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Tang X, Xiao Z, Chen M, Jin J, Yan C, Zhu X, Wang Z, Zhang D. A prototype galectin-1 (also known as galecin-2) from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea): Molecular and function study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109314. [PMID: 38142827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (also known as galecin-2), one member of galectins family, has multiple functions as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in innate immune defense system. In the present study, LcGal-1, a prototype galectin, was identified and function investigated in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). LcGal-1 consists of one carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which contains two carbohydrate binding motifs HFNPR and WG-E-R. LcGal-1 had a ubiquitous tissues profile with the highest and lowest expression in spleen and muscle, respectively. Moreover, it was in cytoplasm and nucleus of head-kidney cells in large yellow croaker. RT-qRCR showed that P. plecoglossicida induced LcGal-1 up-regulated expression in liver and gills, and the results were validated by immunohistochemistry analysis. Additionally, the recombinant LcGal-1 (rLcGal-1) showed agglutinate activity on erythrocytes, and the histidine (His) in the HFNPR motif was a key locus to the activity. The agglutination effect of rLcGal-1 on erythrocytes could be inhibited by LPS, α-lactase and d-galactose. The rLcGal-1 was able to bind and agglutinate Gram+ and Gram-bacteria, and damage bacterial membrane as confirmed by PI staining and SEM observation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the overexpressed LcGal-1 in HEK 293T cells could induce 176 DGEs, including 172 boosting genes and 4 falling genes. Collectively, LcGal-1 was a key immune gene involved in the recognition, conjunction, and elimination of pathogens in L. crocea, as well as multiple physiological and pathological regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.
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Pei X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, He Y, Li Y, Si Y. Placental galectins: a subfamily of galectins lose the ability to bind β-galactosides with new structural features†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:799-811. [PMID: 37672213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins. There are 16 different of galectins, each with a specific function determined by its distinct distribution and spatial structure. Galectin-13, galectin-14, and galectin-16 are distinct from other galectin members in that they are primarily found in placental tissue. These galectins, also referred to as placental galectins, play critical roles in regulating pregnancy-associated processes, such as placenta formation and maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. The unique structural characteristics and the inability to bind lactose of placental galectins have recently received significant attention. This review primarily examines the novel structural features of placental galectins, which distinguish them from the classic galectins. Furthermore, it explores the correlation between these structural features and the loss of β-galactoside binding ability. In addition, the newly discovered functions of placental galectins in recent years are also summarized in our review. A detailed understanding of the roles of placental galectins may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing numerous pregnancy diseases and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases, ultimately benefiting the health of mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Pei
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Xuzhou Tongshan Maocun High School, Xuzhou 221135, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Sato T, Chiba T, Nakahara T, Watanabe K, Sakai S, Noguchi N, Noto M, Ueki S, Kono M. Eosinophil-derived galectin-10 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression in bullous pemphigoid blisters. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 112:6-14. [PMID: 37640566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune bullous disease in which abundant eosinophils accumulate in the blisters. Galectin-10 abounds in the cytoplasm of eosinophils and is released as a result of eosinophil extracellular trap cell death (EETosis). OBJECTIVE To identify EETosis and the pathological roles of galectin-10 in BP. METHODS EETosis and galectin-10 in BP blisters were confirmed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The concentrations of galectin-10 in serum and blister fluid from BP patients were studied by ELISA. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in BP blisters was immunohistochemically compared to that in healthy controls. As an in vitro assay, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) were stimulated with galectin-10, followed by MMP expression measurement by real-time PCR and ELISA. The signaling pathways activated by galectin-10 were studied using Western blotting and confirmed by inhibition assays. RESULTS Galectin-10-containing eosinophil infiltration and the extracellular deposition of major basic protein were observed in BP blisters. The ultrastructural characteristics of tissue eosinophils indicated piecemeal degranulation and EETosis. In the BP patients, the concentration of galectin-10 was higher in the blister fluid than in the serum. Several types of MMPs were upregulated in BP blisters. Galectin-10 upregulated the production of MMPs through the pathways of p38 MAPK, ERK and JNK in NHEKs and NHDFs. CONCLUSION In the BP blisters, the eosinophils underwent EETosis and released galectin-10. Galectin-10 might contribute to BP blister formation through the production of MMPs by keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Sato
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takahito Chiba
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Sawako Sakai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Noguchi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mai Noto
