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Sefiddashti RR, Sharafi SM, Ebrahimi SA, Akhlaghi L, Moosavi A, Eskandarian A, Darani HY. A 53 KDa Glycan Antigen of Hydatid Cyst Wall May Involve in Evasion from Host Immune System. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:82. [PMID: 29930922 PMCID: PMC5991282 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_287_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that similar host glycan antigens are expressed by helminths such as Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts to evade from host immune system. In this work to investigate these antigens further, immunological cross-reactivity between human sera and hydatid cyst wall antigens has been investigated. Materials and Methods: Hydatid cyst wall antigens were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western immunoblotting and probed with pooled sera of hydatidosis patients and healthy controls. Sodium metaperiodate treatment was used to investigate glycan antigens. Results: A band with molecular weight about 53 KDa reacted with both hydatid patients' sera and also normal human sera. It has been shown that this band was a glycan antigen. Conclusions: A 53 KDa glycan antigen of hydatid cyst wall that reacted with all human sera may have an important role for evasion from host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Rafiei Sefiddashti
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soltan Ahmad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Razi Institute for Drug Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moosavi
- Department of of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abasali Eskandarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Comparative study on secretome and transmembranome of immature and mature metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis. Vet Parasitol 2017. [PMID: 28637587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a worldwide zoonosis caused by E. multilocularis. Humans become infected through oral ingestion of the eggs. Host of E. multilocularis produces immune responses that help to either reject and/or limit the growth of this parasite, and in response the parasite produces molecules against this immune attack. This study identifies candidate key molecules in the early infection phase and the chronic stage of the parasite infestation, through comparison of gene expression of 4- and 16-week metacestodes. First, RNA was isolated from 4- and 16-weeks metacestodes of E. multilocularis (Nemuro strain). Thereafter, clean reads with lengths of 50bp or longer were compared against a reference genome using TopHat. Functional annotation of transcripts of E. multilocularis were investigated using multi-step bioinformatics tools. At the gene ontology (GO) level, 356 and 1774 transmembrane (TM) predicted proteins of the E. multilocularis were mapped to an enhanced 'hydrolase activity' and increased 'transmembrane transporter activity', respectively. In addition, comparison of gene expression level between 4- and 16-week metacestode revealed 168 different expression (DE) genes. This study has demonstrated that, the expression levels of predicted ES and TM proteins in E. multilocularis change in the transformation from one stage to another. Genes that are highly expressed in immature or mature metacestode could be explored as novel candidates for diagnostic antigens and vaccine targets.
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Rafiei Sefiddashti R, Sharafi SM, Ebrahimi SA, Akhlaghi L, Moosavi A, Eskandarian A, Hejrati A, Yousofi Darani H. Antibody response to glycan antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, laminated layer and protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:12. [PMID: 28955662 PMCID: PMC5609323 DOI: 10.18869/mjiri.31.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydatid disease is characterized by long-term growth of hydatid cysts in the human. The glycan antigens have an important role in the immunology of hydatid cyst. In this study immunological reaction of host sera to different glycan antigens of the cyst, has been investigated.
Methods: The antibody responses were tested to glycoprotein and glycolipid of the laminated layer (LL), cyst fluid (CF) and protoscolex (PS) antigens of E. Granulosus using ELISA and western immunoblotting tests. Thin-layer chromatography and ß-elimination were used for glycan purification.
Results: Both hydatid cyst and normal human sera reacted with hydatid cyst fluid, protoscolices, laminated layer, glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens. The most antigen-antibody reaction was related to CF and PS antigens, and LL antigens had the minimal reaction with the sera. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the antigens showed presence of many glycan bands in the laminated layer.
