1
|
Lee HM, Kim TH, Park JH, Heo NY, Kim HS, Kim DE, Lee MK, Lee GM, You J, Kim YG. Sialyllactose supplementation enhances sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:180-189. [PMID: 39038661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Sialylation during N-glycosylation plays an important role in the half-life of therapeutic glycoproteins in vivo and has sparked interest in the production of therapeutic proteins using recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells. To improve the sialylation of therapeutic proteins, we examined the effect of sialyllactose supplementation on sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoproteins produced in rCHO cells. Two enzymatically-synthesized sialyllactoses, 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), were administered separately to two rCHO cell lines producing the same Fc-fusion glycoprotein derived from DUKX-B11 and DG44, respectively. Two sialyllactoses successfully increased sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in both cell lines, as evidenced by isoform distribution, sialylated N-glycan formation, and sialic acid content. Increased sialylation by adding sialyllactose was likely the result of increased amount of intracellular CMP-sialic acid (CMP-SA), the direct nucleotide sugar for sialylation. Furthermore, the degree of sialylation enhanced by sialyllactoses was slightly effective or nearly similar compared with the addition of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), a representative nucleotide sugar precursor, to increase sialylation of glycoproteins. The effectiveness of sialyllactose was also confirmed using three commercially available CHO cell culture media. Taken together, these results suggest that enzymatically-synthesized sialyllactose represents a promising candidate for culture media supplementation to increase sialylation of glycoproteins in rCHO cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Min Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Na-Yeong Heo
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae Eung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alizadeh F, Aghajani H, Mahboudi F, Talebkhan Y, Arefian E, Samavat S, Raufi R. Optimization of culture condition for Spodoptera frugiperda by design of experiment approach and evaluation of its effect on the expression of hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308547. [PMID: 39150957 PMCID: PMC11329130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a powerful tool in pharmaceutical biotechnology to infect insect cells and produce the recombinant proteins of interest. It has been well documented that optimizing the culture condition and its supplementation through designed experiments is critical for maximum protein production. In this study, besides physicochemical parameters including incubation temperature, cell count of infection, multiplicity of infection, and feeding percentage, potential supplementary factors such as cholesterol, polyamine, galactose, pluronic-F68, glucose, L-glutamine, and ZnSO4 were screened for Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell culture and expression of hemagglutinin (HA) protein of Influenza virus via Placket-Burman design and then optimized through Box-Behnken approach. The optimized conditions were then applied for scale-up culture and the expressed r-HA protein was characterized. Optimization of selected parameters via the Box-Behnken approach indicated that feed percentage, cell count, and multiplicity of infection are the main parameters affecting r-HA expression level and potency compared to the previously established culture condition. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of designing experiments to select and optimize important parameters that potentially affect Sf9 cell culture, r-HA expression, and its potency in the BEVS system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamideh Aghajani
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Talebkhan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Samavat
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Raufi
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isu S, Vinskus L, Silva D, Cunningham K, Elich T, Greenhalgh P, Sokolnicki A, Raghunath B. Leveraging bioanalytical characterization of fractionated monoclonal antibody pools to identify aggregation-prone and less filterable proteoforms during virus filtration. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3451. [PMID: 38450976 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential class of biotherapeutics. A platform process is used for mAb development to ensure clinically safe and stable molecules. Regulatory authorities ensure that mAb production processes include sufficient viral clearance steps to achieve less than one virus particle per million doses of product. Virus filtration is used for size-based removal of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses during downstream processing of mAbs. Process development in mAb purification relies on empirical approaches and often includes adsorptive prefiltration to mitigate virus filter fouling. Opportunities for molecular-level prediction of mAb filterability are needed to plug the existing knowledge gap in downstream processing. A molecular-level approach to understanding the factors influencing mAb filterability may reduce process development time, material loss, and processing costs due to oversized virus filters. In this work, pH step gradient fractionation was applied on polished bulk mAb feed to obtain concentrated pools of fractionated mAb variants. Biophysical properties and quality attributes of fractionated pools, including oligomeric state (size), isoelectric point profile, diffusion interaction parameters, and glycoform profile, were determined using bioanalytical methods. Filterability (loading and throughput) of fractionated pools were evaluated. Statistical methods were used to obtain correlations between quality attributes of mAb fractions and filterability on the Viresolve Pro virus filter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Isu
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lilia Vinskus
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Silva
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thomas Elich
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Adam Sokolnicki
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bala Raghunath
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sulaj E, Schwaigerlehner L, Sandell FL, Dohm JC, Marzban G, Kunert R. Quantitative proteomics reveals cellular responses to individual mAb expression and tunicamycin in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:381. [PMID: 38896138 PMCID: PMC11186912 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are popular in the pharmaceutical industry for their ability to produce high concentrations of antibodies and their resemblance to human cells in terms of protein glycosylation patterns. Current data indicate the relevance of CHO cells in the biopharmaceutical industry, with a high number of product commendations and a significant market share for monoclonal antibodies. To enhance the production capabilities of CHO cells, a deep understanding of their cellular and molecular composition is crucial. Genome sequencing and proteomic analysis have provided valuable insights into the impact of the bioprocessing conditions, productivity, and product quality. In our investigation, we conducted a comparative analysis of proteomic profiles in high and low monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines and studied the impact of tunicamycin (TM)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We examined the expression levels of different proteins including unfolded protein response (UPR) target genes by using label-free quantification techniques for protein abundance. Our results show the upregulation of proteins associated with protein folding mechanisms in low producer vs. high producer cell line suggesting a form of ER stress related to specific protein production. Further, Hspa9 and Dnaja3 are notable candidates activated by the mitochondria UPR and play important roles in protein folding processes in mitochondria. We identified significant upregulation of Nedd8 and Lgmn proteins in similar levels which may contribute to UPR stress. Interestingly, the downregulation of Hspa5/Bip and Pdia4 in response to tunicamycin treatment suggests a low-level UPR activation. KEY POINTS: • Proteome profiling of recombinant CHO cells under mild TM treatment. • Identified protein clusters are associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR). • The compared cell lines revealed noticeable disparities in protein expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eldi Sulaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology (IACTSB), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology (IACTSB), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix L Sandell
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane C Dohm
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gorji Marzban
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology (IACTSB), BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel-Maged AE, Mikhaeil MF, Elkordy AI, Gad AM, Elshazly MM. Biosimilars production in Africa opportunities & challenges. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105626. [PMID: 38636774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The healthcare systems of African nations heavily rely on importing and repackaging biological medicine. More than 70% of the pharmaceutical products consumed in Africa are imported. The localization of biosimilar production can have a positive impact on the availability and cost of these products by reducing the expenses for African governments and making essential healthcare products more accessible to the population. However, it is evident that the developing countries, particularly African nations, face various obstacles and difficulties in localizing biosimilar production. These challenges encompass development, manufacturing, evaluation, and registration processes. In this review, we will highlight the significant hurdles and achievements encountered during the localization process of biosimilars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margrit F Mikhaeil
- Associate Scientist, Quality Control Department, Jnj Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed I Elkordy
- Regulatory Affairs & Vaccines Unit Director, BGP, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Gad
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara Branch, Ismailia, Egypt, Zip code: 41636.
