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Antinucci M, Comas D, Calafell F. Population history modulates the fitness effects of Copy Number Variation in the Roma. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1327-1343. [PMID: 37311904 PMCID: PMC10449987 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We provide the first whole genome Copy Number Variant (CNV) study addressing Roma, along with reference populations from South Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Using CNV calling software for short-read sequence data, we identified 3171 deletions and 489 duplications. Taking into account the known population history of the Roma, as inferred from whole genome nucleotide variation, we could discern how this history has shaped CNV variation. As expected, patterns of deletion variation, but not duplication, in the Roma followed those obtained from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Reduced effective population size resulting in slightly relaxed natural selection may explain our observation of an increase in intronic (but not exonic) deletions within Loss of Function (LoF)-intolerant genes. Over-representation analysis for LoF-intolerant gene sets hosting intronic deletions highlights a substantial accumulation of shared biological processes in Roma, intriguingly related to signaling, nervous system and development features, which may be related to the known profile of private disease in the population. Finally, we show the link between deletions and known trait-related SNPs reported in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalog, which exhibited even frequency distributions among the studied populations. This suggests that, in general human populations, the strong association between deletions and SNPs associated to biomedical conditions and traits could be widespread across continental populations, reflecting a common background of potentially disease/trait-related CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antinucci
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Comas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Calafell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Luis JR, Palencia-Madrid L, Deshpande K, Alfonso-Sanchez MA, Peña JA, de Pancorbo MM, Garcia-Bertrand R, Herrera RJ. On the Y chromosome of Chennai, Tamil Nadu and the Indian subcontinent. Gene 2023; 859:147175. [PMID: 36632908 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several migratory waves from various origins along with cultural practices restricting marriages between people of different castes and tribes as well as continued endogamy have led to a complex and diverse society in the Indian subcontinent. Despite being widely represented in genetic studies, several interrogatives remain with regards to India's current genetic constituents and distributions, source populations and population relationships. To identify the forces that may have shaped Indian population's genetic relationships, we undertook a comprehensive comparative study of the Y-chromosomes across India utilizing Y-STR and Y-SNP chromosomal markers using the general population of Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu as a point of reference. Our analyses identify differences in source populations for different regions within India, unique linguistic characteristics as well as demographic and cultural forces that may have shaped population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez Luis
- Area de Antropología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leire Palencia-Madrid
- BIOMICs Research Group, Dpto. Z. y Biologia Celular A., Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ketaki Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Miguel A Alfonso-Sanchez
- Departamento de Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose A Peña
- Departamento de Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Dpto. Z. y Biologia Celular A., Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Rene J Herrera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA.
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3
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Younger DS. Childhood muscular dystrophies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:461-496. [PMID: 37562882 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Infancy- and childhood-onset muscular dystrophies are associated with a characteristic distribution and progression of motor dysfunction. The underlying causes of progressive childhood muscular dystrophies are heterogeneous involving diverse genetic pathways and genes that encode proteins of the plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, sarcomere, and nuclear membrane components. The prototypical clinicopathological features in an affected child may be adequate to fully distinguish it from other likely diagnoses based on four common features: (1) weakness and wasting of pelvic-femoral and scapular muscles with involvement of heart muscle; (2) elevation of serum muscle enzymes in particular serum creatine kinase; (3) necrosis and regeneration of myofibers; and (4) molecular neurogenetic assessment particularly utilizing next-generation sequencing of the genome of the likeliest candidates genes in an index case or family proband. A number of different animal models of therapeutic strategies have been developed for gene transfer therapy, but so far these techniques have not yet entered clinical practice. Treatment remains for the most part symptomatic with the goal of ameliorating locomotor and cardiorespiratory manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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4
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Inherited myopathies in the Middle East and North Africa. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Clinical, genetic profile and disease progression of sarcoglycanopathies in a large cohort from India: high prevalence of SGCB c.544A > C. Neurogenetics 2022; 23:187-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-022-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Vainzof M, Souza LS, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Zatz M. Sarcoglycanopathies: an update. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:1021-1027. [PMID: 34404573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies are the most severe forms of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs), constituting about 10-25% of LGMDs. The clinical phenotype is variable, but onset is usually in the first decade of life. Patients present muscle hypertrophy, elevated CK, variable muscle weaknesses, and progressive loss of ambulation. Four subtypes are known: LGMDR3, LGMDR4, LGMDR5 and LGMDR6, caused, respectively, by mutations in the SGCA, SGCB,SGCG and SGCD genes. Their four coded proteins, α-SG, ß-SG, λ-SG and δ-SG are part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) present in muscle sarcolemma, which acts as a linker between the cytoskeleton of the muscle fiber and the extracellular matrix, providing mechanical support to the sarcolemma during myofiber contraction. Many different mutations have already been identified in all the sarcoglycan genes, with a predominance of some mutations in different populations. The diagnosis is currently based on the molecular screening for these mutations. Therapeutic approaches include the strategy of gene replacement mediated by a vector derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV). Pre-clinical studies have shown detectable levels of SG proteins in the muscle, and some improvement in the phenotype, in animal models. Therapeutic trials in humans are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariz Vainzof
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas S Souza
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gurgel-Giannetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Service of Neuropediatrics from Federal, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are a collection of genetic diseases united in their phenotypical expression of pelvic and shoulder area weakness and wasting. More than 30 subtypes have been identified, five dominant and 26 recessive. The increase in the characterization of new genotypes in the family of LGMDs further adds to the heterogeneity of the disease. Meanwhile, better understanding of the phenotype led to the reconsideration of the disease definition, which resulted in eight old subtypes to be no longer recognized officially as LGMD and five new diseases to be added to the LGMD family. The unique variabilities of LGMD stem from genetic mutations, which then lead to protein and ultimately muscle dysfunction. Herein, we review the LGMD pathway, starting with the genetic mutations that encode proteins involved in muscle maintenance and repair, and including the genotype–phenotype relationship of the disease, the epidemiology, disease progression, burden of illness, and emerging treatments.
