1
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Archer Goode E, Wang N, Munkley J. Prostate cancer bone metastases biology and clinical management (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 25:163. [PMID: 36960185 PMCID: PMC10028493 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prominent causes of cancer-related mortality in the male population. A highly impactful prognostic factor for patients diagnosed with PCa is the presence or absence of bone metastases. The formation of secondary tumours at the bone is the most commonly observed site for the establishment of PCa metastases and is associated with reduced survival of patients in addition to a cohort of life-debilitating symptoms, including mobility issues and chronic pain. Despite the prevalence of this disease presentation and the high medical relevance of bone metastases, the mechanisms underlying the formation of metastases to the bone and the understanding of what drives the osteotropism exhibited by prostate tumours remain to be fully elucidated. This lack of in-depth understanding manifests in limited effective treatment options for patients with advanced metastatic PCa and culminates in the low rate of survival observed for this sub-set of patients. The present review aims to summarise the most recent promising advances in the understanding of how and why prostate tumours metastasise to the bone, with the ultimate aim of highlighting novel treatment and prognostic targets, which may provide the opportunity to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with PCa with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, International Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, International Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
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2
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Bindeman WE, Fingleton B. Glycosylation as a regulator of site-specific metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:107-129. [PMID: 34967926 PMCID: PMC8930623 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is considered to be responsible for 90% of cancer-related deaths. Although it is clinically evident that metastatic patterns vary by primary tumor type, the molecular mechanisms underlying the site-specific nature of metastasis are an area of active investigation. One mechanism that has emerged as an important player in this process is glycosylation, or the addition of sugar moieties onto protein and lipid substrates. Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification, occurring on more than 50% of translated proteins. Many of those proteins are either secreted or expressed on the cell membrane, thereby making glycosylation an important mediator of cell-cell interactions, including tumor-microenvironment interactions. It has been recently discovered that alteration of glycosylation patterns influences cancer metastasis, both globally and in a site-specific manner. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of glycosylation in the tropism of cancer cells for several common metastatic sites, including the bone, lung, brain, and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Bindeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Jarahian M, Marofi F, Maashi MS, Ghaebi M, Khezri A, Berger MR. Re-Expression of Poly/Oligo-Sialylated Adhesion Molecules on the Surface of Tumor Cells Disrupts Their Interaction with Immune-Effector Cells and Contributes to Pathophysiological Immune Escape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5203. [PMID: 34680351 PMCID: PMC8534074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans linked to surface proteins are the most complex biological macromolecules that play an active role in various cellular mechanisms. This diversity is the basis of cell-cell interaction and communication, cell growth, cell migration, as well as co-stimulatory or inhibitory signaling. Our review describes the importance of neuraminic acid and its derivatives as recognition elements, which are located at the outermost positions of carbohydrate chains linked to specific glycoproteins or glycolipids. Tumor cells, especially from solid tumors, mask themselves by re-expression of hypersialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), or synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) in order to protect themselves against the cytotoxic attack of the also highly sialylated immune effector cells. More particularly, we focus on α-2,8-linked polysialic acid chains, which characterize carrier glycoproteins such as NCAM, NRP-2, or SynCam-1. This characteristic property correlates with an aggressive clinical phenotype and endows them with multiple roles in biological processes that underlie all steps of cancer progression, including regulation of cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as increased proliferation, migration, reduced apoptosis rate of tumor cells, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Specifically, re-expression of poly/oligo-sialylated adhesion molecules on the surface of tumor cells disrupts their interaction with immune-effector cells and contributes to pathophysiological immune escape. Further, sialylated glycoproteins induce immunoregulatory cytokines and growth factors through interactions with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. We describe the processes, which modulate the interaction between sialylated carrier glycoproteins and their ligands, and illustrate that sialic acids could be targets of novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran;
| | - Marwah Suliman Maashi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Unit at King Fahad Medical Research Centre, Jeddah 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran;
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Hamar, Norway;
| | - Martin R. Berger
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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5
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Li Y, Li Y, Xia J, Yang Q, Chen Y, Sun H. 3'-Sulfo-TF Antigen Determined by GAL3ST2/ST3GAL1 Is Essential for Antitumor Activity of Fungal Galectin AAL/AAGL. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17379-17390. [PMID: 34278124 PMCID: PMC8280635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many lectins have been reported to have antitumor activities; identifying the glycan ligands in tumor cells of lectins is crucial for lectin clinical application. An edible mushroom galectin, Agrocybe aegerita lectin (AAL/AAGL), that has a high antitumor activity has been reported. In this paper, based on the glycan array data, it is showed that the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF antigen)-related O-glycans were found to be highly correlated with the antitumor activity of AAL/AAGL. Further glycosyltransferase quantification suggested that the ratio between GAL3ST2 and ST3GAL1 (GAL3ST2/ST3GAL1), which determined the 3'-sulfo-TF expression level, was highly correlated with the antitumor activity of AAL/AAGL. Overexpressing the enzyme of GAL3ST2 in HL60 and HeLa cell lines could increase the growth inhibition ratio of AAL/AAGL from 22.7 to 43.9% and 27.8 to 39.1%, respectively. However, ST3GAL1 in Jurkat cells could decrease the growth inhibition ratio from 44.7 to 35.6%. All the data suggested that the 3'-sulfo-TF antigen is one of the main glycan ligands that AAL/AAGL recognizes in tumor cells. AAL/AAGL may potentially serve as a reagent for cancer diagnosis and a targeted therapy for the 3'-sulfo-TF antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Chen
- College
of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong
Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P. R. China
- Hubei
Province key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, P. R. China
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6
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Chiang AWT, Baghdassarian HM, Kellman BP, Bao B, Sorrentino JT, Liang C, Kuo CC, Masson HO, Lewis NE. Systems glycobiology for discovering drug targets, biomarkers, and rational designs for glyco-immunotherapy. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:50. [PMID: 34158025 PMCID: PMC8218521 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment and led to an unprecedented wave of immuno-oncology research during the past two decades. In 2018, two pioneer immunotherapy innovators, Tasuku Honjo and James P. Allison, were awarded the Nobel Prize for their landmark cancer immunotherapy work regarding “cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation” –CTLA4 and PD-1 immune checkpoints. However, the challenge in the coming decade is to develop cancer immunotherapies that can more consistently treat various patients and cancer types. Overcoming this challenge requires a systemic understanding of the underlying interactions between immune cells, tumor cells, and immunotherapeutics. The role of aberrant glycosylation in this process, and how it influences tumor immunity and immunotherapy is beginning to emerge. Herein, we review current knowledge of miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms of glycosylation machinery, and how these carbohydrate moieties impact immune cell and tumor cell interactions. We discuss these insights in the context of clinical findings and provide an outlook on modulating the regulation of glycosylation to offer new therapeutic opportunities. Finally, in the coming age of systems glycobiology, we highlight how emerging technologies in systems glycobiology are enabling deeper insights into cancer immuno-oncology, helping identify novel drug targets and key biomarkers of cancer, and facilitating the rational design of glyco-immunotherapies. These hold great promise clinically in the immuno-oncology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W T Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Hratch M Baghdassarian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bokan Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James T Sorrentino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chenguang Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Helen O Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The National Biologics Facility, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Ideo H, Kondo J, Nomura T, Nonomura N, Inoue M, Amano J. Study of glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen secreted by cancer tissue-originated spheroids reveals new candidates for prostate cancer detection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2708. [PMID: 32066783 PMCID: PMC7026178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most frequently used biomarker for the screening of prostate cancer. Understanding the structure of cancer-specific glycans can help us improve PSA assay. In the present study, we analysed the glycans of PSA obtained from culture medium containing cancer tissue-originated spheroids (CTOS) which have similar characteristics as that of the parent tumour to explore the new candidates for cancer-related glycoforms of PSA. The glycan profile of PSA from CTOS was determined by comparing with PSA from normal seminal plasma and cancer cell lines (LNCaP and 22Rv1) using lectin chromatography and mass spectrometry. PSA from CTOS was mostly sialylated and the content of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin reactive glycan (LacdiNAc) was similar to that of PSA derived from seminal plasma and 22Rv1. Conversely, concanavalin A (Con A)-unbound PSA was definitely detected from the three cancer origins but was almost negligible in seminal PSA. Two novel types of PSA were elucidated in the Con A-unbound fraction: one is a high molecular weight PSA with highly branched N-glycans, and the other is a low molecular weight PSA without N-glycans. Furthermore, the existence of Lewis X antigen group on PSA was indicated. These PSAs will be candidates for new cancer-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ideo
- Laboratory of glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo, 173-0033, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Junko Amano
- Laboratory of glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo, 173-0033, Japan.
