1
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Uetz P, Göritzer K, Vergara E, Melnik S, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Deghmane AE, Groppelli E, Reljic R, Ma JKC, Stöger E, Strasser R. Implications of O-glycan modifications in the hinge region of a plant-produced SARS-CoV-2-IgA antibody on functionality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329018. [PMID: 38511130 PMCID: PMC10953500 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4H) catalyse the irreversible conversion of proline to hydroxyproline, constituting a common posttranslational modification of proteins found in humans, plants, and microbes. Hydroxyproline residues can be further modified in plants to yield glycoproteins containing characteristic O-glycans. It is currently unknown how these plant endogenous modifications impact protein functionality and they cause considerable concerns for the recombinant production of therapeutic proteins in plants. In this study, we carried out host engineering to generate a therapeutic glycoprotein largely devoid of plant-endogenous O-glycans for functional characterization. Methods: Genome editing was used to inactivate two genes coding for enzymes of the P4H10 subfamily in the widely used expression host Nicotiana benthamiana. Using glycoengineering in plants and expression in human HEK293 cells we generated four variants of a potent, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, COVA2-15 IgA1. The variants that differed in the number of modified proline residues and O-glycan compositions of their hinge region were assessed regarding their physicochemical properties and functionality. Results: We found that plant endogenous O-glycan formation was strongly reduced on IgA1 when transiently expressed in the P4H10 double mutant N. benthamiana plant line. The IgA1 glycoforms displayed differences in proteolytic stability and minor differences in receptor binding thus highlighting the importance of O-glycosylation in the hinge region of human IgA1. Discussion: This work reports the successful protein O-glycan engineering of an important plant host for recombinant protein expression. While the complete removal of endogenous hydroxyproline residues from the hinge region of plant-produced IgA1 is yet to be achieved, our engineered line is suitable for structure-function studies of O-glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins produced in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Uetz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Park S, Chin-Hun Kuo J, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Recombinant mucin biotechnology and engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114618. [PMID: 36375719 PMCID: PMC10253230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucins represent a largely untapped class of polymeric building block for biomaterials, therapeutics, and other biotechnology. Because the mucin polymer backbone is genetically encoded, sequence-specific mucins with defined physical and biochemical properties can be fabricated using recombinant technologies. The pendent O-glycans of mucins are increasingly implicated in immunomodulation, suppression of pathogen virulence, and other biochemical activities. Recent advances in engineered cell production systems are enabling the scalable synthesis of recombinant mucins with precisely tuned glycan side chains, offering exciting possibilities to tune the biological functionality of mucin-based products. New metabolic and chemoenzymatic strategies enable further tuning and functionalization of mucin O-glycans, opening new possibilities to expand the chemical diversity and functionality of mucin building blocks. In this review, we discuss these advances, and the opportunities for engineered mucins in biomedical applications ranging from in vitro models to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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4
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Mócsai R, Göritzer K, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Strasser R, Altmann F. Prolyl Hydroxylase Paralogs in Nicotiana benthamiana Show High Similarity With Regard to Substrate Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636597. [PMID: 33737944 PMCID: PMC7960765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant glycoproteins display a characteristic type of O-glycosylation where short arabinans or larger arabinogalactans are linked to hydroxyproline. The conversion of proline to 4-hydroxyproline is accomplished by prolyl-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Eleven putative Nicotiana benthamiana P4Hs, which fall in four homology groups, have been identified by homology searches using known Arabidopsis thaliana P4H sequences. One member of each of these groups has been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and applied to synthetic peptides representing the O-glycosylated region of erythropoietin (EPO), IgA1, Art v 1 and the Arabidopsis thaliana glycoprotein STRUBBELIG. Unlike the situation in the moss Physcomitrella patens, where one particular P4H was mainly responsible for the oxidation of erythropoietin, the tobacco P4Hs exhibited rather similar activities, albeit with biased substrate preferences and preferred sites of oxidation. From a biotechnological viewpoint, this result means that silencing/knockout of a single P4H in N. benthamiana cannot be expected to result in the abolishment of the plant-specific oxidation of prolyl residues in a recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Göritzer K, Strasser R. Glycosylation of Plant-Produced Immunoglobulins. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:519-543. [PMID: 34687021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many economically important protein-based therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies are glycosylated. Due to the recognized importance of this type of posttranslational modification, glycoengineering of expression systems to obtain highly active and homogenous therapeutics is an emerging field. Although most of the monoclonal antibodies on the market are still produced in mammalian expression platforms, plants are emerging as an alternative cost-effective and scalable production platform that allows precise engineering of glycosylation to produce targeted human glycoforms at large homogeneity. Apart from producing more effective antibodies, pure glycoforms are required in efforts to link biological functions to specific glycan structures. Much is already known about the role of IgG1 glycosylation and this antibody class is the dominant recombinant format that has been expressed in plants. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the glycoengineering of recombinant IgG subtypes and the other four classes of human immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM). Except for IgD, all these antibody classes have been expressed in plants and the glycosylation has been analyzed in a site-specific manner. Here, we summarize the current data on glycosylation of plant-produced monoclonal antibodies and discuss the findings in the light of known functions for these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Jané P, Gógl G, Kostmann C, Bich G, Girault V, Caillet-Saguy C, Eberling P, Vincentelli R, Wolff N, Travé G, Nominé Y. Interactomic affinity profiling by holdup assay: Acetylation and distal residues impact the PDZome-binding specificity of PTEN phosphatase. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244613. [PMID: 33382810 PMCID: PMC7774954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein domains often recognize short linear protein motifs composed of a core conserved consensus sequence surrounded by less critical, modulatory positions. PTEN, a lipid phosphatase involved in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, contains such a short motif located at the extreme C-terminus capable to recognize PDZ domains. It has been shown that the acetylation of this motif could modulate the interaction with several PDZ domains. Here we used an accurate experimental approach combining high-throughput holdup chromatographic assay and competitive fluorescence polarization technique to measure quantitative binding affinity profiles of the PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) of PTEN. We substantially extended the previous knowledge towards the 266 known human PDZ domains, generating the full PDZome-binding profile of the PTEN PBM. We confirmed that inclusion of N-terminal flanking residues, acetylation or mutation of a lysine at a modulatory position significantly altered the PDZome-binding profile. A numerical specificity index is also introduced as an attempt to quantify the specificity of a given PBM over the complete PDZome. Our results highlight the impact of modulatory residues and post-translational modifications on PBM interactomes and their specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Jané
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gergő Gógl
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Kostmann
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Goran Bich
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Virginie Girault
- Unité Récepteurs-canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571/CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascal Eberling
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Unité Récepteurs-canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- (Equipe labelisée Ligue, 2015) Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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7