| | - Mohamed M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaudreault J, Forest-Nault C, Gilbert M, Durocher Y, Henry O, De Crescenzo G. A low-temperature SPR-based assay for monoclonal antibody galactosylation and fucosylation assessment using FcγRIIA/B. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1659-1673. [PMID: 38351869 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are powerful therapeutic tools in modern medicine and represent a rapidly expanding multibillion USD market. While bioprocesses are generally well understood and optimized for MAbs, online quality control remains challenging. Notably, N-glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of MAbs as it affects binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), impacting the efficacy and safety of MAbs. Traditional N-glycosylation characterization methods are ill-suited for online monitoring of a bioreactor; in contrast, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represents a promising avenue, as SPR biosensors can record MAb-FcγR interactions in real-time and without labeling. In this study, we produced five lots of differentially glycosylated Trastuzumab (TZM) and finely characterized their glycosylation profile by HILIC-UPLC chromatography. We then compared the interaction kinetics of these MAb lots with four FcγRs including FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB at 5°C and 25°C. When interacting with FcγRIIA/B at low temperature, the differentially glycosylated MAb lots exhibited distinct kinetic behaviors, contrary to room-temperature experiments. Galactosylated TZM (1) and core fucosylated TZM (2) could be discriminated and even quantified using an analytical technique based on the area under the curve of the signal recorded during the dissociation phase of a SPR sensorgram describing the interaction with FcγRIIA (1) or FcγRII2B (2). Because of the rapidity of the proposed method (<5 min per measurement) and the small sample concentration it requires (as low as 30 nM, exact concentration not required), it could be a valuable process analytical technology for MAb glycosylation monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Gaudreault
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nador E, Xia C, Santangelo PJ, Whaley KJ, Costello CE, Anderson DJ. Platform-Specific Fc N-Glycan Profiles of an Antisperm Antibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:17. [PMID: 38534207 PMCID: PMC10967333 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG Fc N-glycosylation is necessary for effector functions and is an important component of quality control. The choice of antibody manufacturing platform has the potential to significantly influence the Fc glycans of an antibody and consequently alter their activity and clinical profile. The Human Contraception Antibody (HCA) is an IgG1 antisperm monoclonal antibody (mAb) currently in clinical development as a novel, non-hormonal contraceptive. Part of its development is selecting a suitable expression platform to manufacture HCA for use in the female reproductive tract. Here, we compared the Fc glycosylation of HCA produced in two novel mAb manufacturing platforms, namely transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana; HCA-N) and mRNA-mediated expression in human vaginal cells (HCAmRNA). The Fc N-glycan profiles of the two HCA products were determined using mass spectrometry. Major differences in site occupancy, glycan types, and glycoform distributions were revealed. To address how these differences affect Fc function, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assays were performed. The level of sperm phagocytosis was significantly lower in the presence of HCA-N than HCAmRNA. This study provides evidence that the two HCA manufacturing platforms produce functionally distinct HCAs; this information could be useful for the selection of an optimal platform for HCA clinical development and for mAbs in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellena Nador
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Catherine E. Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee HM, Park JH, Kim TH, Kim HS, Kim DE, Lee MK, You J, Lee GM, Kim YG. Effects of autophagy-inhibiting chemicals on sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in recombinant CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:224. [PMID: 38376550 PMCID: PMC10879319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of autophagy in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell culture has attracted attention due to its effects on therapeutic protein production. Given the significance of glycosylation in therapeutic proteins, this study examined the effects of autophagy-inhibiting chemicals on sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoproteins in rCHO cells. Three chemical autophagy inhibitors known to inhibit different stages were separately treated with two rCHO cell lines that produce the same Fc-fusion glycoprotein derived from DUKX-B11 and DG44. All autophagy inhibitors significantly decreased the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in both cell lines. The decrease in sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein is unlikely to be attributed to the release of intracellular enzymes, given the high cell viability and low activity of extracellular sialidases. Interestingly, the five intracellular nucleotide sugars remained abundant in cells treated with autophagy inhibitors. In the mRNA expression profiles of 27 N-glycosylation-related genes using the NanoString nCounter system, no significant differences in gene expression were noted. With the positive effect of supplementing nucleotide sugar precursors on sialylation, attempts were made to enhance the levels of intracellular nucleotide sugars by supplying these precursors. The addition of nucleotide sugar precursors to cultures treated with inhibitors successfully enhanced the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoproteins compared to the control culture. This was particularly evident under mild stress conditions and not under relatively severe stress conditions, which were characterized by a high decrease in sialylation. These results suggest that inhibiting autophagy in rCHO cell culture decreases sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein by constraining the availability of intracellular nucleotide sugars. KEY POINTS: • The autophagy inhibition in rCHO cell culture leads to a significant reduction in the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein. • The pool of five intracellular nucleotide sugars remained highly abundant in cells treated with autophagy inhibitors. • Supplementation of nucleotide sugar precursors effectively restores decreased sialylation, particularly under mild stress conditions but not in relatively severe stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Min Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Eung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fratz-Berilla EJ, Kohnhorst C, Trunfio N, Bush X, Gyorgypal A, Agarabi C. Evaluation of single-use optical and electrochemical pH sensors in upstream bioprocessing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25512. [PMID: 38371965 PMCID: PMC10873650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Culture pH is a critical process parameter during CHO cell bioreactor operations that is key for proper cell growth, protein production, and maintaining the critical quality attributes of a monoclonal antibody drug substance. The traditional means of measuring pH in bioreactors is with an electrochemical probe that can withstand and maintain accuracy through repeated sterilization cycles. An alternative technique for measuring pH is an optical sensor composed of a fluorescent dye that is sensitive to the hydrogen ion concentration. In this work we explore single-use electrochemical and single-use optical pH sensors in stirred-tank and rocking bioreactors, respectively, to understand how their overall performance compares to traditional electrochemical probes in benchtop glass stirred tank bioreactors. We found that the single-use optical pH sensors were generally less accurate than the electrochemical probes, especially in detecting large pH drifts from the setpoint. The single-use electrochemical probes were increasingly accurate as pH was increased from <7.0 to 7.5 but tended to decrease in accuracy as the batch age increased. In conclusion, single-use pH sensors offer a convenient means to measure pH during an upstream bioprocess, but the limitations of these sensors should be built into process control such that deviations in process pH, and consequently potential fluctuations in product quality, can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Fratz-Berilla
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Casey Kohnhorst
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Trunfio
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xin Bush
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Aron Gyorgypal
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barlan K, Bhide GP, White DR, Lake MR, Lu C, Rieder SE, Fan L, Hsieh CL. Genome-scale functional genomics screening highlights genes impacting protein fucosylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:52-58. [PMID: 37844762 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that has various effects on multiple types of proteins. The extent to which an N-linked glycoprotein is modified and the identity of glycans species involved is of great interest to the biopharmaceutical industry, since glycosylation can impact the efficacy and safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs lacking core fucose, for example, display enhanced clinical efficacy through increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. We performed a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the workhorse cell culture system for industrial production of mAbs, aimed at identifying novel regulators of protein fucosylation. Using a lectin binding assay, we identified 224 gene perturbations that significantly alter protein fucosylation, including well-known glycosylation genes. This functional genomics framework could readily be extended and applied to study the genetic pathways involved in regulation of other glycoforms. We hope this resource will provide useful guidance toward the development of next generation CHO cell lines and mAb therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Barlan
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gaurang P Bhide
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Derek R White
- Biologics Production, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marc R Lake
- Biologics Production, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles Lu
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie E Rieder
- Biologics Science and Technology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lianchun Fan