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8
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Dual CXCR4 and E-Selectin Inhibitor, GMI-1359, Shows Anti-Bone Metastatic Effects and Synergizes with Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer Cell Intraosseous Growth. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010032. [PMID: 31877673 PMCID: PMC7017374 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) relapses due to acquired resistance to docetaxel-based chemotherapy and remains a major threat to patient survival. In this report, we tested the effectiveness of a dual CXCR4/E-selectin antagonist, GM-I1359, in vitro and in vivo, as a single agent or in combination with docetaxel (DTX). This agent was compared to the single CXCR4 antagonist, CTCE-9908, and E-selectin antagonist, GMI-1271. Here we demonstrate that CXCR4 antagonism reduced growth and enhanced DTX treatment in PCa cell lines as well as restored DTX effectiveness in DTX-resistant cell models. The efficacy of dual antagonist was higher respect to those observed for single CXCR4 antagonism. GM1359 impacted bone marrow colonization and growth in intraventricular and intratibial cell injection models. The anti-proliferative effects of GMI-1359 and DTX correlated with decreased size, osteolysis and serum levels of both mTRAP and type I collagen fragment (CTX) in intra-osseous tumours suggesting that the dual CXCR4/E-selectin antagonist was a docetaxel-sensitizing agent for bone metastatic growth. Single agent CXCR4 (CTCE-9908) and E-selectin (GMI-1271) antagonists resulted in lower sensitizing effects compared to GMI-1359. These data provide a biologic rationale for the use of a dual E-selectin/CXCR4 inhibitor as an adjuvant to taxane-based chemotherapy in men with mCRPC to prevent and reduce bone metastases.
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9
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I-branched carbohydrates as emerging effectors of malignant progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13729-13737. [PMID: 31213534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900268116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates, termed "glycans," are ubiquitous posttranslational effectors that can tune cancer progression. Often aberrantly displayed or found at atypical levels on cancer cells, glycans can impact essentially all progressive steps, from malignant transformation to metastases formation. Glycans are structural entities that can directly bind promalignant glycan-binding proteins and help elicit optimal receptor-ligand activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, integrin ligands, lectins, and other type-1 transmembrane proteins. Because glycans play an integral role in a cancer cell's malignant activity and are frequently uniquely expressed, preclinical studies on the suitability of glycans as anticancer therapeutic targets and their promise as biomarkers of disease progression continue to intensify. While sialylation and fucosylation have predominated the focus of cancer-associated glycan modifications, the emergence of blood group I antigens (or I-branched glycans) as key cell surface moieties capable of modulating cancer virulence has reenergized investigations into the role of the glycome in malignant progression. I-branched glycans catalyzed principally by the I-branching enzyme GCNT2 are now indicated in several malignancies. In this Perspective, the putative role of GCNT2/I-branching in cancer progression is discussed, including exciting insights on how I-branches can potentially antagonize the cancer-promoting activity of β-galactose-binding galectins.
