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15337-15347. [PMID: 31572832 PMCID: PMC6761683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry, gaping (the separation of muscle bundles from the connective tissue) is a major quality problem. This study characterized chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in the connective tissue of intact and gaping salmon fillets from 30 salmon by mass spectrometry. Statistical difference was detected between gaping and intact tissues only when comparing pairwise samples from the same individual (n = 10). The gaping tissue had a lower content of monosulfated CS disaccharides (p = 0.027), and the relative distribution of CS disaccharides was significantly different (p < 0.05). The HS chains were short (average = 14.09, SD = 4.91), and the intact tissue seemed to have a more uniform HS chain structure compared to the gaping tissue. Time-series samples from the same individuals are recommended for future research to improve the understanding of reasons and implications of these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ása Jacobsen
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Chun Shao
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Jonhard Eysturskarδ
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Svein-Ole Mikalsen
- Department
of Science and Technology, University of
the Faroe Islands, Vestara
Bryggja 15, FO-100 Tórshavn, The Faroe Islands
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis separation of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:179-189. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams A, He W, Cress BF, Liu X, Alexandria J, Yoshizawa H, Nishimura K, Toida T, Koffas M, Linhardt RJ. Cloning and Expression of Recombinant Chondroitinase ACII and Its Comparison to the Arthrobacter aurescens Enzyme. Biotechnol J 2017; 12:10.1002/biot.201700239. [PMID: 28799715 PMCID: PMC5695571 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates are the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans critical in the normal development and pathophysiology of all animals. Chondroitinase ACII, a polysaccharide lyase originally isolated from Arthrobacter aurescens IAM 110 65, which is widely used in the analysis and study of chondroitin structure, is no longer commercially available. The aim of the current study is to prepare recombinant versions of this critical enzyme for the glycobiology research community. Two versions of recombinant chondroitinase ACII are prepared in Escherichia coli, and their activity, stability, specificity, and action pattern are examined, along with a non-recombinant version secreted by an Arthrobacter strain. The recombinant enzymes are similar to the enzyme obtained from Arthrobacter for all examined properties, except for some subtle specificity differences toward uncommon chondroitin sulfate substrates. These differences are believed to be due to either post-translational modification of the Arthrobacter-secreted enzyme or other subtle structural differences between the recombinant and natural enzymes. The secreted chondroitinase can serve as a suitable replacement for the original enzyme that is currently unavailable, while the recombinant ones can be applied generally in the structural determination of most standard chondroitin sulfates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Williams
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Wenqin He
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Brady F Cress
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jordanne Alexandria
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hiroki Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santos GRC, Piquet AA, Glauser BF, Tovar AMF, Pereira MS, Vilanova E, Mourão PAS. Systematic Analysis of Pharmaceutical Preparations of Chondroitin Sulfate Combined with Glucosamine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E38. [PMID: 28368296 PMCID: PMC5490395 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are carbohydrate-based compounds widely employed as nutraceuticals or prescribed drugs. Oral formulations of chondroitin sulfate combined with glucosamine sulfate have been increasingly used to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis. The chondroitin sulfate of these combinations can be obtained from shark or bovine cartilages and hence presents differences regarding the proportions of 4- and 6-sulfated N-acetyl β-d-galactosamine units. Herein, we proposed a systematic protocol to assess pharmaceutical batches of this combination drug. Chemical analyses on the amounts of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in the batches were in accordance with those declared by the manufacturers. Anion-exchange chromatography has proven more effective than electrophoresis to determine the type of chondroitin sulfate present in the combinations and to detect the presence of keratan sulfate, a common contaminant found in batches prepared with shark chondroitin sulfate. 1D NMR spectra revealed the presence of non-sulfated instead of sulfated glucosamine in the formulations and thus in disagreement with the claims declared on the label. Moreover, 1D and 2D NMR analyses allowed a precise determination on the chemical structures of the chondroitin sulfate present in the formulations. The set of analytical tools suggested here could be useful as guidelines to improve the quality of this medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R C Santos
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Adriana A Piquet
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Bianca F Glauser
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Ana M F Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Mariana S Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Vilanova
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Physicochemical, antioxidant and biocompatible properties of chondroitin sulphate isolated from chicken keel bone for potential biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 159:11-19. [PMID: 28038739 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chicken keel bone cartilage was explored for cheaper and sustainable source for isolation of chondroitin sulphate (CS) for its future use in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical industry. HPSEC analysis displayed two peaks of 100kDa for CS-keel polysaccharide and 1kDa for protein. DLS analysis of CS-keel displayed polydispersity. CS-keel yield was 15% and 53±5% uronic acid content. The quantified percentages of UA-GalNAc4S and UA-GalNAc6S disaccharide in CS-keel were 58% and 42%, respectively. FT-IR identified CS-keel to be chondroitin 4-sulphate. 1H NMR of CS-keel confirmed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine and Glucuronic acid. FESEM demonstrated layer structure and AFM displayed the size of CS-keel fibres. DSC, TGA and DTG studies of CS-keel showed Td at 243°C. In vitro cell proliferation assay and morphological analysis of mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines confirmed the biocompatibility of CS-keel. CS-keel (5mg/ml) exhibited ∼49% antioxidant activity against DPPH and 22% against superoxide radical protecting from oxidative damage. CS-keel demonstrated better (70.3%) emulsifying activity than commercial sodium alginate (60.2%).