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Margolin E, Crispin M, Meyers A, Chapman R, Rybicki EP. A Roadmap for the Molecular Farming of Viral Glycoprotein Vaccines: Engineering Glycosylation and Glycosylation-Directed Folding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609207. [PMID: 33343609 PMCID: PMC7744475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with recombinant glycoprotein-based vaccines is a promising approach to induce protective immunity against viruses. However, the complex biosynthetic maturation requirements of these glycoproteins typically necessitate their production in mammalian cells to support their folding and post-translational modification. Despite these clear advantages, the incumbent costs and infrastructure requirements with this approach can be prohibitive in developing countries, and the production scales and timelines may prove limiting when applying these production systems to the control of pandemic viral outbreaks. Plant molecular farming of viral glycoproteins has been suggested as a cheap and rapidly scalable alternative production system, with the potential to perform post-translational modifications that are comparable to mammalian cells. Consequently, plant-produced glycoprotein vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza have shown promise in clinical trials, and vaccine candidates against the newly emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have entered into late stage preclinical and clinical testing. However, many other viral glycoproteins accumulate poorly in plants, and are not appropriately processed along the secretory pathway due to differences in the host cellular machinery. Furthermore, plant-derived glycoproteins often contain glycoforms that are antigenically distinct from those present on the native virus, and may also be under-glycosylated in some instances. Recent advances in the field have increased the complexity and yields of biologics that can be produced in plants, and have now enabled the expression of many viral glycoproteins which could not previously be produced in plant systems. In contrast to the empirical optimization that predominated during the early years of molecular farming, the next generation of plant-made products are being produced by developing rational, tailor-made approaches to support their production. This has involved the elimination of plant-specific glycoforms and the introduction into plants of elements of the biosynthetic machinery from different expression hosts. These approaches have resulted in the production of mammalian N-linked glycans and the formation of O-glycan moieties in planta. More recently, plant molecular engineering approaches have also been applied to improve the glycan occupancy of proteins which are not appropriately glycosylated, and to support the folding and processing of viral glycoproteins where the cellular machinery differs from the usual expression host of the protein. Here we highlight recent achievements and remaining challenges in glycoengineering and the engineering of glycosylation-directed folding pathways in plants, and discuss how these can be applied to produce recombinant viral glycoproteins vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Meyers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Göritzer K, Goet I, Duric S, Maresch D, Altmann F, Obinger C, Strasser R. Efficient N-Glycosylation of the Heavy Chain Tailpiece Promotes the Formation of Plant-Produced Dimeric IgA. Front Chem 2020; 8:346. [PMID: 32426328 PMCID: PMC7212365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of monomeric IgA in mammalian cells and plant expression systems such as Nicotiana benthamiana is well-established and can be achieved by co-expression of the corresponding light and heavy chains. In contrast, the assembly of dimeric IgA requires the additional expression of the joining chain and remains challenging especially in plant-based systems. Here, we examined factors affecting the assembly and expression of HER2 binding dimeric IgA1 and IgA2m(2) variants transiently produced in N. benthamiana. While co-expression of the joining chain resulted in efficient formation of dimeric IgAs in HEK293F cells, a mixture of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric variants was detected in plants. Mass-spectrometric analysis of site-specific glycosylation revealed that the N-glycan profile differed between monomeric and dimeric IgAs in the plant expression system. Co-expression of a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania major in N. benthamiana increased the N-glycosylation occupancy at the C-terminal heavy chain tailpiece and changed the ratio of monomeric to dimeric IgAs. Our data demonstrate that N-glycosylation engineering is a suitable strategy to promote the formation of dimeric IgA variants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Goet
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stella Duric
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Larsen JS, Karlsson RTG, Tian W, Schulz MA, Matthes A, Clausen H, Petersen BL, Yang Z. Engineering mammalian cells to produce plant-specific N-glycosylation on proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 30:528-538. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved posttranslational modification found in all eukaryotic cells. Yeast, plants and mammalian cells, however, produce N-glycans with distinct structural features. These species-specific features not only pose challenges in selecting host cells for production of recombinant therapeutics for human medical use but also provide opportunities to explore and utilize species-specific glycosylation in design of vaccines. Here, we used reverse cross-species engineering to stably introduce plant core α3fucose (α3Fuc) and β2xylose (β2Xyl) N-glycosylation epitopes in the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. We used directed knockin of plant core fucosylation and xylosylation genes (AtFucTA/AtFucTB and AtXylT) and targeted knockout of endogenous genes for core fucosylation (fut8) and elongation (B4galt1), for establishing CHO cells with plant N-glycosylation capacities. The engineering was evaluated through coexpression of two human therapeutic N-glycoproteins, erythropoietin (EPO) and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. Full conversion to the plant-type α3Fuc/β2Xyl bi-antennary agalactosylated N-glycosylation (G0FX) was demonstrated for the IgG1 produced in CHO cells. These results demonstrate that N-glycosylation in mammalian cells is amenable for extensive cross-kingdom engineering and that engineered CHO cells may be used to produce glycoproteins with plant glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Steen Larsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Richard Torbjörn Gustav Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Weihua Tian
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Morten Alder Schulz
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, København, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Denmark
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10
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Temporini C, Colombo R, Calleri E, Tengattini S, Rinaldi F, Massolini G. Chromatographic tools for plant-derived recombinant antibodies purification and characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Schiermeyer A. Optimizing product quality in molecular farming. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:15-20. [PMID: 31593785 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems had faced several challenges that hampered broader adoption of this technology. In recent years, various plant production hosts have been improved by genetic engineering approaches to overcome obstacles with regard to post-translational modifications and integrity of target proteins. Together with optimized extraction and purification processes, those advances have put plant molecular farming in a more competitive position compared to established production systems. Certain biopharmaceuticals can be derived from plant systems with unique desired properties, qualifying them as biobetters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Göritzer K, Turupcu A, Maresch D, Novak J, Altmann F, Oostenbrink C, Obinger C, Strasser R. Distinct Fcα receptor N-glycans modulate the binding affinity to immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13995-14008. [PMID: 31362986 PMCID: PMC6755811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites with an important role in mucosal defense. Little is known about the impact of N-glycan modifications of IgA1 and IgA2 on binding to the Fcα receptor (FcαRI), which is also heavily glycosylated at its extracellular domain. Here, we transiently expressed human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-binding monomeric IgA1, IgA2m(1), and IgA2m(2) variants in Nicotiana benthamiana ΔXT/FT plants lacking the enzymes responsible for generating nonhuman N-glycan structures. By coinfiltrating IgA with the respective glycan-modifying enzymes, we generated IgA carrying distinct homogenous N-glycans. We demonstrate that distinctly different N-glycan profiles did not influence antigen binding or the overall structure and integrity of the IgA antibodies but did affect their thermal stability. Using size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning and isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and molecular modeling, we probed distinct IgA1 and IgA2 glycoforms for binding to four different FcαRI glycoforms and investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of complex formation. Our results suggest that different N-glycans on the receptor significantly contribute to binding affinities for its cognate ligand. We also noted that full-length IgA and FcαRI form a mixture of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes tending toward a 1:1 stoichiometry due to different IgA tailpiece conformations that make it less likely that both binding sites are simultaneously occupied. In conclusion, N-glycans of human IgA do not affect its structure and integrity but its thermal stability, and FcαRI N-glycans significantly modulate binding affinity to IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegül Turupcu