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8
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Fernández-Eulate G, Leturcq F, Laforêt P, Richard I, Stojkovic T. [Sarcoglycanopathies: state of the art and therapeutic perspectives]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 36 Hors série n° 2:22-27. [PMID: 33427632 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies are the third most common cause of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD). They are the result of a deficiency in one of the sarcoglycans a, b, g, or d. The usual clinical presentation is that of a symmetrical involvement of the muscles of the pelvic and scapular girdles as well as of the trunk, associated with more or less severe cardio-respiratory impairment and a marked increase of serum CK levels. The first symptoms appear during the first decade, the loss of ambulation occurring often during the second decade. Lesions observed on the muscle biopsy are dystrophic. This is associated with a decrease or an absence of immunostaining of the sarcoglycan corresponding to the mutated gene and, to a lesser degree, of the other three sarcoglycans. Many mutations have been reported in the four incriminated genes and some of them are prevalent in certain populations. To date, there is no curative treatment, which does not prevent the development of many clinical trials, especially in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Fernández-Eulate
- Centre de Référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Île-de-France, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - France Leturcq
- Laboratoire de biochimie génétique. APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Laforêt
- Centre de Référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Île-de-France. APHP, CHU Raymond Poincaré, Garches. Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon, 91000, Évry, France - Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, Inserm, Généthon, unité de recherche Integrare UMR_S951, 91000, Évry, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Centre de Référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Île-de-France, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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9
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Guimarães-Costa R, Fernández-Eulate G, Wahbi K, Leturcq F, Malfatti E, Behin A, Leonard-Louis S, Desguerre I, Barnerias C, Nougues MC, Isapof A, Estournet-Mathiaud B, Quijano-Roy S, Fayssoil A, Orlikowski D, Fauroux B, Richard I, Semplicini C, Romero NB, Querin G, Eymard B, Laforêt P, Stojkovic T. Clinical correlations and long-term follow-up in 100 patients with sarcoglycanopathies. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:660-669. [PMID: 33051934 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To describe a large series of patients with α, β, and γ sarcoglycanopathies (LGMD-R3, R4, and R5) and study phenotypic correlations and disease progression. METHODS A multicentric retrospective study in four centers in the Paris area collecting neuromuscular, respiratory, cardiac, histologic, and genetic data. The primary outcome of progression was age of loss of ambulation (LoA); disease severity was established according to LoA before or after 18 years of age. Time-to-event analysis was performed. RESULTS One hundred patients (54 γ-SG; 41 α-SG; 5 β-SG) from 80 families were included. The γ-SG patients had earlier disease onset than α-SG patients (5.5 vs. 8 years; p = 0.022) and β-SG patients (24.4 years). Axial muscle weakness and joint contractures were frequent and exercise intolerance was observed. At mean follow-up of 22.9 years, 65.3% of patients were wheelchair-bound (66.7% α-SG, 67.3% γ-SG, 40% β-SG). Dilated cardiomyopathy occurred in all sarcoglycanopathy subtypes, especially in γ-SG patients (p = 0.01). Thirty patients were ventilated and six died. Absent sarcoglycan protein expression on muscle biopsy and younger age at onset were associated with earlier time to LoA (p = 0.021 and p = 0.002). Age at onset was an independent predictor of both severity and time to LoA (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.009). The α-SG patients showed genetic heterogeneity, whereas >90% of γ-SG patients carried the homozygous c.525delT frameshift variant. Five new mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS This large multicentric series delineates the clinical spectrum of patients with sarcoglycanopathies. Age at disease onset is an independent predictor of severity of disease and LoA, and should be taken into account in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guimarães-Costa
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - G Fernández-Eulate
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - K Wahbi
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - F Leturcq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - E Malfatti
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Versailles Paris-Saclay, U 1179 INSERM, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - A Behin
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - S Leonard-Louis
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - I Desguerre
- Developmental Diseases Clinic, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Barnerias
- Developmental Diseases Clinic, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M C Nougues
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Isapof
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - B Estournet-Mathiaud
- Neuromuscular Unit, Pediatric Neurology and ICU Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP Paris-Saclay. UVSQ U1179 INSERM, Garches, France
| | - S Quijano-Roy
- Neuromuscular Unit, Pediatric Neurology and ICU Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP Paris-Saclay. UVSQ U1179 INSERM, Garches, France
| | - A Fayssoil
- Pneumology Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - D Orlikowski
- Resuscitation Department and Domiciliary Ventilation Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - B Fauroux
- Pneumology Department, Armand-Trousseau Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - I Richard
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, Inserm, Evry University, Paris-Saclay University, Evry, France
| | - C Semplicini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - N B Romero
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - G Querin
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - B Eymard
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P Laforêt
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Neurology Department, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - T Stojkovic
- Nord-Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Myology Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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10
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Mavillard F, Madruga-Garrido M, Rivas E, Servián-Morilla E, Ávila-Polo R, Marcos I, Morón FJ, Paradas C, Cabrera-Serrano M. NOVEL intronic CAPN3 Roma mutation alters splicing causing RNA mediated decay. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2328-2333. [PMID: 31612648 PMCID: PMC6856619 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CAPN3 mutations cause a limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Functional characterization of novel mutations facilitates diagnosis of future cases. We have identified a novel (c.1992 + 2T>G) CAPN3 mutation that disrupts the donor splice site of intron 17 splicing out exon 17, with mRNA levels severely reduced or undetectable. The mutation induces a strong change in the 3D structure of the mRNA which supports no‐go mRNA decay as the probable mechanism for RNA degradation. The mutation was identified in two unrelated Roma individuals showing a common ancestral origin and founder effect. This is the first Roma CAPN3 mutation to be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Mavillard
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcos Madruga-Garrido
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Servián-Morilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rainiero Ávila-Polo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Marcos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Morón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Paradas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Macarena Cabrera-Serrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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An AAV-SGCG Dose-Response Study in a γ-Sarcoglycanopathy Mouse Model in the Context of Mechanical Stress. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:494-502. [PMID: 31194043 PMCID: PMC6545357 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies are rare autosomic limb girdle muscular dystrophies caused by mutations in one of the genes coding for sarcoglycans. Sarcoglycans form a complex, which is an important part of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and which protects the sarcolemma against muscle contraction-induced damage. Absence of one of the sarcoglycans on the plasma membrane reduces the stability of the whole complex and perturbs muscle fiber membrane integrity. There is currently no curative treatment for any of the sarcoglycanopathies. A first clinical trial to evaluate the safety of a recombinant AAV2/1 vector expressing γ-sarcoglycan using an intramuscular route of administration showed limited expression of the transgene and good tolerance of the approach. In this report, we undertook a dose-effect study in mice to evaluate the efficiency of an AAV2/8-expressing γ-sarcoglycan controlled by a muscle-specific promoter with a systemic mode of administration. We observed a dose-related efficiency with a nearly complete restoration of gamma sarcoglycan (SGCG) expression, histological appearance, biomarker level, and whole-body strength at the highest dose tested. In addition, our data suggest that a high expression threshold level must be achieved for effective protection of the transduced muscle, while a suboptimal transgene expression level might be less protective in the context of mechanical stress.