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10
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Chandler KB, Costello CE, Rahimi N. Glycosylation in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Cells 2019; 8:E544. [PMID: 31195728 PMCID: PMC6627046 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Just as oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss are hallmarks of tumor development, emerging evidence indicates that tumor microenvironment-mediated changes in glycosylation play a crucial functional role in tumor progression and metastasis. Hypoxia and inflammatory events regulate protein glycosylation in tumor cells and associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, which facilitates tumor progression and also modulates a patient's response to anti-cancer therapeutics. In this review, we highlight the impact of altered glycosylation on angiogenic signaling and endothelial cell adhesion, and the critical consequences of these changes in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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11
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Donnelly C, Dykstra B, Mondal N, Huang J, Kaskow BJ, Griffin R, Sackstein R, Baecher-Allan C. Optimizing human Treg immunotherapy by Treg subset selection and E-selectin ligand expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:420. [PMID: 29323143 PMCID: PMC5765004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While human Tregs hold immense promise for immunotherapy, their biologic variability poses challenges for clinical use. Here, we examined clinically-relevant activities of defined subsets of freshly-isolated and culture-expanded human PBMC-derived Tregs. Unlike highly suppressive but plastic memory Tregs (memTreg), naïve Tregs (nvTreg) exhibited the greatest proliferation, suppressive capacity after stimulation, and Treg lineage fidelity. Yet, unlike memTregs, nvTregs lack Fucosyltransferase VII and display low sLeX expression, with concomitant poor homing capacity. In vitro nvTreg expansion augmented their suppressive function, but did not alter the nvTreg sLeX-l°w glycome. However, exofucosylation of the nvTreg surface yielded high sLeX expression, promoting endothelial adhesion and enhanced inhibition of xenogeneic aGVHD. These data indicate that the immature Treg glycome is under unique regulation and that adult PBMCs can be an ideal source of autologous-derived therapeutic Tregs, provided that subset selection and glycan engineering are engaged to optimize both their immunomodulation and tropism for inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Donnelly
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brad Dykstra
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Platelet Biogenesis, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Mondal
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Junning Huang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Belinda J Kaskow
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Russell Griffin
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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12
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Krog BL, Henry MD. Biomechanics of the Circulating Tumor Cell Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:209-233. [PMID: 30368755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) exist in a microenvironment quite different from the solid tumor tissue microenvironment. They are detached from matrix and exposed to the immune system and hemodynamic forces leading to the conclusion that life as a CTC is "nasty, brutish, and short." While there is much evidence to support this assertion, the mechanisms underlying this are much less clear. In this chapter we will specifically focus on biomechanical influences on CTCs in the circulation and examine in detail the question of whether CTCs are mechanically fragile, a commonly held idea that is lacking in direct evidence. We will review multiple lines of evidence indicating, perhaps counterintuitively, that viable cancer cells are mechanically robust in the face of exposures to physiologic shear stresses that would be encountered by CTCs during their passage through the circulation. Finally, we present emerging evidence that malignant epithelial cells, as opposed to their benign counterparts, possess specific mechanisms that enable them to endure these mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Krog
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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13
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Mittal VK, McDonald JF. De novo assembly and characterization of breast cancer transcriptomes identifies large numbers of novel fusion-gene transcripts of potential functional significance. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:53. [PMID: 28851357 PMCID: PMC5575902 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-fusion or chimeric transcripts have been implicated in the onset and progression of a variety of cancers. Massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the cellular transcriptome is a promising approach for the identification of chimeric transcripts of potential functional significance. We report here the development and use of an integrated computational pipeline for the de novo assembly and characterization of chimeric transcripts in 55 primary breast cancer and normal tissue samples. Methods An integrated computational pipeline was employed to screen the transcriptome of breast cancer and control tissues for high-quality RNA-sequencing reads. Reads were de novo assembled into contigs followed by reference genome mapping. Chimeric transcripts were detected, filtered and characterized using our R-SAP algorithm. The relative abundance of reads was used to estimate levels of gene expression. Results De novo assembly allowed for the accurate detection of 1959 chimeric transcripts to nucleotide level resolution and facilitated detailed molecular characterization and quantitative analysis. A number of the chimeric transcripts are of potential functional significance including 79 novel fusion-protein transcripts and many chimeric transcripts with alterations in their un-translated leader regions. A number of chimeric transcripts in the cancer samples mapped to genomic regions devoid of any known genes. Several ‘pro-neoplastic’ fusions comprised of genes previously implicated in cancer are expressed at low levels in normal tissues but at high levels in cancer tissues. Conclusions Collectively, our results underscore the utility of deep sequencing technologies and improved bioinformatics workflows to uncover novel and potentially significant chimeric transcripts in cancer and normal somatic tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-017-0289-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Mittal
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - John F McDonald
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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14
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Hsieh SL, Hsieh S, Kuo YH, Wang JJ, Wang JC, Wu CC. Effects of Panax notoginseng on the Metastasis of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:851-70. [PMID: 27222068 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the Panax notoginseng ethanol extract (PNEE) on the regulation of human colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. The migratory, invasive, and adhesive abilities and the expression of metastasis-associated regulatory molecules in cultured human CRC cells (HCT-116) treated with the PNEE were analyzed in this study. The migratory and invasive abilities of HCT-116 cells were reduced after PNEE treatment. The incubation of HCT-116 cells with the PNEE for 24 h decreased MMP-9 expression and increased E-cadherin expression compared with the control group. The adhesion reaction assay indicated that treatment with the PNEE led to significantly decreased HCT-116 adhesion to endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cells). The integrin-1 protein levels in HCT-116 cells were significantly decreased following treatment with the PNEE. Similarly, the protein levels of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were significantly decreased by treatment of the EA.hy926 endothelial cells with PNEE. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination indicated that HCT-116 cells treated with LPS combined with the PNEE had a less flattened and retracted shape compared with LPS-treated cells, and this change in shape was found to be a phenomenon of extravasation invasion. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell monolayer increased after incubation with the PNEE for 24 h. A cell-cell permeability assay indicated that HCT-116 cells treated with the PNEE displayed significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated VE-cadherin (p-VE-cadherin). These results demonstrate the antimetastatic properties of the PNEE and show that the PNEE affects cells by inhibiting cell migration, invasion, and adhesion and regulating the expression of metastasis-associated signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- * Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- † Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Kuo
- * Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Jye Wang
- ‡ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Chyi Wang
- § Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- ¶ Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
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15
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Yasmin-Karim S, King MR, Messing EM, Lee YF. E-selectin ligand-1 controls circulating prostate cancer cell rolling/adhesion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12097-110. [PMID: 25301730 PMCID: PMC4322988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating prostate cancer (PCa) cells preferentially roll and adhere on bone marrow vascular endothelial cells, where abundant E-selectin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) are expressed, subsequently initiating a cascade of activation events that eventually lead to the development of metastases. To elucidate the roles of circulating PCa cells' rolling and adhesion behaviors in cancer metastases, we applied a dynamic cylindrical flow-based microchannel device that is coated with E-selectin and SDF-1, mimicking capillary endothelium. Using this device we captured a small fraction of rolling PCa cells. These rolling cells display higher static adhesion ability, more aggressive cancer phenotypes and stem-like properties. Importantly, mice received rolling PCa cells, but not floating PCa cells, developed cancer metastases. Genes coding for E-selectin ligands and genes associated with cancer stem cells and metastasis were elevated in rolling PCa cells. Knock down of E-selectin ligand 1(ESL-1), significantly impaired PCa cells' rolling capacity and reduced cancer aggressiveness. Moreover, ESL-1 activates RAS and MAP kinase signal cascade, consequently inducing the downstream targets. In summary, circulating PCa cells' rolling capacity contributes to PCa metastasis, and that is in part controlled by ESL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeda Yasmin-Karim
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Edward M Messing
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
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16
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Desiderio V, Papagerakis P, Tirino V, Zheng L, Matossian M, Prince ME, Paino F, Mele L, Papaccio F, Montella R, Papaccio G, Papagerakis S. Increased fucosylation has a pivotal role in invasive and metastatic properties of head and neck cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:71-84. [PMID: 25428916 PMCID: PMC4381579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality rates. Major challenges for OSCC management include development of resistance to therapy and early formation of distant metastases. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as important players in both pathologic mechanisms. Increased fucosylation activity and increased expression of fucosylated polysaccharides, such as Sialyl Lewis X (SLex), are associated with invasion and metastasis. However, the role of fucosylation in CSCs has not been elucidated yet. We used the spheroid culture technique to obtain a CSC-enriched population and compared orospheres with adherent cells. We found that orospheres expressed markers of CSCs and metastasis at higher levels, were more invasive and tumorigenic, and were more resistant to cisplatin/radiation than adherent counterparts. We found fucosyltransferases FUT3 and FUT6 highly up-regulated, increased SLex expression and increased adhesion by shear flow assays in orospheres. Inhibition of fucosylation negatively affected orospheres formation and invasion of oral CSCs. These results confirm that orospheres are enriched in CSCs and that fucosylation is of paramount importance for CSC invasion. In addition, SLex may play a key role in CSC metastasis. Thus, inhibition of fucosylation may be used to block CSCs and metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Center for Organogenesis, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margarite Matossian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Paino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mele
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Montella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Medical Histology and Embryology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Nanobiotechnology for the Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Cells in Blood. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:137-150. [PMID: 25798204 PMCID: PMC4361771 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, circulating tumor cells migrate away from a primary tumor via the blood circulation to form secondary tumors in distant organs. Mounting evidence from clinical observations indicates that the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood correlates with the progression of solid tumors before and during chemotherapy. Beyond the well-established role of CTCs as a fluid biopsy, however, the field of targeting CTCs for the prevention or reduction of metastases has just emerged. Conventional cancer therapeutics have a relatively short circulation time in the blood which may render the killing of CTCs inefficient due to reduced exposure of CTCs to drugs. Nevertheless, over the past few decades, the development of nanoparticles and nanoformulations to improve the half-life and release profile of drugs in circulation has rejuvenated certain traditional medicines in the emerging field of CTC neutralization. This review focuses on how the principles of nanomedicine may be applied to target CTCs. Moreover, inspired by the interactions between CTCs and host cells in the blood circulation, novel biomimetic approaches for targeted drug delivery are presented.