Conclusion: The parasite may elaborate different glycan antigens in LL to evade host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soltan Ahmad Ebrahimi
- Pharmacology Department and Razi Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moosavi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Eskandarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Conraths FJ, Deplazes P. Echinococcus multilocularis: Epidemiology, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective. Vet Parasitol 2015; 213:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Diagnosis and detection of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) infection in animals is a prerequisite for epidemiological studies and surveillance of echinococcosis in endemic, re-emergent or emergent transmission zones. Advances in diagnostic approaches for definitive hosts and livestock, however, have not progressed equally over the last 20 years. Development of laboratory based diagnostics for canids using coproantigen ELISA and also coproPCR, have had a huge impact on epidemiological studies and more recently on surveillance during hydatid control programmes. In contrast, diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in livestock still relies largely on conventional post-mortem inspection, despite a relatively low diagnostic sensitivity especially in early infections, as current serodiagnostics do not provide a sufficiently specific and sensitive practical pre-mortem alternative. As a result, testing of dog faecal samples by coproantigen ELISA, often combined with mass ultrasound screening programmes for human CE, has been the preferred approach for monitoring and surveillance in resource-poor endemic areas and during control schemes. In this article we review the current options and approaches for diagnosis of E. granulosus infection in definitive and animal intermediate hosts (including applications in non-domesticated species) and make conclusions and recommendations for further improvements in diagnosis for use in epidemiological studies and surveillance schemes.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Abstract
Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus is a member of the giant nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, infecting various Acanthamoeba spp. The genomes of giant viruses encode components previously thought to be exclusive to cellular life, such as proteins involved in nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Recent work on enzymes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis and metabolism show that instead of utilizing host cell resources, Mimivirus produces its own glycosylation machinery. To obtain a more detailed view of glycosylation in Mimivirus, we developed a periodate oxidation-based method to selectively enrich Mimivirus surface glycoproteins. O-Glycosylation in Mimivirus glycoproteins was identified by permethylation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry analyses of beta-eliminated glycans. We sequenced 26 previously undescribed O-glycans, most of which contain glucose as their reducing end saccharide. These data will facilitate future studies on the functional significance of glycosylation in Mimivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Hülsmeier
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Arana Y, Verastegui M, Tuero I, Grandjean L, Garcia HH, Gilman RH. Characterization of the carbohydrate components of Taenia solium oncosphere proteins and their role in the antigenicity. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3569-78. [PMID: 23982308 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the carbohydrate composition of Taenia solium whole oncosphere antigens (WOAs), in order to improve the understanding of the antigenicity of the T. solium. Better knowledge of oncosphere antigens is crucial to accurately diagnose previous exposure to T. solium eggs and thus predict the development of neurocysticercosis. A set of seven lectins conjugates with wide carbohydrate specificity were used on parasite fixations and somatic extracts. Lectin fluorescence revealed that D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues were the most abundant constituents of carbohydrate chains on the surface of T. solium oncosphere. Lectin blotting showed that posttranslational modification with N-glycosylation was abundant while little evidence of O-linked carbohydrates was observed. Chemical oxidation and enzymatic deglycosylation in situ were performed to investigate the immunoreactivity of the carbohydrate moieties. Linearizing or removing the carbohydrate moieties from the protein backbones did not diminish the immunoreactivity of these antigens, suggesting that a substantial part of the host immune response against T. solium oncosphere is directed against the peptide epitopes on the parasite antigens. Finally, using carbohydrate probes, we demonstrated for the first time that the presence of several lectins on the surface of the oncosphere was specific to carbohydrates found in intestinal mucus, suggesting a possible role in initial attachment of the parasite to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Arana
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, PO Box 5045, Lima, Peru
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Abstract
Human cysticercosis, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of Taenia solium, is one of the most pathogenic helminthiases and is listed among the 17 WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases. Controlling the life-cycle of T. solium between humans and pigs is essential for eradication of cysticercosis. One difficulty for the accurate detection and identification of T. solium species is the possible co-existence of two other human Taenia tapeworms (T. saginata and T. asiatica, which do not cause cysticercosis in humans). Several key issues for taeniasis/cysticercosis (T/C) evidence-based epidemiology and control are reviewed: (1) advances in immunological and molecular tools for screening of human and animals hosts and identification of Taenia species, with a focus on real-time detection of taeniasis carriers and infected animals in field community screenings, and (2) spatial ecological approaches that have been used to detect geospatial patterns of case distributions and to monitor pig activity and behaviour. Most recent eco-epidemiological studies undertaken in Sichuan province, China, are introduced and reviewed.