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12
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Bulakh MV, Ryzhkova OP, Polyakov AV. Sarcoglycanopathies: Clinical, Molecular and Genetic Characteristics, Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment Options. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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14
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Marsolier J, Laforet P, Pegoraro E, Vissing J, Richard I. 1st International Workshop on Clinical trial readiness for sarcoglycanopathies 15-16 November 2016, Evry, France. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:683-692. [PMID: 28521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marsolier
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | | | | | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France.
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15
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Khadilkar SV, Faldu HD, Patil SB, Singh R. Limb-girdle Muscular Dystrophies in India: A Review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2017; 20:87-95. [PMID: 28615891 PMCID: PMC5470147 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_81_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are common in India. Information on LGMDs has been gradually evolving in the recent years. This information is scattered in case series and case studies. The aim of this study is to collate available Indian information on LGMDs and put it in perspective. PubMed search using keywords such as limb-girdle muscular dystrophies in India, sarcoglycanopathies, dysferlinopathy, calpainopathy, and GNE myopathy was carried out. The published information on LGMDs in Indian context suggests that dysferlinopathy, calpainopathy, sarcoglycanopathies, and other myopathies such as GNE myopathy are frequently seen in India. Besides these, anecdotal reports of many other forms are available, some with genetic support and others showing immunocytochemical defects. The genotypic information on LGMDs is gradually evolving and founder mutations have been detected in selected populations. Further multicenter studies are necessary to document the incidence and prevalence of these common conditions in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hinaben Dayalal Faldu
- Department of Neurology, Grant Government Medical College and J. J. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarika Bapuso Patil
- Department of Neurology, Grant Government Medical College and J. J. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Neurology, Grant Government Medical College and J. J. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Massalska D, Zimowski JG, Bijok J, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Łusakowska A, Jakiel G, Roszkowski T. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies. Clin Genet 2016; 90:199-210. [PMID: 27197572 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies constitute a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of rare inherited diseases characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, motor delay and respiratory insufficiency. To date, curative care is not available for these diseases, which may severely affect both life-span and quality of life. We discuss prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for families at risk, as well as diagnostic possibilities in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Massalska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J G Zimowski
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Bijok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Kucińska-Chahwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Łusakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Jakiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Roszkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Liang WC, Chou PC, Hung CC, Su YN, Kan TM, Chen WZ, Hayashi YK, Nishino I, Jong YJ. Probable high prevalence of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D in Taiwan. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:304-8. [PMID: 26944168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD2D), an autosomal-recessive inherited LGMD, is caused by the mutations in SGCA. SGCA encodes alpha-sarcoglycan (SG) that forms a heterotetramer with other SGs in the sarcolemma, and comprises part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. The frequency of LGMD2D is variable among different ethnic backgrounds, and so far only a few patients have been reported in Asia. We identified five patients with a novel homozygous mutation of c.101G>T (p.Arg34Leu) in SGCA from a big aboriginal family ethnically consisting of two tribes in Taiwan. Patient 3 is the maternal uncle of patients 1 and 2. All their parents, heterozygous for c.101G>T, denied consanguineous marriages although they were from the same tribe. The heterozygous parents of patients 4 and 5 were from two different tribes, originally residing in different geographic regions in Taiwan. Haplotype analysis showed that all five patients shared the same mutation-associated haplotype, indicating the probability of a founder effect and consanguinity. The results suggest that the carrier rate of c.101G>T in SGCA may be high in Taiwan, especially in the aboriginal population regardless of the tribes. It is important to investigate the prevalence of LGMD2D in Taiwan for early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chen Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Ning Su
- Sofiva Genomics Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan; Dianthus Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Min Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Zi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yukiko K Hayashi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Genome Medicine Development, Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuh-Jyh Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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19
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Where do we stand in trial readiness for autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophies? Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 26:111-25. [PMID: 26810373 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD2) are a group of genetically heterogeneous diseases that are typically characterised by progressive weakness and wasting of the shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles. Many of the more than 20 different conditions show overlapping clinical features with other forms of muscular dystrophy, congenital, myofibrillar or even distal myopathies and also with acquired muscle diseases. Although individually extremely rare, all types of LGMD2 together form an important differential diagnostic group among neuromuscular diseases. Despite improved diagnostics and pathomechanistic insight, a curative therapy is currently lacking for any of these diseases. Medical care consists of the symptomatic treatment of complications, aiming to improve life expectancy and quality of life. Besides well characterised pre-clinical tools like animal models and cell culture assays, the determinants of successful drug development programmes for rare diseases include a good understanding of the phenotype and natural history of the disease, the existence of clinically relevant outcome measures, guidance on care standards, up to date patient registries, and, ideally, biomarkers that can help assess disease severity or drug response. Strong patient organisations driving research and successful partnerships between academia, advocacy, industry and regulatory authorities can also help accelerate the elaboration of clinical trials. All these determinants constitute aspects of translational research efforts and influence patient access to therapies. Here we review the current status of determinants of successful drug development programmes for LGMD2, and the challenges of translating promising therapeutic strategies into effective and accessible treatments for patients.