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18
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Nanobiotechnology for the Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Cells in Blood. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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19
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Drake RR, Jones EE, Powers TW, Nyalwidhe JO. Altered glycosylation in prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:345-82. [PMID: 25727153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is annually the most common newly diagnosed cancer in men. The prostate functions as a major secretory gland for the production of glycoproteins critical to sperm activation and reproduction. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), produced by the prostate, is one of the most commonly assayed glycoproteins in blood, serving as a biomarker for early detection and progression of prostate cancer. The single site of N-glycosylation on PSA has been the target of multiple glycan characterization studies. In this review, the extensive number of studies that have characterized the changes in O-linked and N-linked glycosylations associated with prostate cancer development and progression will be summarized. This includes analysis of the glycosylation of PSA, and other prostate glycoproteins, in tissues, clinical biofluids, and cell line models. Other studies are summarized in the context of understanding the complexities of these glycan changes in order to address the many confounding questions associated with prostate cancer, as well as efforts to improve prostate cancer biomarker assays using targeted glycomic-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - E Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Regulations of glycolipid: XI. glycosyltransferase (GSL: GLTs) genes involved in SA-LeX and related GSLs biosynthesis in carcinoma cells by Biosimilar apoptotic agents: potential anticancer drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 842:329-54. [PMID: 25408353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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21
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Shirure VS, Liu T, Delgadillo LF, Cuckler CM, Tees DFJ, Benencia F, Goetz DJ, Burdick MM. CD44 variant isoforms expressed by breast cancer cells are functional E-selectin ligands under flow conditions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C68-78. [PMID: 25339657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00094.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of circulating tumor cells to vascular endothelium is mediated by specialized molecules that are functional under shear forces exerted by hematogenous flow. Endothelial E-selectin binding to glycoforms of CD44 mediates shear-resistant cell adhesion in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. However, this pathway is poorly understood in breast cancer and is the focus of the present investigation. All breast cancer cell lines used in this study strongly expressed CD44. In particular, BT-20 cells expressed CD44s and multiple CD44v isoforms, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells predominantly expressed CD44s but weakly expressed CD44v isoforms. CD44 expressed by BT-20, but not MDA-MB-231, cells possessed E-selectin ligand activity as detected by Western blotting and antigen capture assays. Importantly, CD44 expressed by intact BT-20 cells were functional E-selectin ligands, regulating cell rolling and adhesion under physiological flow conditions, as found by shRNA-targeted silencing of CD44. Antigen capture assays strongly suggest greater shear-resistant E-selectin ligand activity of BT-20 cell CD44v isoforms than CD44s. Surprisingly, CD44 was not recognized by the HECA-452 MAb, which detects sialofucosylated epitopes traditionally expressed by selectin ligands, suggesting that BT-20 cells express a novel glycoform of CD44v as an E-selectin ligand. The activity of this glycoform was predominantly attributed to N-linked glycans. Furthermore, expression of CD44v as an E-selectin ligand correlated with high levels of fucosyltransferase-3 and -6 and epithelial, rather than mesenchymal, cell phenotype. Together, these data demonstrate that expression of CD44 as a functional E-selectin ligand may be important in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venktesh S Shirure
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Luis F Delgadillo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Chaz M Cuckler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - David F J Tees
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;
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22
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Compagno D, Gentilini LD, Jaworski FM, Pérez IG, Contrufo G, Laderach DJ. Glycans and galectins in prostate cancer biology, angiogenesis and metastasis. Glycobiology 2014; 24:899-906. [PMID: 24939371 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. While localized prostate cancer can be cured, advanced and metastatic prostate cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Malignant transformation is associated with important modifications of the cellular glycosylation profile, and it is postulated that these changes have a considerable relevance for tumor biology. Metastasis is a multiphasic process that encompasses angiogenesis, the spread of tumor cells and their growth at distant sites from the primary tumor location. Recognition of glycoconjugates by galectins, among other lectins, plays a fundamental role in the metastatic spread, tumor immune escape and the neovascularization process. Particularly in prostate cancer, both carbohydrates and galectins have been implicated in many cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. However, a limited number of studies assessed their potential implications in the induction of metastasis in prostate cancer patients or in animal models. Moreover, the role of galectin-glycan interactions in vivo still remains poorly understood; concerted effort should thus be made in order to shed some light on this question. This review summarizes current evidence on both the expression and role of glycans and galectins in prostate cancer, particularly turning our attention to the angiogenic and metastatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Compagno
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas D Gentilini
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe M Jaworski
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio González Pérez
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geraldine Contrufo
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Laderach