- Biologics Science and Technology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Chen-Lin Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Newby ML, Allen JD, Crispin M. Influence of glycosylation on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of viral immunogens. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108283. [PMID: 37972669 PMCID: PMC10867814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of successful viral vaccine design is the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies targeting viral attachment and fusion glycoproteins that embellish viral particles. This observation has catalyzed the development of numerous viral glycoprotein mimetics as vaccines. Glycans can dominate the surface of viral glycoproteins and as such, the viral glycome can influence the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine. In one extreme, glycans can form an integral part of epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies and are therefore considered to be an important feature of key immunogens within an immunization regimen. In the other extreme, the existence of peptide and bacterially expressed protein vaccines shows that viral glycosylation can be dispensable in some cases. However, native-like glycosylation can indicate native-like protein folding and the presence of conformational epitopes. Furthermore, going beyond native glycan mimicry, in either occupancy of glycosylation sites or the glycan processing state, may offer opportunities for enhancing the immunogenicity and associated protection elicited by an immunogen. Here, we review key determinants of viral glycosylation and how recombinant immunogens can recapitulate these signatures across a range of enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Lassa virus. The emerging understanding of immunogen glycosylation and its control will help guide the development of future vaccines in both recombinant protein- and nucleic acid-based vaccine technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Polanco A, Liang G, Park S, Wang Y, Graham RJ, Yoon S. Trace metal optimization in CHO cell culture through statistical design of experiments. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3368. [PMID: 37497992 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the biotherapeutics industry today relies on the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, yet challenges remain with maintaining consistent product quality from high-producing cell lines. Previous studies report the impact of individual trace metal supplemental on CHO cells, and thus, the combinatorial effects of these metals could be leveraged to improve bioprocesses further. A three-level factorial experimental design was performed in fed-batch shake flasks to evaluate the impact of time wise addition of individual or combined trace metals (zinc and copper) on CHO cell culture performance. Correlations among each factor (experimental parameters) and response variables (changes in cell culture performance) were examined based on their significance and goodness of fit to a partial least square's regression model. The model indicated that zinc concentration and time of addition counter-influence peak viable cell density and antibody production. Meanwhile, early copper supplementation influenced late-stage ROS activity in a dose-dependent manner likely by alleviating cellular oxidative stress. Regression coefficients indicated that combined metal addition had less significant impact on titer and specific productivity compared to zinc addition alone, although titer increased the most under combined metal addition. Glycan analysis showed that combined metal addition reduced galactosylation to a greater extent than single metals when supplemented during the early growth phase. A validation experiment was performed to confirm the validity of the regression model by testing an optimized setpoint of metal supplement time and concentration to improve protein productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongdan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reddy JV, Raudenbush K, Papoutsakis ET, Ierapetritou M. Cell-culture process optimization via model-based predictions of metabolism and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108179. [PMID: 37257729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the rising demand for biologics and become competitive on the developing biosimilar market, there is a need for process intensification of biomanufacturing processes. Process development of biologics has historically relied on extensive experimentation to develop and optimize biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Experimentation to optimize media formulations, feeding schedules, bioreactor operations and bioreactor scale up is expensive, labor intensive and time consuming. Mathematical modeling frameworks have the potential to enable process intensification while reducing the experimental burden. This review focuses on mathematical modeling of cellular metabolism and N-linked glycosylation as applied to upstream manufacturing of biologics. We review developments in the field of modeling cellular metabolism of mammalian cells using kinetic and stoichiometric modeling frameworks along with their applications to simulate, optimize and improve mechanistic understanding of the process. Interest in modeling N-linked glycosylation has led to the creation of various types of parametric and non-parametric models. Most published studies on mammalian cell metabolism have performed experiments in shake flasks where the pH and dissolved oxygen cannot be controlled. Efforts to understand and model the effect of bioreactor-specific parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and bioreactor heterogeneity are critically reviewed. Most modeling efforts have focused on the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which are most commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these modeling approaches can be generalized and applied to any mammalian cell-based manufacturing platform. Current and potential future applications of these models for Vero cell-based vaccine manufacturing, CAR-T cell therapies, and viral vector manufacturing are also discussed. We offer specific recommendations for improving the applicability of these models to industrially relevant processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Katherine Raudenbush
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baghini SS, Razeghian E, Malayer SK, Pecho RDC, Obaid M, Awfi ZS, Zainab HA, Shamsara M. Recent advances in the application of genetic and epigenetic modalities in the improvement of antibody-producing cell lines. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110724. [PMID: 37582312 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous applications for recombinant antibodies (rAbs) in biological and toxicological research. Monoclonal antibodies are synthesized using genetic engineering and other related processes involved in the generation of rAbs. Because they can identify specific antigenic sites on practically any molecule, including medicines, hormones, microbial antigens, and cell receptors, rAbs are particularly useful in scientific research. The key benefits of rAbs are improved repeatability, control, and consistency, shorter manufacturing times than with hybridoma technology, an easier transition from one format of antibody to another, and an animal-free process. The engineering of the host cell has recently been developed method for enhancing the production efficiency and improving the quality of antibodies from mammalian cell lines. In this light, genetic engineering is mostly utilized to manage cellular chaperones, decrease cell death, increase cell viability, change the microRNAs (miRNAs) pattern in mammalian cells, and glycoengineered cell lines. Here, we shed light on how genetic engineering can be used therapeutically to produce antibodies at higher levels with greater potency and effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Shojaei Baghini
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Razeghian
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Setare Kakavand Malayer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Zinah Salem Awfi
- Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq.
| | - H A Zainab
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq.
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang D, Qiu J, Niu QT, Liu T, Gu R, Zhang X, Luo S. Effects of various pine needle extracts on Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody quality. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1081-1091. [PMID: 36756987 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2166959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are commonly used as "bio-machines" to pro-duce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) because of their ability to produce very complex proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pine needle water extract (PNWE), pine needle ethanol extract (PNEE), and pine needle polysaccharide extract (PNPE) on the CHO cell growth, mAb production and quality using a Fed-batch culture process. PNPE maintained high VCD and viability, and the titer increase was correlated with its concentration. Three extracts effectively reduced the acidic charge variant and modulated mAb glycosylation. PNPE had the most profound effect, with G0F decreasing by 8.7% and G1Fa increasing by 6.7%. The change in the glycoform was also closely related to the PNPE concentration. This study demonstrated that PNPE could facilitate CHO cell growth, increase the mAb production, decrease acidic charge variants, and regulate mAb glycoforms. To identify the components responsible for the above changes, the sugar and flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined, and the chemical compounds were identified by LC-MS, resulting in 38 compounds identified from PNPE. Rich in sugars and flavonoids in these three extracts may be related to increased CHO cell growth and productivity, and changes in glycoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingyue Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Jinshu Qiu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Qing-Tian Niu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Rulin Gu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Shun Luo
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson W, Papoutsakis ET. Similar but distinct: The impact of biomechanical forces and culture age on the production, cargo loading, and biological efficacy of human megakaryocytic extracellular vesicles for applications in cell and gene therapies. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10563. [PMID: 37693047 PMCID: PMC10486331 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytic extracellular vesicles (MkEVs) promote the growth and megakaryopoiesis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) largely through endogenous miR-486-5p and miR-22-3p cargo. Here, we examine the impact of biomechanical force and culture age/differentiation on the formation, properties, and biological efficacy of MkEVs. We applied biomechanical force to Mks using two methods: shake flask cultures and a syringe pump system. Force increased MkEV production in a magnitude-dependent manner, with similar trends emerging regardless of whether flow cytometry or nanoparticle tracking analysis was used for MkEV counting. Both methods produced MkEVs that were relatively depleted of miR-486-5p and miR-22-3p cargo. However, while the shake flask-derived MkEVs were correspondingly less effective in promoting megakaryocytic differentiation of HSPCs, the syringe pump-derived MkEVs were more effective in doing so, suggesting the presence of unique, unidentified miRNA cargo components. Higher numbers of MkEVs were also produced by "older" Mk cultures, though miRNA cargo levels and MkEV bioactivity were unaffected by culture age. A reduction in MkEV production by Mks derived from late-differentiating HSPCs was also noted. Taken together, our results demonstrate that biomechanical force has an underappreciated and deeply influential role in MkEV biology, though that role may vary significantly depending on the nature of the force. Given the ubiquity of biomechanical force in vivo and in biomanufacturing, this phenomenon must be grappled with before MkEVs can attain clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lukšić F, Mijakovac A, Josipović G, Vičić Bočkor V, Krištić J, Cindrić A, Vinicki M, Rokić F, Vugrek O, Lauc G, Zoldoš V. Long-Term Culturing of FreeStyle 293-F Cells Affects Immunoglobulin G Glycome Composition. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1245. [PMID: 37627310 PMCID: PMC10452533 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of IgG regulates the effector function of this antibody in the immune response. Glycosylated IgG is a potent therapeutic used for both research and clinical purposes. While there is ample research on how different cell culture conditions affect IgG glycosylation, the data are missing on the stability of IgG glycome during long cell passaging, i.e., cell "aging". To test this, we performed three independent time course experiments in FreeStyle 293-F cells, which secrete IgG with a human-like glycosylation pattern and are frequently used to generate defined IgG glycoforms. During long-term cell culturing, IgG glycome stayed fairly stable except for galactosylation, which appeared extremely variable. Cell transcriptome analysis revealed no correlation in galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 expression with galactosylation change, but with expression of EEF1A1 and SLC38A10, genes previously associated with IgG galactosylation through GWAS. The FreeStyle 293-F cell-based system for IgG production is a good model for studies of mechanisms underlying IgG glycosylation, but results from the present study point to the utmost importance of the need to control IgG galactosylation in both in vitro and in vivo systems. This is especially important for improving the production of precisely glycosylated IgG for therapeutic purposes, since IgG galactosylation affects the inflammatory potential of IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fran Lukšić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anika Mijakovac