Collapse
|
11
|
Chollet L, Saboural P, Chauvierre C, Villemin JN, Letourneur D, Chaubet F. Fucoidans in Nanomedicine. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E145. [PMID: 27483292 PMCID: PMC4999906 DOI: 10.3390/md14080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are widespread cost-effective sulfated marine polysaccharides which have raised interest in the scientific community over last decades for their wide spectrum of bioactivities. Unsurprisingly, nanomedicine has grasped these compounds to develop innovative therapeutic and diagnostic nanosystems. The applications of fucoidans in nanomedicine as imaging agents, drug carriers or for their intrinsic properties are reviewed here after a short presentation of the main structural data and biological properties of fucoidans. The origin and the physicochemical specifications of fucoidans are summarized in order to discuss the strategy of fucoidan-containing nanosystems in Human health. Currently, there is a need for reproducible, well characterized fucoidan fractions to ensure significant progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chollet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Algues & Mer, Kernigou, F-29242 Ouessant, France.
| | - Pierre Saboural
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | | | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ajisaka K, Oyanagi Y, Miyazaki T, Suzuki Y. Effect of the chelation of metal cation on the antioxidant activity of chondroitin sulfates. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1179-85. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1141036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The antioxidant potencies of chondroitin sulfates (CSs) from shark cartilage, salmon cartilage, bovine trachea, and porcine intestinal mucosa were compared by three representative methods for the measurement of the antioxidant activity; DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. CSs from salmon cartilage and bovine trachea showed higher potency in comparison with CSs from shark cartilage and porcine intestinal mucosa. Next, CS from salmon cartilage chelating with Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+ were prepared, and their antioxidant potencies were compared. CS chelating with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions showed rather decreased DPPH radical scavenging activity in comparison with CS of H+ form. In contrast, CS chelating with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ion showed remarkably enhanced superoxide radical scavenging activity than CS of H+ or Na+ form. Moreover, CS chelating with divalent metal ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+, showed noticeably higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than CS of H+ or Na+ form. The present results revealed that the scavenging activities of, at least, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were enhanced by the chelation with divalent metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Ajisaka
- Department of Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oyanagi
- Department of Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyazaki
- Department of Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan H, Amin R, Ye X, de la Motte CA, Cowman MK. Determination of hyaluronan molecular mass distribution in human breast milk. Anal Biochem 2015; 474:78-88. [PMID: 25579786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) in human milk mediates host responses to microbial infection via TLR4- and CD44-dependent signaling. Signaling by HA is generally size specific. Because pure HA with average molecular mass (M) of 35 kDa can elicit a protective response in intestinal epithelial cells, it has been proposed that human milk HA may have a bioactive low-M component. Here we report the size distribution of HA in human milk samples from 20 unique donors. A new method for HA analysis, employing ion exchange (IEX) chromatography to fractionate HA by size and specific quantification of each size fraction by competitive enzyme-linked sorbent assay (ELSA), was developed. When separated into four fractions, milk HA with M⩽20 kDa, M∼20 to 60 kDa, and M∼60 to 110 kDa comprised averages of 1.5, 1.4, and 2.0% of the total HA, respectively. The remaining 95% was HA with M⩾110 kDa. Electrophoretic analysis of the higher M HA from 13 samples showed nearly identical M distributions, with an average M of approximately 440 kDa. This higher M HA component in human milk is proposed to bind to CD44 and to enhance human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) induction by the low-M HA components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Ripal Amin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The optimum conditions for the extraction and separation of chondroitin sulfate from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) byproducts were studied in the paper. The chondroitin sulfate was extracted by the combination of ultrasonic and microwave. On the basis of the single factor tests, the response surface methodology was taken to study the optimum process of extraction. Results show that the best conditions for the extraction and separation of chondroitin sulfate from tilapia byproducts are: the ultrasonic power is 50W, the microwave power is 98W, the extraction time is 120s, the ratio of solid to liquid is 1:50 (g/mL), and under these conditions, the extraction rate of chondroitin sulfate is 2.513%.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
In order to probe the structure of chondroitin sulfate (CS) from tilapia fish, the CS was extracted from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) byproducts with the combination of ultrasonic and microwave, some means including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectra (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used in this paper. The data of HPLC exhibited that the obtained chondroitin sulfate is of highly purity (98.78%). IR and NMR spectra indicated that the sample consisted of both chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate, and the proportion of chondroitin-6-sulfate was higher than chondroitin-4-sulfate.
