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Jangu NW, Omorodion FI, Kerr J. The Perception of Religious Leaders on HIV and Their Role in HIV Prevention: A Case Study of African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) Communities in Windsor, Ontario. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:1616-1635. [PMID: 34611783 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the perception of African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) religious leaders on HIV vulnerability and their role in HIV prevention among ACB communities in Windsor, Ontario. We conducted one semi-structured focus group discussion with nine Black religious leaders, most of whose congregants are members of the ACB community. Most religious leaders in the focus group had a negative perception of the transmission of HIV, but they acknowledged their own important role in HIV prevention strategies. This role is collaborative in nature, from the stage of designing HIV prevention strategies to implementing prevention messages. The religious leaders noted, however, that some challenges, such as church doctrine and congregational culture, are likely to impede their HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema William Jangu
- weSpeak Research Project, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Room#49-1, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | | | - Jelani Kerr
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Antabe R, McIntosh M, Lawson E, Husbands W, Wong JPH, Arku G, Luginaah I. Black heterosexual men's resilience in times of HIV adversity: findings from the "weSpeak" study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:182. [PMID: 36707783 PMCID: PMC9880929 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Canada, heterosexual African, Caribbean and Black (ACB) men tend to suffer a disproportionate burden of HIV. Consequently, studies have examined the underlying contributors to this disparity through the nexus of behavioral and structural factors. While findings from these studies have been helpful, their use of deficit and risk models only furthers our knowledge of why ACB men are more vulnerable to HIV infection. Thus far, there is a dearth of knowledge on how heterosexual ACB men mobilize protective assets to promote their resilience against HIV infection. METHODS As part of a larger Ontario-based project called weSpeak, this study examined how ACB men acquire protective assets to build their resilience to reduce their HIV vulnerability. We analyzed three focus group discussions (n = 17) and 13 in-depth interviews conducted with ACB men using NVivo and a mixed inductive-deductive thematic analyses approach. RESULTS The findings show that ACB men mostly relied on personal coping strategies, including sexual abstinence, to build resilience against HIV. Interpersonal resources such as family, friends, and religious communities also played an important role in constructing ACB men's resilience. ACB men bemoaned their lack of access to essential institutional resources, such as health services, that are important in managing HIV adversity. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, there is an urgent need for HIV policy stakeholders, including service providers, to engage the ACB community in the design of intervention programs. Additionally, addressing the socioeconomic disadvantages faced by ACB communities will increase the capacity of ACB men to develop resilience against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Antabe
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Martin McIntosh
- Regional HIV/AIDS Connections (RHAC), 30-186 King Street, N6A 1C7 London, ON Canada
| | - Erica Lawson
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, Lawson Hall Room, 3260, N6A 5B8 London, ON Canada
| | - Winston Husbands
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7 Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Josephine Pui-Hing Wong
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Podium Building, Room POD-481, 350 Victoria St, M5B 2K3 Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Godwin Arku
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Geography and Environment, Social Science Centre, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C2 London, ON Canada
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Geography and Environment, Social Science Centre, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C2 London, ON Canada
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Fuller TJ, Phillips NR, Lambert DN, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM. Re-membering HIV in the Black Church: women's religious and social identity in relation to perceived risk and men on the down low. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2022; 24:437-450. [PMID: 33651670 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1870000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This analysis of 84 interviews with female Black Church leaders and members from Atlanta, GA, examined how women in Black churches construct definitions of, and identities in relation to, HIV narratives about men on the down low. We analyse these narratives as collective memories, through the theoretical lens of memory and trauma studies, by identifying how women understand themselves as the victims of men on the down low transmitting HIV; describe this as a painful experience; make public claims about this experience; and draw on theological understandings to make these claims. The narratives articulate how Black communal modes of meaning making have been disrupted by the HIV epidemic and assign responsibility for HIV transmission to men on the down low, who are perceived to be engaged in risky sexual behaviour. We discuss these results in relation to HIV education and prevention and suggest health educators can engage Black church leaders by understanding these narratives as forms of countermemory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Fuller
- Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Danielle N Lambert
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ralph J DiClemente
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gina M Wingood
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Rural Black Pastors: the Influence of Attitudes on the Development of HIV/AIDS Programs. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:90-98. [PMID: 31713222 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This exploratory research addressed the question, among rural Mississippi African American Baptist pastors, what is the impact of attitudes toward HIV/AIDS on the development of HIV/AIDS programs in the church? It was hypothesized that empathetic attitudes toward HIV make programming more likely. The study used Froman and Owen's AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS) and a demographic questionnaire, which included a measure that assessed potential program development. A sample of more than 300 African American pastors participated. The findings suggested that there is a significant relationship between rural Mississippi African American Baptist pastors' empathetic attitudes toward AIDS and their willingness to develop an HIV/AIDS program.