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Cardon F, Pallisse R, Bardor M, Caron A, Vanier J, Ele Ekouna JP, Lerouge P, Boitel‐Conti M, Guillet M. Brassica rapa hairy root based expression system leads to the production of highly homogenous and reproducible profiles of recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:505-516. [PMID: 30058762 PMCID: PMC6335068 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Brassica rapa hairy root based expression platform, a turnip hairy root based expression system, is able to produce human complex glycoproteins such as the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) with an activity similar to the one produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. In this article, a particular attention has been paid to the N- and O-glycosylation that characterize the alpha-L-iduronidase produced using this hairy root based system. This analysis showed that the recombinant protein is characterized by highly homogeneous post translational profiles enabling a strong batch to batch reproducibility. Indeed, on each of the 6 N-glycosylation sites of the IDUA, a single N-glycan composed of a core Man3 GlcNAc2 carrying one beta(1,2)-xylose and one alpha(1,3)-fucose epitope (M3XFGN2) was identified, highlighting the high homogeneity of the production system. Hydroxylation of proline residues and arabinosylation were identified during O-glycosylation analysis, still with a remarkable reproducibility. This platform is thus positioned as an effective and consistent expression system for the production of human complex therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA4358UNIROUENNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (I.U.F.)Paris Cedex 05France
| | | | - Jessica Vanier
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA4358UNIROUENNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Jean Pierre Ele Ekouna
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA4358UNIROUENNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Michèle Boitel‐Conti
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
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14
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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Glyco-Engineering of Plant-Based Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:137-166. [PMID: 30069741 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated, and after a number of common biosynthesis steps the glycan structures mature in a species-dependent manner. Therefore, human therapeutic proteins produced in plants often carry plant-like rather than human-like glycans, which can affect protein stability, biological function, and immunogenicity. The glyco-engineering of plant-based expression systems began as a strategy to eliminate plant-like glycans and produce human proteins with authentic or at least compatible glycan structures. The precise replication of human glycans is challenging, owing to the absence of a pathway in plants for the synthesis of sialylated proteins and the necessary precursors, but this can now be achieved by the coordinated expression of multiple human enzymes. Although the research community has focused on the removal of plant glycans and their replacement with human counterparts, the presence of plant glycans on proteins can also provide benefits, such as boosting the immunogenicity of some vaccines, facilitating the interaction between therapeutic proteins and their receptors, and increasing the efficacy of antibody effector functions. Graphical Abstract Typical structures of native mammalian and plant glycans with symbols indicating sugar residues identified by their short form and single-letter codes. Both glycans contain fucose, albeit with different linkages.
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Göritzer K, Maresch D, Altmann F, Obinger C, Strasser R. Exploring Site-Specific N-Glycosylation of HEK293 and Plant-Produced Human IgA Isotypes. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2560-2570. [PMID: 28516782 PMCID: PMC5504489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The full potential of recombinant Immunoglobulin A as therapeutic antibody is not fully explored, owing to the fact that structure-function relationships of these extensively glycosylated proteins are not well understood. Here monomeric IgA1, IgA2m(1), and IgA2m(2) variants of the anti-HER2 antibody (IgG1) trastuzumab were expressed in glyco-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in human HEK293-6E cells. All three IgA isotypes were purified and subjected to biophysical and biochemical characterization. While no differences in assembly, antigen binding, and glycosylation occupancy were observed, both systems vary tremendously in terms of glycan structures and heterogeneity of glycosylation. Mass-spectrometric analysis of site-specific glycosylation revealed that plant-produced IgAs carry mainly complex-type biantennary N-glycans. HEK293-6E-produced IgAs, on the contrary, showed very heterogeneous N-glycans with high levels of sialylation, core-fucose, and the presence of branched structures. The site-specific analysis revealed major differences between the individual N-glycosylation sites of each IgA subtype. Moreover, the proline-rich hinge region from HEK293-6E cell-derived IgA1 was occupied with mucin-type O-glycans, whereas IgA1 from N. benthamiana displayed numerous plant-specific modifications. Interestingly, a shift in unfolding of the CH2 domain of plant-produced IgA toward lower temperatures can be observed with differential scanning calorimetry, suggesting that distinct glycoforms affect the thermal stability of IgAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Schoberer J, Strasser R. Plant glyco-biotechnology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:133-141. [PMID: 28688929 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important protein modification in all eukaryotes. Whereas the early asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) and N-glycan processing steps in the endoplasmic reticulum are conserved between mammals and plants, the maturation of complex N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus differs considerably. Due to a restricted number of Golgi-resident N-glycan processing enzymes and the absence of nucleotide sugars such as CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, plants produce only a limited repertoire of different N-glycan structures. Moreover, mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation of serine or threonine residues has not been described in plants and the required machinery is not encoded in their genome which enables de novo build-up of the pathway. As a consequence, plants are very well-suited for the production of homogenous N- and O-glycans and are increasingly used for the production of recombinant glycoproteins with custom-made glycans that may result in the generation of biopharmaceuticals with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Dicker M, Maresch D, Strasser R. Glyco-engineering for the production of recombinant IgA1 with distinct mucin-type O-glycans in plants. Bioengineered 2016; 7:484-489. [PMID: 27333379 PMCID: PMC5241791 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1201251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common autoimmune disease that is characterized by formation and deposition of IgA1-containing immune complexes frequently leading to end-stage kidney disease. The IgA1 in these immune complexes carries aberrantly glycosylated O-glycans. In circulating IgA1 these galactose-deficient mucin-type O-glycans are bound by autoantibodies and thus, contribute to immune complex formation and pathogenesis. Even though the disease is associated with the overproduction of aberrant O-glycans on IgA1, specific structure-function-studies of mucin-type O-glycans are limited. Compared to other expression hosts, plants offer the opportunity for de novo synthesis of O-glycans on recombinant glycoproteins as they are lacking the mammalian O-glycosylation pathway. Recently, we demonstrated that Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable for the generation of distinct O-glycans on recombinant IgA1. Here, we expand our engineering repertoire by in planta generation of galactose-deficient and α2,6-sialylated O-glycans which are the prevailing glycans detected on IgA1 from patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Kim J, Park H, Park BT, Hwang HS, Kim JI, Kim DK, Kim HH. O-glycans and O-glycosylation sites of recombinant human GM-CSF derived from suspension-cultured rice cells, and their structural role. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:266-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Vasilev N, Smales CM, Schillberg S, Fischer R, Schiermeyer A. Developments in the production of mucosal antibodies in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:77-87. [PMID: 26626615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant mucosal antibodies represent attractive target molecules for the development of next generation biopharmaceuticals for passive immunization against various infectious diseases and treatment of patients suffering from mucosal antibody deficiencies. As these polymeric antibodies require complex post-translational modifications and correct subunit assembly, they are considered as difficult-to-produce recombinant proteins. Beside the traditional, mammalian-based production platforms, plants are emerging as alternative expression hosts for this type of complex macromolecule. Plant cells are able to produce high-quality mucosal antibodies as shown by the successful expression of the secretory immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) in various antibody formats in different plant species including tobacco and its close relative Nicotiana benthamiana, maize, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. Importantly for biotherapeutic application, transgenic plants are capable of synthesizing functional IgA and IgM molecules with biological activity and safety profiles comparable with their native mammalian counterparts. This article reviews the structure and function of mucosal IgA and IgM antibodies and summarizes the current knowledge of their production and processing in plant host systems. Specific emphasis is given to consideration of intracellular transport processes as these affect assembly of the mature immunoglobulins, their secretion rates, proteolysis/degradation and glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, this review provides an outline of glycoengineering efforts that have been undertaken so far to produce antibodies with homogenous human-like glycan decoration. We believe that the continued development of our understanding of the plant cellular machinery related to the heterologous expression of immunoglobulins will further improve the production levels, quality and control of post-translational modifications that are 'human-like' from plant systems and enhance the prospects for the regulatory approval of such molecules leading to the commercial exploitation of plant-derived mucosal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ Kent, UK