Collapse
|
16
|
Henrotin Y, Mathy M, Sanchez C, Lambert C. Chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis: from in vitro studies to clinical recommendations. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2012; 2:335-48. [PMID: 22870459 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x10383076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is recommended as a therapeutic intervention in the multimodal approach of osteoarthritis (OA) management. CS has been studied extensively to describe its pharmacology (pharmacokinetic, in vitro and in vivo effects) and its clinical efficacy. Various results have been reported depending on the system of evaluation (model, dosage and duration) and the source of CS (origin and quality). The purpose of this review was to gather most of the available information about CS and to discuss its potency in OA management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, level 5, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA, Sadler IH. Characterisation of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulphates: 1H and 13C NMR studies of oligosaccharides generated by nitrous acid depolymerisation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Easy HPLC-based separation and quantitation of chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan disaccharides after chondroitinase ABC treatment. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Elmabrouk ZH, Vincent F, Zhang M, Smith NL, Turkenburg JP, Charnock SJ, Black GW, Taylor EJ. Crystal structures of a family 8 polysaccharide lyase reveal open and highly occluded substrate-binding cleft conformations. Proteins 2010; 79:965-74. [PMID: 21287626 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan and chondroitin is facilitated by polysaccharide lyases. Family 8 polysaccharide lyase (PL8) enzymes contain at least two domains: one predominantly composed of α-helices, the α-domain, and another predominantly composed of β-sheets, the β-domain. Simulation flexibility analyses indicate that processive exolytic cleavage of hyaluronan, by PL8 hyaluronate lyases, is likely to involve an interdomain shift, resulting in the opening/closing of the substrate-binding cleft between the α- and β-domains, facilitating substrate translocation. Here, the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) PL8 enzyme was recombinantly expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized as a hyaluronate lyase. By using X-ray crystallography its structure was solved in complex with hyaluronan and chondroitin disaccharides. These findings show key catalytic interactions made by the different substrates, and on comparison with all other PL8 structures reveals that the substrate-binding cleft of the S. coelicolor enzyme is highly occluded. A third structure of the enzyme, harboring a mutation of the catalytic tyrosine, created via site-directed mutagenesis, interestingly revealed an interdomain shift that resulted in the opening of the substrate-binding cleft. These results add further support to the proposed processive mechanism of action of PL8 hyaluronate lyases and may indicate that the mechanism of action is likely to be universally used by PL8 hyaluronate lyases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab H Elmabrouk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Monolith enzymatic microreactor at the frontier of glycomic toward a new route for the production of bioactive oligosaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Jia J, Maccarana M, Zhang X, Bespalov M, Lindahl U, Li JP. Lack of L-iduronic acid in heparan sulfate affects interaction with growth factors and cell signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15942-50. [PMID: 19336402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HSEPI (glucuronyl C5-epimerase) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucuronic acid to l-iduronic acid in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Disruption of the Hsepi gene in mice yielded a lethal phenotype with selective organ defects but had remarkably little effect on other organ systems. We have approached the underlying mechanisms by examining the course and effects of FGF2 signaling in a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line derived from the Hsepi(-)(/)(-) mouse. The HS produced by these cells is devoid of l-iduronic acid residues but shows up-regulated N- and 6-O-sulfation compared with wild type (WT) MEF HS. In medium fortified with 10% fetal calf serum, the Hsepi(-)(/)(-) MEFs proliferated and migrated similarly to WT cells. Under starvation conditions, both cell types showed attenuated proliferation and migration that could be restored by the addition of FGF2 to WT cells, whereas Hsepi(-)(/)(-) cells were resistant. Moreover, ERK phosphorylation following FGF2 stimulation was delayed in Hsepi(-)(/)(-) compared with WT cells. Assessment of HS-growth factor interaction by nitrocellulose filter trapping revealed a strikingly aberrant binding property of FGF2 and glia-derived neurotropic factor to Hsepi(-)(/)(-) but not to WT HS. glia-derived neurotropic factor has a key role in kidney development, defective in Hsepi(-)(/)(-) mice. By contrast, Hsepi(-)(/)(-) and WT HS interacted similarly and in conventional mode with FGF10. These findings correlate defective function of growth factors with their mode of HS interaction and may help explain the partly modest organ phenotypes observed after genetic ablation of selected enzymes in HS biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lindsay AM, Zhang M, Mitchell Z, Holden MTG, Waller AS, Sutcliffe IC, Black GW. The Streptococcus equi prophage-encoded protein SEQ2045 is a hyaluronan-specific hyaluronate lyase that is produced during equine infection. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:443-449. [PMID: 19202092 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.020826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi causes equine 'strangles'. Hyaluronate lyases, which degrade connective tissue hyaluronan and chondroitins, are thought to facilitate streptococcal invasion of the host. However, prophage-encoded hyaluronate lyases are hyaluronan-specific and are thought to be primarily involved in the degradation of the hyaluronan capsule of streptococci during bacteriophage infection. To understand the role of prophage-encoded hyaluronate lyases further, we have biochemically characterized such a hyaluronate lyase, SEQ2045 from S. equi, and have shown that it is produced during equine infection. Prophage-encoded hyaluronan-specific hyaluronate lyases may therefore play a more direct role in disease pathogenesis than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marie Lindsay
- School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zoe Mitchell
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | | | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Gary W Black
- School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lauder RM. Chondroitin sulphate: a complex molecule with potential impacts on a wide range of biological systems. Complement Ther Med 2008; 17:56-62. [PMID: 19114230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is widely consumed orally by humans, and non-humans as it is believed to be beneficial for those with joint-related pathologies. Data concerning the functions of chondroitin sulphate in this, and other, biological systems are being actively extended. However, it is important to appreciate that chondroitin sulphate molecules represent a heterogeneous population the structure of which varies with source. As commercially available chondroitin sulphate is derived from a range of sources, and the molecular functions of chondroitin sulphate depend upon the structure, there are a range of structures available with differing potential for therapeutic impacts on a range of pathologies. While the safety of CS is not presently in doubt, poor quality finished products have the potential to compromise clinical and lab-based studies and will fail to give consumers all of the benefits available. Major parameters including bioavailability and uptake have been studied but it is clear that significant challenges remain in the identification of composition, sequence and size impacts on function, understanding how the consumed material is altered during uptake and travels to a site of action and how it exerts an influence on biological processes. If we understand these factors it may be possible to predict impacts upon biological processes and identify specific chondroitin sulphate structures which may target specific pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Lauder