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20
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Tournev I. The Meryon Lecture at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Meryon Society Wolfson College, Oxford, UK, 12th September 2014: Neuromuscular disorders in Roma (Gypsies)--collaborative studies, epidemiology, community-based carrier testing program and social activities. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 26:94-103. [PMID: 26564278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Ethnic Minorities Health Problems Foundation, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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21
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Urtizberea JA, Lochmuller H, Tournev I. [Myology and ethnic minorities: all roads lead to the Roma]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31 Spec No 3:34-8. [PMID: 26546931 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201531s310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Sofia Medical University, Bulgarie
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22
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Gao QQ, Wyatt E, Goldstein JA, LoPresti P, Castillo LM, Gazda A, Petrossian N, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, Barefield DY, Demonbreun AR, Bönnemann C, Wolf M, McNally EM. Reengineering a transmembrane protein to treat muscular dystrophy using exon skipping. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4186-95. [PMID: 26457733 DOI: 10.1172/jci82768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exon skipping uses antisense oligonucleotides as a treatment for genetic diseases. The antisense oligonucleotides used for exon skipping are designed to bypass premature stop codons in the target RNA and restore reading frame disruption. Exon skipping is currently being tested in humans with dystrophin gene mutations who have Duchenne muscular dystrophy. For Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the rationale for exon skipping derived from observations in patients with naturally occurring dystrophin gene mutations that generated internally deleted but partially functional dystrophin proteins. We have now expanded the potential for exon skipping by testing whether an internal, in-frame truncation of a transmembrane protein γ-sarcoglycan is functional. We generated an internally truncated γ-sarcoglycan protein that we have termed Mini-Gamma by deleting a large portion of the extracellular domain. Mini-Gamma provided functional and pathological benefits to correct the loss of γ-sarcoglycan in a Drosophila model, in heterologous cell expression studies, and in transgenic mice lacking γ-sarcoglycan. We generated a cellular model of human muscle disease and showed that multiple exon skipping could be induced in RNA that encodes a mutant human γ-sarcoglycan. Since Mini-Gamma represents removal of 4 of the 7 coding exons in γ-sarcoglycan, this approach provides a viable strategy to treat the majority of patients with γ-sarcoglycan gene mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Codon, Nonsense/genetics
- Diaphragm/metabolism
- Diaphragm/pathology
- Drosophila Proteins/deficiency
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex/chemistry
- Exons
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Therapy
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Mutation
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoglycans/biosynthesis
- Sarcoglycans/chemistry
- Sarcoglycans/deficiency
- Sarcoglycans/genetics
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
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23
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Abdulhaq UN, Daana M, Dor T, Fellig Y, Eylon S, Schuelke M, Shaag A, Elpeleg O, Edvardson S. Nemaline body myopathy caused by a novel mutation in troponin T1 (TNNT1
). Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:564-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Najwa Abdulhaq
- Department of Pediatrics; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Mohannad Daana
- Department of Pediatrics; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Talia Dor
- Department of Pediatrics; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sharon Eylon
- Alyn Hospital Pediatric and Adolescent Rehabilitation Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Klinik für Pädiatrie Neurologie and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Department of Pediatrics; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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24
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Abstract
Muscle fibres are very specialised cells with a complex structure that requires a high level of organisation of the constituent proteins. For muscle contraction to function properly, there is a need for not only sarcomeres, the contractile structures of the muscle fibre, but also costameres. These are supramolecular structures associated with the sarcolemma that allow muscle adhesion to the extracellular matrix. They are composed of protein complexes that interact and whose functions include maintaining cell structure and signal transduction mediated by their constituent proteins. It is important to improve our understanding of these structures, as mutations in various genes that code for costamere proteins cause many types of muscular dystrophy. In this review, we provide a description of costameres detailing each of their constituent proteins, such as dystrophin, dystrobrevin, syntrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycans, vinculin, talin, integrins, desmin, plectin, etc. We describe as well the diseases associated with deficiency thereof, providing a general overview of their importance.