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Dicker M, Tschofen M, Maresch D, König J, Juarez P, Orzaez D, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. Transient Glyco-Engineering to Produce Recombinant IgA1 with Defined N- and O-Glycans in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26858738 PMCID: PMC4731523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of therapeutic antibodies to combat pathogens and treat diseases, such as cancer is of great interest for the biotechnology industry. The recent development of plant-based expression systems has demonstrated that plants are well-suited for the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies with defined glycosylation. Compared to immunoglobulin G (IgG), less effort has been undertaken to express immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites and a promising candidate for novel recombinant biopharmaceuticals with enhanced anti-tumor activity. Here, we transiently expressed recombinant human IgA1 against the VP8* rotavirus antigen in glyco-engineered ΔXT/FT Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Mass spectrometric analysis of IgA1 glycopeptides revealed the presence of complex biantennary N-glycans with terminal N-acetylglucosamine present on the N-glycosylation site of the CH2 domain in the IgA1 alpha chain. Analysis of the peptide carrying nine potential O-glycosylation sites in the IgA1 alpha chain hinge region showed the presence of plant-specific modifications including hydroxyproline formation and the attachment of pentoses. By co-expression of enzymes required for initiation and elongation of human O-glycosylation it was possible to generate disialylated mucin-type core 1 O-glycans on plant-produced IgA1. Our data demonstrate that ΔXT/FT N. benthamiana plants can be engineered toward the production of recombinant IgA1 with defined human-type N- and O-linked glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Marc Tschofen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Julia König
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Paloma Juarez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology, Spanish Research Council Agency – Polytechnic University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology, Spanish Research Council Agency – Polytechnic University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Richard Strasser,
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Tekoah Y, Shulman A, Kizhner T, Ruderfer I, Fux L, Nataf Y, Bartfeld D, Ariel T, Gingis-Velitski S, Hanania U, Shaaltiel Y. Large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins in plant cell culture-the Protalix experience. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1199-208. [PMID: 26102075 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Protalix Biotherapeutics develops recombinant human proteins and produces them in plant cell culture. Taliglucerase alfa has been the first biotherapeutic expressed in plant cells to be approved by regulatory authorities around the world. Other therapeutic proteins are being developed and are currently at various stages of the pipeline. This review summarizes the major milestones reached by Protalix Biotherapeutics to enable the development of these biotherapeutics, including platform establishment, cell line selection, manufacturing process and good manufacturing practice principles to consider for the process. Examples of the various products currently being developed are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liat Fux
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, Carmiel, Israel
| | | | | | - Tami Ariel
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, Carmiel, Israel
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycans are increasingly important in the development of new biopharmaceuticals with optimized efficacy, half-life, and antigenicity. Current expression platforms for recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics typically do not produce homogeneous glycans and frequently display non-human glycans which may cause unwanted side effects. To circumvent these issues, glyco-engineering has been applied to different expression systems including mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast, and plants. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent developments in glyco-engineering focusing mainly on in vivo expression systems for recombinant proteins. The highlighted strategies aim at producing glycoproteins with homogeneous N- and O-linked glycans of defined composition. EXPERT OPINION Glyco-engineering of expression platforms is increasingly recognized as an important strategy to improve biopharmaceuticals. A better understanding and control of the factors leading to glycan heterogeneity will allow simplified production of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics with less variation in terms of glycosylation. Further technological advances will have a major impact on manufacturing processes and may provide a completely new class of glycoprotein therapeutics with customized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- a 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- b 2 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria +43 1 47654 6705 ; +43 1 47654 6392 ;
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Westerhof LB, Wilbers RHP, van Raaij DR, Nguyen DL, Goverse A, Henquet MGL, Hokke CH, Bosch D, Bakker J, Schots A. Monomeric IgA can be produced in planta as efficient as IgG, yet receives different N-glycans. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1333-42. [PMID: 25196296 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The unique features of IgA, such as the ability to recruit neutrophils and suppress the inflammatory responses mediated by IgG and IgE, make it a promising antibody isotype for several therapeutic applications. However, in contrast to IgG, reports on plant production of IgA are scarce. We produced IgA1κ and IgG1κ versions of three therapeutic antibodies directed against pro-inflammatory cytokines in Nicotiana benthamiana: Infliximab and Adalimumab, directed against TNF-α, and Ustekinumab, directed against the interleukin-12p40 subunit. We evaluated antibody yield, quality and N-glycosylation. All six antibodies had comparable levels of expression between 3.5 and 9% of total soluble protein content and were shown to have neutralizing activity in a cell-based assay. However, IgA1κ-based Adalimumab and Ustekinumab were poorly secreted compared to their IgG counterparts. Infliximab was poorly secreted regardless of isotype backbone. This corresponded with the observation that both IgA1κ- and IgG1κ-based Infliximab were enriched in oligomannose-type N-glycan structures. For IgG1κ-based Ustekinumab and Adalimumab, the major N-glycan type was the typical plant complex N-glycan, biantennary with terminal N-acetylglucosamine, β1,2-xylose and core α1,3-fucose. In contrast, the major N-glycan on the IgA-based antibodies was xylosylated, but lacked core α1,3-fucose and one terminal N-acetylglucosamine. This type of N-glycan occurs usually in marginal percentages in plants and was never shown to be the main fraction of a plant-produced recombinant protein. Our data demonstrate that the antibody isotype may have a profound influence on the type of N-glycan an antibody receives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte B Westerhof
- Plant Sciences Department, Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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On the way to commercializing plant cell culture platform for biopharmaceuticals: present status and prospect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:499-518. [PMID: 25621170 DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell culture is emerging as an alternative bioproduction system for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Growing plant cells in vitro under controlled environmental conditions allows for precise control over cell growth and protein production, batch-to-batch product consistency and a production process aligned with current good manufacturing practices. With the recent US FDA approval and commercialization of the world's first plant cell-based recombinant pharmaceutical for human use, β-glucocerebrosidase for treatment of Gaucher's disease, a new era has come in which plant cell culture shows high potential to displace some established platform technologies in niche markets. This review updates the progress in plant cell culture processing technology, highlights recent commercial successes and discusses the challenges that must be overcome to make this platform commercially viable.