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Si Y, Cai J, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, Meng L, Huang J, Shi A. Linker remodels human Galectin-8 structure and regulates its hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125456. [PMID: 37331541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous articles have reported the involvement of linker in regulating bioactivity of tandem-repeat galectins. We hypothesize that linker interacts with N/C-CRDs to regulate the bioactivity of tandem-repeat galectins. To further investigate structural molecular mechanism of linker in regulating bioactivity of Gal-8, Gal-8LC was crystallized. Gal-8LC structure revealed formation of β-strand S1 by Asn174 to Pro176 from linker. S1-strand interacts with C-terminal of C-CRD via hydrogen bond interactions, mutually influencing their spatial structures. Our Gal-8 NL structure have demonstrated that linker region from Ser154 to Gln158 interacts with the N-terminal of Gal-8. Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 are likely involved in regulation of Gal-8's biological activity. Our preliminary experiment results revealed different hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activities between full-length and truncated forms of Gal-8, indicating involvement of linker in regulating these activities. We generated several mutant and truncated forms of Gal-8 (Gal-8 M3, Gal-8 M5, Gal-8TL1, Gal-8TL2, Gal-8LC-M3 and Gal-8_177-317). Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 were found to be involved in regulating hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activities of Gal-8. Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 are critical functional regulatory regions within linker. Our study holds significant importance in providing a profound understanding of how linker regulates biological activity of Gal-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Jun Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Anqi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Na H, Sayed H, Ayala GJ, Wang X, Liu Y, Yu J, Liu T, Mayo KH, Su J. Glutathione disrupts galectin-10 Charcot-Leyden crystal formation to possibly ameliorate eosinophil-based diseases such as asthma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:613-622. [PMID: 36988350 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) are the hallmark of many eosinophilic-based diseases, such as asthma. Here, we report that reduced glutathione (GSH) disrupts CLCs and inhibits crystallization of human galectin-10 (Gal-10). GSH has no effect on CLCs from monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis or M. mulatta), even though monkey Gal-10s contain Cys29 and Cys32. Interestingly, human Gal-10 contains another cysteine residue (Cys57). Because GSH cannot disrupt CLCs formed by the human Gal-10 variant C57A or inhibit its crystallization, the effects of GSH on human Gal-10 or CLCs most likely occur by chemical modification of Cys57. We further report the crystal structures of Gal-10 from M. fascicularis and M. mulatta, along with their ability to bind to lactose and inhibit erythrocyte agglutination. Structural comparison with human Gal-10 shows that Cys57 and Gln75 within the ligand binding site are responsible for the loss of lactose binding. Pull-down experiments and mass spectrometry show that human Gal-10 interacts with tubulin α-1B, with GSH, GTP and Mg 2+ stabilizing this interaction and colchicine inhibiting it. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of Gal-10 function and CLC formation and suggests that GSH may be used as a pharmaceutical agent to ameliorate CLC-induced diseases.
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Liu D, Zhu H, Li C. Galectins and galectin-mediated autophagy regulation: new insights into targeted cancer therapy. Biomark Res 2023; 11:22. [PMID: 36814341 PMCID: PMC9945697 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins with specific affinity for galactosides via the conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. Increasing studies recently have identified critical roles of galectin family members in tumor progression. Abnormal expression of galectins contributes to the proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), immunosuppression, radio-resistance and chemoresistance in various cancers, which has attracted cumulative clinical interest in galectin-based cancer treatment. Galectin family members have been reported to participate in autophagy regulation under physiological conditions and in non-tumoral diseases, and implication of galectins in multiple processes of carcinogenesis also involves regulation of autophagy, however, the relationship between galectins, autophagy and cancer remains largely unclear. In this review, we introduce the structure and function of galectins at the molecular level, summarize their engagements in autophagy and cancer progression, and also highlight the regulation of autophagy by galectins in cancer as well as the therapeutic potentials of galectin and autophagy-based strategies. Elaborating on the mechanism of galectin-regulated autophagy in cancers will accelerate the exploitation of galectins-autophagy targeted therapies in treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Lactose and Galactose Promote the Crystallization of Human Galectin-10. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041979. [PMID: 36838965 PMCID: PMC9966682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-10 (Gal-10) forms Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), which play a key role in the symptoms of asthma and allergies and some other diseases. Gal-10 has a carbohydrate-binding site; however, neither the Gal-10 dimer nor the CLCs can bind sugars. To investigate the monomer-dimer equilibrium of Gal-10, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was employed to separate serial dilutions of Gal-10 with and without carbohydrates. We found that both the dimerization and crystallization of Gal-10 were promoted by lactose/galactose binding. A peak position shift for the monomer was observed after treatment with either lactose or galactose, implying that the polarity of the monomer was reduced by lactose/galactose binding. Further experiments indicated that alkaline conditions of pH 8.8 mimicked the lactose/galactose-binding environment, and the time interval between monomers and dimers in the chromatogram decreased from 0.8 min to 0.4 min. Subsequently, the electrostatic potential of the Gal-10 monomers was computed. After lactose/galactose binding, the top side of the monomer shifted from negatively charged to electrically neutral, allowing it to interact with the carbohydrate-binding site of the opposing subunit during dimerization. Since lactose/galactose promotes the crystallization of Gal-10, our findings implied that dairy-free diets (free of lactose/galactose) might be beneficial to patients with CLC-related diseases.