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Josipović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Vičić Bočkor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Cindrić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Vinicki
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Filip Rokić
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Oliver Vugrek
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
López-Muñoz AD, Santos JJS, Yewdell JW. Cell surface nucleocapsid protein expression: A betacoronavirus immunomodulatory strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304087120. [PMID: 37399385 PMCID: PMC10334784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304087120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of both infected and neighboring uninfected cells, where it enables activation of Fc receptor-bearing immune cells with anti-N antibodies (Abs) and inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis by binding chemokines (CHKs). Here, we extend these findings to N from the common cold human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, which is also robustly expressed on the surface of infected and noninfected cells by binding heparan sulfate/heparin (HS/H). HCoV-OC43 N binds with high affinity to the same set of 11 human CHKs as SARS-CoV-2 N, but also to a nonoverlapping set of six cytokines. As with SARS-CoV-2 N, HCoV-OC43 N inhibits CXCL12β-mediated leukocyte migration in chemotaxis assays, as do all highly pathogenic and common cold HCoV N proteins. Together, our findings indicate that cell surface HCoV N plays important evolutionarily conserved roles in manipulating host innate immunity and as a target for adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Domingo López-Muñoz
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jefferson J. S. Santos
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Akamine P, González-Feliciano JA, Almodóvar R, Morell G, Rivera J, Capó-Vélez CM, Delgado-Vélez M, Prieto-Costas L, Madera B, Eichinger D, Pino I, Rivera JH, Ortiz-Ubarri J, Rivera JM, Baerga-Ortiz A, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. Optimizing the Production of gp145, an HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Candidate and Its Encapsulation in Guanosine Microparticles. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:975. [PMID: 37243079 PMCID: PMC10221277 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a pipeline to express, purify, and characterize HIV envelope protein (Env) gp145 from Chinese hamster ovary cells, to accelerate the production of a promising vaccine candidate. First in shake flasks, then in bioreactors, we optimized the growth conditions. By adjusting the pH to 6.8, we increased expression levels to 101 mg/L in a 50 L bioreactor, nearly twice the previously reported titer value. A battery of analytical methods was developed in accordance with current good manufacturing practices to ensure a quality biopharmaceutical. Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing verified proper glycosylation of gp145; dynamic light scattering confirmed the trimeric arrangement; and bio-layer interferometry and circular dichroism analysis demonstrated native-like properties (i.e., antibody binding and secondary structure). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used as a multi-attribute platform for accurate mass determination, glycans analysis, and protein identification. Our robust analysis demonstrates that our gp145 product is very similar to a reference standard and emphasizes the importance of accurate characterization of a highly heterogeneous immunogen for the development of an effective vaccine. Finally, we present a novel guanosine microparticle with gp145 encapsulated and displayed on its surface. The unique properties of our gp145 microparticle make it amenable to use in future preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Akamine
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
| | - José A. González-Feliciano
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
| | | | | | | | - Coral M. Capó-Vélez
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
| | - Manuel Delgado-Vélez
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
- Department of Biology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Prieto-Costas
- Department of Chemistry, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Bismark Madera
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
- Department of Biology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | - José Ortiz-Ubarri
- Department of Computer Sciences, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - José M. Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - José A. Lasalde-Dominicci
- Clinical Bioreagent Center, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico (M.D.-V.); (A.B.-O.)
- Department of Biology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
- Department of Chemistry, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00901, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Toul M, Slonkova V, Mican J, Urminsky A, Tomkova M, Sedlak E, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Hernychova L, Prokop Z. Identification, characterization, and engineering of glycosylation in thrombolyticsa. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108174. [PMID: 37182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are the most common causes of disability and death worldwide. Blood clot hydrolysis by thrombolytic enzymes and thrombectomy are key clinical interventions. The most widely used thrombolytic enzyme is alteplase, which has been used in clinical practice since 1986. Another clinically used thrombolytic protein is tenecteplase, which has modified epitopes and engineered glycosylation sites, suggesting that carbohydrate modification in thrombolytic enzymes is a viable strategy for their improvement. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on computational and experimental identification of glycosylation sites and glycan identity, together with methods used for their reengineering. Practical examples from previous studies focus on modification of glycosylations in thrombolytics, e.g., alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, urokinase, saruplase, and desmoteplase. Collected clinical data on these glycoproteins demonstrate the great potential of this engineering strategy. Outstanding combinatorics originating from multiple glycosylation sites and the vast variety of covalently attached glycan species can be addressed by directed evolution or rational design. Directed evolution pipelines would benefit from more efficient cell-free expression and high-throughput screening assays, while rational design must employ structure prediction by machine learning and in silico characterization by supercomputing. Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for improvement of thrombolytic enzymes by engineering and evolution of protein glycosylation are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Slonkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Urminsky
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Tomkova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Erik Sedlak
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen M, Zimmer A. A reflection on the improvement of Chinese Hamster ovary cell-based bioprocesses through advances in proteomic techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108141. [PMID: 37001570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the preferred mammalian host for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research endeavors have been directed to the optimization of CHO-based bioprocesses to increase protein quantity and quality, often in an empirical manner. To provide a rationale for those achievements, a myriad of CHO proteomic studies has arisen in recent decades. This review gives an overview of significant advances in LC-MS-based proteomics and sheds light on CHO proteomic studies, with a particular focus on CHO cells with superior bioprocessing phenotypes (growth, viability, titer, productivity and cQA), that have exploited novel proteomic or sub-omic techniques. These proteomic findings expand the current knowledge and understanding about the underlying protein clusters, protein regulatory networks and biological pathways governing such phenotypic changes. The proteomic studies, highlighted herein, will help in the targeted modulation of these cell factories to the desired needs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Survyla A, Urniezius R, Simutis R. Viable cell estimation of mammalian cells using off-gas-based oxygen uptake rate and aging-specific functional. Talanta 2023; 254:124121. [PMID: 36462281 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study developed an estimation routine for counting the viable cells in an in vitro fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary cultivation that relies on off-gas information and inlet gas mixture knowledge. We computed the oxygen uptake rate bound to the bioreactor exhaust gas outlet when the inlet gas mixture was stationary. Our mammalian biosynthesis analysis determined the stoichiometric parameters as a function of the average population age. We cross-validated an identical algorithm for mammalian and microbial cultivations and found that the' 99% confidence band of the model generally overlapped with the error bars defined from observations. The resulting RMSE and MAE averages were 0.188 and 0.14e9cells L-1, respectively, when estimating the viable mammalian cell count. The validation for the estimation of total bacterial biomass yielded an MAE and RMSE of 1.78 g L-1 and 2.53 g L-1, respectively. Moreover, our proposed approach provides an online estimation of the average population age for both aerobically cultivated microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnas Survyla
- Department of Automation, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 48, LT-51367, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renaldas Urniezius
- Department of Automation, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 48, LT-51367, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rimvydas Simutis
- Department of Automation, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 48, LT-51367, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
López-Muñoz AD, Santos JJ, Yewdell JW. Cell Surface Nucleocapsid Protein Expression: A Betacoronavirus Immunomodulatory Strategy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529952. [PMID: 36993159 PMCID: PMC10054960 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of both infected and neighboring uninfected cells, where it enables activation of Fc receptor-bearing immune cells with anti-N antibodies (Abs) and inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis by binding chemokines (CHKs). Here, we extend these findings to N from the seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, which is also robustly expressed on the surface of infected and non-infected cells by binding heparan-sulfate/heparin (HS/H). HCoV-OC43 N binds with high affinity to the same set of 11 human CHKs as SARS-CoV-2 N, but also to a non-overlapping set of 6 cytokines (CKs). As with SARS-CoV-2 N, HCoV-OC43 N inhibits CXCL12β-mediated leukocyte migration in chemotaxis assays, as do all highly pathogenic and endemic HCoV N proteins. Together, our findings indicate that cell surface HCoV N plays important evolutionary conserved roles in manipulating host innate immunity and as a target for adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Reger LN, Saballus M, Matuszczyk J, Kampmann M, Wijffels RH, Martens DE, Niemann J. Boosting Productivity for Advanced Biomanufacturing by Re-Using Viable Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1106292. [PMID: 36873352 PMCID: PMC9978186 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have gained enormous therapeutic application during the last decade as highly efficient and flexible tools for the treatment of various diseases. Despite this success, there remain opportunities to drive down the manufacturing costs of antibody-based therapies through cost efficiency measures. To reduce production costs, novel process intensification methods based on state-of-the-art fed-batch and perfusion have been implemented during the last few years. Building on process intensification, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of a novel, innovative hybrid process that combines the robustness of a fed-batch operation with the benefits of a complete media exchange enabled through a fluidized bed centrifuge (FBC). In an initial small-scale FBC-mimic screening, we investigated multiple process parameters, resulting in increased cell proliferation and an elongated viability profile. Consecutively, the most productive process scenario was transferred to the 5-L scale, further optimized and compared to a standard fed-batch process. Our data show that the novel hybrid process enables significantly higher peak cell densities (163%) and an impressive increase in mAb amount of approximately 254% while utilizing the same reactor size and process duration of the standard fed-batch operation. Furthermore, our data show comparable critical quality attributes (CQAs) between the processes and reveal scale-up possibilities and no need for extensive additional process monitoring. Therefore, this novel process intensification strategy yields strong potential for transfer into future industrial manufacturing processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nik Reger