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Nair NR, Chidambareswaren M, Manjula S. Enhanced heterologous expression of biologically active human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells by localization to endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:849-62. [PMID: 24845752 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells, one of the best characterized cell lines is an attractive expression system for heterologous protein expression. However, the expression of foreign proteins is currently hampered by their low yield, which is partially the result of proteolytic degradation. Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine. Recombinant hG-CSF is successfully being used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in cancer patients. Here, we describe a simple strategy for producing biologically active hG-CSF in tobacco BY-2 cells, localized in the apoplast of BY-2 cells, as well as targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER targeting significantly enhanced recombinant production which scaled to 17.89 mg/l from 4.19 mg/l when expressed in the apoplasts. Southern blotting confirmed the stable integration of hG-CSF in the BY-2 nuclear genome, and the expression of hG-CSF was analysed by Western blotting. Total soluble protein containing hG-CSF isolated from positive calli showed proliferative potential when tested on HL-60 cell lines by MTT assay. We also report the potential of a Fluorescence-activated cell sorting approach for an efficient sorting of the hG-CSF-expressing cell lines, which will enable the generation of homogenous high-producing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Nair
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
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Decker EL, Parsons J, Reski R. Glyco-engineering for biopharmaceutical production in moss bioreactors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:346. [PMID: 25071817 PMCID: PMC4089626 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals (pharmaceutical proteins) is a strongly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. While most products to date are produced in mammalian cell cultures, namely Chinese hamster ovary cells, plant-based production systems gained increasing acceptance over the last years. Different plant systems have been established which are suitable for standardization and precise control of cultivation conditions, thus meeting the criteria for pharmaceutical production. The majority of biopharmaceuticals comprise glycoproteins. Therefore, differences in protein glycosylation between humans and plants have to be taken into account and plant-specific glycosylation has to be eliminated to avoid adverse effects on quality, safety, and efficacy of the products. The basal land plant Physcomitrella patens (moss) has been employed for the recombinant production of high-value therapeutic target proteins (e.g., Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Complement Factor H, monoclonal antibodies, Erythropoietin). Being genetically excellently characterized and exceptionally amenable for precise gene targeting via homologous recombination, essential steps for the optimization of moss as a bioreactor for the production of recombinant proteins have been undertaken. Here, we discuss the glyco-engineering approaches to avoid non-human N- and O-glycosylation on target proteins produced in moss bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Decker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany e-mail:
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesFreiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced StudiesFreiburg, Germany
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Stoger E, Fischer R, Moloney M, Ma JKC. Plant molecular pharming for the treatment of chronic and infectious diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:743-68. [PMID: 24579993 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular pharming has emerged as a niche technology for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products indicated for chronic and infectious diseases, particularly for products that do not fit into the current industry-favored model of fermenter-based production campaigns. In this review, we explore the areas where molecular pharming can make the greatest impact, including the production of pharmaceuticals that have novel glycan structures or that cannot be produced efficiently in microbes or mammalian cells because they are insoluble or toxic. We also explore the market dynamics that encourage the use of molecular pharming, particularly for pharmaceuticals that are required in small amounts (such as personalized medicines) or large amounts (on a multi-ton scale, such as blood products and microbicides) and those that are needed in response to emergency situations (pandemics and bioterrorism). The impact of molecular pharming will increase as the platforms become standardized and optimized through adoption of good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards for clinical development, offering a new opportunity to produce inexpensive medicines in regional markets that are typically excluded under current business models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stoger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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Mechanism and kinetics modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of α1–32 antibacterial peptide. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:1315-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A gene responsible for prolyl-hydroxylation of moss-produced recombinant human erythropoietin. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3019. [PMID: 24145658 PMCID: PMC3804855 DOI: 10.1038/srep03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant production of pharmaceutical proteins is crucial, not only for personalized medicine. While most biopharmaceuticals are currently produced in mammalian cell culture, plant-made pharmaceuticals gain momentum. Post-translational modifications in plants are similar to those in humans, however, existing differences may affect quality, safety and efficacy of the products. A frequent modification in higher eukaryotes is prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H)-catalysed prolyl-hydroxylation. P4H sequence recognition sites on target proteins differ between humans and plants leading to non-human posttranslational modifications of recombinant human proteins produced in plants. The resulting hydroxyprolines display the anchor for plant-specific O-glycosylation, which bears immunogenic potential for patients. Here we describe the identification of a plant gene responsible for non-human prolyl-hydroxylation of human erythropoietin (hEPO) recombinantly produced in plant (moss) bioreactors. Targeted ablation of this gene abolished undesired prolyl-hydroxylation of hEPO and thus paves the way for plant-made pharmaceuticals humanized via glyco-engineering in moss bioreactors.
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Strasser R. Engineering of human-type O-glycosylation in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Bioengineered 2013; 4:191-6. [PMID: 23147167 PMCID: PMC3728188 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic properties of recombinant proteins are very often affected by the composition and heterogeneity of their glycans. Conventional expression systems for recombinant pharmaceutical proteins typically do not address this problem and produce a mixture of glycoforms that are neither identical to human glycans nor optimized for enhanced efficacy. In terms of glycosylation, plants offer certain advantages over mammalian cells as the N-glycosylation pathway of plants is comparably simple and a typical mammalian O-glycosylation pathway is not present at all. During the last ten years we have developed a plant-based expression platform for the generation of recombinant glycoproteins with defined N-glycans. Now we have extended our tool-box for glyco-engineering in the tobacco related species Nicotiana benthamiana toward the production of tailored mucin-type O-glycans on recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Juarez P, Huet-Trujillo E, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Falconi EE, Granell A, Orzaez D. Combinatorial Analysis of Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) Expression in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6205-22. [PMID: 23507755 PMCID: PMC3634489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) to mucosal surfaces as a passive immunotherapy agent is a promising strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Recombinant sIgA production in plants requires the co-expression of four transcriptional units encoding the light chain (LC), heavy chain (HC), joining chain (JC) and secretory component (SC). As a way to optimize sIgA production in plants, we tested the combinatorial expression of 16 versions of a human sIgA against the VP8* rotavirus antigen in Nicotiana benthamiana, using the recently developed GoldenBraid multigene assembly system. Each sIgA version was obtained by combining one of the two types of HC (α1 and α2) with one of the two LC types (k and λ) and linking or not a KDEL peptide to the HC and/or SC. From the analysis of the anti-VP8* activity, it was concluded that those sIgA versions carrying HCα1 and LCλ provided the highest yields. Moreover, ER retention significantly increased antibody production, particularly when the KDEL signal was linked to the SC. Maximum expression levels of 32.5 μg IgA/g fresh weight (FW) were obtained in the best performing combination, with an estimated 33% of it in the form of a secretory complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Juarez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology (IBMCP), Spanish Research Council Agency (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), Avda Tarongers SN, Valencia 46022, Spain.