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Capasso D, Pirone L, Di Gaetano S, Russo R, Saviano M, Frisulli V, Antonacci A, Pedone E, Scognamiglio V. Galectins detection for the diagnosis of chronic diseases: An emerging biosensor approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Martin-Saldaña S, Chevalier MT, Pandit A. Therapeutic potential of targeting galectins – A biomaterials-focused perspective. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Jin Y, Liang Y, Su Y, Hui L, Liu H, Ding L, Zhou F. Identification of novel combined biomarkers in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Hematology 2021; 26:964-969. [PMID: 34871540 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.2003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignant disease with a clonal proliferation of plasma cells, and timely surveillance is helpful to improve the survival rate of patients with MM. However, there is a lack of simple and effective biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and residual disease evaluation of MM. MATERIAL & METHODS In the detection cohort, we used the samples from six newly diagnosed MM patients and six control subjects. Plasma proteins were labelled with dimethyl reagents and enriched by lectin AANL6, then the deglycosylated peptides were identified by LC-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were used for further exploration. In the validation cohort, we used 90 newly diagnosed patients with MM and 70 cases of unrelated diseases as controls. The diagnosis performance was analysed by ROC analysis using SPSS. RESULTS In this study, we show, using lectin blots with AANL6, that glycosylation levels were higher in MM patients than in controls. After AANL6 enrichment, we detected 58 differentially expressed proteins using quantitative proteomics. We further validated one candidate Fibulin-1 (FBLN1). Using an Elisa assay, we showed that FBLN1 expression was increased in plasma of 90 cases of MM, and which was significantly correlated with DKK1 expression. ROC analysis showed that these two markers had a 95.7% specificity for determining the diagnosis of MM. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the MM cases display increased glycosylation after AANL6 enrichment and that the combined expression of FBLN1 and DKK1 can be used as an effective diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Jin
- Department of Haematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Liang
- Department of Haematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Su
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Hui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Haematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Haematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Ajarrag S, St-Pierre Y. Galectins in Glioma: Current Roles in Cancer Progression and Future Directions for Improving Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215533. [PMID: 34771696 PMCID: PMC8582867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastomas are among the most common and aggressive brain tumors. The high rate of recurrence and mortality associated with this cancer underscores the need for the development of new therapeutical targets. Galectins are among the new targets that have attracted the attention of many scientists working in the field of cancer. They form a group of small proteins found in many tissues where they accomplish various physiological roles, including regulation of immune response and resistance to cell death. In many types of cancer, however, production of abnormally high levels of galectins by cancer cells can be detrimental to patients. Elevated levels of galectins can, for example, suppress the ability of the host’s immune system to kill cancer cells. They can also provide cancer cells with resistance to drugs-induced cell death. Here, we review the recent progress that has contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of actions of galectins in glioblastoma. We also discuss recent development of anti-galectin drugs and the challenges associated with their use in clinical settings, with particular attention to their role in reducing the efficacy of immunotherapy, a promising treatment that exploits the capacity of the immune system to recognize and kill cancer cells. Abstract Traditional wisdom suggests that galectins play pivotal roles at different steps in cancer progression. Galectins are particularly well known for their ability to increase the invasiveness of cancer cells and their resistance to drug-induced cell death. They also contribute to the development of local and systemic immunosuppression, allowing cancer cells to escape the host’s immunological defense. This is particularly true in glioma, the most common primary intracranial tumor. Abnormally high production of extracellular galectins in glioma contributes to the establishment of a strong immunosuppressive environment that favors immune escape and tumor progression. Considering the recent development and success of immunotherapy in halting cancer progression, it is logical to foresee that galectin-specific drugs may help to improve the success rate of immunotherapy for glioma. This provides a new perspective to target galectins, whose intracellular roles in cancer progression have already been investigated thoroughly. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action of galectins at different steps of glioma progression and the potential of galectin-specific drugs for the treatment of glioma.