- School of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Michaud P, Da Costa A, Courtois B, Courtois J. Polysaccharide Lyases: Recent Developments as Biotechnological Tools. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 23:233-66. [PMID: 15224891 DOI: 10.1080/07388550390447043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide lyases, which are polysaccharide cleavage enzymes, act mainly on anionic polysaccharides. Produced by prokaryote and eukaryote organisms, these enzymes degrade (1,4) glycosidic bond by a beta elimination mechanism and have unsaturated oligosaccharides as major products. New polysaccharides are cleaved only by their specific polysaccharide lyases. From anionic polysaccharides controlled degradations, various biotechnological applications were investigated. This review catalogues the degradation of bacterial, plant and animal polysaccharides (neutral and anionic) by this family of carbohydrate acting enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Michaud
- Laboratoire des Glucides--LPMV, IUT/Génie Biologique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rudd TR, Skidmore MA, Guimond SE, Cosentino C, Torri G, Fernig DG, Lauder RM, Guerrini M, Yates EA. Glycosaminoglycan origin and structure revealed by multivariate analysis of NMR and CD spectra. Glycobiology 2008; 19:52-67. [PMID: 18832453 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a method of simplifying complex datasets to generate a lower number of parameters, while retaining the essential differences and allowing objective comparison of large numbers of datasets. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of linear sulfated carbohydrates with diverse sequences and consequent complex conformation and structure. Here, PCA is applied to three problems in GAG research: (i) distinguishing origins of heparin preparations, (ii) structural analysis of heparin derivatives, and (iii) classification of chondroitin sulfates (CS). The results revealed the following. (i) PCA of heparin (13)C NMR spectra allowed their origins to be distinguished and structural differences were identified. (ii) Analysis of the information-rich (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of a series of systematically modified heparin derivatives uncovered underlying properties. These included the presence of interactions between residues, providing evidence that a degree of degeneracy exists in linkage geometry and that a different degree of variability exists for the two types of glycosidic linkage. The relative sensitivity of each position (C or H nucleus) in the disaccharide repeating unit to changes in O-, N-sulfation and N-acetylation was also revealed. (iii) Analysis of the (1)H NMR and CD spectra of a series of CS samples from different origins allowed their structural classification and highlighted the power of employing complementary spectroscopic methods in concert with PCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nielsen TC, Meikle PJ, Hopwood JJ, Fuller M. Minimum substrate requirements of endoglycosidase activities toward dermatan sulfate by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1119-28. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
27
|
Best SM, Duer MJ, Reid DG, Wise ER, Zou S. Towards a model of the mineral-organic interface in bone: NMR of the structure of synthetic glycosaminoglycan- and polyaspartate-calcium phosphate composites. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:323-329. [PMID: 18306171 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesised three materials-chondroitin sulphate (ChS, a commercial product derived from shark cartilage and predominantly chondroitin-6-sulphate (Ch-6-S)) bound to pre-formed hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)), HA formed in the presence of ChS and poly-Asp bound to pre-formed HA-to generate models for the mineral-organic interface in bone. The three materials have been investigated by (13)C cross polarisation magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR, (13)C{(31)P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to verify their composition and to determine the nature of their binding to HA. Our results show that for HA formed in the presence of Ch-6-S, all carbon atoms in the Ch-6-S having contact with mineral phosphate. We propose that HA in this case forms all around the Ch-6-S polymer rather than along one face of it as is more commonly supposed in cases of templating by organic molecules. However, Ch-6-S binding to pre-formed HA probably occurs via a surface layer of water on the mineral rather than to the mineral directly. In contrast, poly-Asp binds closely to the pre-formed HA surface and so is clearly able to displace at least some of the surface-bound water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena M Best
- Department of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Madhunapantula SV, Achur RN, Bhavanandan VP, Gowda DC. The effect of substitution of the N-acetyl groups of N-acetylgalactosamine residues in chondroitin sulfate on its degradation by chondroitinase ABC. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:465-73. [PMID: 17533514 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC is a lyase that degrades chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid into disaccharides. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of chondroitinase ABC to degrade chondroitin sulfate in which the N-acetyl groups are substituted with different acyl groups. The bovine tracheal chondroitin sulfate A (bCSA) was N-deacetylated by hydrazinolysis, and the free amino groups derivatized into N-formyl, N-propionyl, N-butyryl, N-hexanoyl or N-benzoyl amides. Treatment of the N-acyl or N-benzoyl derivatives of bCSA with chondroitinase ABC and analysis of the products showed that the N-formyl, N-hexanoyl and N-benzoyl derivatives are completely resistant to the enzyme. In contrast, the N-propionyl or N-butyryl derivatives were degraded into disaccharides with slower kinetics compared to that of unmodified bCSA. The rate of degradation of bCSA derivatives by the enzyme was found to be in the order of N-acetyl>N-propionyl>>N-butyryl bCSA. These results have important implications for understanding the interaction of N-acetyl groups of glycosaminoglycans with chondroitinase ABC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbarao V Madhunapantula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hitchcock AM, Yates KE, Shortkroff S, Costello CE, Zaia J. Optimized extraction of glycosaminoglycans from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage for glycomics profiling. Glycobiology 2006; 17:25-35. [PMID: 16980326 PMCID: PMC2630472 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized smooth connective tissue whose proper functioning depends on the maintenance of an extracellular matrix consisting of an integrated assembly of collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans (PG), and glycosaminoglycans. Isomeric chondroitin sulfate glycoforms differing in position and degree of sulfation and uronic acid epimerization play specific and distinct functional roles during development and disease onset. This work introduces a novel glycosaminoglycan extraction method for the quantification of mixtures of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides from intact cartilage tissue for mass spectral analysis. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from intact cartilage samples using a combination of ethanol precipitation and enzymatic release followed by reversed-phase and strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction steps. Extracted chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans were partially depolymerized using chondroitinases, labeled with 2-anthranilic acid-d(4) (2-AA) and subjected to size exclusion chromatography with online electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection in the negative ion mode. The method presented herein enabled simultaneous determination of sulfate position and uronic acid epimerization in juvenile bovine and adult human cartilage samples. The method was applied to a series of 13 adult human cartilage explants. Standard deviation of the mean for the measurements was 1.6 on average. Coefficients of variation were approximately 4% for all compositions of 40% or greater. These results show that the new method has sufficient accuracy to allow determination of topographical distribution of glycoforms in connective tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Hitchcock
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Karen E. Yates
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sonya Shortkroff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MS Resource, 670 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118. Telephone: (617)-638-6762. Fax: (617)-638-6760.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kvist AJ, Johnson AE, Mörgelin M, Gustafsson E, Bengtsson E, Lindblom K, Aszódi A, Fässler R, Sasaki T, Timpl R, Aspberg A. Chondroitin sulfate perlecan enhances collagen fibril formation. Implications for perlecan chondrodysplasias. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33127-39. [PMID: 16956876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607892200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the perlecan gene leads to perinatal lethal chondrodysplasia. The similarity to the phenotypes of the Col2A1 knock-out and the disproportionate micromelia mutation suggests perlecan involvement in cartilage collagen matrix assembly. We now present a mechanism for the defect in collagen type II fibril assembly by perlecan-null chondrocytes. Cartilage perlecan is a heparin sulfate or a mixed heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The latter form binds collagen and accelerates fibril formation in vitro, with more defined fibril morphology and increased fibril diameters produced in the presence of perlecan. Interestingly, the enhancement of collagen fibril formation is independent on the core protein and is mimicked by chondroitin sulfate E but neither by chondroitin sulfate D nor dextran sulfate. Furthermore, perlecan chondroitin sulfate contains the 4,6-disulfated disaccharides typical for chondroitin sulfate E. Indeed, purified glycosaminoglycans from perlecan-enriched fractions of cartilage extracts contain elevated levels of 4,6-disulfated chondroitin sulfate disaccharides and enhance collagen fibril formation. The effect on collagen assembly is proportional to the content of the 4,6-disulfated disaccharide in the different cartilage extracts, with growth plate cartilage glycosaminoglycan being the most efficient enhancer. These findings demonstrate a role for perlecan chondroitin sulfate side chains in cartilage extracellular matrix assembly and provide an explanation for the perlecan-null chondrodysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kvist
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hitchcock AM, Costello CE, Zaia J. Glycoform quantification of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform. Biochemistry 2006; 45:2350-61. [PMID: 16475824 PMCID: PMC2597419 DOI: 10.1021/bi052100t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating uronic acid, N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide units {[HexAbeta/alpha(1-3)GalNAcbeta(1-4)](n)()}. CS chains are polydisperse with respect to chain length, sulfate content, and glucuronic acid epimerization content, resulting in a distribution of glycoforms for a chain bound to any given serine residue. Usually, CS glycoforms exist, differing in sulfation position and uronic acid epimerization. This work introduces a novel LC-MS/MS platform for the quantification of mixtures of CS oligosaccharides. The CS polysaccharides were partially depolymerized and labeled with either the light (d(0)) or heavy (d(4)) form of 2-anthranilic acid (2-AA). Excess reagent was removed, and mixtures of the CS standard (d(0)) and unknown (d(4)) were made. The CS mixture was subjected to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection in the negative ion mode. Tandem mass spectra were acquired, and quantification of unknown samples within the mixture was made using relative ion abundances of specific diagnostic ions. The high accuracy and precision of the glycomics platform were demonstrated using glycoform mixtures made from standard CS preparations. The CS glycoform analysis method was then applied to cartilage extract, versican, and several dermatan sulfate preparations. This work presents the first application of a glycomics platform for the quantification of CS oligosaccharide mixtures for obtaining specific information about the positions of GalNAc sulfation and uronic acid epimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Zaia
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MS Resource, 670 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118. Telephone: (617)-638-6762. Fax: (617)-638-6760.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA, Giannopoulos M, Weeks SD, Sadler IH, Lauder RM. Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulfates. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR studies of reduced trisaccharides and hexasaccharides. FEBS J 2006; 272:6276-86. [PMID: 16336265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin and dermatan sulfate (CS and DS) chains were isolated from bovine tracheal cartilage and pig intestinal mucosal preparations and fragmented by enzymatic methods. The oligosaccharides studied include a disaccharide and hexasaccharides from chondroitin ABC lyase digestion as well as trisaccharides already present in some commercial preparations. In addition, other trisaccharides were generated from tetrasaccharides by chemical removal of nonreducing terminal residues. Their structures were examined by high-field 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, after reduction using sodium borohydride. The main hexasaccharide isolated from pig intestinal mucosal DS was found to be fully 4-O-sulfated and have the structure: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)L-IdoA(alpha1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)L-IdoA(alpha1-3)GalNAc4S-ol, whereas one from bovine tracheal cartilage CS comprised only 6-O-sulfated residues and had the structure: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S-ol. No oligosaccharide showed any uronic acid 2-sulfation. One novel disaccharide was examined and found to have the structure: GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol. The trisaccharides isolated from the CS/DS chains were found to have the structures: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol and DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol. Such oligosaccharides were found in commercial CS/DS preparations and may derive from endogenous glucuronidase and other enzymatic activity. Chemically generated trisaccharides were confirmed as models of the CS/DS chain caps and included: GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S-ol and GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S-ol. The full assignment of all signals in the NMR spectra are given, and these data permit the further characterization of CS/DS chains and their nonreducing capping structures.