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fuselli A, de Los Milagros Bürgi M, Kratje R, Prieto C. Generation and functional evaluation of novel monoclonal antibodies targeting glycosylated human stem cell factor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8121-8137. [PMID: 36401641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell factor (hSCF) is an early-acting growth factor that promotes proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival in several tissues. It plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, melanogenesis, intestinal motility, and in development and recovery of nervous and cardiovascular systems. Potential therapeutic applications comprise anemia treatment, mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to peripheral blood, and increasing gene transduction efficiency for gene therapy. Developing new tools to characterize recombinant hSCF in most native-like form as possible is crucial to understand the complexity of its in vivo functions and for improving its biotechnological applications. The soluble domain of hSCF was expressed in HEK293 cells. Highly purified rhSCF showed great molecular mass variability due to the presence of N- and O-linked carbohydrates, and it presented a 2.5-fold increase on proliferative activity compared to bacteria-derived hSCF. Three hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high specificity for the glycoprotein were obtained. 1C4 and 2D3 mAbs were able to detect bacteria-derived and glycosylated rhSCF and demonstrated to be excellent candidates to develop a sandwich ELISA assay for rhSCF quantification, with detection limits of 0.18 and 0.07 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, 1A10 mAb only recognized glycosylated rhSCF, suggesting that sugar moieties might be involved in epitope recognition. 1A10 mAb showed the highest binding affinity, and it constituted the best candidate for immunodetection of the entire set rhSCF glycoforms in western blot assays, and for intracellular cytokine staining. Our work shows that combining glycosylated rhSCF expression with hybridoma technology is a powerful strategy to obtain specific suitable immunochemical assays and thus improve glycoprotein-producing bioprocesses. KEY POINTS: • Soluble glycosylated human SCF exerted improved proliferative activity on UT-7 cells. • Three mAbs with high specificity targeting glycosylated human SCF were obtained. • mAbs applications comprise sandwich ELISA, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Fuselli
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María de Los Milagros Bürgi
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Biotechnological Development Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Cellargen Biotech S.R.L., Antonia Godoy 6369 (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-null effector developed using mammalian and plant GlycoDelete platform. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19030. [PMID: 36347901 PMCID: PMC9643331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies has markedly shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, methods completely eliminating the effector function of these signal-regulating antibodies is urgently required. The heterogeneity of glycan chains in antibodies limits their use as therapeutic agents due to their variability; thus, the development of uniform glycan chains is necessary. Here, we subjected the anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibody nivolumab, a representative immune checkpoint inhibitor, to GlycoDelete (GD) engineering to remove the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the antibody, leaving only one glycan in the Fc. Glyco-engineered CHO cells were prepared by overexpressing endo-β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (Endo T) in CHO cells, in which N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase I was knocked out using Cas9. GD IgG1 nivolumab and GD IgG4 nivolumab were produced using GD CHO cells, and glycan removal was confirmed using mass spectrometry. Target binding and PD-1 inhibition was not altered; however, ADCC decreased. Furthermore, the IgG4 form, determined to be the most suitable form of GD nivolumab, was produced in a plant GD system. The plant GD nivolumab also reduced ADCC without affecting PD-1 inhibitory function. Thus, CHO and plant GD platforms can be used to improve signal-regulating antibodies by reducing their effector function.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hussein MK, Papež M, Dhiman H, Baumann M, Galosy S, Borth N. In silico design of CMV promoter binding oligonucleotides and their impact on inhibition of gene expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
28
|
Trbojević-Akmačić I, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Heijs B, Petrović T, Deriš H, Wuhrer M, Lauc G. High-Throughput Glycomic Methods. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15865-15913. [PMID: 35797639 PMCID: PMC9614987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycomics aims to identify the structure and function of the glycome, the complete set of oligosaccharides (glycans), produced in a given cell or organism, as well as to identify genes and other factors that govern glycosylation. This challenging endeavor requires highly robust, sensitive, and potentially automatable analytical technologies for the analysis of hundreds or thousands of glycomes in a timely manner (termed high-throughput glycomics). This review provides a historic overview as well as highlights recent developments and challenges of glycomic profiling by the most prominent high-throughput glycomic approaches, with N-glycosylation analysis as the focal point. It describes the current state-of-the-art regarding levels of characterization and most widely used technologies, selected applications of high-throughput glycomics in deciphering glycosylation process in healthy and disease states, as well as future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bram Heijs
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Deriš
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Batran RA, Elmoshneb M, Hussein AS, Hussien OM, Adel F, Elgarhy R, Morsi MI. Biosimilars: Science, Implications, and Potential Outlooks in the Middle East and Africa. Biologics 2022; 16:161-171. [PMID: 36225324 PMCID: PMC9550021 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s376959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilars are biological products that efficiently replicate the function of the originator products. They have changed the prognosis of millions of patients with many serious conditions. The main engine beyond their development is to bring competition into the marketplace, accordingly further the healthcare systems' sustainability. Furthermore, by lowering financial obstacles to biological treatments, biosimilars play a critical role in budgetary redistribution and, hence, promote better allocation of scarce healthcare resources. Today, biosimilars have become a substantial component of effective biological therapies anywhere in the world. Alike, most Middle East and African countries are encouraging the domestic biosimilars industry, and the whole region is aware of the biosimilars' importance. However, constraints to increasing biosimilars uptake should be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Ahmed Batran
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai Elmoshneb
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salah Hussein
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt,Correspondence: Ahmed Salah Hussein, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Tel +20 1158276261, Email
| | - Omar M Hussien
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fady Adel
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham Elgarhy
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mosaad I Morsi
- Medical Affairs Department, RAY Contract Research Organization, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Y, Yang M, Wu X, Deng F, Yin X, Ma R, Shi L. Glucose-Responsive Nanochaperones Mediate Exendin-4 Delivery for Enhancing Therapeutic Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44211-44221. [PMID: 36153949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a promising therapeutic peptide for the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes, but its instability and immunogenicity result in a short circulating half-life and low bioavailability, which severely limit its clinical application. Here, complex micelles with 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA)-modified and positively charged hydrophobic domains on the surface were devised as nanochaperones to mediate the delivery of Ex-4. The nanochaperones can bind Ex-4 on the surface via the synergy of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, leading to efficient loading and stabilization of Ex-4. More importantly, the immunogenic site of Ex-4 was shielded by the nanochaperones, thereby effectively reducing the immune clearance and prolonging the half-life. Hyperglycemia-triggered release of Ex-4 was achieved by the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic transformation of the FPBA-modified domains and the introduced negative charge because of the binding of glucose by FPBA. The Ex-4-loaded nanochaperones exhibited an enhanced therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Menglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Rujiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Argentova V, Aliev T, Dolgikh D, Pakanová Z, Katrlík J, Kirpichnikov M. Features, modulation and analysis of glycosylation patterns of therapeutic recombinant immunoglobulin A. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:247-269. [PMID: 35377278 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2060594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the production of recombinant antibodies while ensuring high and stable protein quality remains a challenge in mammalian cell culture. This review is devoted to advances in the field of obtaining stable and optimal glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies based on IgA, as well as the subsequent issues of glycosylation control of glycoproteins during their production. Current studies also demonstrate a general need for a more fundamental understanding of the use of CHO cell-based producer cell lines, through which the glycoprofile of therapeutic IgA antibodies is produced and the dependence of glycosylation on culture conditions could be controlled. Optimization of glycosylation improves the therapeutic efficacy and can expand the possibilities for the creation of highly effective glycoprotein therapeutic drugs. Current status and trends in glycan analysis of therapeutic IgA, dominantly based on mass spectrometry and lectin microarrays are herein summarised as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Argentova