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Adimora AA, Goldmon MV, Coyne-Beasley T, Ramirez CB, Thompson GA, Ellis D, Stevenson JL, Williams JM, Howard DL, Godley PA. Black Pastors' Views on preaching about sex: barriers, facilitators, and opportunities for HIV prevention messaging. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2019; 24:560-574. [PMID: 28670980 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1346180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the disproportionately high rates of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among US Blacks and ongoing need for effective inexpensive behavioral interventions, the use of sermons as an HIV prevention tool in Black churches has received little research attention. The Black church plays an important role in Black communities and is a potential ally in development and delivery of sexual risk prevention messages. The objective of this study was to examine Black pastors' thoughts about whether sermons should address issues related to heterosexual relationships - and the barriers and facilitators to discussing these topics in a sermon setting. DESIGN We conducted in-depth semi-structured, individual interviews among 39 pastors of Black churches in North Carolina and analyzed the interview data using thematic analysis strategies based on grounded theory. RESULTS Pastors expressed widely ranging opinions, especially about discussion of condom use, but generally agreed that sermons should discuss marriage, abstinence, monogamy, dating, and infidelity - behaviors that impact sexual networks and HIV transmission. The major barriers to incorporation of these subjects into sermons include the extent to which a concept undermines their religious beliefs and uncertainty about how to incorporate it. However, scriptural support for a prevention message and the pastor's perception that the message is relevant to the congregation facilitate incorporation of related topics into sermons. CONCLUSIONS These findings have implications for the potential utility of sermons as an HIV prevention tool and suggest that it is possible for public health professionals and pastors of Black churches to form partnerships to develop messages that are consonant with pastors' religious convictions as well as public health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaora A Adimora
- a School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
- b Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
- c UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | - Tamera Coyne-Beasley
- a School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
- b Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Catalina B Ramirez
- a School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | - Danny Ellis
- f Ellis Research & Consulting Service , LLC , Wilson , NC , USA
| | | | | | - Daniel L Howard
- i Public Policy Research Institute , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
- j Department of Sociology , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX , USA
| | - Paul A Godley
- a School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
- b Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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Taggart T, Gottfredson N, Powell W, Ennett S, Chatters LM, Carter-Edwards L, Eng E. The Role of Religious Socialization and Religiosity in African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents' Sexual Initiation. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2018; 57:1889-1904. [PMID: 29564617 PMCID: PMC6473800 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the nature of the associations between religious socialization, religiosity, and adolescent sexual initiation. Data originated from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent (n = 1170), a nationally representative study of black adolescents. Factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and logistic regression were used to evaluate hypotheses. Results indicated that as black adolescents received more messages about religious beliefs and practices, their religiosity was greater and, in turn, they were less likely to report sexual initiation; findings varied by ethnicity, gender, and age. Findings contribute to understanding religious socialization and its association with sexual initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Taggart
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College St, Suite #200, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Nisha Gottfredson
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wizdom Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Susan Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lori Carter-Edwards
- Public Health Leadership Program, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eugenia Eng
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gichuru E, Kombo B, Mumba N, Sariola S, Sanders EJ, van der Elst EM. Engaging religious leaders to support HIV prevention and care for gays, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 28:294-305. [PMID: 29770367 PMCID: PMC5935049 DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2018.1447647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In Kenyan communities, religious leaders are important gatekeepers in matters of health and public morality. In a context that is generally homophobic, religious leaders may aggravate or reduce stigmatization of sexual minorities such as gay and bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Literature indicates mixed results in efforts to encourage religious leaders to work effectively and sensitively with issues regarding HIV and sexuality. This paper describes the implementation of an engagement intervention with religious leaders from different denominations, which took place following a homophobic hate attack that was led by local religious leaders, at an HIV research clinic for GBMSM on the Kenyan coast. After the homophobic attack, tailored engagement activities, including a comprehensive four-day online sensitivity training course took place between June 2015 and October 2016 in the Kenyan coast. HIV researchers, together with trained GBMSM activists, organized the series of engagement activities for religious leaders which unfolded iteratively, with each subsequent activity informed by the results of the previous one. Facilitated conversations were used to explore differences and disagreements in relation to questions of scripture, mission, HIV, and human sexuality. As a result, researchers noted that many religious leaders, who initially expressed exceedingly negative attitudes towards GBMSM, started to express far more accepting and supportive views of sexuality, sexual identities, and same-sex relations. This paper describes the changes in religious leaders’ discourses relating to GBMSM, and highlights the possibility of using engagement interventions to build trust between research institutes, religious leaders, and GBMSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Gichuru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bernadette Kombo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Noni Mumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salla Sariola
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elise M van der Elst