Collapse
|
33
|
Stylianou M, Triantaphyllidou IE, Vynios DH. Advances in the analysis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2006; 53:141-66. [PMID: 17239765 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Stylianou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lamari FN, Karamanos NK. Structure of Chondroitin Sulfate. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:33-48. [PMID: 17239761 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smith NL, Taylor EJ, Lindsay AM, Charnock SJ, Turkenburg JP, Dodson EJ, Davies GJ, Black GW. Structure of a group A streptococcal phage-encoded virulence factor reveals a catalytically active triple-stranded beta-helix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17652-7. [PMID: 16314578 PMCID: PMC1308890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504782102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) causes severe invasive infections including scarlet fever, pharyngitis (streptococcal sore throat), skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease), septicemia, erysipelas, cellulitis, acute rheumatic fever, and toxic shock. The conversion from nonpathogenic to toxigenic strains of S. pyogenes is frequently mediated by bacteriophage infection. One of the key bacteriophage-encoded virulence factors is a putative "hyaluronidase," HylP1, a phage tail-fiber protein responsible for the digestion of the S. pyogenes hyaluronan capsule during phage infection. Here we demonstrate that HylP1 is a hyaluronate lyase. The 3D structure, at 1.8-angstroms resolution, reveals an unusual triple-stranded beta-helical structure and provides insight into the structural basis for phage tail assembly and the role of phage tail proteins in virulence. Unlike the triple-stranded beta-helix assemblies of the bacteriophage T4 injection machinery and the tailspike endosialidase of the Escherichia coli K1 bacteriophage K1F, HylP1 possesses three copies of the active center on the triple-helical fiber itself without the need for an accessory catalytic domain. The triple-stranded beta-helix is not simply a structural scaffold, as previously envisaged; it is harnessed to provide a 200-angstroms-long substrate-binding groove for the optimal reduction in hyaluronan viscosity to aid phage penetration of the capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Smith
- Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chahine NO, Chen FH, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Direct measurement of osmotic pressure of glycosaminoglycan solutions by membrane osmometry at room temperature. Biophys J 2005; 89:1543-50. [PMID: 15980166 PMCID: PMC1366659 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.057315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a hydrated soft tissue composed of negatively charged proteoglycans fixed within a collagen matrix. This charge gradient causes the tissue to imbibe water and swell, creating a net osmotic pressure that enhances the tissue's ability to bear load. In this study we designed and utilized an apparatus for directly measuring the osmotic pressure of chondroitin sulfate, the primary glycosaminoglycan found in articular cartilage, in solution with varying bathing ionic strength (0.015 M, 0.15 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M NaCl) at room temperature. The osmotic pressure (pi) was found to increase nonlinearly with increasing chondroitin sulfate concentration and decreasing NaCl ionic bath environment. Above 1 M NaCl, pi changes negligibly with further increases in salt concentration, suggesting that Donnan osmotic pressure is negligible above this threshold, and the resulting pressure is attributed to configurational entropy. Results of the current study were also used to estimate the contribution of osmotic pressure to the stiffness of cartilage based on theoretical and experimental considerations. Our findings indicate that the osmotic pressure resulting from configurational entropy is much smaller in cartilage (based on an earlier study on bovine articular cartilage) than in free solution. The rate of change of osmotic pressure with compressive strain is found to contribute approximately one-third of the compressive modulus (H(A)(eff)) of cartilage (Pi approximately H(A)(eff)/3), with the balance contributed by the intrinsic structural modulus of the solid matrix (i.e., H(A) approximately 2H(A)(eff)/3). A strong dependence of this intrinsic modulus on salt concentration was found; therefore, it appears that proteoglycans contribute structurally to the magnitude of H(A), in a manner independent of osmotic pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeen O Chahine
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang Y, Kariya Y, Conrad AH, Tasheva ES, Conrad GW. Analysis of keratan sulfate oligosaccharides by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:902-10. [PMID: 15679360 DOI: 10.1021/ac040074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating disaccharide units composed of alternating residues of d-galactose and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine linked beta-(1-4) and beta-(1-3), respectively. In this study, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify keratan sulfate oligosaccharides. Two nonsulfated disaccharide isomers and two monosulfated disaccharide isomers were distinguished through MS/MS. In MS(1) spectra of multiply sulfated KS oligosaccharides, the charge state of the most abundant molecular ion equals the number of sulfates. Subsequent MS(2) and MS(3) spectra of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasulfated KS oligosaccharides and sialylated tetrasaccharides reveal diagnostic ions that can be used as fingerprint maps to identify unknown KS oligosaccharides. Based on the pattern of fragment ions, the compositions of an oligosaccharide mixture from shark cartilage KS and of two enzyme digests of bovine corneal KS were determined directly, without prior isolation of individual oligosaccharides by HPLC or other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatases: Structure, Mechanism, Biological Activity, Inhibition, and Synthetic Utility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:5736-63. [PMID: 15493058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases, which cleave sulfate esters in biological systems, play a key role in regulating the sulfation states that determine the function of many physiological molecules. Sulfatase substrates range from small cytosolic steroids, such as estrogen sulfate, to complex cell-surface carbohydrates, such as the glycosaminoglycans. The transformation of these molecules has been linked with important cellular functions, including hormone regulation, cellular degradation, and modulation of signaling pathways. Sulfatases have also been implicated in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including hormone-dependent cancers, lysosomal storage disorders, developmental abnormalities, and bacterial pathogenesis. These findings have increased interest in sulfatases and in targeting them for therapeutic endeavors. Although numerous sulfatases have been identified, the wide scope of their biological activity is only beginning to emerge. Herein, accounts of the diversity and growing biological relevance of sulfatases are provided along with an overview of the current understanding of sulfatase structure, mechanism, and inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 357, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatasen: Struktur, Mechanismus, biologische Aktivität, Inhibition, Anwendung in Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
