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Balogh G, Bereczky Z. The Interaction of Factor Xa and IXa with Non-Activated Antithrombin in Michaelis Complex: Insights from Enhanced-Sampling Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050795. [PMID: 37238665 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between coagulation factors Xa and IXa and the activated state of their inhibitor, antithrombin (AT),have been investigated using X-ray diffraction studies. However, only mutagenesis data are available for non-activated AT. Our aim was to propose a model based on docking and advanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations that can reveal the conformational behavior of the systems when AT is not binding a pentasaccharide. We built the initial structure for non-activated AT-FXa and AT-FIXa complexes using HADDOCK 2.4. The conformational behavior was studied using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. In addition to the docked complexes, two systems based on the X-ray structures were also simulated, with and without the ligand. The simulations revealed large variability in conformation for both factors. In the docking-based complex of AT-FIXa, conformations with stable Arg150-AT interactions can exist for longer time periods but the system also has a higher tendency for reaching states with very limited interaction with the "exosite" of AT. By comparing simulations with or without the pentasaccharide, we were able to gain insights into the effects of conformational activation on the Michaelis complexes. RMSF analysis and correlation calculations for the alpha-carbon atoms revealed important details of the allosteric mechanisms. Our simulations provide atomistic models for better understanding the conformational activation mechanism of AT against its target factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Balogh
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bereczky
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Muronetz VI, Pozdyshev DV, Semenyuk PI. Polyelectrolytes for Enzyme Immobilization and the Regulation of Their Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194204. [PMID: 36236151 PMCID: PMC9571273 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we considered aspects related to the application of polyelectrolytes, primarily synthetic polyanions and polycations, to immobilize enzymes and regulate their properties. We mainly focused on the description of works in which polyelectrolytes were used to create complex and unusual systems (self-regulated enzyme-polyelectrolyte complexes, artificial chaperones, polyelectrolyte brushes, layer-by-layer immobilization and others). These works represent the field of "smart polymers", whilst the trivial use of charged polymers as carriers for adsorption or covalent immobilization of proteins is beyond the scope of this short review. In addition, we have included a section on the molecular modeling of interactions between proteins and polyelectrolytes, as modeling the binding of proteins with a strictly defined, and already known, spatial structure, to disordered polymeric molecules has its own unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I. Muronetz
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)939-14-56
| | - Denis V. Pozdyshev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Semenyuk
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Schuurs ZP, Hammond E, Elli S, Rudd TR, Mycroft-West CJ, Lima MA, Skidmore MA, Karlsson R, Chen YH, Bagdonaite I, Yang Z, Ahmed YA, Richard DJ, Turnbull J, Ferro V, Coombe DR, Gandhi NS. Evidence of a putative glycosaminoglycan binding site on the glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2806-2818. [PMID: 33968333 PMCID: PMC8093007 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread throughout the world's population since its initial discovery in 2019. The virus infects cells via a glycosylated spike protein located on its surface. The protein primarily binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, using glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as co-receptors. Here, we performed bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations of the spike protein to investigate the existence of additional GAG binding sites on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), separate from previously reported heparin-binding sites. A putative GAG binding site in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the protein was identified, encompassing residues 245-246. We hypothesized that GAGs of a sufficient length might bridge the gap between this site and the PRRARS furin cleavage site, including the mutation S247R. Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility. The heparan sulfate chain bridged the gap, binding the furin cleavage site and S247R. In contrast, the heparin chain bound the furin cleavage site and surrounding glycosylation structures, but not S247R. These findings identify a site in the spike protein that favors heparan sulfate binding that may be particularly pertinent for a better understanding of the recent UK and South African strains. This will also assist in future targeted therapy programs that could include repurposing clinical heparan sulfate mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P. Schuurs
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, 1 Westlink Court, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G.Ronzoni”, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Yassir A. Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Derek J. Richard
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeremy Turnbull
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Deirdre R. Coombe
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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4