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ayton D, Manderson L, Smith BJ. Barriers and challenges affecting the contemporary church's engagement in health promotion. Health Promot J Austr 2017; 28:52-58. [PMID: 27426267 DOI: 10.1071/he15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Issue addressed Christian churches have historically undertaken welfare and community service activities to practise faith and increase their relevance to communities. However, the church in Australia has received little attention from health promotion practitioners and researchers. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the barriers and challenges that affect church engagement in health promotion to assist practitioners' understanding of the potential for these civil society organisations to play a role in health promotion programs and partnerships. Methods The research was based on interviews with five directors of church-affiliated organisations and with the church leaders (ministers, pastors, priests) of 30 churches in urban and rural Victoria. Analysis was iterative using open, axial and thematic coding. Results The challenges to church involvement in health promotion, as articulated by church leaders, fell under the themes of the social context of churches and the attributes of congregations. Major issues raised were perceived relevance, mistrust, contested agendas, discordant values within congregations, and risk management. Conclusion Although churches may take a different stance to health promotion agencies on a range of social and health issues, many have experience addressing social disadvantage and are prepared to commit resources to meet the needs of people outside their congregations. However, several factors inhibit the engagement of churches in health promotion including perceived irrelevance and community mistrust, agendas of conversion and values that conflict with health promotion. So what? Churches have a history of addressing social determinants of health such as housing, employment and food security. Deeper understanding of the challenges and barriers church leaders experience in undertaking health promotion work will facilitate more realistic and effective engagement by practitioners with these organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshini Ayton
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
| | - Lenore Manderson
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 Andrews Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Ben J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
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Flórez KR, Payán DD, Derose KP, Aunon FM, Bogart LM. Process Evaluation of a Peer-Driven, HIV Stigma Reduction and HIV Testing Intervention in Latino and African American Churches. Health Equity 2017; 1:109-117. [PMID: 30283840 PMCID: PMC6071886 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Faith-based organizations may be effective in addressing HIV-related disparities, but few interventions have been implemented across diverse churches. The Facilitating Awareness to Increase Testing for HIV (FAITH) intervention harnessed peer leadership to decrease HIV stigma and promote HIV testing in African American and Latino congregations. A pilot study found more consistent effects among Latino congregations. This process evaluation evaluates implementation of FAITH to better understand the pilot study's findings. Methods: Data sources included HIV education and peer leader workshop evaluation forms, participant views of the community's perspective of HIV, and peer leader follow-up interviews. Data were triangulated with systematic observation notes and analyzed using process-related themes of recruitment, reach, context, implementation, dose-delivered, and fidelity. Results: At the Latino churches (compared to the African American church), facilitators spent more time addressing community-based misconceptions about HIV. The peer leader model was well received, especially among Latino participants, and most said that after the workshop they felt comfortable speaking with others about HIV-related topics. Latino peer leaders reported speaking with up to 20 people within their social networks (particularly with family members); African Americans reported up to 4. Implementation challenges at the African American church may have contributed to the limited intervention effects. Nevertheless, we found the peer motivator model feasible and acceptable across diverse faith settings. Conclusion: Peer-based models within faith settings are promising for addressing HIV. However, differences among groups in HIV knowledge, social network characteristics and norms, and church preferences may influence overall effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Flórez
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, New York.,RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Denise D Payán
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Frances M Aunon
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Stewart JM, Hanlon A, Brawner BM. Predictors of HIV/AIDS Programming in African American Churches: Implications for HIV Prevention, Testing, and Care. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2016; 44:385-393. [PMID: 27540035 DOI: 10.1177/1090198116663695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using data from the National Congregational Study, we examined predictors of having an HIV/AIDS program in predominately African American churches across the United States. We conducted regression analyses of Wave II data ( N = 1,506) isolating the sample to churches with a predominately African American membership. The dependent variable asked whether or not the congregation currently had any program focused on HIV or AIDS. Independent variables included several variables from the individual, organizational, and social levels. Our study revealed that region, clergy age, congregant disclosure of HIV-positive status, permitting cohabiting couples to be members, sponsorship or participation in programs targeted to physical health issues, and having a designated person or committee to address health-focused programs significantly increased the likelihood of African American churches having an HIV/AIDS program. A paucity of nationally representative research focuses on the social-, organizational-, and individual-level predictors of having HIV/AIDS programs in African American churches. Determining the characteristics of churches with HIV/AIDS programming at multiple levels is a critical and necessary approach with significant implications for partnering with African American churches in HIV or AIDS initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Hanlon
- 2 University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sewali B, Pratt R, Abdiwahab E, Fahia S, Call KT, Okuyemi KS. Understanding cancer screening service utilization by Somali men in Minnesota. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 17:773-80. [PMID: 24817627 PMCID: PMC4227966 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined factors that influence use of cancer screening by Somali men residing in Minnesota, USA. To better understand why recent immigrants are disproportionately less likely to use screening services, we used the health belief model to explore knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes surrounding cancer screening. We conducted a qualitative study comprised of 20 key informant interviews with Somali community leaders and 8 focus groups with Somali men (n = 44). Somali men commonly believe they are protected from cancer by religious beliefs. This belief, along with a lack of knowledge about screening, increased the likelihood to refrain from screening. Identifying the association between religion and health behaviors may lead to more targeted interventions to address existing disparities in cancer screening in the growing US immigrant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett Sewali
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rebekah Pratt
- Corresponding author: Barrett Sewali, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 717 Delaware St. SE. Ste. 166, Minneapolis, MN 55414, Phone: 612-625-4912, Fax: 612-626-6782,
| | - Ekland Abdiwahab
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Saeed Fahia
- Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kathleen Thiede Call
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kolawole S. Okuyemi
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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