High-performance capillary electrophoresis separation of hyaluronan oligosaccharides produced by Streptomyces hyalurolyticus hyaluronate lyase. Carbohydr Polym 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
41
|
Rigden DJ, Jedrzejas MJ. Structures of Streptococcus pneumoniae Hyaluronate Lyase in Complex with Chondroitin and Chondroitin Sulfate Disaccharides. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50596-606. [PMID: 14523022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307596200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase is a surface enzyme of this Gram-positive bacterium. The enzyme degrades hyaluronan and chondroitin/chondroitin sulfates by cleaving the beta1,4-glycosidic linkage between the glycan units of these polymeric substrates. This degradation helps spreading of this bacterial organism throughout the host tissues and facilitates the disease process caused by pneumococci. The mechanism of this degradative process is based on beta-elimination, is termed proton acceptance and donation, and involves selected residues of a well defined catalytic site of the enzyme. The degradation of hyaluronan alone is thought to proceed through a processive mode of action. The structures of complexes between the enzyme and chondroitin as well as chondroitin sulfate disaccharides allowed for the first detailed insights into these interactions and the mechanism of action on chondroitins. This degradation of chondroitin/chondroitin sulfates is nonprocessive and is selective for the chondroitin sulfates only with certain sulfation patterns. Chondroitin sulfation at the 4-position on the nonreducing site of the linkage to be cleaved or 2-sulfation prevent degradation due to steric clashes with the enzyme. Evolutionary studies suggest that hyaluronate lyases evolved from chondroitin lyases and still retained chondroitin/chondroitin sulfate degradation abilities while being specialized in the degradation of hyaluronan. The more efficient processive degradation mechanism has come to be preferred for the unsulfated substrate hyaluronan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rigden
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Saad OM, Leary JA. Compositional analysis and quantification of heparin and heparan sulfate by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2985-95. [PMID: 12964742 DOI: 10.1021/ac0340455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method using a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) was developed for the identification and quantitative analysis of eight heparan sulfate (HS)- and heparin-derived delta-disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. The compositional analysis of nonisomeric disaccharide constituents of heparin/HS was achieved from full-scan MS1 spectra using an internal standard and a calculated response factor for each disaccharide. Diagnostic product ions from MSn spectra of isomeric disaccharides were used for the quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of each of the isomers in mixtures. The protocol was validated using several quality control samples and showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. The analysis is rapid, accurate, and uses no purification or separation steps prior to analysis by MS, thus reducing sample consumption and analysis time of traditional methods. Using this quantitative analysis procedure, percentages of disaccharide compositions for heparins from porcine and bovine intestinal mucosa and heparan sulfate from bovine kidney were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Saad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Efficacité thérapeutique des chondroïtines sulfates dans l’arthrose Méta-analyse différenciée du Chondrosulf® Mise au point sur la structure, la sulfatation et le mode d’action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1169-8330(02)74570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Zaia J, McClellan JE, Costello CE. Tandem mass spectrometric determination of the 4S/6S sulfation sequence in chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2001; 73:6030-9. [PMID: 11791576 DOI: 10.1021/ac015577t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating uronic acid, N-acetylgalactosamine sulfate disaccharide units [-UroA(beta1,3)-GalNAcS(beta1,4)]n. Chondroitin sulfate type A (CSA) contains glucuronic acid, and 90% of the GalNAc residues are sulfated at the 4-position with 10% at the 6-position. Chondroitin sulfate type C (CSC) contains glucuronic acid, and 90% of the GalNAc residues are sulfated at the 6-position with 10% sulfated at the 4-position. These molecules are fragile due to their high degree of sulfation and are challenging to analyze as a result. This work presents the first evidence that tandem mass spectrometry can be used for the determination of a CS oligosaccharide sequence with respect to the positions of GalNAc sulfation. Using this technique, it is possible to analyze individual components from mixtures, saving much purification effort. Oligosaccharides produced from CSA and CSC are used in this work to demonstrate that CID MS/MS can be used to distinguish positional sulfation isomers. For charge states where charge equals the number of sulfates, abundant odd-numbered Bn and Yn ions are observed. The percent total ion abundances of these ions indicate the position of sulfation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zaia