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Gelardi M, Netti GS, Giancaspro R, Spadaccino F, Pennella A, Fiore V, La Gatta E, Grilli GM, Cassano M, Ranieri E. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP): the correlation between expression of Galectin-10 and Clinical-Cytological Grading (CCG). Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 36:229-237. [PMID: 34647485 DOI: 10.1177/19458924211049867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is typically characterized by Type 2 inflammation. Several biomarkers of eosinophilic inflammation, including Galectin-10, also known as Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLCP), have been identified to establish eosinophilic infiltration of polyps, a reliable predictor of recurrence.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the Galectin-10 expression in nasal polyps of patients with CRSwNP and to assess the correlation of Charcot-Leyden crystals expression to the severity of CRSwNP according to Clinical-Cytological Grading (CCG). METHODS A double-label immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the expression of Gal-10, CD15, Tryptase, and CD63 and their eventual co-localization on histological samples of 18 patients with CRSwNP. Double-positive Gal-10+CD15+ and Galectin-10+Tryptase+ inflammatory cells were counted by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Galectin-10 was detectable in all examined tissues from CRSwNP patients, and its expression increased as low, medium and high CCG tissues were examined, respectively. Galectin-10 was extensively present in inflammatory cells, while limited Galectin-10 deposits were detected around mucosal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION We showed the strong correlation between CCG and Galectin-10 expression, mainly colocalized with infiltrating eosinophils and mast-cells, in patients affected by CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gelardi
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Unit of Clinical Pathology and Center for Molecular Medicine, 507873Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rossana Giancaspro
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Unit of Clinical Pathology and Center for Molecular Medicine, 507873Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pennella
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Fiore
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuel La Gatta
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mariano Grilli
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Cassano
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Unit of Clinical Pathology and Center for Molecular Medicine, 507873Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 18972University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Wu B, Song Q, Li W, Xie Y, Luo S, Tian Q, Zhao R, Liu T, Wang Z, Han F. Characterization and functional study of a chimera galectin from yellow drum Nibea albiflora. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:361-372. [PMID: 34314796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are protein that participates in a variety of immune responses in the process of pathogenic infections. In the present study, a chimera galectin gene was screened from the transcriptome database of Nibea albiflora, which was named as YdGal-3. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA transcripts of YdGal-3 were ubiquitously distributed in all the detected tissues. After infection with Vibrio harveyi, the expression of YdGal-3 in liver, spleen, and head kidney increased significantly. Immunohistochemistry showed that YdGal-3 protein was widely expressed in the head kidney. The purified YdGal-3 protein by prokaryotic expression agglutinated red blood cells. Sugar inhibition assay showed that the agglutinating activity of YdGal-3 protein was inhibited by different sugars including lactose, D-galactose, and lipopolysaccharide. In addition, we mutated YdGal-3 His 294 into proline (P), alanine (A), glycine (G), and aspartic acid (D), it was further proved that the residue plays a key role in agglutination. YdGal-3 agglutinated some gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Vibrio parahemolyticus, V. harveyi, and Aeromonas hydrophila, and exhibited antibacterial activity. These results suggested that YdGal-3 protein played an important role in the innate immunity of N. albiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing Song
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wanbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yangjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ruixiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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15
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Li X, Yao Y, Liu T, Gu K, Han Q, Zhang W, Ayala GJ, Liu Y, Na H, Yu J, Zhang F, Mayo KH, Su J. Actin binding to galectin-13/placental protein-13 occurs independently of the galectin canonical ligand binding site. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1219-1229. [PMID: 34080003 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for galectin-13 (Gal-13, placental protein 13) is only present in primates, and its low expression level in maternal serum may promote pre-eclampsia. In the present study, we used pull-down experiments and biolayer interferometry to assess the interaction between Gal-13 and actin. These studies uncovered that human Gal-13 (hGal-13) and Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (sGal-13) strongly bind to α- and β/γ-actin, with Ca2+ and ATP significantly enhancing interactions. This in turn suggests that h/sGal-13 may inhibit myosin-induced contraction when vascular smooth muscle cells undergo polarization. Here, we solved the crystal structure of sGal-13 bound to lactose and found that it exists as a monomer in contrast to hGal-13 that is a dimer. The distribution of sGal-13 in HeLa cells is similar to that of hGal-13, indicating that monomeric Gal-13 is the primary form in cells. Even though sGal-13 also binds to actin, hGal-13 ligand binding site mutants do not influence hGal-13/actin binding, whereas the monomeric mutant C136S/C138S binds to actin more strongly than wild type hGal-13. Overall, our study demonstrates that monomeric Gal-13 binds to actin, an interaction that is independent of the galectin canonical ligand binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Media Academy, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Keqi Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qiuyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo Ayala
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Heya Na
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinyi Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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16
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Galectins in allergic inflammatory diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100925. [PMID: 33203547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic inflammatory diseases are a global public health concern affecting millions of people. Although there are several potential hypotheses, details regarding their molecular mechanisms are still ambiguous. Recently, a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, galectins, have been revealed as important factors in altering allergic chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the molecular and cellular basis of how galectins modulate inflammatory reactions. We also provide an overview of clinical features related to galectins. Finally, we discuss the potential issues that might lead to misrepresentation of the exact biological functions of galectins.