- Structural and Functional Glycomics Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lee N, Barthel SR, Schatton T. Melanoma stem cells and metastasis: mimicking hematopoietic cell trafficking? J Transl Med 2014; 94:13-30. [PMID: 24126889 PMCID: PMC3941309 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly metastatic cancer that bears responsibility for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Amidst the research efforts to better understand melanoma progression, there has been increasing evidence that hints at a role for a subpopulation of virulent cancer cells, termed malignant melanoma stem or initiating cells (MMICs), in metastasis formation. MMICs are characterized by their preferential ability to initiate and propagate tumor growth and their selective capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into less tumorigenic melanoma cells. The frequency of MMICs has been shown to correlate with poor clinical prognosis in melanoma. In addition, MMICs are enriched among circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients, suggesting that MMICs may be a critical factor in the metastatic cascade. Although these links exist between MMICs and metastatic disease, the mechanisms by which MMICs may advance metastatic progression are only beginning to be elucidated. Recent studies have shown that MMICs express molecules critical for hematopoietic cell maintenance and trafficking, providing a possible explanation for how circulating MMICs could drive melanoma dissemination. We therefore propose that MMICs might fuel melanoma metastasis by exploiting homing mechanisms commonly utilized by hematopoietic cells. Here we review the biological properties of MMICs and the existing literature on their metastatic potential. We will discuss possible mechanisms by which MMICs might initiate metastases in the context of established knowledge of cancer stem cells in other cancers and of hematopoietic homing molecules, with a particular focus on selectins, integrins, chemokines and chemokine receptors known to be expressed by melanoma cells. Biological understanding of how these molecules might be utilized by MMICs to propel the metastatic cascade could critically impact the development of more effective therapies for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Lee
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Transplantation Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tobias Schatton, Pharm.D., Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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24
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Gakhar G, Navarro VN, Jurish M, Lee GY, Tagawa ST, Akhtar NH, Seandel M, Geng Y, Liu H, Bander NH, Giannakakou P, Christos PJ, King MR, Nanus DM. Circulating tumor cells from prostate cancer patients interact with E-selectin under physiologic blood flow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85143. [PMID: 24386459 PMCID: PMC3874033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematogenous metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths, yet the mechanism remains unclear. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood may employ different pathways to cross blood endothelial barrier and establish a metastatic niche. Several studies provide evidence that prostate cancer (PCa) cell tethering and rolling on microvascular endothelium via E-selectin/E-selectin ligand interactions under shear flow theoretically promote extravasation and contribute to the development of metastases. However, it is unknown if CTCs from PCa patients interact with E-selectin expressed on endothelium, initiating a route for tumor metastases. Here we report that CTCs derived from PCa patients showed interactions with E-selectin and E-selectin expressing endothelial cells. To examine E-selectin-mediated interactions of PCa cell lines and CTCs derived from metastatic PCa patients, we used fluorescently-labeled anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody J591-488 which is internalized following cell-surface binding. We employed a microscale flow device consisting of E-selectin-coated microtubes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on parallel-plate flow chamber simulating vascular endothelium. We observed that J591-488 did not significantly alter the rolling behavior in PCa cells at shear stresses below 3 dyn/cm(2). CTCs obtained from 31 PCa patient samples showed that CTCs tether and stably interact with E-selectin and E-selectin expressing HUVECs at physiological shear stress. Interestingly, samples collected during disease progression demonstrated significantly more CTC/E-selectin interactions than samples during times of therapeutic response (p=0.016). Analysis of the expression of sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) in patient samples showed that a small subset comprising 1.9-18.8% of CTCs possess high sLe(x) expression. Furthermore, E-selectin-mediated interactions between prostate CTCs and HUVECs were diminished in the presence of anti-E-selectin neutralizing antibody. CTC-Endothelial interactions provide a novel insight into potential adhesive mechanisms of prostate CTCs as a means to initiate metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Gakhar
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vicente N. Navarro
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Madelyn Jurish
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guang Yu. Lee
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Naveed H. Akhtar
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yue Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - He Liu
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil H. Bander
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paraskevi Giannakakou
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Christos
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - David M. Nanus
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Li J, Guillebon AD, Hsu JW, Barthel SR, Dimitroff CJ, Lee YF, King MR. Human fucosyltransferase 6 enables prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Br J Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.690 bjc2013690 [pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Human fucosyltransferase 6 enables prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:3014-22. [PMID: 24178760 PMCID: PMC3859952 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The interaction between human prostate cancer (PCa) cells and bone marrow (BM) endothelium follows a rolling-and-adhesion cascade mediated by E-selectin ligand (ESL): E-selectin. This adhesion is enabled by elevated expression of α-1,3-fucosyltransferases (FTs), enzymes responsible for ESL-mediated bone metastasis in humans. In contrast, the incidence of bone metastasis in mice is rare. Methods: FT 3, 6 and 7 were overexpressed in mouse PCa cells. The rolling cell number, cell-rolling velocity and transendothelial migration were characterised in vitro. Fucosyltransferases-transduced mouse PCa cells expressing luciferase were inoculated into mice via left ventricle to compare the capability of bone metastasis. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation were utilised for identification of ESLs. Results: Overexpression of FT3, FT6 or FT7 restored ESLs and enabled mouse PCa cells to roll and adhere in E-selectin-functionalised microtubes, similar to trafficking of circulating PCa cells in BM vessels. Following intracardiac inoculation, FT6-transduced cells induced robust bone metastasis in mice. Inhibition of FT6 by a fucose mimetic significantly reduced bone metastasis. Importantly, comparison of FT3, FT6 and FT7 gene expression in existing clinical samples showed significant upregulation of FT6 in PCa-distant metastases. Conclusion: FT6 is a key mediator of PCa cells trafficking to the BM. It may serve as a viable drug target in preclinical tests of therapeutics for reduction of PCa bone metastasis.