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Liang Z, Verkhivker GM, Hu G. Integration of network models and evolutionary analysis into high-throughput modeling of protein dynamics and allosteric regulation: theory, tools and applications. Brief Bioinform 2019; 21:815-835. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Proteins are dynamical entities that undergo a plethora of conformational changes, accomplishing their biological functions. Molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis methods have become the gold standard for studying protein dynamics, analyzing molecular mechanism and allosteric regulation of biological systems. The enormous amount of the ensemble-based experimental and computational data on protein structure and dynamics has presented a major challenge for the high-throughput modeling of protein regulation and molecular mechanisms. In parallel, bioinformatics and systems biology approaches including genomic analysis, coevolution and network-based modeling have provided an array of powerful tools that complemented and enriched biophysical insights by enabling high-throughput analysis of biological data and dissection of global molecular signatures underlying mechanisms of protein function and interactions in the cellular environment. These developments have provided a powerful interdisciplinary framework for quantifying the relationships between protein dynamics and allosteric regulation, allowing for high-throughput modeling and engineering of molecular mechanisms. Here, we review fundamental advances in protein dynamics, network theory and coevolutionary analysis that have provided foundation for rapidly growing computational tools for modeling of allosteric regulation. We discuss recent developments in these interdisciplinary areas bridging computational biophysics and network biology, focusing on promising applications in allosteric regulations, including the investigation of allosteric communication pathways, protein–DNA/RNA interactions and disease mutations in genomic medicine. We conclude by formulating and discussing future directions and potential challenges facing quantitative computational investigations of allosteric regulatory mechanisms in protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gennady M Verkhivker
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Semenyuk P, Muronetz V. Protein Interaction with Charged Macromolecules: From Model Polymers to Unfolded Proteins and Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1252. [PMID: 30871103 PMCID: PMC6429204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of proteins with charged macromolecules is involved in many processes in cells. Firstly, there are many naturally occurred charged polymers such as DNA and RNA, polyphosphates, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, etc., as well as pronouncedly charged proteins such as histones or actin. Electrostatic interactions are also important for "generic" proteins, which are not generally considered as polyanions or polycations. Finally, protein behavior can be altered due to post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, sulfation, and glycation, which change a local charge of the protein region. Herein we review molecular modeling for the investigation of such interactions, from model polyanions and polycations to unfolded proteins. We will show that electrostatic interactions are ubiquitous, and molecular dynamics simulations provide an outstanding opportunity to look inside binding and reveal the contribution of electrostatic interactions. Since a molecular dynamics simulation is only a model, we will comprehensively consider its relationship with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
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6
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Feltes BC, Pedebos C, Bonatto D, Verli H. Dynamics of DDB2-DDB1 complex under different naturally-occurring mutants in Xeroderma Pigmentosum disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2579-2589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Minsky BB, Abzalimov RR, Niu C, Zhao Y, Kirsch Z, Dubin PL, Savinov SN, Kaltashov IA. Mass Spectrometry Reveals a Multifaceted Role of Glycosaminoglycan Chains in Factor Xa Inactivation by Antithrombin. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4880-4890. [PMID: 29999301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa (fXa) inhibition by antithrombin (AT) enabled by heparin or heparan sulfate is critical for controlling blood coagulation. AT activation by heparin has been investigated extensively, while interaction of heparin with trapped AT/fXa intermediates has received relatively little attention. We use native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to study the role of heparin chains of varying length [hexa-, octa-, deca-, and eicosasaccharides (dp6, dp8, dp10, and dp20, respectively)] in AT/fXa complex assembly. Despite being critical promoters of AT/Xa binding, shorter heparin chains are excluded from the final products (trapped intermediates). However, replacement of short heparin segments with dp20 gives rise to a prominent ionic signal of ternary complexes. These species are also observed when the trapped intermediate is initially prepared in the presence of a short oligoheparin (dp6), followed by addition of a longer heparin chain (dp20), indicating that binding of heparin to AT/fXa complexes takes place after the inhibition event. The importance of the heparin chain length for its ability to associate with the trapped intermediate suggests that the binding likely occurs in a bidentate fashion (where two distinct segments of oligoheparin make contacts with the protein components, while the part of the chain separating these two segments is extended into solution to minimize electrostatic repulsion). This model is corroborated by both molecular dynamics simulations with an explicit solvent and ion mobility measurements in the gas phase. The observed post-inhibition binding of heparin to the trapped AT/fXa intermediates hints at the likely role played by heparan sulfate in their catabolism.