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17
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Yang T, Yao Y, Wang X, Li Y, Si Y, Li X, Ayala GJ, Wang Y, Mayo KH, Tai G, Zhou Y, Su J. Galectin-13/placental protein 13: redox-active disulfides as switches for regulating structure, function and cellular distribution. Glycobiology 2020; 30:120-129. [PMID: 31584064 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-13 (Gal-13) plays numerous roles in regulating the relationship between maternal and fetal tissues. Low expression levels or mutations of the lectin can result in pre-eclampsia. The previous crystal structure and gel filtration data show that Gal-13 dimerizes via formation of two disulfide bonds formed by Cys136 and Cys138. In the present study, we mutated them to serine (C136S, C138S and C136S/C138S), crystalized the variants and solved their crystal structures. All variants crystallized as monomers. In the C136S structure, Cys138 formed a disulfide bond with Cys19, indicating that Cys19 is important for regulation of reversible disulfide bond formation in this lectin. Hemagglutination assays demonstrated that all variants are inactive at inducing erythrocyte agglutination, even though gel filtration profiles indicate that C136S and C138S could still form dimers, suggesting that these dimers do not exhibit the same activity as wild-type (WT) Gal-13. In HeLa cells, the three variants were found to be distributed the same as with WT Gal-13. However, a Gal-13 variant (delT221) truncated at T221 could not be transported into the nucleus, possibly explaining why women having this variant get pre-eclampsia. Considering the normally high concentration of glutathione in cells, WT Gal-13 should exist mostly as a monomer in cytoplasm, consistent with the monomeric variant C136S/C138S, which has a similar ability to interact with HOXA1 as WT Gal-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Media Academy, Jilin Engineering Normal University, 3050 Kaixuan Road, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xumin Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo Ayala
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guihua Tai
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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18
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Si Y, Yao Y, Jaramillo Ayala G, Li X, Han Q, Zhang W, Xu X, Tai G, Mayo KH, Zhou Y, Su J. Human galectin-16 has a pseudo ligand binding site and plays a role in regulating c-Rel-mediated lymphocyte activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129755. [PMID: 33011338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structure of human galectin-16 (Gal-16) has yet to be solved, and its function has remained elusive. METHODS X-ray crystallography was used to determine the atomic structures of Gal-16 and two of its mutants. The Gal-16 oligomer state was investigated by gel filtration, its hemagglutination activity was determined along with its ability to bind lactose using ITC. The cellular distribution of EGFP-tagged Gal-16 in various cell lines was also investigated, and the interaction between Gal-16 and c-Rel was assessed by pull-down studies, microscale thermophoresis and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Unlike other galectins, Gal-16 lacks the ability to bind the β-galactoside lactose. Lactose binding could be regained by replacing an arginine (Arg55) with asparagine, as shown in the crystal structures of two lactose-loaded Gal-16 mutants (R55N and R55N/H57R). Gal-16 was also shown to be monomeric by gel filtration, as well as in crystal structures. Thus, this galectin could not induce erythrocyte agglutination. EGFP-tagged Gal-16 was found to be localized mostly in the nucleus of various cell types, and can interact with c-Rel, a member of NF-κB family. CONCLUSIONS Gal-16 exists as a monomer and its ligand binding is significantly different from that of other prototype galectins, suggesting that it has a novel function(s). The interaction between Gal-16 and c-Rel indicates that Gal-16 may regulate signal transduction pathways via the c-Rel hub in B or T cells at the maternal-fetal interface. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study lays the foundation for further studies into the cellular and physiological functions of Gal-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Si
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Media Academy, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo Ayala
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xumin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qiuyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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19
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Vasta GR, Wang JX. Galectin-mediated immune recognition: Opsonic roles with contrasting outcomes in selected shrimp and bivalve mollusk species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103721. [PMID: 32353466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a structurally conserved family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins characterized by a unique sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and of wide taxonomic distribution, from fungi to mammals. Their biological functions, initially described as key to embryogenesis and early development via recognition of endogenous ("self") carbohydrate moieties, are currently understood as also encompassing tissue repair, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and regulation of immune homeostasis. More recently, however, numerous studies have contributed to establish a new paradigm by revealing that galectins can also bind to exogenous ("non-self") glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic virus, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites, and function both as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and effector factors in innate immunity. Our studies on a galectin from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjGal), revealed that it functions as a typical PRR. Expression of MjGal is upregulated by infectious challenge, and can recognize both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. MjGal also recognizes carbohydrates on the shrimp hemocyte surface, and can cross-link microbial pathogens to the