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Nyalwidhe JO, Betesh LR, Powers TW, Jones EE, White KY, Burch TC, Brooks J, Watson MT, Lance RS, Troyer DA, Semmes OJ, Mehta A, Drake RR. Increased bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and decreased branched chain glycans of N-linked glycoproteins in expressed prostatic secretions associated with prostate cancer progression. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:677-89. [PMID: 23775902 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using prostatic fluids rich in glycoproteins like prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), the goal of this study was to identify the structural types and relative abundance of glycans associated with prostate cancer status for subsequent use in emerging MS-based glycopeptide analysis platforms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A series of pooled samples of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and exosomes reflecting different stages of prostate cancer disease were used for N-linked glycan profiling by three complementary methods, MALDI-TOF profiling, normal-phase HPLC separation, and triple quadropole MS analysis of PAP glycopeptides. RESULTS Glycan profiling of N-linked glycans from different EPS fluids indicated a global decrease in larger branched tri- and tetra-antennary glycans. Differential exoglycosidase treatments indicated a substantial increase in bisecting N-acetylglucosamines correlated with disease severity. A triple quadrupole MS analysis of the N-linked glycopeptides sites from PAP in aggressive prostate cancer pools was done to cross-reference with the glycan profiling data. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in glycosylation as detected in EPS fluids reflect the clinical status of prostate cancer. Defining these molecular signatures at the glycopeptide level in individual samples could improve current approaches of diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA , USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Lucy R Betesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Krista Y White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Tanya C Burch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jasmin Brooks
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Megan T Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Raymond S Lance
- The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Dean A Troyer
- The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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de Albuquerque Vasconcelos JL, de Almeida Ferreira S, de Lima ALR, de Melo Rêgo MJB, Bandeira ARG, de Lima Bezerra Cavalcanti C, de Melo Lira MM, Beltrão EIC. Comparing the Immunoexpression of FUT3 and FUT6 between Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:105-9. [PMID: 23836950 PMCID: PMC3699712 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (PA) and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) have their etiology not fully understood mainly in glycidic aspects. Glycan changes are associated with cell alterations where glycosylation is carried out by glycosyltransferases, such as fucosyltransferases (FUTs). These enzymes catalyze the insertion of L-fucose residues in a variety of glycan structures often in the final stage of glycosylation. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of FUT3 and FUT6 in PA and BPH as well as to correlate immunostaining of these transferases with PA clinic-histopathologic data. The FUT3 and FUT6 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies of PA (n=40) and BPH (n=40). FUT3 and FUT6 showed a high expression in both prostatic diseases, especially FUT6. FUT6 was more immunoexpressed in PA cases than the FUT3 (p<0.0001) as well as in BPH cases but in a not significant way (p=0.0661). Besides, FUT3 was more expressed in BHP lesion than in PA cases (p<0.0001). Our study presented a new data about FUT3 and FUT6 expression in PA and BPH, revealing high FUT6 expression in both lesions and FUT3 overexpression in BHP in relation to PA, proposing that this enzyme could be a promising biomarker for benign prostate alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Isidoro Carneiro Beltrão
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)
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Martinez P, Vergoten G, Colomb F, Bobowski M, Steenackers A, Carpentier M, Allain F, Delannoy P, Julien S. Over-sulfated glycosaminoglycans are alternative selectin ligands: insights into molecular interactions and possible role in breast cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:919-31. [PMID: 23739843 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Distant metastasis account for about 90 % of cancer associated deaths, and yet the oncology field is cruelly lacking tools to accurately predict and/or prevent metastasis. Distant metastasis occurs when circulating tumor cells interact with the endothelium of distant organs and extravasate from the blood vessel into the surrounding tissue. Selectins are a family of carbohydrate receptors well depicted for their role in tumor cells extravasation. They mediate primary interactions of cancer cells with endothelial cells, as well as secondary interactions with leucocytes and platelets, which are also promoting metastasis. The cancer associated carbohydrate antigen sialyl-Lewis x (sLe(x)) has been repeatedly shown to be involved, as selectin ligand, in these interactions. However, recent studies have highlighted that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), another class of glycans, may also serve as ligands for selectins. We report herein that cancer-associated GAGs are differentially recognized by selectins according to their density of sulfation and the pH conditions of the binding. We also show that these parameters regulate platelets-cancer cells heterotypic aggregation, supporting the idea that GAGs may have pro-metastatic function. Combining our experimental results with in depth analyses of molecular dockings, we propose a model of GAG/selectin interactions robust enough to recapitulate the differential binding of selectins to GAGs, the competition between GAGs and sLe(x) for selectin binding and the effect of sub-physiological pH on GAGs affinities towards selectins. Altogether, our data suggest GAGs to be good ligands for selectins, potentially promoting distant metastasis in a complementary way to sLe(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Martinez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France-Université des Sciences et Technologies, Bat C9 Université Lille 1, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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30
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Tu Z, Lin YN, Lin CH. Development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4459-75. [PMID: 23588106 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L-Fucose-containing glycoconjugates are essential for a myriad of physiological and pathological activities, such as inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, tumor metastasis, and genetic disorders. Fucosyltransferases and fucosidases, the main enzymes involved in the incorporation and cleavage of L-fucose residues, respectively, represent captivating targets for therapeutic treatment and diagnosis. We herein review the important breakthroughs in the development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. To demonstrate how the synthesized small molecules interact with the target enzymes, i.e. delineation of the structure-activity relationship, we cover the reaction mechanisms and resolved X-ray crystal structures, discuss how this information guides the design of enzyme inhibitors, and explain how the molecules were optimized to achieve satisfying potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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31
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Dimitroff CJ. Leveraging fluorinated glucosamine action to boost antitumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:206-13. [PMID: 23219268 PMCID: PMC3604137 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyllactosaminyl glycans are key regulators of the vitality and effector function of antitumor T cells. When galectin-1 (Gal-1) binds N-acetyllactosamines on select membrane glycoproteins on antitumor T cells, these cells either undergo apoptosis or become immunoregulatory. Methods designed to antagonize expression or function of these N-acetyllactosamines on N-glycans and O-glycans have thus intensified. Since tumors can produce an abundance of Gal-1, Gal-1 is considered a critical factor for protecting tumor cells from T cell-mediated antitumor activity. Recent efforts have capitalized on the anti-N-acetyllactosamine action of fluorinated glucosamines to treat antitumor T cells, resulting in diminished Gal-1-binding and higher antitumor T cell levels. In this perspective, the prospect of fluorinated glucosamines in eliminating N-acetyllactosamines on antitumor T cells to boost antitumor immunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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32