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Fernandez-del-Carmen A, Juárez P, Presa S, Granell A, Orzáez D. Recombinant jacalin-like plant lectins are produced at high levels in Nicotiana benthamiana and retain agglutination activity and sugar specificity. J Biotechnol 2013; 163:391-400. [PMID: 23220214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The plant kingdom is an underexplored source of valuable proteins which, like plant lectins, display unique interacting specificities. Furthermore, plant protein diversity remains under-exploited due to the low availability and heterogeneity of native sources. All these hurdles could be overcome with recombinant production. A narrow phylogenetic gap between the native source and the recombinant platform is likely to facilitate proper protein processing and stability; therefore, the plant cell chassis should be specially suited for the recombinant production of many plant native proteins. This is illustrated herein with the recombinant production of two representatives of the plant jacalin-related lectin (JRLs) protein family in Nicotiana benthamiana using state-of-the-art magnICON technology. Mannose-specific Banlec JRL was produced at very high levels in leaves, reaching 1.0mg of purified protein per gram of fresh weight and showing strong agglutination activity. Galactose-specific jacalin JRL, with its complicated processing requirements, was also successfully produced in N. benthamiana at levels of 0.25 mg of purified protein per gram of fresh weight. Recombinant Jacalin (rJacalin) proved efficient in the purification of human IgA1, and was able to discriminate between plant-made and native IgA1 due to their differential glycosylation status. Together, these results show that the plant cell factory should be considered a primary option in the recombinant production of valuable plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asun Fernandez-del-Carmen
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas-IBMCP, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda Tarongers SN, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Peréz Aguirreburualde MS, Gómez MC, Ostachuk A, Wolman F, Albanesi G, Pecora A, Odeon A, Ardila F, Escribano JM, Dus Santos MJ, Wigdorovitz A. Efficacy of a BVDV subunit vaccine produced in alfalfa transgenic plants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:315-24. [PMID: 23291101 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is considered an important cause of economic loss within bovine herds worldwide. In Argentina, only the use of inactivated vaccines is allowed, however, the efficacy of inactivated BVDV vaccines is variable due to its low immunogenicity. The use of recombinant subunit vaccines has been proposed as an alternative to overcome this difficulty. Different studies on protection against BVDV infection have focused the E2 protein, supporting its putative use in subunit vaccines. Utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens for the formulation of experimental vaccines represents an innovative and cost effective alternative to the classical fermentation systems. The aim of this work was to develop transgenic alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa, L.) expressing a truncated version of the structural protein E2 from BVDV fused to a molecule named APCH, that target to antigen presenting cells (APCH-tE2). The concentration of recombinant APCH-tE2 in alfalfa leaves was 1 μg/g at fresh weight and its expression remained stable after vegetative propagation. A methodology based an aqueous two phases system was standardized for concentration and partial purification of APCH-tE2 from alfalfa. Guinea pigs parentally immunized with leaf extracts developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies. In bovine, the APCH-tE2 subunit vaccine was able to induce BVDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. After challenge, bovines inoculated with 3 μg of APCH-tE2 produced in alfalfa transgenic plants showed complete virological protection.
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Daskalova S, Mason HS, Steinkellner H, Altmann F, Strasser R. Engineering of sialylated mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36518-26. [PMID: 22948156 PMCID: PMC3476317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper N- and O-glycosylation of recombinant proteins is important for their biological function. Although the N-glycan processing pathway of different expression hosts has been successfully modified in the past, comparatively little attention has been paid to the generation of customized O-linked glycans. Plants are attractive hosts for engineering of O-glycosylation steps, as they contain no endogenous glycosyltransferases that perform mammalian-type Ser/Thr glycosylation and could interfere with the production of defined O-glycans. Here, we produced mucin-type O-GalNAc and core 1 O-linked glycan structures on recombinant human erythropoietin fused to an IgG heavy chain fragment (EPO-Fc) by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Furthermore, for the generation of sialylated core 1 structures constructs encoding human polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2, Drosophila melanogaster core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase, human α2,3-sialyltransferase, and Mus musculus α2,6-sialyltransferase were transiently co-expressed in N. benthamiana together with EPO-Fc and the machinery for sialylation of N-glycans. The formation of significant amounts of mono- and disialylated O-linked glycans was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Analysis of the three EPO glycopeptides carrying N-glycans revealed the presence of biantennary structures with terminal sialic acid residues. Our data demonstrate that N. benthamiana plants are amenable to engineering of the O-glycosylation pathway and can produce well defined human-type O- and N-linked glycans on recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Sasha Daskalova
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Richard Strasser
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
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Yang Z, Bennett EP, Jørgensen B, Drew DP, Arigi E, Mandel U, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Toward stable genetic engineering of human O-glycosylation in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:450-63. [PMID: 22791304 PMCID: PMC3440218 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant and complex posttranslational modification to be considered for recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. Mucin-type (N-acetylgalactosamine [GalNAc]-type) O-glycosylation is found in eumetazoan cells but absent in plants and yeast, making these cell types an obvious choice for de novo engineering of this O-glycosylation pathway. We previously showed that transient implementation of O-glycosylation capacity in plants requires introduction of the synthesis of the donor substrate UDP-GalNAc and one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases for incorporating GalNAc residues into proteins. Here, we have stably engineered O-glycosylation capacity in two plant cell systems, soil-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 suspension culture cells. Efficient GalNAc O-glycosylation of two stably coexpressed substrate O-glycoproteins was obtained, but a high degree of proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline-linked arabinosides, on a mucin (MUC1)-derived substrate, was also observed. Addition of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor 2,2-dipyridyl, however, effectively suppressed proline hydroxylation and arabinosylation of MUC1 in Bright Yellow-2 cells. In summary, stably engineered mammalian type O-glycosylation was established in transgenic plants, demonstrating that plants may serve as host cells for the production of recombinant O-glycoproteins. However, the present stable implementation further strengthens the notion that elimination of endogenous posttranslational modifications may be needed for the production of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | | | - Emma Arigi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Steven B. Levery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
| | - Bent L. Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark (Z.Y.); Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.P.D., P.U., B.L.P.); Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (B.J.); and Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark (Z.Y., E.P.B., E.A., U.M., S.B.L., H.C.)