hemocytes, promoting their phagocytosis and clearance from circulation. Therefore, MjGal contributes to the shrimp's immune defense against infectious challenge both as a PRR and effector factor. Our studies on galectins from the bivalve mollusks, however, have shown that although they can function in immune defense as MjGal, protistan parasites take advantage of the recognition roles of the host galectins, for successful attachment and host infection. We identified in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica two galectins (CvGal1 and CvGal2) that not only recognize a large variety of bacterial species, but also the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Like the shrimp MjGal, both oyster galectins function as opsonins, and promote parasite adhesion and phagocytosis. However, P. marinus survives intrahemocytic oxidative killing and proliferates, eventually causing systemic infection and death of the oyster host. In the softshell clam Mya arenaria we identified a galectin (MaGal1) that displays carbohydrate specificity and recognition properties for sympatric Perkinsus species (P. marinus and P. chesapeaki), that are different from CvGal1 and CvGal2. Our results suggest that although galectins from bivalves can function as PRRs, Perkinsus parasites have co-evolved with their hosts to subvert the galectins' immune functions for host infection by acquisition of carbohydrate-based mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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20
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Si Y, Li Y, Yang T, Li X, Ayala GJ, Mayo KH, Tai G, Su J, Zhou Y. Structure-function studies of galectin-14, an important effector molecule in embryology. FEBS J 2020; 288:1041-1055. [PMID: 32525264 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The expression of prototype galectin-14 (Gal-14) in human placenta is higher than any other galectin, suggesting that it may play a role in fetal development and regulation of immune tolerance during pregnancy. Here, we solved the crystal structure of dimeric Gal-14 and found that its global fold is significantly different from that of other galectins with two β-strands (S5 and S6) extending from one monomer and contributing to the carbohydrate-binding domain of the other. The hemagglutination assay showed that this lectin could induce agglutination of chicken erythrocytes, even though lactose could not inhibit Gal-14-induced agglutination activity. Calorimetry indicates that lactose does not interact with this lectin. Compared to galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-8, Gal-14 has two key amino acids (a histidine and an arginine) in the normally conserved, canonical sugar-binding site, which are substituted by glutamine (Gln53) and histidine (His57), thus likely explaining why lactose binding to this lectin is very weak. Lactose was observed in the ligand-binding site of one Gal-14 structure, most likely because ligand binding is weak and crystals were allowed to grow over a long period of time in the presence of lactose. We also found that EGFP-tagged Gal-14 is primarily localized within the nucleus of different cell types. In addition, Gal-14 colocalized with c-Rel (a member of NF-κB family) in HeLa cells. These findings indicate that Gal-14 might regulate signal transduction pathways through NF-κB hubs. Overall, the present study provides impetus for further research into the function of Gal-14 in embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Si
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xumin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo Ayala
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Guihua Tai
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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21
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Weller PF, Wang H, Melo RCN. The Charcot-Leyden crystal protein revisited-A lysopalmitoylphospholipase and more. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:105-112. [PMID: 32272499 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0320-319rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC-P), a constituent of human and not mouse eosinophils, is one of the most abundant proteins within human eosinophils. It has a propensity to form crystalline structures, Charcot-Leyden crystals, which are hallmarks in their distinctive extracellular crystalline forms as markers of eosinophilic inflammation. The functions of CLC-P within eosinophils have been uncertain. Although the action of CLC-P as a lysophospholipase has been questioned, assays of chromatographically purified CLC-P and crystal-derived CLC-P as well as studies of transfected recombinant CLC-P have consistently documented that CLC-P endogenously expresses lysophospholipase activity, releasing free palmitate from substrate lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Rather than acting solely as a hydrolytic enzyme to release palmitate from a lysolipid substrate, some other lysophospholipases function more dominantly as acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), enzymes that catalyze the removal of thioester-linked, long chain fatty acids, such as palmitate, from cysteine residues of proteins. As such APTs participate in palmitoylation, a post-translational modification that can affect membrane localization, vesicular transport, and secretion. CLC-P has attributes of an APT. Thus, whereas CLC-P expresses inherent lysophospholipase activity, like some other lysophospholipase enzymes, it likely also functions in regulating the dynamic palmitoylation cycle, including, given its dominant subplasmalemmal location, at the human eosinophil's plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Itoh A, Nonaka Y, Nakakita SI, Yoshida H, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Kamitori S. Structures of human galectin-10/monosaccharide complexes demonstrate potential of monosaccharides as effectors in forming Charcot-Leyden crystals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:S0006-291X(20)30303-X. [PMID: 32081418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The galectins are a family of β-galactoside-specific animal lectins, and have attracted much attention as novel regulators of the immune system. Galectin-10 is well-expressed in eosinophils, and spontaneously