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Teimur Aliev
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Dolgikh
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of SciencesShemyakin-Ovchinnikov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zuzana Pakanová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mikhail Kirpichnikov
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of SciencesShemyakin-Ovchinnikov, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bowers SM, Sundqvist M, Dancey P, Cabral DA, Brown KL. Pathogenic variant c.1052T>A (p.Leu351Gln) in adenosine deaminase 2 impairs secretion and elevates type I IFN responsive gene expression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995191. [PMID: 36248868 PMCID: PMC9562767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAdenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) is a homodimeric, extracellular enzyme and putative growth factor that is produced by cells of the myeloid lineage and, catalytically, deaminates extracellular adenosine to inosine. Loss-of-(catalytic)-function variants in the ADA2 gene are associated with Deficiency of ADA2 (DADA2), an autosomal recessive disease associated with an unusually broad range of inflammatory manifestations including vasculitis, hematological defects and cytopenia. Previous work by our group led to the identification of ADA2 variants of novel association with DADA2, among which was a unique c.1052T>A (p.Leu351Gln; herein referred to as L351Q) variant located in the catalytic domain of the protein.MethodsMammalian (Flp-IN CHO) cells were engineered to stably express wild-type ADA2 and ADA2 protein variants, including the pathogenic L351Q variant identified in DADA2 patients. An enzyme assay and immunoblotting were used to assess ADA2 catalytic activity and secretion, respectively, and the outcome of experimentally induced inhibition of protein processing (Golgi transport and N-linked glycosylation) was assessed. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to determine the relative expression of Type I Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), IFIT3 and IRF7.ResultsIn addition to abrogating catalytic activity, the L351Q variant impaired secretion of L351Q ADA2 resulting in an intracellular accumulation of L351Q ADA2 protein that was not observed in cells expressing wild-type ADA2 or other ADA2 protein variants. Retention of L351Q ADA2 was not attributable to impaired glycosylation on neighboring asparagine residues and did not impact cell growth or integrity. Constitutive expression of Type I ISGs IFIT3 and IRF7 was observed in cells expressing L351Q ADA2.ConclusionsThe impaired secretion of L351Q ADA2 may be an important factor leading to the severe phenotype observed in patients with this variant further emphasizing the importance of assessing impacts beyond catalytic activity when evaluating genotype-phenotype relationships in DADA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Dancey
- Janeway Children’s Health and Rehabilitation Centre, Saint John’s, NL, Canada
| | - David A. Cabral
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly L. Brown
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kelly L. Brown,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Q, Wang T, Wu WW, Lin CY, Yang S, Yang G, Jankowska E, Hu Y, Shen RF, Betenbaugh MJ, Cipollo JF. Comprehensive N- and O-Glycoproteomic Analysis of Multiple Chinese Hamster Ovary Host Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2341-2355. [PMID: 36129246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteomic analysis of three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension host cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-Pro5) commonly utilized in biopharmaceutical settings for recombinant protein production is reported. Intracellular and secreted glycoproteins were examined. We utilized an immobilization and chemoenzymatic strategy in our analysis. Glycoproteins or glycopeptides were first immobilized through reductive amination, and the sialyl moieties were amidated for protection. The desired N- or O-glycans and glycopeptides were released from the immobilization resin by enzymatic or chemical digestion. Glycopeptides were studied by Orbitrap Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and the released glycans were analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Differences were detected in the relative abundances of N- and O-glycopeptide types, their resident and released glycans, and their glycoprotein complexity. Ontogeny analysis revealed key differences in features, such as general metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, including glycosylation systems, as well as distributions in cellular compartments. Host cell lines and subfraction differences were observed in both N- and O-glycan and glycoprotein pools. Differences were observed in sialyl and fucosyl glycan distributions. Key differences were also observed among glycoproteins that are problematic contaminants in recombinant antibody production. The differences revealed in this study should inform the choice of cell lines best suited for a particular bioproduction application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Shuang Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - John F Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Engineering nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways for independent and simultaneous modulation of N-glycan galactosylation and fucosylation in CHO cells. Metab Eng 2022; 74:61-71. [PMID: 36152932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of recombinant therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical quality attribute. N-glycans in mAbs are known to affect various effector functions, and thereby therapeutic use of such glycoproteins can depend on a particular glycoform profile to achieve desired efficacy. However, there are currently limited options for modulating the glycoform profile, which depend mainly on over-expression or knock-out of glycosyltransferase enzymes that can introduce or eliminate specific glycans but do not allow predictable glycoform modulation over a range of values. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to predictably modulate the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we have engineered nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways in CHO cells expressing recombinant IgG for combinatorial modulation of galactosylation and fucosylation. Knocking out the enzymes UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (Gale) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (Fx) resulted in ablation of de novo synthesis of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc. With Gale knock-out, the array of N-glycans on recombinantly expressed IgG is narrowed to agalactosylated glycans, mainly A2F glycan (89%). In the Gale and Fx double knock-out cell line, agalactosylated and afucosylated A2 glycan is predominant (88%). In the double knock-out cell line, galactosylation and fucosylation was entirely dependent on the salvage pathway, which allowed for modulation of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc synthesis and intracellular nucleotide sugar availability by controlling the availability of extracellular galactose and fucose. We demonstrate that the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG can be modulated from containing predominantly agalactosylated and afucosylated glycans to up to 42% and 96% galactosylation and fucosylation, respectively, by extracellular feeding of sugars in a dose-dependent manner. By simply varying the availability of extracellular galactose and/or fucose, galactosylation and fucosylation levels can be simultaneously and independently modulated. In addition to achieving the production of tailored glycoforms, this engineered CHO host platform can cater to the rapid synthesis of variably glycoengineered proteins for evaluation of biological activity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gaudreault J, Durocher Y, Henry O, De Crescenzo G. Multi-temperature experiments to ease analysis of heterogeneous binder solutions by surface plasmon resonance biosensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14401. [PMID: 36002549 PMCID: PMC9402583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensing is a well-established tool for the investigation of binding kinetics between a soluble species and an immobilized (bio)molecule. While robust and accurate data analysis techniques are readily available for single species, methods to exploit data collected with a solution containing multiple interactants are scarce. In a previous study, our group proposed two data analysis algorithms for (1) the precise and reliable identification of the kinetic parameters of N interactants present at different ratios in N mixtures and (2) the estimation of the composition of a given mixture, assuming that the kinetic parameters and the total concentration of all interactants are known. Here, we extend the first algorithm by reducing the number of necessary mixtures. This is achieved by conducting experiments at different temperatures. Through the Van't Hoff and Eyring equations, identifying the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of N binders becomes possible with M mixtures with M comprised between 2 and N and at least N/M temperatures. The second algorithm is improved by adding the total analyte concentration as a supplementary variable to be identified in an optimization routine. We validated our analysis framework experimentally with a system consisting of mixtures of low molecular weight drugs, each competing to bind to an immobilized protein. We believe that the analysis of mixtures and composition estimation could pave the way for SPR biosensing to become a bioprocess monitoring tool, on top of expanding its already substantial role in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Gaudreault
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Life Sciences, NRC Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell surface SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein modulates innate and adaptive immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9770. [PMID: 35921414 PMCID: PMC9348789 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody (Ab) and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N-expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc-expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
Collapse
|
37
|
Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Teutenberg T, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC. Comparison of originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibodies using HRMS, Fc affinity chromatography, and 2D-HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6761-6769. [PMID: 35895102 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complex manufacturing process of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, it is hardly possible to produce an identical copy of the original product (originator). Consequently, follow-on products (biosimilars) must demonstrate their efficacy being similar to the originator in terms of structure and function. During this process, a variety of analytical methods are required for this purpose. This study focuses on three particularly relevant analytical techniques: high-resolution mass spectrometry, fragment crystallisable (Fc) affinity chromatography, and two-dimensional peptide mapping. Each analytical method proved able to identify specific differences between originator and biosimilar. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize the glycan pattern. It was shown that a trastuzumab biosimilar did not have the G0:G0F sugar modification identified in the originator. The application of affinity chromatography to rituximab showed that originator and biosimilar interacted differently with the immobilized Fc receptor. Furthermore, 2D-HPLC peptide mapping demonstrated the influence of orthogonality of separation dimensions, leading to differentiation of a rituximab originator and biosimilar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut Für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Puranik A, Saldanha M, Chirmule N, Dandekar P, Jain R. Advanced strategies in glycosylation prediction and control during biopharmaceutical development: Avenues toward Industry 4.0. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3283. [PMID: 35752935 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation has been shown to define the safety and efficacy of biopharmaceuticals, thus classified as a critical quality attribute. However, controlling glycan heterogeneity has always been a major challenge owing to the multi-variate factors that govern the glycosylation process. Conventional approaches for controlling glycosylation such as gene editing and metabolic control have succeeded in obtaining desired glycan profiles in accordance with the Quality by Design paradigm. Nonetheless, the development of smart algorithms and omics-enabled complete cell characterization have made it possible to predict glycan profiles beforehand, and manipulate process variables accordingly. This review thus discusses the various approaches available for control and prediction of glycosylation in biopharmaceuticals. Further, the futuristic goal of integrating such technologies is discussed in order to attain an automated and digitized continuous bioprocess for control of glycosylation. Given, control of a process as complex as glycosylation requires intense monitoring intervention, we examine the current technologies that enable automation. Finally, we discuss the challenges and the technological gap that currently limits incorporation of an automated process in routine bio-manufacturing, with a glimpse into the economic bearing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Puranik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kinumi T, Saikusa K, Kato M, Kojima R, Igarashi C, Noda N, Honda S. Characterization and Value Assignment of a Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material, NMIJ RM 6208a, AIST-MAB. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:842041. [PMID: 35733942 PMCID: PMC9207415 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.842041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been established as the largest product class of biopharmaceuticals. Since extensive characterization is required for development and quality control of monoclonal antibody, a widely available reference material (RM) is needed. Herein, a humanized IgG1κ monoclonal antibody reference material, RM 6208-a, AIST-MAB, was established by the National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST). The monoclonal antibody solution was produced as a pharmaceutical grade using a Chinese hamster ovary-derived cell line. The assigned indicative value represents the concentration of the antibody with a heterotetrameric structure including oligomeric forms, determined by an amino acid analysis using isotope dilution mass spectrometry, and their homogeneity and stability were assessed. In addition to antibody concentration, various physicochemical properties, including peptide mapping data, charge variants, and aggregates, were examined. This RM is intended for use in validation of analytical procedures and instruments such as a system suitability test for quantification of antibody. It is also intended for comparing and evaluating the results of antibody analyses across analytical methods and analytical laboratories such as inter-laboratory comparison. Both the material and the set of data from our study provide a tool for an accurate and reliable characterization of product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies in biopharmaceutical and metrology communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kinumi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics (MAB), Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomoya Kinumi,
| | - Kazumi Saikusa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reiko Kojima
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics (MAB), Kobe, Japan
| | - Chieko Igarashi
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics (MAB), Kobe, Japan
| | - Naohiro Noda
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics (MAB), Kobe, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics (MAB), Kobe, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Torres M, Hussain H, Dickson AJ. The secretory pathway - the key for unlocking the potential of Chinese hamster ovary cell factories for manufacturing therapeutic proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:628-645. [PMID: 35465810 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell factories (in particular the CHO cell system) have been crucial in the rise of biopharmaceuticals. Mammalian cells have compartmentalized organelles where intricate networks of proteins manufacture highly sophisticated biopharmaceuticals in a specialized production pipeline - the secretory pathway. In the bioproduction context, the secretory pathway functioning is key for the effectiveness of cell factories to manufacture these life-changing medicines. This review describes the molecular components and events involved in the secretory pathway, and provides a comprehensive summary of the intracellular steps limiting the production of therapeutic proteins as well as the achievements in engineering CHO cell secretory machinery. We also consider antibody-producing plasma cells (so called "professional" secretory cells) to explore the mechanisms underpinning their unique secretory function/features. Such understandings offer the potential to further enhancement of the current CHO cell production platforms for manufacturing next generation of biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Beauglehole AC, Roche Recinos D, Pegg CL, Lee YY, Turnbull V, Herrmann S, Marcellin E, Howard CB, Schulz BL. Recent advances in the production of recombinant factor IX: bioprocessing and cell engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:484-502. [PMID: 35430942 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate treatment of Hemophilia B is vital for patients' quality of life. Historically, the treatment used was the administration of coagulation Factor IX derived from human plasma. Advancements in recombinant technologies allowed Factor IX to be produced recombinantly. Successful recombinant production has triggered a gradual shift from the plasma derived origins of Factor IX, as it provides extended half-life and expanded production capacity. However, the complex post-translational modifications of Factor IX have made recombinant production at scale difficult. Considerable research has therefore been invested into understanding and optimizing the recombinant production of Factor IX. Here, we review the evolution of recombinant Factor IX production, focusing on recent developments in bioprocessing and cell engineering to control its post-translational modifications in its expression from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiden C. Beauglehole
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinora Roche Recinos
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Pegg
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Victor Turnbull
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susann Herrmann
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hamla S, Sacré PY, Derenne A, Derfoufi KM, Cowper B, Butré CI, Delobel A, Goormaghtigh E, Hubert P, Ziemons E. A new alternative tool to analyse glycosylation in pharmaceutical proteins based on infrared spectroscopy combined with nonlinear support vector regression. Analyst 2022; 147:1086-1098. [PMID: 35174378 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Almost 60% of commercialized pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated. Glycosylation is considered a critical quality attribute, as it affects the stability, bioactivity and safety of proteins. Hence, the development of analytical methods to characterise the composition and structure of glycoproteins is crucial. Currently, existing methods are time-consuming, expensive, and require significant sample preparation steps, which can alter the robustness of the analyses. In this work, we suggest the use of a fast, direct, and simple Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with a chemometric strategy to address this challenge. In this context, a database of FT-IR spectra of glycoproteins was built, and the glycoproteins were characterised by reference methods (MALDI-TOF, LC-ESI-QTOF and LC-FLR-MS) to estimate the mass ratio between carbohydrates and proteins and determine the composition in monosaccharides. The FT-IR spectra were processed first by Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), one of the most used regression algorithms in spectroscopy and secondly by Support Vector Regression (SVR). SVR has emerged in recent years and is now considered a powerful alternative to PLSR, thanks to its ability to flexibly model nonlinear relationships. The results provide clear evidence of the efficiency of the combination of FT-IR spectroscopy, and SVR modelling to characterise glycosylation in therapeutic proteins. The SVR models showed better predictive performances than the PLSR models in terms of RMSECV, RMSEP, R2CV, R2Pred and RPD. This tool offers several potential applications, such as comparing the glycosylation of a biosimilar and the original molecule, monitoring batch-to-batch homogeneity, and in-process control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hamla
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Allison Derenne
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, ULB, Campus Plaine CP206/02, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kheiro-Mouna Derfoufi
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, ULB, Campus Plaine CP206/02, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Cowper
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Claire I Butré
- Quality Assistance, Techno Parc de Thudinie 2, 6536 Thuin, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Delobel
- Quality Assistance, Techno Parc de Thudinie 2, 6536 Thuin, Belgium
| | - Erik Goormaghtigh
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, ULB, Campus Plaine CP206/02, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liege, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Edwards E, Livanos M, Krueger A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Mark Smales C, Bracewell DG. Strategies to Control Therapeutic Antibody Glycosylation during Bioprocessing: Synthesis and Separation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1343-1358. [PMID: 35182428 PMCID: PMC9310845 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute in biologic manufacturing. In particular, it has implications on the half‐life, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and must be closely monitored throughout drug development and manufacturing. To address this, advances have been made primarily in upstream processing, including mammalian cell line engineering, to yield more predictably glycosylated mAbs and the addition of media supplements during fermentation to manipulate the metabolic pathways involved in glycosylation. A more robust approach would be a conjoined upstream–downstream processing strategy. This could include implementing novel downstream technologies, such as the use of Fc γ‐based affinity ligands for the separation of mAb glycovariants. This review highlights the importance of controlling therapeutic antibody glycosylation patterns, the challenges faced in terms of glycosylation during mAb biosimilar development, current efforts both upstream and downstream to control glycosylation and their limitations, and the need for research in the downstream space to establish holistic and consistent manufacturing processes for the production of antibody therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Edwards
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Livanos