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Barthel SR, Hays DL, Yazawa EM, Opperman M, Walley KC, Nimrichter L, Burdick MM, Gillard BM, Moser MT, Pantel K, Foster BA, Pienta KJ, Dimitroff CJ. Definition of molecular determinants of prostate cancer cell bone extravasation. Cancer Res 2012; 73:942-52. [PMID: 23149920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to bone, but transit of malignant cells across the bone marrow endothelium (BMEC) remains a poorly understood step in metastasis. Prostate cancer cells roll on E-selectin(+) BMEC through E-selectin ligand-binding interactions under shear flow, and prostate cancer cells exhibit firm adhesion to BMEC via β1, β4, and αVβ3 integrins in static assays. However, whether these discrete prostate cancer cell-BMEC adhesive contacts culminate in cooperative, step-wise transendothelial migration into bone is not known. Here, we describe how metastatic prostate cancer cells breach BMEC monolayers in a step-wise fashion under physiologic hemodynamic flow. Prostate cancer cells tethered and rolled on BMEC and then firmly adhered to and traversed BMEC via sequential dependence on E-selectin ligands and β1 and αVβ3 integrins. Expression analysis in human metastatic prostate cancer tissue revealed that β1 was markedly upregulated compared with expression of other β subunits. Prostate cancer cell breaching was regulated by Rac1 and Rap1 GTPases and, notably, did not require exogenous chemokines as β1, αVβ3, Rac1, and Rap1 were constitutively active. In homing studies, prostate cancer cell trafficking to murine femurs was dependent on E-selectin ligand, β1 integrin, and Rac1. Moreover, eliminating E-selectin ligand-synthesizing α1,3 fucosyltransferases in transgenic adenoma of mouse prostate mice dramatically reduced prostate cancer incidence. These results unify the requirement for E-selectin ligands, α1,3 fucosyltransferases, β1 and αVβ3 integrins, and Rac/Rap1 GTPases in mediating prostate cancer cell homing and entry into bone and offer new insight into the role of α1,3 fucosylation in prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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Gao Y, Chachadi VB, Cheng PW, Brockhausen I. Glycosylation potential of human prostate cancer cell lines. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:525-37. [PMID: 22843320 PMCID: PMC4133139 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation is a universal feature of cancer cells and altered glycans can help cancer cells escape immune surveillance, facilitate tumor invasion, and increase malignancy. The goal of this study was to identify specific glycoenzymes, which could distinguish prostate cancer cells from normal prostatic cells. We investigated enzymatic activities and gene expression levels of key glycosyl- and sulfotransferases responsible for the assembly of O- and N-glycans in several prostatic cells. These cells included immortalized RWPE-1 cells derived from normal prostatic tissues, and prostate cancer cells derived from metastasis in bone (PC-3), brain (DU145), lymph node (LNCaP), and vertebra (VCaP). We found that all cells were capable of synthesizing complex N-glycans and O-glycans with the core 1 structure, and each cell line had characteristic biosynthetic pathways to modify these structures. The in vitro measured activities corresponded well to the mRNA levels of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Lectin and antibody binding to whole cells supported these results, which form the basis for the development of tumor cell-specific targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vishwanath B. Chachadi
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Zandberg WF, Kumarasamy J, Pinto BM, Vocadlo DJ. Metabolic inhibition of sialyl-Lewis X biosynthesis by 5-thiofucose remodels the cell surface and impairs selectin-mediated cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40021-30. [PMID: 23019334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Lewis X (sLe(X)) is a tetrasaccharide that serves as a ligand for the set of cell adhesion proteins known as selectins. This interaction enables adhesion of leukocytes and cancer cells to endothelial cells within capillaries, resulting in their extravasation into tissues. The last step in sLe(X) biosynthesis is the α1,3-fucosyltrasferase (FUT)-catalyzed transfer of an L-fucose residue to carbohydrate acceptors. Impairing FUT activity compromises leukocyte homing to sites of inflammation and renders cancer cells less malignant. Inhibition of FUTs is, consequently, of great interest, but efforts to generate glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including FUT inhibitors, has proven challenging. Here we describe a metabolic engineering strategy to inhibit the biosynthesis of sLe(X) in cancer cells using peracetylated 5-thio-L-fucose (5T-Fuc). We show that 5T-Fuc is taken up by cancer cells and then converted into a sugar nucleotide analog, GDP-5T-Fuc, that blocks FUT activity and limits sLe(X) presentation on HepG2 cells with an EC(50) in the low micromolar range. GDP-5T-Fuc itself does not get transferred by either FUT3 or FUT7 at a measurable rate. We further demonstrate that treatment of cells with 5T-Fuc impaired their adhesive properties to immobilized adhesion molecules and human endothelial cells. 5T-Fuc, therefore, is a useful probe that can be used to modulate sLe(X) levels in cells to evaluate the consequences of inhibiting FUT-mediated sLe(X) formation. These data also reveal the utility of using sugar analogues that lead to formation of donor substrate analogues within cells as a general approach to blocking glycosyltransferases in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
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35
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Li J, King MR. Adhesion receptors as therapeutic targets for circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:79. [PMID: 22837985 PMCID: PMC3402858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis contributes to >90% of cancer-associated mortality. Though primary tumors can be removed by surgical resection or chemo/radiotherapy, metastatic disease is a great challenge to treatment due to its systemic nature. As metastatic “seeds,” circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to be responsible for dissemination from a primary tumor to anatomically distant organs. Despite the possibility of physical trapping of CTCs in microvessels, recent advances have provided insights into the involvement of a variety of adhesion molecules on CTCs. Such adhesion molecules facilitate direct interaction with the endothelium in specific tissues or indirectly through leukocytes. Importantly, significant progress has been made in understanding how these receptors confer enhanced invasion and survival advantage during hematogenous circulation of CTCs through recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and other cells. This review highlights the identification of novel adhesion molecules and how blocking their function can compromise successful seeding and colonization of CTCs in new microenvironment. Encouraged by existing diagnostic tools to identify and isolate CTCs, strategic targeting of these adhesion molecules to deliver conventional chemotherapeutics or novel apoptotic signals is discussed for the neutralization of CTCs in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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36
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Lin YN, Stein D, Lin SW, Chang SM, Lin TC, Chuang YR, Gervay-Hague J, Narimatsu H, Lin CH. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of GDP-L-Fucose Derivatives as Potent and Selective α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase Inhibitors. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering: implications for selectin-mediated adhesion and leukocyte extravasation. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:806-15. [PMID: 22037949 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering is an emerging technology wherein non-natural monosaccharide analogs are exogenously supplied to living cells and are biosynthetically incorporated into cell surface glycans. A recently reported application of this methodology employs fluorinated analogs of ManNAc, GlcNAc, and GalNAc to modulate selectin-mediated adhesion associated with leukocyte extravasation and cancer cell metastasis. This monograph outlines possible mechanisms underlying the altered adhesion observed in analog-treated cells; these range from the most straightforward explanation (e.g., structural changes to the selectin ligands ablate interaction with their receptors) to the alternative mechanism where the analogs inhibit or otherwise perturb ligand production to more indirect mechanisms (e.g., changes to the biophysical properties of the selectin binding partner, the nanoenviroment of the binding partners, or the entire cell surface).