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Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Lin G, Todeschini AR, Koizumi A, Neves JL, González H, Dematteis S, Hada N, Previato JO, Ferreira F, Mendonça-Previato L, Díaz A. Further structural characterization of the Echinococcus granulosus laminated layer carbohydrates: The blood-antigen P1-motif gives rise to branches at different points of the O-glycan chains. Glycobiology 2012; 23:438-52. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Paschinger K, Gonzalez-Sapienza GG, Wilson IBH. Mass spectrometric analysis of the immunodominant glycan epitope of Echinococcus granulosus antigen Ag5. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:279-85. [PMID: 22342524 PMCID: PMC3316857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In previous work we showed that Ag5, a major diagnostic antigen from the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus, possesses a dominant sugar epitope that upon removal results in abolition of most of the antigen immunoreactivity with patient sera. Analysis of this glycan modification has now been performed by western blotting and mass spectrometry. Reactivity to both a specific monoclonal antibody (TEPC15) and human C-reactive protein as well as the presence of a modification of 165 mass units, as detected by mass spectrometry of both glycopeptides and released N-glycans, indicated that the immunodominant sugar epitope of the Ag5 38 kDa subunit is a biantennary structure modified by phosphorylcholine. We believe this is the first time that such a modification has been proven in cestodes and provides the structural basis for understanding the antigenicity of this major E. granulosus component.
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a complex form of protein modification occurring in the secretory pathway. The addition of N- and O-glycans affects intracellular processes like the folding and trafficking of most glycoproteins. To better understand the impact of glycosylation in protein folding and maturation, parameters like glycosylation site occupancy and oligosaccharide structure must be measured quantitatively. In this chapter, we describe current methods enabling the determination of N-glycosylation by assessment of cellular dolichol phosphate levels, dolichol-linked oligosaccharides, and the occupancy of N-glycosylation sites. We also provide detailed methods for the analysis of O-glycosylation, whose role in intracellular protein maturation is often overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Hülsmeier
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland
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Säwén E, Massad T, Landersjö C, Damberg P, Widmalm G. Population distribution of flexible molecules from maximum entropy analysis using different priors as background information: application to the Φ, Ψ-conformational space of the α-(1-->2)-linked mannose disaccharide present in N- and O-linked glycoproteins. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3684-95. [PMID: 20574564 DOI: 10.1039/c003958f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformational space available to the flexible molecule α-D-Manp-(1-->2)-α-D-Manp-OMe, a model for the α-(1-->2)-linked mannose disaccharide in N- or O-linked glycoproteins, is determined using experimental data and molecular simulation combined with a maximum entropy approach that leads to a converged population distribution utilizing different input information. A database survey of the Protein Data Bank where structures having the constituent disaccharide were retrieved resulted in an ensemble with >200 structures. Subsequent filtering removed erroneous structures and gave the database (DB) ensemble having three classes of mannose-containing compounds, viz., N- and O-linked structures, and ligands to proteins. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the disaccharide revealed a two-state equilibrium with a major and a minor conformational state, i.e., the MD ensemble. These two different conformation ensembles of the disaccharide were compared to measured experimental spectroscopic data for the molecule in water solution. However, neither of the two populations were compatible with experimental data from optical rotation, NMR (1)H,(1)H cross-relaxation rates as well as homo- and heteronuclear (3)J couplings. The conformational distributions were subsequently used as background information to generate priors that were used in a maximum entropy analysis. The resulting posteriors, i.e., the population distributions after the application of the maximum entropy analysis, still showed notable deviations that were not anticipated based on the prior information. Therefore, reparameterization of homo- and heteronuclear Karplus relationships for the glycosidic torsion angles Φ and Ψ were carried out in which the importance of electronegative substituents on the coupling pathway was deemed essential resulting in four derived equations, two (3)J(COCC) and two (3)J(COCH) being different for the Φ and Ψ torsions, respectively. These Karplus relationships are denoted JCX/SU09. Reapplication of the maximum entropy analysis gave excellent agreement between the MD- and DB-posteriors. The information entropies show that the current reparametrization of the Karplus relationships constitutes a significant improvement. The Φ(H) torsion angle of the disaccharide is governed by the exo-anomeric effect and for the dominating conformation Φ(H) = -40 degrees and Ψ(H) = 33 degrees. The minor conformational state has a negative Ψ(H) torsion angle; the relative populations of the major and the minor states are approximately 3 : 1. It is anticipated that application of the methodology will be useful to flexible molecules ranging from small organic molecules to large biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Säwén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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McManus DP. Echinococcosis with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:267-303. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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