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Krueger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Marx N, Eisenhut P, Weinguny M, Klanert G, Borth N. How to train your cell - Towards controlling phenotypes by harnessing the epigenome of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107924. [PMID: 35149147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies and the broad availability of big datasets have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese hamster ovary cells in their role as the most prevalent host for production of complex biopharmaceuticals. In consequence, our perception of this "workhorse of the biopharmaceutical industry" has successively shifted from that of a nicely working, but unknown recombinant protein producing black box to a biological system governed by multiple complex regulatory layers that might possibly be harnessed and manipulated at will. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made to characterize CHO cells on various omics levels, our understanding is still far from complete. The well-known inherent genetic plasticity of any immortalized and rapidly dividing cell line also characterizes CHO cells and can lead to problematic instability of recombinant protein production. While the high mutational frequency has been a focus of CHO cell research for decades, the impact of epigenetics and its role in differential gene expression has only recently been addressed. In this review we provide an overview about the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in CHO cells and discuss its significance for shaping the cell's phenotype. We also look into current state-of-the-art technology that can be applied to harness and manipulate the epigenetic network so as to nudge CHO cells towards a specific phenotype. Here, we revise current strategies on site-directed integration and random as well as targeted epigenome modifications. Finally, we address open questions that need to be investigated to exploit the full repertoire of fine-tuned control of multiplexed gene expression using epigenetic and systems biology tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Singh SK, Lee KH. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Glycan Heterogeneity Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:805788. [PMID: 35087805 PMCID: PMC8786911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.805788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) is an invaluable technology for the characterization of protein glycosylation. HILIC/MS-based glycan analysis relies on the library search using Glucose Units (GU) and accurate mass (AM) as the primary search parameters for identification. However, GU-based identifications are gradient-dependent and are not suitable for applications where separation gradients need to be optimized to analyze complex samples or achieve higher throughput. Additionally, the workflow requires calibration curves (using dextran ladder) to be generated for each analysis campaign, which in turn, are used to derive the GU values of the separated glycan species. To overcome this limitation, we employed a two-step strategy for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The first step is to create a custom library of the glycans of interest independent of GU values (thereby eliminating the need for a calibration curve) and instead uses AM and retention time (RT) as the primary search variables. The second step is to perform targeted glycan screening using the custom-built library. The developed workflow was applied for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in CHO for 1) cell line selection 2) characterizing the day-wise glycan evolution in a model mAb during a fed-batch culture, 3) assessing the impact of different media conditions on glycosylation, and 4) evaluating the impact of two different process conditions on glycosylation changes in a model mAb grown in a bioreactor. Taken together, the data presented in this study provides insights into the sources of glycan heterogeneity in a model mAb that are seen during its commercial manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, India
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aquino AK, Manzer ZA, Daniel S, DeLisa MP. Glycosylation-on-a-Chip: A Flow-Based Microfluidic System for Cell-Free Glycoprotein Biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:782905. [PMID: 35004852 PMCID: PMC8733600 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.782905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cell-free synthetic glycobiology technologies have emerged that enable production and remodeling of glycoproteins outside the confines of the cell. However, many of these systems combine multiple synthesis steps into one pot where there can be competing reactions and side products that ultimately lead to low yield of the desired product. In this work, we describe a microfluidic platform that integrates cell-free protein synthesis, glycosylation, and purification of a model glycoprotein in separate compartments where each step can be individually optimized. Microfluidics offer advantages such as reaction compartmentalization, tunable residence time, the ability to tether enzymes for reuse, and the potential for continuous manufacturing. Moreover, it affords an opportunity for spatiotemporal control of glycosylation reactions that is difficult to achieve with existing cell-based and cell-free glycosylation systems. In this work, we demonstrate a flow-based glycoprotein synthesis system that promotes enhanced cell-free protein synthesis, efficient protein glycosylation with an immobilized oligosaccharyltransferase, and enrichment of the protein product from cell-free lysate. Overall, this work represents a first-in-kind glycosylation-on-a-chip prototype that could find use as a laboratory tool for mechanistic dissection of the protein glycosylation process as well as a biomanufacturing platform for small batch, decentralized glycoprotein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Aquino
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Zachary A Manzer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li M, Zhu W, Zheng H, Zhang J. Efficient HCD-pd-EThcD approach for N-glycan mapping of therapeutic antibodies at intact glycopeptide level. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:339232. [PMID: 34815030 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a critical quality attribute for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics due to its significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. Extensive glycosylation mapping is therefore necessary for mAb drug development and quality control. We utilized a higher-energy dissociation product ions-triggered electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD-pd-EThcD) approach to mapping N-glycosylation in therapeutic mAbs. Due to the improved duty cycle and targeted ability, HCD-pd-EThcD could provide extensive N-glycan identifications as well as higher quality spectra than EThcD mode. On average, ten types of N-glycan were uncovered in two different lots of trastuzumab, demonstrating a significant increment in N-glycan species compared to only four types identified by EThcD. After integrating pre-enrichment of glycopeptides, up to 16 N-glycans were recognized. Significantly, this strategy facilitated the identification of glycopeptides containing fucosylated and sialylated glycans, meanwhile enabled the recognition of different N-glycan classes (high mannose, hybrid, and complex). Further application in the glycosylation analysis of adalimumab and bevacizumab resulted in 19 and 8 N-glycans species, providing a more comprehensive insight into their glycosylation modification status. We demonstrated the benefits of an integrated strategy in characterizing various N-glycans of mAb therapeutics and offer an alternative approach for their quality control at the intact glycopeptides level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mota LM, Tayi VS, Butler M. Cell Free Remodeling of Glycosylation of Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2370:117-146. [PMID: 34611867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a critical quality attribute in relation to its therapeutic application. The control of this profile during biomanufacture is difficult because of the multiple parameters that affect the glycosylation metabolism within the cell and the environment in which the cell is grown. One of the approaches that can be used to produce a preferred glycan profile or a single glycoform is through chemoenzymatic remodeling during the isolation of a mAb. Here we describe protocols that can be utilized to produce preferred glycoforms that include galactosylated, agalactosylated, or sialylated glycoforms following isolation of a mAb. Methods for analysis and assignment of structures of the samples following glycoengineering are also described. Chemoenzymatic modeling of mAb glycans has the potential for scale-up and to be introduced into biomanufacturing of mAbs with higher specific therapeutic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Mota
- Cell Technology Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lao González T, Ávalos Olivera I, Rodríguez-Mallon A. Mammalian Cell Culture as a Platform for Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:37-62. [PMID: 34816397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than three decades, mammalian cells have been the host par excellence for the recombinant protein production for therapeutic purposes in humans. Due to the high cost of media and other supplies used for cell growth, initially this expression platform was only used for the production of proteins of pharmaceutical importance including antibodies. However, large biotechnological companies that used this platform continued research to improve its technical and economic feasibility. The main qualitative improvement was obtained when individual cells could be cultured in a liquid medium similar to bacteria and yeast cultures. Another important innovation for growing cells in suspension was the improvement in chemically defined media that does not contain macromolecules; they were cheaper to culture as any other microbial media. These scientific milestones have reduced the cost of mammalian cell culture and their use in obtaining proteins for veterinary use. The ease of working with mammalian cell culture has permitted the use of this expression platform to produce active pharmaceutic ingredients for veterinary vaccines. In this chapter, the protocol to obtain recombinant mammalian cell lines will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thailín Lao González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ileanet Ávalos Olivera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alina Rodríguez-Mallon
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
The mosaic puzzle of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments - A modular transition from full-length immunoglobulins to antibody mimetics. Leuk Res Rep 2022; 18:100335. [PMID: 35832747 PMCID: PMC9272380 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies represents an important and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tool in disease management and modern science but remains limited by several factors including the uneven distribution in diseased tissues as well as undesired activation of side immune reactions. Major scientific advancements including Recombinant DNA Technology, Hybridoma Technology, and Polymerase Chain Reaction have considerably impacted the use of monoclonal antibodies providing technical and effective solutions to overcome the shortcomings encountered with conventional antibodies. Initially, the introduction of antibody fragments allowed a more uniform and deeper penetration of the targeted tissue and reduced unwanted activation of Fc-mediated immune reactions. On another level, the immunogenicity of murine-derived antibodies was overcome by humanizing their encoding genes with specific sequences of human origin andtransgenic mice able to synthesize fully human antibodies were successfully created. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering techniques supported by the modular structure of antibody coding genes paved the way for the development of a new generation of antibody fragments with a wide spectrum of monospecific and bispecific agents. These later could be monovalent, bivalent, or multivalent, and either expressed as a single chain, assembled in multimeric forms or stringed in tandem. This has conferred improved affinity, stability, and solubility to antibody targetting. Lately, a new array of monoclonal antibody fragments was introduced with the engineering of nanobody and antibody mimetics as non-immunoglobulin-derived fragments with promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we decipher the molecular basis of monoclonal antibody engineering with a detailed screening of the antibody derivatives that provides new perspectives to expand the use of monoclonal fragments into previously unexplored fields.
Collapse
|