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Yang Z, Drew DP, Jørgensen B, Mandel U, Bach SS, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Bennett EP, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Engineering mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11911-23. [PMID: 22334671 PMCID: PMC3320939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that confers a variety of biological properties and functions to proteins. This post-translational modification has a particularly complex and differentially regulated biosynthesis rendering prediction and control of where O-glycans are attached to proteins, and which structures are formed, difficult. Because plants are devoid of GalNAc-type O-glycosylation, we have assessed requirements for establishing human GalNAc O-glycosylation de novo in plants with the aim of developing cell systems with custom-designed O-glycosylation capacity. Transient expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glc(NAc) C4-epimerase and a human polypeptide GalNAc-transferase in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in GalNAc O-glycosylation of co-expressed human O-glycoprotein substrates. A chimeric YFP construct containing a 3.5 tandem repeat sequence of MUC1 was glycosylated with up to three and five GalNAc residues when co-expressed with GalNAc-T2 and a combination of GalNAc-T2 and GalNAc-T4, respectively, as determined by mass spectrometry. O-Glycosylation was furthermore demonstrated on a tandem repeat of MUC16 and interferon α2b. In plants, prolines in certain classes of proteins are hydroxylated and further substituted with plant-specific O-glycosylation; unsubstituted hydroxyprolines were identified in our MUC1 construct. In summary, this study demonstrates that mammalian type O-glycosylation can be established in plants and that plants may serve as a host cell for production of recombinant O-glycoproteins with custom-designed O-glycosylation. The observed hydroxyproline modifications, however, call for additional future engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- From the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, and
| | - Ulla Mandel
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren S. Bach
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Steven B. Levery
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Taylor CM, Karunaratne CV, Xie N. Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries. Glycobiology 2011; 22:757-67. [PMID: 22190471 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosides of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the plant cell wall matrix were discovered by Lamport and co-workers in the 1960s. Since then, much has been learned about these Hyp-rich glycoproteins. The intent of this review was to compare and contrast some less common structural motifs, in nontraditional roles, to uncover themes. Arabinosylation of short-peptide plant hormones is essential for growth, cell differentiation and defense. In a very recent development, prolyl hydroxylase and arabinosyltransferase activity has been shown to have a direct impact on the growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pollen allergens of mugwort and ragweed contain proline-rich domains that are hydroxylated and glycosylated and play a structural role. In the case of mugwort, this domain also presents a significant immunogenic epitope. Major crops, including tobacco and maize, have been used to express and produce recombinant proteins of mammalian origin. The risks of plant-imposed glycosylation are discussed. In unicellular eukaryotes, Skp1 (a subunit of the E3(SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex) harbors a key Hyp residue that is modified by a linear pentasaccharide. These modifications may be involved in sensing oxygen levels. A few studies have probed the impact of glycosylation on the structure of Hyp-containing peptides. These have necessarily looked at small, synthetic molecules, since natural peptides and proteins are often isolable in only minuscule amounts and/or are heterogeneous in nature. The characterization of native structural motifs, together with the determination of glycopeptide conformation and properties, holds the key to rationalizing nature's architectural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Pinkhasov J, Alvarez ML, Rigano MM, Piensook K, Larios D, Pabst M, Grass J, Mukherjee P, Gendler SJ, Walmsley AM, Mason HS. Recombinant plant-expressed tumour-associated MUC1 peptide is immunogenic and capable of breaking tolerance in MUC1.Tg mice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:991-1001. [PMID: 21740504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The human epithelial mucin MUC1 is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein that is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated on over 90% of human breast cancers. The altered glycosylation of MUC1 reveals an immunodominant peptide along its tandem repeat (TR) that has been used as a target for tumour immunotherapy. In this study, we used the MUC1 TR peptide as a test antigen to determine whether a plant-expressed human tumour-associated antigen can be successfully expressed in a plant system and whether it will be able to break self-antigen tolerance in a MUC1-tolerant mouse model. We report the expression of MUC1 TR peptide fused to the mucosal-targeting Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LTB-MUC1) in a plant host. Utilizing a rapid viral replicon transient expression system, we obtained high yields of LTB-MUC1. Importantly, the LTB-MUC1 fusion protein displayed post-translational modifications that affected its antigenicity. Glycan analysis revealed that LTB-MUC1 was glycosylated and a MUC1-specific monoclonal antibody detected only the glycosylated forms. A thorough saccharide analysis revealed that the glycans are tri-arabinans linked to hydroxyprolines within the MUC1 tandem repeat sequence. We immunized MUC1-tolerant mice (MUC1.Tg) with transiently expressed LTB-MUC1, and observed production of anti-MUC1 serum antibodies, indicating breach of tolerance. The results indicate that a plant-derived human tumour-associated antigen is equivalent to the human antigen in the context of immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pinkhasov
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Cakir-Kiefer C, Miclo L, Balandras F, Dary A, Soligot C, Le Roux Y. Transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer and sensitivity to hydrolysis of two anxiolytic peptides from αs1-casein, α-casozepine, and αs1-casein-f91-97: effect of bile salts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11956-11965. [PMID: 21981611 DOI: 10.1021/jf202890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
α-Casozepine and f91-97, peptides from α(s1)-casein, display anxiolytic activity in rats and may have to cross the intestinal epithelium to exert this central effect. We evaluated their resistance to hydrolysis by the peptidases of Caco-2 cells and their ability to cross the cell monolayer. To mimic physiological conditions, two preparations of bile salts were used in noncytotoxic concentrations: porcine bile extract and an equimolar mixture of taurocholate, cholate, and deoxycholate. The presence and composition of bile salts appeared to modulate the peptidase activities of the Caco-2 cells involved (i) in the hydrolysis of α-casozepine, leading to much higher formation of fragments f91-99, f91-98, and f91-97, and (ii) in the hydrolysis of f91-97, leading to lower degradation of this peptide. Transport of α-casozepine across Caco-2 monolayer increased significantly, in the presence of bile extract, and of fragment f91-97, in the presence of bile salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cakir-Kiefer
- Unité de Recherche, Animal & Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA)-Équipe, Protéolyse & Biofonctionnalités des Protéines et des Peptides, Nancy-Université, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Post-translational modification of plant-made foreign proteins; glycosylation and beyond. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:410-8. [PMID: 21839159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The complex and diverse nature of the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins represents an efficient and cost-effective mechanism for the exponential diversification of the genome. PTMs have been shown to affect almost every aspect of protein activity, including function, localisation, stability, and dynamic interactions with other molecules. Although many PTMs are evolutionarily conserved there are also important kingdom-specific modifications which should be considered when expressing recombinant proteins. Plants are gaining increasing acceptance as an expression system for recombinant proteins, particularly where eukaryotic-like PTMs are required. Glycosylation is the most extensively studied PTM of plant-made recombinant proteins. However, other types of protein processing and modification also occur which are important for the production of high quality recombinant protein, such as hydroxylation and lipidation. Plant and/or protein engineering approaches offer many opportunities to exploit PTM pathways allowing the molecular farmer to produce a humanised product with modifications functionally similar or identical to the native protein. Indeed, plants have demonstrated a high degree of tolerance to changes in PTM pathways allowing recombinant proteins to be modified in a specific and controlled manner, frequently resulting in a homogeneity of product which is currently unrivalled by alternative expression platforms. Whether a recombinant protein is intended for use as a scientific reagent, a cosmetic additive or as a pharmaceutical, PTMs through their presence and complexity, offer an extensive range of options for the rational design of humanised (biosimilar), enhanced (biobetter) or novel products.