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38
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Julien S, Ivetic A, Grigoriadis A, QiZe D, Burford B, Sproviero D, Picco G, Gillett C, Papp SL, Schaffer L, Tutt A, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Pinder SE, Burchell JM. Selectin ligand sialyl-Lewis x antigen drives metastasis of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7683-93. [PMID: 22025563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycome acts as an essential interface between cells and the surrounding microenvironment. However, changes in glycosylation occur in nearly all breast cancers, which can alter this interaction. Here, we report that profiles of glycosylation vary between ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. We found that genes involved in the synthesis of sialyl-Lewis x (sLe(x); FUT3, FUT4, and ST3GAL6) are significantly increased in estrogen receptor alpha-negative (ER-negative) tumors compared with ER-positive ones. SLe(x) expression had no influence on the survival of patients whether they had ER-negative or ER-positive tumors. However, high expression of sLe(x) in ER-positive tumors was correlated with metastasis to the bone where sLe(x) receptor E-selectin is constitutively expressed. The ER-positive ZR-75-1 and the ER-negative BT20 cell lines both express sLe(x) but only ZR-75-1 cells could adhere to activated endothelial cells under dynamic flow conditions in a sLe(x) and E-selectin-dependent manner. Moreover, L/P-selectins bound strongly to ER-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cell lines in a heparan sulfate (HS)-dependent manner that was independent of sLe(x) expression. Expression of glycosylation genes involved in heparan biosynthesis (EXT1 and HS3ST1) was increased in ER-negative tumors. Taken together, our results suggest that the context of sLe(x) expression is important in determining its functional significance and that selectins may promote metastasis in breast cancer through protein-associated sLe(x) and HS glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Julien
- Breast Cancer Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Barthel SR, Antonopoulos A, Cedeno-Laurent F, Schaffer L, Hernandez G, Patil SA, North SJ, Dell A, Matta KL, Neelamegham S, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Peracetylated 4-fluoro-glucosamine reduces the content and repertoire of N- and O-glycans without direct incorporation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21717-31. [PMID: 21493714 PMCID: PMC3122228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that treatment with the peracetylated 4-fluorinated analog of glucosamine (4-F-GlcNAc) elicits anti-skin inflammatory activity by ablating N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), sialyl Lewis X (sLe(X)), and related lectin ligands on effector leukocytes. Based on anti-sLe(X) antibody and lectin probing experiments on 4-F-GlcNAc-treated leukocytes, it was hypothesized that 4-F-GlcNAc inhibited sLe(X) formation by incorporating into LacNAc and blocking the addition of galactose or fucose at the carbon 4-position of 4-F-GlcNAc. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether 4-F-GlcNAc is directly incorporated into N- and O-glycans released from 4-F-GlcNAc-treated human sLe(X) (+) T cells and leukemic KG1a cells. At concentrations that abrogated galectin-1 (Gal-1) ligand and E-selectin ligand expression and related LacNAc and sLe(X) structures, MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry analyses showed that 4-F-GlcNAc 1) reduced content and structural diversity of tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans and of O-glycans, 2) increased biantennary N-glycans, and 3) reduced LacNAc and sLe(X) on N-glycans and on core 2 O-glycans. Moreover, MALDI-TOF MS did not reveal any m/z ratios relating to the presence of fluorine atoms, indicating that 4-F-GlcNAc did not incorporate into glycans. Further analysis showed that 4-F-GlcNAc treatment had minimal effect on expression of 1200 glycome-related genes and did not alter the activity of LacNAc-synthesizing enzymes. However, 4-F-GlcNAc dramatically reduced intracellular levels of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a key precursor of LacNAc synthesis. These data show that Gal-1 and E-selectin ligand reduction by 4-F-GlcNAc is not caused by direct 4-F-GlcNAc glycan incorporation and consequent chain termination but rather by interference with UDP-GlcNAc synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Barthel
- From the Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- the Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Filiberto Cedeno-Laurent
- From the Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lana Schaffer
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Shilpa A. Patil
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, and
| | - Simon J. North
- the Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- the Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Khushi L. Matta
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, and
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- the Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- From the Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, and
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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40
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Sarrats A, Saldova R, Comet J, O'Donoghue N, de Llorens R, Rudd PM, Peracaula R. Glycan characterization of PSA 2-DE subforms from serum and seminal plasma. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:465-74. [PMID: 20726802 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) subforms (F1-F5) have been described to be altered in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). To understand their molecular differences, characterization of these subforms from PCa serum and seminal plasma, namely, at the glycan level, was performed. PSA 2-DE subforms from two serum PCa samples and seminal plasma were analyzed by N-glycan sequencing using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with exoglycosidase array digestions and by mass spectrometry. F1, F2, and F3 subforms showed the same N-glycan pattern, which contained higher levels of sialic acid than the F4 subform, whereas the F5 subform was unglycosylated. When comparing PSA subforms from PCa with seminal plasma, a decrease in sialylation was observed. Furthermore, the analysis of F3, the more abundant PSA subform, showed a higher proportion of alpha 2-3 sialic acid and a decrease in core fucosylated glycans in the PCa sample. These N-glycan changes in PCa PSA subforms highlight the importance of glycosylation as an indicator of PCa disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sarrats
- Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Yin X, Rana K, Ponmudi V, King MR. Knockdown of fucosyltransferase III disrupts the adhesion of circulating cancer cells to E-selectin without affecting hematopoietic cell adhesion. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2334-42. [PMID: 20833389 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive interactions between selectins and their ligands play an essential role during cancer extravasation. Fucosylation of these proteins by fucosyltransferases, or FUTs, is critical for their functions. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrated that FUT4 and FUT7 are the predominant FUTs expressed in hematopoietic cell line, while FUT3 is heavily expressed by multiple cancer cell lines including the prostate cancer cell line MDA PCa2b. Knockdown of FUT3 expression in MDA PCa2b cells by small interference RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced FUT3 expression. Cell-surface sialyl Lewis antigens were largely abolished. Cell adhesion and cell rolling on the blood vessel wall were simulated by perfusing cancer cells through microtubes coated with recombinant human E-selectin. At physiological levels of wall shear stress, the number of flowing cancer cells recruited to the microtube surface was dramatically reduced by FUT3 knockdown. Higher rolling velocity was also observed, which is consistent with reduced E-selectin binding activity. Interestingly, FUT3 siRNA treatment also significantly reduced the cell growth rate. Combined with the novel siRNA delivery platform recently developed in our laboratory, FUT3 siRNA could be a promising conjunctive therapy aiming at reducing the metastatic virulence of circulating epithelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 205 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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42
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Alpha 1,3 fucosyltransferases are master regulators of prostate cancer cell trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19491-6. [PMID: 19889975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906074106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How cancer cells bind to vascular surfaces and extravasate into target organs is an underappreciated, yet essential step in metastasis. We postulate that the metastatic process involves discrete adhesive interactions between circulating cancer cells and microvascular endothelial cells. Sialyl Lewis X (sLe(X)) on prostate cancer (PCa) cells is thought to promote metastasis by mediating PCa cell binding to microvascular endothelial (E)-selectin. Yet, regulation of sLe(X) and related E-selectin ligand expression in PCa cells is a poorly understood factor in PCa metastasis. Here, we describe a glycobiological mechanism regulating E-selectin-mediated adhesion and metastatic potential of PCa cells. We demonstrate that alpha1,3 fucosyltransferases (FT) 3, 6, and 7 are markedly elevated in bone- and liver-metastatic PCa and dictate synthesis of sLe(X) and E-selectin ligands on metastatic PCa cells. Upregulated FT3, FT6, or FT7 expression induced robust PCa PC-3 cell adhesion to bone marrow (BM) endothelium and to inflamed postcapillary venules in an E-selectin-dependent manner. Membrane proteins, CD44, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), podocalyxin-like protein (PCLP), and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) were major scaffolds presenting E-selectin-binding determinants on FT-upregulated PC-3 cells. Furthermore, elevated FT7 expression promoted PC-3 cell trafficking to and retention in BM through an E-selectin dependent event. These results indicate that alpha1,3 FTs could enhance metastatic efficiency of PCa by triggering an E-selectin-dependent trafficking mechanism.
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