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mahoney DJ, Aplin RT, Calabro A, Hascall VC, Day AJ. Novel methods for the preparation and characterization of hyaluronan oligosaccharides of defined length. Glycobiology 2001; 11:1025-33. [PMID: 11805075 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.12.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan of high molecular weight that acts as a structural component of extracellular matrices and mediates cell adhesion. There have been numerous recent reports that fragments of hyaluronan have different properties compared to the intact molecule. Though many of these results may be genuine, it is possible that some activities are due to minor components in the preparations used. Therefore, it is important that well-characterized and highly purified oligosaccharides are used in cell biological and structural studies so that erroneous results are avoided. We present methods for the purification of hyaluronan oligomers of defined size using size exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography following digestion of hyaluronan with testicular hyaluronidase. These preparations were characterized by a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analysis, and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Hyaluronan oligomers ranging from tetrasaccharides to 34-mers were separated. The 4- to 16-mers were shown to be homogeneous with regard to length but did contain varying amounts of chondroitin sulfate. This contaminant could have been minimized if digestion had been performed with medical-grade hyaluronan rather than the relatively impure starting material used here. The 18- to 34-mer preparations were mixtures of oligosaccharides of different lengths (e.g., the latter contained 87% 34-mer, 10% 32-mer, and 3% 30-mer) but were free of detectable chondroitin sulfate. In addition to oligomers with even numbers of sugar rings, novel 5- and 7-mers with terminal glucuronic acid residues were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Mahoney
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Brown GM, Bayliss MT, Nieduszynski IA. Age-related changes in the sulphation of the chondroitin sulphate linkage region from human articular cartilage aggrecan. Biochem J 2001; 358:523-8. [PMID: 11513754 PMCID: PMC1222088 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulphate (CS) linkage regions have been isolated from human articular cartilage aggrecan (from 10- to 72-year-olds) by chondroitin ABC endolyase digestion and size-exclusion chromatography. Linkage region hexasaccharides have been characterized and their abundance estimated by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. The basic structure for the CS linkage region oligosaccharides identified from human aggrecan is as follows: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc[0S/4S/6S](beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)Gal[0S/6S](beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Xyl, where DeltaUA represents 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid, 4S and 6S represent an O-ester sulphate group on C-4 and C-6 respectively, and 0S represents zero sulphation. There are significant age-related changes in the abundance of the various N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sulphation forms identified, occurring up to approx. 20 years old. During the period from 10 to 20 years old the level of GalNAc 6-sulphation at the linkage region increases from approx. 43% to approx. 75%, while there is a corresponding reduction in unsulphated (approx. 30% to approx. 20%) and 4-sulphated (approx. 25% to approx. 6%) GalNAc residues. There is also an increase in the incidence of linkage region galactose 6-sulphation (approx. 2% to approx. 10%) which was only observed in linkage regions with GalNAc 6-sulphation. Beyond 20 years old there are few changes in the relative abundance of these GalNAc sulphation variants; however, there is a slight increase in the abundance of 6-sulphation between approx. 20 years old and approx. 40 years old and a slight decrease in its abundance beyond approx. 40 years old. Our data show that in the majority of chains from tissues of all ages the GalNAc residue closest to the linkage region is 6-sulphated, but the level of GalNAc 6-sulphation within the linkage region is lower than the average level observed within the repeat region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Desaire H, Sirich TL, Leary JA. Evidence of block and randomly sequenced chondroitin polysaccharides: sequential enzymatic digestion and quantification using ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3513-20. [PMID: 11510812 DOI: 10.1021/ac010385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for determining the sequence type of the disaccharide repeat region of cartilage samples is introduced. The samples are sequentially subjected to selective and nonselective enzymatic digestion, and the isomeric products from each step are quantified using tandem mass spectrometry. The two-step digestion/quantification protocol identifies whether the global makeup of the polymer is "alternating", "random", or "blocked" with respect to the two main components of the cartilage, 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharides. Using this procedure, the sequence type of two biologically isolated chondroitin polysaccharides was identified. The results for chondroitin sulfate A, isolated from bovine trachea, are consistent with the 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharides randomly distributed throughout the repeat region of the polysaccharide. For chondroitin sulfate C, shark cartilage, the 6-sulfated disaccharides are adjacent to each other to a larger extent than one would expect for a randomly distributed polymer, indicating that "blocks" of repeating disaccharides with the same sulfation site are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Desaire
- College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huckerby TN, Lauder RM, Brown GM, Nieduszynski IA, Anderson K, Boocock J, Sandall PL, Weeks SD. Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin sulfates. (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR studies of reduced disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:1181-9. [PMID: 11231269 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates were fragmented using the enzymes chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase and chondroitin ACII lyase; both disaccharide and tetrasaccharide fragments were isolated after reduction to the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-N-acetylamino-D-galactitol (GalNAc-ol) form. These have the structures: Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S(beta 1--4)L-IdoA(alpha 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol and Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, where Delta UA represents a 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid (4-deoxy-alpha-Lthreo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid) and 6S/4S/2S represent O-ester sulfate groups at C6/C4/C2 sites. Complete (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR data are derived for these species, which may help to alleviate some of the significant difficulties resulting from signal complexity that are currently hindering the characterization and assignment of major and minor structural components within chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T N Huckerby
- The Polymer Centre, School of Physics and Chemistry, Lancaster University, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|