forms Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), during prolonged eosinophilic inflammatory reactions, which are frequently observed in eosinophilic diseases. Although biochemical and structural characterizations of galectin-10 have been done, its biological role and molecular mechanism are still unclear, and few X-ray structures of galectin-10 in complex with monosaccharides/oligosaccharides have been reported. Here, X-ray structures of galectin-10 in complexes with seven monosaccharides are presented with biochemical analyses to detect interactions of galectin-10 with monosaccharides/oligosaccharides. Galectin-10 forms a homo-dimer in the face-to-face orientation, and the monosaccharides bind to the carbohydrate recognition site composed of amino acid residues from two galectin-10 molecules of dimers, suggesting that galectin-10 dimer likely captures the monosaccharides in solution and in vivo. d-Glucose, d-allose, d-arabinose, and D-N-acetylgalactosamine bind to the interfaces between galectin-10 dimers in crystals, and they affect the stability of molecular packing in crystals, leading to easy-dissolving of CLCs, and/or inhibiting the formation of CLCs. These monosaccharides may serve as effectors of G10 to form CLCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Itoh
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nonaka
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan; Departments of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakakita
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan; Departments of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
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23
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Grozdanovic MM, Doyle CB, Liu L, Maybruck BT, Kwatia MA, Thiyagarajan N, Acharya KR, Ackerman SJ. Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 interacts with cationic ribonucleases and is required for eosinophil granulogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:377-389.e10. [PMID: 31982451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human eosinophil Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) protein is a member of the Galectin superfamily and is also known as galectin-10 (Gal-10). CLC/Gal-10 forms the distinctive hexagonal bipyramidal crystals that are considered hallmarks of eosinophil participation in allergic responses and related inflammatory reactions; however, the glycan-containing ligands of CLC/Gal-10, its cellular function(s), and its role(s) in allergic diseases are unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the binding partners of CLC/Gal-10 and elucidate its role in eosinophil biology. METHODS Intracellular binding partners were determined by ligand blotting with CLC/Gal-10, followed by coimmunoprecipitation and coaffinity purifications. The role of CLC/Gal-10 in eosinophil function was determined by using enzyme activity assays, confocal microscopy, and short hairpin RNA knockout of CLC/Gal-10 expression in human CD34+ cord blood hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to eosinophils. RESULTS CLC/Gal-10 interacts with both human eosinophil granule cationic ribonucleases (RNases), namely, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (RNS2) and eosinophil cationic protein (RNS3), and with murine eosinophil-associated RNases. The interaction is independent of glycosylation and is not inhibitory toward endoRNase activity. Activation of eosinophils with INF-γ induces the rapid colocalization of CLC/Gal-10 with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin/RNS2 and CD63. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of CLC/Gal-10 in human cord blood-derived CD34+ progenitor cells impairs eosinophil granulogenesis. CONCLUSIONS CLC/Gal-10 functions as a carrier for the sequestration and vesicular transport of the potent eosinophil granule cationic RNases during both differentiation and degranulation, enabling their intracellular packaging and extracellular functions in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica M Grozdanovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Christine B Doyle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Brian T Maybruck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mark A Kwatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Nethaji Thiyagarajan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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24
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Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:169-196. [PMID: 32152947 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins characterized by a unique sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and evolutionary and structural conservation from fungi to invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals. Their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of endogenous ("self") carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and early development, dramatically expanded in later years by the discovery of their roles in tissue repair, cancer, adipogenesis, and regulation of immune homeostasis. In recent years, however, evidence has also accumulated to support the notion that galectins can bind ("non-self") glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Thus, this evidence has established a new paradigm by which galectins can function not only as pattern recognition receptors but also as effector factors, by binding to the microbial surface and inhibiting adhesion and/or entry into the host cell, directly killing the potential pathogen by disrupting its surface structures, or by promoting phagocytosis, encapsulation, autophagy, and pathogen clearance from circulation. Strikingly, some viruses, bacteria, and protistan parasites take advantage of the aforementioned recognition roles of the vector/host galectins, for successful attachment and invasion. These recent findings suggest that galectin-mediated innate immune recognition and effector mechanisms, which throughout evolution have remained effective for preventing or fighting viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection, have been "subverted" by certain pathogens by unique evolutionary adaptations of their surface glycome to gain host entry, and the acquisition of effective mechanisms to evade the host's immune responses.