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8
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Almond A. Multiscale modeling of glycosaminoglycan structure and dynamics: current methods and challenges. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 50:58-64. [PMID: 29253714 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched and complex polysaccharides that are an essential component of mammalian extracellular matrices. Characterization of their molecular structure, dynamics and interactions are essential to understand important biological phenomena in health and disease, and will lead to novel therapeutics and medical devices. However, this has proven to be a challenge experimentally and theoretical techniques are needed to develop new hypotheses, and interpret experiments. This review aims to examine the current theoretical (rather than experimental) methods used by researchers to investigate glycosaminoglycan structure, dynamics and interactions, from the monosaccharide to the macromolecular scale. It will consider techniques such as quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, coarse graining and docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Almond
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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9
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Effects of Glycosylation on the Enzymatic Activity and Mechanisms of Proteases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121969. [PMID: 27898009 PMCID: PMC5187769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are an important feature of most proteases in higher organisms, such as the conversion of inactive zymogens into active proteases. To date, little information is available on the role of glycosylation and functional implications for secreted proteases. Besides a stabilizing effect and protection against proteolysis, several proteases show a significant influence of glycosylation on the catalytic activity. Glycans can alter the substrate recognition, the specificity and binding affinity, as well as the turnover rates. However, there is currently no known general pattern, since glycosylation can have both stimulating and inhibiting effects on activity. Thus, a comparative analysis of individual cases with sufficient enzyme kinetic and structural data is a first approach to describe mechanistic principles that govern the effects of glycosylation on the function of proteases. The understanding of glycan functions becomes highly significant in proteomic and glycomic studies, which demonstrated that cancer-associated proteases, such as kallikrein-related peptidase 3, exhibit strongly altered glycosylation patterns in pathological cases. Such findings can contribute to a variety of future biomedical applications.
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10
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Erginer M, Akcay A, Coskunkan B, Morova T, Rende D, Bucak S, Baysal N, Ozisik R, Eroglu MS, Agirbasli M, Toksoy Oner E. Sulfated levan from Halomonas smyrnensis as a bioactive, heparin-mimetic glycan for cardiac tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Wujak L, Didiasova M, Zakrzewicz D, Frey H, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate factor XIIa binding to the cell surface. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7027-39. [PMID: 25589788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hageman factor (FXIIa) initiates the intrinsic coagulation pathway and triggers the kallikrein-kinin and the complement systems. In addition, it functions as a growth factor by expressing promitogenic activities toward several cell types. FXIIa binds to the cell surface via a number of structurally unrelated surface receptors; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that FXIIa utilizes cell membrane-bound glycosaminoglycans to interact with the cell surface of human lung fibroblasts (HLF). The combination of enzymatic, inhibitory, and overexpression approaches identified a heparan sulfate (HS) component of proteoglycans as an important determinant of the FXIIa binding capacity of HLF. Moreover, cell-free assays and competition experiments revealed preferential binding of FXIIa to HS and heparin over dextran sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate A and C. Finally, we demonstrate that fibroblasts isolated from the lungs of the patients suffering from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibit enhanced FXIIa binding capacity. Increased sulfation of HS resulting from elevated HS 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 expression in IPF HLF accounted, in part, for this phenomenon. Application of RNA interference technology and inhibitors of intracellular sulfation revealed the cooperative action of cell surface-associated HS and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in the accumulation of FXIIa on the cell surface of IPF HLF. Moreover, FXIIa stimulated IPF HLF migration, which was abrogated by pretreatment of cells with heparinase I. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel role of HS-type glycosaminoglycans in a local accumulation of FXIIa on the cell membrane. The enhanced association of FXIIa with IPF HLF suggests its contribution to fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany and
| | - Miroslava Didiasova
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany and
| | - Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany and
| | - Helena Frey
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany and
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12
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Ren X, Feng Y, Guo J, Wang H, Li Q, Yang J, Hao X, Lv J, Ma N, Li W. Surface modification and endothelialization of biomaterials as potential scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5680-742. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent developments of surface modification and endothelialization of biomaterials in vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Jintang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xuefang Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Juan Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Free University of Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery
- University of Rostock
- D-18057 Rostock
- Germany
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