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Husaini AM, Rashid Z, Mir RUR, Aquil B. Approaches for gene targeting and targeted gene expression in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:150-62. [PMID: 22179193 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.2.3.18605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic science and technology are fundamental to state-of-the-art plant molecular genetics and crop improvement. The new generation of technology endeavors to introduce genes 'stably' into 'site-specific' locations and in 'single copy' without the integration of extraneous vector 'backbone' sequences or selectable markers and with a 'predictable and consistent' expression. Several similar strategies and technologies, which can push the development of 'smart' genetically modified plants with desirable attributes, as well as enhance their consumer acceptability, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Masood Husaini
- Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Shalimar, India.
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Moriguchi R, Matsuoka C, Suyama A, Matsuoka K. Reduction of plant-specific arabinogalactan-type O-glycosylation by treating tobacco plants with ferrous chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:994-6. [PMID: 21597170 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant specific O-glycosylation of proteins includes the attachment of arabinogalactan to hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues. These Hyp residues are generated from peptidyl proline residues by the action of prolyl 4-hydroxylase which requires the ferrous ion. We investigated the effect of the ferrous chelator, 2,2'-dipyridyl on tobacco plants, and found that such treatment reduced the arabinogalactosylation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Xu J, Ge X, Dolan MC. Towards high-yield production of pharmaceutical proteins with plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:278-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Huang FC, Studart-Witkowski C, Schwab W. Overexpression of hydroperoxide lyase gene in Nicotiana benthamiana using a viral vector system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:783-95. [PMID: 20691022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
13-Lipoxygenase (13-LOX) and 13-hydroperoxide lyases (13-HPL) are the key enzymes for the production of the 'green note' compounds hexanal, (3Z)- and (2E)-hexenal in plant tissues. To produce high levels of 13-LOX and 13-HPL enzymatic activities for a biocatalytic process to generate C(6)-aldehydes on a large scale, soya bean 13-LOX (GmVLXC) and watermelon 13-HPL (ClHPL) genes were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using a viral vector system mediated by agroinfiltration. The N. benthamiana leaves produced high activity of watermelon HPL, but not GmVLXC 13-LOX. In addition, all leaves treated with bacterial suspension displayed a high activity of 9-LOX, indicating that the internal tobacco 9-LOX gene was highly induced through agroinfiltration because of wounding. GmVLXC and ClHPL transcripts could be detected in the corresponding transformed tobacco leaves by real-time RT-PCR analysis but the expression level of ClHPL was 24-fold higher than that of GmVLXC. Western blot analysis showed that LOX was present in all tobacco leaves which were treated with bacterial suspensions, but not in the untreated wild-type control. This result confirms that internal 9-LOX was highly induced by agroinfiltration. The highest levels of ClHPL activity under optimal infiltration conditions were 80 times the HPL activity of wild-type plants or plants transformed with control vector. A large amount of hexanal was formed when linoleic acid was incubated with extracts from N. benthamiana leaves over-expressing ClHPL in combination with GmVLXC-expressing yeast extracts. One gram of ClHPL-expressing N. benthamiana leaves (fresh weight) could produce 17 +/- 0.4 mg hexanal from 50 mg linoleic acid after 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Chin Huang
- Technische Universität München, Biomolecular Food Technology, Freising, Germany
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Daskalova SM, Radder JE, Cichacz ZA, Olsen SH, Tsaprailis G, Mason H, Lopez LC. Engineering of N. benthamiana L. plants for production of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycosylated proteins--towards development of a plant-based platform for production of protein therapeutics with mucin type O-glycosylation. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20735851 PMCID: PMC2936419 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin type O-glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications that impacts stability and biological functions of many mammalian proteins. A large family of UDP-GalNAc polypeptide:N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) catalyzes the first step of mucin type O-glycosylation by transferring GalNAc to serine and/or threonine residues of acceptor polypeptides. Plants do not have the enzyme machinery to perform this process, thus restricting their use as bioreactors for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that an isoform of the human GalNAc-Ts family, GalNAc-T2, retains its localization and functionality upon expression in N. benthamiana L. plants. The recombinant enzyme resides in the Golgi as evidenced by the fluorescence distribution pattern of the GalNAc-T2:GFP fusion and alteration of the fluorescence signature upon treatment with Brefeldin A. A GalNAc-T2-specific acceptor peptide, the 113-136 aa fragment of chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit, is glycosylated in vitro by the plant-produced enzyme at the "native" GalNAc attachment sites, Ser-121 and Ser-127. Ectopic expression of GalNAc-T2 is sufficient to "arm" tobacco cells with the ability to perform GalNAc-glycosylation, as evidenced by the attachment of GalNAc to Thr-119 of the endogenous enzyme endochitinase. However, glycosylation of highly expressed recombinant glycoproteins, like magnICON-expressed E. coli enterotoxin B subunit:H. sapiens mucin 1 tandem repeat-derived peptide fusion protein (LTBMUC1), is limited by the low endogenous UDP-GalNAc substrate pool and the insufficient translocation of UDP-GalNAc to the Golgi lumen. Further genetic engineering of the GalNAc-T2 plants by co-expressing Y. enterocolitica UDP-GlcNAc 4-epimerase gene and C. elegans UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-GalNAc transporter gene overcomes these limitations as indicated by the expression of the model LTBMUC1 protein exclusively as a glycoform. CONCLUSION Plant bioreactors can be engineered that are capable of producing Tn antigen-containing recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha M Daskalova
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Josiah E Radder
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zbigniew A Cichacz
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sam H Olsen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Hugh Mason
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Linda C Lopez
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhang C, Baez J, Glatz CE. Purification and characterization of a 44-kDa recombinant collagen I alpha 1 fragment from corn grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:880-887. [PMID: 19140684 DOI: 10.1021/jf8026205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that a fibrous, repetitive amino acid sequence collagen-related protein, a 44-kDa fragment of human collagen I alpha 1 (CIalpha1), was expressed in corn grain molecularly equivalent to that produced in recombinant yeast. The recombinant CIalpha1 was extracted and purified from early generation plants having low levels of recombinant protein accumulation. It was selectively extracted at low pH and purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, resulting in a 44-kDa CIalpha1 with >70% purity and 60% recovery. The N-terminal sequence, amino acid composition, and immunoreactivity closely matched those of an analogous 44-kDa CIalpha1 fragment produced by the yeast Pichia . The corn-derived 44-kDa CIalpha1 had an intact protein mass of 44088 Da, which is within 0.2% of the mass calculated from the expected sequence. Tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the primary sequence with 78% coverage. The amino acid composition analysis indicated a low level of prolyl hydroxylation. Glycoprotein staining revealed no glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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