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25
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Anwar WA, Khyatti M, Hemminki K. Consanguinity and genetic diseases in North Africa and immigrants to Europe. Eur J Public Health 2015; 24 Suppl 1:57-63. [PMID: 25107999 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic diseases are caused by environmental and genetic factors. While in this special issue several chapters deal with environmental factors, including infections, the present focus is on genetic causes of disease clustering due to inbreeding and recessive disease mechanisms. Consanguinity is implying sharing of genetic heritage because of marriage between close relatives originating from a common ancestor. With limited natural selection, recessive genes may become more frequent in an inbred compared with an outbred population. Consanguinity is common in North Africa (NA), and the estimates range from 40 to 49% of all marriages in Tunisia and 29-33% in Morocco. As a consequence, recessive disorders are common in the NA region, and we give some examples. Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease/anaemia constitute the most common inherited recessive disorders globally and they are common in NA, but with immigration they have spread to Europe and to other parts of the world. Another example is familial Mediterranean fever, which is common in the Eastern Mediterranean area. With immigrantion from that area to Sweden, it has become the most common hereditary autoinflammatory disease in that country, and there is no evidence that any native Swede would have been diagnosed with this disease. The examples discussed in this chapter show that the historic movement of populations and current immigration are influencing the concept of 'endemic' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagida A Anwar
- 1 Community Medicine Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Kari Hemminki
- 3 Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany4 Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Al-Zaidy SA, Malik V, Kneile K, Rosales XQ, Gomez AM, Lewis S, Hashimoto S, Gastier-Foster J, Kang P, Darras B, Kunkel L, Carlo J, Sahenk Z, Moore SA, Pyatt R, Mendell JR. A slowly progressive form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C associated with founder mutation in the SGCG gene in Puerto Rican Hispanics. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:92-8. [PMID: 25802879 PMCID: PMC4367081 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C (LGMD2C) is considered one of the severe forms of childhood-onset muscular dystrophy. The geographical distribution of founder mutations in the SGCG gene has a prominent effect on the prevalence of LGMD2C in certain populations. The aim of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that the c.787G>A (p.E263K) mutation in the SGCG gene is a founder mutation among Puerto Rican Hispanics and to characterize the associated clinical and immunohistochemical phenotype. Genotyping of six polymorphic microsatellite markers internal to (D13S232) and flanking (D13S175, D13S292, D13S787, D13S1243, D13S283) the SGCG gene was performed on four unrelated Puerto Rican patients with LGMD2C. Preserved ambulation to the second decade of life was observed in at least two subjects. Immunostaining of skeletal muscle demonstrated absence of γ-sarcoglycan in all affected subjects. Two markers, D13S232 and D13S292, were highly informative and confirmed that all four families share the haplotype of the mutant allele. Our findings confirm that the E263K missense mutation in the SGCG gene is a founder mutation in Puerto Rican Hispanics. A slowly progressive disease course with prolonged preservation of ambulation can be seen in association with this mutation, providing evidence for phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiah A Al-Zaidy
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vinod Malik
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelley Kneile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiomara Q Rosales
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana Maria Gomez
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sayaka Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter Kang
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Basil Darras
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jose Carlo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Zarife Sahenk
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven A Moore
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert Pyatt
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jerry R Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio ; Department of Pathology, Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio
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27
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Ankala A, Tamhankar PM, Valencia CA, Rayam KK, Kumar MM, Hegde MR. Clinical Applications and Implications of Common and Founder Mutations in Indian Subpopulations. Hum Mutat 2014; 36:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkanth Ankala
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Parag M. Tamhankar
- ICMR Genetic Research Center; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - C. Alexander Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati Medical School; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Krishna K. Rayam
- Department of Biosciences; CMR Institute of Management Studies; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Manisha M. Kumar
- Department of Biosciences; CMR Institute of Management Studies; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Madhuri R. Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta Georgia
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28
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Nigro V, Piluso G. Spectrum of muscular dystrophies associated with sarcolemmal-protein genetic defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:585-93. [PMID: 25086336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are heterogeneous genetic disorders that share progressive muscle wasting. This may generate partial impairment of motility as well as a dramatic and fatal course. Less than 30 years ago, the identification of the genetic basis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy opened a new era. An explosion of new information on the mechanisms of disease was witnessed, with many thousands of publications and the characterization of dozens of other genetic forms. Genes mutated in muscular dystrophies encode proteins of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, several of which are part of the dystrophin-associated complex. Other gene products localize at the sarcomere and Z band, or are nuclear membrane components. In the present review, we focus on muscular dystrophies caused by defects that affect the sarcolemmal and sub-sarcolemmal proteins. We summarize the nature of each disease, the genetic cause, and the pathogenic pathways that may suggest future treatment options. We examine X-linked Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies and the autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcolemmal proteins. The mechanism of muscle damage is reviewed starting from disarray of the shock-absorbing dystrophin-associated complex at the sarcolemma and activation of inflammatory response up to the final stages of fibrosis. We trace only a part of the biochemical, physiopathological and clinical aspects of muscular dystrophy to avoid a lengthy list of different and conflicting observations. We attempt to provide a critical synthesis of what we consider important aspects to better understand the disease. In our opinion, it is becoming ever more important to go back to the bedside to validate and then translate each proposed mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nigro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giulio Piluso
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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29