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25
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Persson EK, Verstraete K, Heyndrickx I, Gevaert E, Aegerter H, Percier JM, Deswarte K, Verschueren KHG, Dansercoer A, Gras D, Chanez P, Bachert C, Gonçalves A, Van Gorp H, De Haard H, Blanchetot C, Saunders M, Hammad H, Savvides SN, Lambrecht BN. Protein crystallization promotes type 2 immunity and is reversible by antibody treatment. Science 2019; 364:364/6442/eaaw4295. [PMID: 31123109 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although spontaneous protein crystallization is a rare event in vivo, Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) consisting of galectin-10 (Gal10) protein are frequently observed in eosinophilic diseases, such as asthma. We found that CLCs derived from patients showed crystal packing and Gal10 structure identical to those of Gal10 crystals grown in vitro. When administered to the airways, crystalline Gal10 stimulated innate and adaptive immunity and acted as a type 2 adjuvant. By contrast, a soluble Gal10 mutein was inert. Antibodies directed against key epitopes of the CLC crystallization interface dissolved preexisting CLCs in patient-derived mucus within hours and reversed crystal-driven inflammation, goblet-cell metaplasia, immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) in a humanized mouse model of asthma. Thus, protein crystals may promote hallmark features of asthma and are targetable by crystal-dissolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Persson
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Heyndrickx
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Aegerter
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kim Deswarte
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen H G Verschueren
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- BioImaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hanne Van Gorp
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Modenutti CP, Capurro JIB, Di Lella S, Martí MA. The Structural Biology of Galectin-Ligand Recognition: Current Advances in Modeling Tools, Protein Engineering, and Inhibitor Design. Front Chem 2019; 7:823. [PMID: 31850312 PMCID: PMC6902271 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (formerly known as “S-type lectins”) are a subfamily of soluble proteins that typically bind β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. They are present in many forms of life, from nematodes and fungi to animals, where they perform a wide range of functions. Particularly in humans, different types of galectins have been described differing not only in their tissue expression but also in their cellular location, oligomerization, fold architecture and carbohydrate-binding affinity. This distinct yet sometimes overlapping distributions and physicochemical attributes make them responsible for a wide variety of both intra- and extracellular functions, including tremendous importance in immunity and disease. In this review, we aim to provide a general description of galectins most important structural features, with a special focus on the molecular determinants of their carbohydrate-recognition ability. For that purpose, we structurally compare the human galectins, in light of recent mutagenesis studies and novel X-ray structures. We also offer a detailed description on how to use the solvent structure surrounding the protein as a tool to get better predictions of galectin-carbohydrate complexes, with a potential application to the rational design of glycomimetic inhibitory compounds. Finally, using Gal-1 and Gal-3 as paramount examples, we review a series of recent advances in the development of engineered galectins and galectin inhibitors, aiming to dissect the structure-activity relationship through the description of their interaction at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Blanco Capurro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Resetting the ligand binding site of placental protein 13/galectin-13 recovers its ability to bind lactose. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181787. [PMID: 30413611 PMCID: PMC6294630 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13/galectin-13 (Gal-13) is highly expressed in placenta, where its lower expression is related to pre-eclampsia. Recently, the crystal structures of wild-type Gal-13 and its variant R53H at high resolution were solved. The crystallographic and biochemical results showed that Gal-13 and R53H could not bind lactose. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to re-engineer the ligand binding site of wild-type Gal-13, so that it could bind lactose. Of six newly engineered mutants, we were able to solve the crystal structures of four of them. Three variants (R53HH57R, R53HH57RD33G and R53HR55NH57RD33G had the same two mutations (R53 to H, and H57 to R) and were able to bind lactose in the crystal, indicating that these mutations were sufficient for recovering the ability of Gal-13 to bind lactose. Moreover, the structures of R53H and R53HR55N show that these variants could co-crystallize with a molecule of Tris. Surprisingly, although these variants, as well as wild-type Gal-13, could all induce hemagglutination, high concentrations of lactose could not inhibit agglutination, nor could they bind to lactose-modified Sepharose 6b beads. Overall, our results indicate that Gal-3 is not a normal galectin, which could not bind to β-galactosides. Lastly, the distribution of EGFP-tagged wild-type Gal-13 and its variants in HeLa cells showed that they are concentrated in the nucleus and could be co-localized within filamentary materials, possibly actin.
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28
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A Brief History of Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein/Galectin-10 Research. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112931. [PMID: 30424011 PMCID: PMC6278384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are present in tissues, such as the respiratory tract, spleen, lymph nodes and blood vessels. The significant presence of eosinophils in these tissues are associated with various diseases, including asthma, allergies, acute myeloid leukemia, etc. Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 is overexpressed in eosinophils and has also been identified in basophils and macrophages. In human body, this protein could spontaneously form Charcot-Leyden crystal in lymphocytes or in the lysates of lymphocytes. At present, the role of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 in lymphocytes is not fully understood. This review summarizes research progress on Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10, with emphasis on its history, cellular distributions, relations to diseases, structures and ligand binding specificity.
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