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Barešić A, Peričić Salihović M. Carrier rates of four single-gene disorders in Croatian Bayash Roma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 18:83-7. [PMID: 24180318 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess how specific population history, different migration routes, isolation, and endogamy practices contributed to the distribution of several rare diseases found in specific Roma groups, we conducted a population-based research study of rare disease mutations in Croatian Vlax Roma. We tested a total of 427 subjects from Baranja and Međimurje for the presence of four mutations causing hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type Lom (HMSNL), GM1 gangliosidosis (GM1), congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism and neuropathy (CCFDN), and limb girdle muscle dystrophy type 2C (LGMD2C), using the RFLP-PCR method to estimate carrier frequencies. We identified a total of four individuals heterozygous for the mutation causing HMSNL in the Baranja population, with a carrier rate amounting to 1.5%. Carriers for other three mutations causing GM1, CCFDN, and LGMD2C were not found in our sample. The carrier rate for the HMSNL mutation in Baranja is lower than in other Vlax Roma groups. In addition, distinct differences in carrier rates between the Croatian Vlax groups point to different genetic history, despite their belonging to the same Roma migration category and subgroup. The difference in carrier rates is either the result of admixture or the reflection of a greater extent of genetic drift since recent founding, maintained by a high degree of endogamy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barešić
- Institute for Anthropological Research , Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Ceco E, McNally EM. Modifying muscular dystrophy through transforming growth factor-β. FEBS J 2013; 280:4198-209. [PMID: 23551962 PMCID: PMC3731412 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy arises from ongoing muscle degeneration and insufficient regeneration. This imbalance leads to loss of muscle, with replacement by scar or fibrotic tissue, resulting in muscle weakness and, eventually, loss of muscle function. Human muscular dystrophy is characterized by a wide range of disease severity, even when the same genetic mutation is present. This variability implies that other factors, both genetic and environmental, modify the disease outcome. There has been an ongoing effort to define the genetic and molecular bases that influence muscular dystrophy onset and progression. Modifier genes for muscle disease have been identified through both candidate gene approaches and genome-wide surveys. Multiple lines of experimental evidence have now converged on the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway as a modifier for muscular dystrophy. TGF-β signaling is upregulated in dystrophic muscle as a result of a destabilized plasma membrane and/or an altered extracellular matrix. Given the important biological role of the TGF-β pathway, and its role beyond muscle homeostasis, we review modifier genes that alter the TGF-β pathway and approaches to modulate TGF-β activity to ameliorate muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Ceco
- Committee on Cell Physiology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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31
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Gabrikova D, Mistrik M, Bernasovska J, Bozikova A, Behulova R, Tothova I, Macekova S. Founder mutations in NDRG1 and HK1 genes are common causes of inherited neuropathies among Roma/Gypsies in Slovakia. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:455-60. [PMID: 23996628 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) account for less than 10 % of all CMT cases, but are more frequent in the populations with a high rate of consanguinity. Roma (Gypsies) are a transnational minority with an estimated population of 10 to 14 million, in which a high degree of consanguineous marriages is a generally known fact. Similar to the other genetically isolated founder populations, the Roma harbour a number of unique or rare autosomal recessive disorders, caused by "private" founder mutations. There are three subtypes of autosomal recessive CMT with mutations private to the Roma population: CMT4C, CMT4D and CMT4G. We report on the molecular examination of four families of Roma origin in Slovakia with early-onset demyelinating neuropathy and autosomal recessive inheritance. We detected mutation p.R148X (g.631C>T) in the NDRG1 (NM_006096.3) gene in two families and mutation g.9712G>C in the HK1 (NM_033498) gene in the other two families. These mutations cause CMT4D and CMT4G, respectively. The success of molecular genetic analysis in all families confirms that autosomal recessive forms of CMT caused by mutations on the NDRG1 and HK1 genes are common causes of inherited neuropathies among Slovak Roma. Providing genetic analysis of these genes for patients with Roma origin as a common part of diagnostic procedure would contribute to a better rate of diagnosed cases of demyelinating neuropathy in Slovakia and in other countries with a Roma minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gabrikova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Ul. 17. Novembra 1, 08116, Presov, Slovakia,
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Saxena R, Saleheen D, Been LF, Garavito ML, Braun T, Bjonnes A, Young R, Ho WK, Rasheed A, Frossard P, Sim X, Hassanali N, Radha V, Chidambaram M, Liju S, Rees SD, Ng DPK, Wong TY, Yamauchi T, Hara K, Tanaka Y, Hirose H, McCarthy MI, Morris AP, Basit A, Barnett AH, Katulanda P, Matthews D, Mohan V, Wander GS, Singh JR, Mehra NK, Ralhan S, Kamboh MI, Mulvihill JJ, Maegawa H, Tobe K, Maeda S, Cho YS, Tai ES, Kelly MA, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Kadowaki T, Deloukas P, Rader DJ, Danesh J, Sanghera DK. Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus contributing to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Sikhs of Punjabi origin from India. Diabetes 2013; 62:1746-55. [PMID: 23300278 PMCID: PMC3636649 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a multistage meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Punjabi Sikhs from India. Our discovery GWAS in 1,616 individuals (842 case subjects) was followed by in silico replication of the top 513 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (P < 10⁻³) in Punjabi Sikhs (n = 2,819; 801 case subjects). We further replicated 66 SNPs (P < 10⁻⁴) through genotyping in a Punjabi Sikh sample (n = 2,894; 1,711 case subjects). On combined meta-analysis in Sikh populations (n = 7,329; 3,354 case subjects), we identified a novel locus in association with T2D at 13q12 represented by a directly genotyped intronic SNP (rs9552911, P = 1.82 × 10⁻⁸) in the SGCG gene. Next, we undertook in silico replication (stage 2b) of the top 513 signals (P < 10⁻³) in 29,157 non-Sikh South Asians (10,971 case subjects) and de novo genotyping of up to 31 top signals (P < 10⁻⁴) in 10,817 South Asians (5,157 case subjects) (stage 3b). In combined South Asian meta-analysis, we observed six suggestive associations (P < 10⁻⁵ to < 10⁻⁷), including SNPs at HMG1L1/CTCFL, PLXNA4, SCAP, and chr5p11. Further evaluation of 31 top SNPs in 33,707 East Asians (16,746 case subjects) (stage 3c) and 47,117 Europeans (8,130 case subjects) (stage 3d), and joint meta-analysis of 128,127 individuals (44,358 case subjects) from 27 multiethnic studies, did not reveal any additional loci nor was there any evidence of replication for the new variant. Our findings provide new evidence on the presence of a population-specific signal in relation to T2D, which may provide additional insights into T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Latonya F. Been
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Martha L. Garavito
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Timothy Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Weang Kee Ho
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Xueling Sim
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neelam Hassanali
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Samuel Liju
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Simon D. Rees
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
- Diabetes Centre, Heart of England National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Daniel Peng-Keat Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirose
- Health Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Abdul Basit
- Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anthony H. Barnett
- Diabetes Centre, Heart of England National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Prasad Katulanda
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - David Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Gurpreet S. Wander
- Hero Dayanand Medical College and Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jai Rup Singh
- Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Narinder K. Mehra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero Dayanand Medical College and Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John J. Mulvihill
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoon S. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - M. Ann Kelly
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
- Diabetes Centre, Heart of England National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
| | - John C. Chambers
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust, Middlesex, U.K
- Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, U.K
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust, Middlesex, U.K
- Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, U.K
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Corresponding author: Dharambir K. Sanghera,
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Soheili T, Gicquel E, Poupiot J, N'Guyen L, Le Roy F, Bartoli M, Richard I. Rescue of sarcoglycan mutations by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum quality control is associated with minimal structural modifications. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:429-39. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Šafka Brožková D, Laštůvková J, Štěpánková H, Krůtová M, Trková M, Myška P, Seeman P. DFNB49 is an important cause of non-syndromic deafness in Czech Roma patients but not in the general Czech population. Clin Genet 2011; 82:579-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The so-called sarcoglycanopathies form a subgroup of four genetically closely related autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD2C-F) caused by mutations of the α-, β-, γ-, and δ-sarcoglycan genes. All four sarcoglycans are glycosylated transmembrane proteins and form a tetrameric complex that is part of dystrophin-associated proteins. The clinical phenotype associated with sarcoglycanopathies is characterized by a slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness with onset during childhood in most cases. The disease course is often similar but more variable than X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Diagnosis is usually based on muscle biopsy findings that confirm dystrophic changes and deficiency of one or more sarcoglycan proteins. Genetic testing is used to confirm the diagnosis. A number of different animal models have been developed to study the function of sarcoglycans and to develop specific therapeutic strategies such as gene transfer, but so far none of these techniques has entered clinical practice. Therefore, treatment is symptomatic and aims at amelioration of locomotor, respiratory, and cardiac manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janbernd Kirschner
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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37
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Miopatie dei cingoli. Neurologia 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(11)70573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Spengos K, Walter MC, Dekomien G, Papadopoulos K, Lochmüller H, Manta P. C283Y mutation in the gamma-sarcoglycan gene in Greek Gypsies with severe limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17:e41-2. [PMID: 20345928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Navarro C, Teijeira S. Molecular diagnosis of muscular dystrophies, focused on limb girdle muscular dystrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:631-47. [PMID: 23496048 DOI: 10.1517/17530050903313988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular dystrophies include a spectrum of muscle disorders, some of which are phenotypically well characterized. The identification of dystrophin as the causative factor in Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to the development of molecular genetics and has facilitated the division of muscular dystrophies into distinct groups, among which are the 'limb girdle muscular dystrophies'. OBJECTIVES This article reviews the methodology to be used in the diagnosis of muscular dystrophies, focused on the groups of limb girdle muscular dystrophies, and the development of new strategies to reach a final molecular diagnosis. METHOD A literature review (Medline) from 1985 to the present. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analyses of the proteins involved in the various forms of muscular dystrophies have permitted a refined pathological approach necessary to conduct genetic studies and to offer appropriate genetic counseling. The application of molecular medicine in genetic muscular dystrophies also brings great hope to the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Navarro
- University Hospital of Vigo, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Meixoeiro, s/n, 36200 Vigo - Pontevedra, Spain +34 986 81 11 11 ext. 211661 ; +34 986 27 64 16 ;
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Trabelsi M, Kavian N, Daoud F, Commere V, Deburgrave N, Beugnet C, Llense S, Barbot JC, Vasson A, Kaplan JC, Leturcq F, Chelly J. Revised spectrum of mutations in sarcoglycanopathies. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:793-803. [PMID: 18285821 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the spectrum of mutations in alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-sarcoglycan (SG) genes, we analyzed these genes in 69 probands with clinical and biological criteria compatible with the diagnosis of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. For 48 patients, muscle biopsies were available and multiplex western blot analysis of muscle proteins showed significant abnormalities of alpha- and gamma-SG. Our diagnostic strategy includes multiplex western blot, sequencing of SG genes, multiplex quantitative-fluorescent PCR and RT-PCR analyses. Mutations were detected in 57 patients and homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations were identified in 75% (36/48) of the patients with abnormal western blot, and in 52% (11/21) of the patients without muscle biopsy. Involvement of alpha-SG was demonstrated in 55.3% of cases (26/47), whereas gamma- and beta-SG were implicated in 25.5% (12/47) and in 17% (8/47) of cases, respectively. Interestingly, we identified 25 novel mutations, and a significant proportion of these mutations correspond to deletions (identified in 14 patients) of complete exon(s) of alpha- or gamma-SG genes, and partial duplications (identified in 5 patients) of exon 1 of beta-SG gene. This study highlights the high frequency of exonic deletions of alpha- and gamma-SG genes, as well as the presence of a hotspot of duplications affecting exon 1 of the beta-SG gene. In addition, protein analysis by multiplex western blot in combination with mutation screening and genotyping results allowed to propose a comprehensive and efficient diagnostic strategy and strongly suggested the implication of additional genes, yet to be identified, in sarcoglycanopathy-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Trabelsi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Génétique et Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Hanein S, Perrault I, Gerber S, Delphin N, Benezra D, Shalev S, Carmi R, Feingold J, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Kaplan J, Rozet JM, Jeanpierre M. Population history and infrequent mutations: how old is a rare mutation? GUCY2D as a worked example. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 16:115-23. [PMID: 17684531 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosaic pattern of haplotypes observed around a single mutation results from one or several founder events. The difficulties involved in calculating the age of the variant are greatly reduced by assuming a single event, but this simplification may bias analysis of the genealogy of the mutation. However, if it is assumed that more than one founder event occurred, the number of genealogies is very large and the likelihood of every possible tree could not be realistically calculated. A multipoint approach is required, given the number of independent variables needed to describe a complex bifurcating genealogy. Starting from the observation that a limited number of parameters is needed for calculation of the simplest models of bifurcating genealogies, we show that the probability density of a two-ancestor model genealogy can be simply described as an algebraic function in a closed form, two coalescence times being calculated simultaneously without compromising accuracy. Implementation in a Bayesian framework is facilitated by the simplicity of the function, which describes the reciprocal relationship between the region of complete linkage disequilibrium and the branch length of the tree. We illustrate the use of haplotype information about allele-sharing decay around a mutation as a genetic clock, using data for two GUCY2D mutations in Mediterranean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Hanein
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant. Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Heydemann A, Doherty KR, McNally EM. Genetic modifiers of muscular dystrophy: Implications for therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:216-28. [PMID: 16916601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The genetic understanding of the muscular dystrophies has advanced considerably in the last two decades. Over 25 different individual genes are now known to produce muscular dystrophy, and many different "private" mutations have been described for each individual muscular dystrophy gene. For the more common forms of muscular dystrophy, phenotypic variability can be explained by precise mutations. However, for many genetic mutations, the presence of the identical mutation is associated with marked phenotypic range that affects muscle function as well as cardiac function. The explanation for phenotype variability in the muscular dystrophies is only now being explored. The availability of genetically engineered animal models has allowed the generation of single mutations on the background of highly inbred strain. Phenotypic variation that is altered by genetic background argues for the presence of genetic modifier loci that can ameliorate or enhance aspects of the dystrophic phenotype. A number of individual genes have been implicated as modifiers of muscular dystrophy by studies in genetically engineered mouse models of muscular dystrophy. The value of these genes and products is that the pathways identified through these experiments may be exploited for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Hashimoto R, Yamaguchi M. Genetic link between β-sarcoglycan and the Egfr signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:212-21. [PMID: 16875661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoglycans are a multimeric, integral membrane protein complex that is part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. Previous findings suggest that the dystrophin glycoprotein complex plays roles not only in maintaining the mechanical structure of the cell membrane but also in signal transduction. To evaluate the functions of sarcoglycans, we here took advantage of Drosophila, which is useful for screening genetic interactions. Morphological aberrancy was observed in the adult compound eyes of Drosophila beta-sarcolgycan (dscgbeta) knockdown flies. We also detected genetic interactions between dscgbeta and Egfr related genes, such as rhomboid-1, rhomboid-3, and mirror. Furthermore two extra cell types with strong expression of Rhomboid were found in the ommatidia of dscgbeta knockdown pupal retina. These cells exhibited phosphorylation of ERKA, suggesting that Egfr signaling is activated via Rhomboid. Through these in vivo analyses, we conclude that dscgbeta negatively regulates the Egfr signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biology and Insect Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Chen J, Shi W, Zhang Y, Sokol R, Cai H, Lun M, Moore BF, Farber MJ, Stepanchick JS, Bönnemann CG, Chan YMM. Identification of functional domains in sarcoglycans essential for their interaction and plasma membrane targeting. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1610-25. [PMID: 16524571 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in sarcoglycans have been reported to cause autosomal-recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, sarcoglycans are assembled into a complex on the sarcolemma from four subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). In this report, we present a detailed structural analysis of sarcoglycans using deletion study, limited proteolysis and co-immunoprecipitation. Our results indicate that the extracellular regions of sarcoglycans consist of distinctive functional domains connected by proteinase K-sensitive sites. The N-terminal half domains are required for sarcoglycan interaction. The C-terminal half domains of beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycan consist of a cysteine-rich motif and a previously unrecognized conserved sequence, both of which are essential for plasma membrane localization. Using a heterologous expression system, we demonstrate that missense sarcoglycan mutations affect sarcoglycan complex assembly and/or localization to the cell surface. Our data suggest that the formation of a stable complex is necessary but not sufficient for plasma membrane targeting. Finally, we provide evidence that the beta/delta-sarcoglycan core can associate with the C-terminus of dystrophin. Our results therefore generate important information on the structure of the sarcoglycan complex and the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of various sarcoglycan mutations in muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Chen
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, M.C. 26-11, the Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
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Kalaydjieva L, Morar B, Chaix R, Tang H. A newly discovered founder population: the Roma/Gypsies. Bioessays 2005; 27:1084-94. [PMID: 16163730 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Gypsies (a misnomer, derived from an early legend about Egyptian origins) defy the conventional definition of a population: they have no nation-state, speak different languages, belong to many religions and comprise a mosaic of socially and culturally divergent groups separated by strict rules of endogamy. Referred to as "the invisible minority", the Gypsies have for centuries been ignored by Western medicine, and their genetic heritage has only recently attracted attention. Common origins from a small group of ancestors characterise the 8-10 million European Gypsies as an unusual trans-national founder population, whose exodus from India played the role of a profound demographic bottleneck. Social and economic pressures within Europe led to gradual fragmentation, generating multiple genetically differentiated subisolates. The string of population bottlenecks and founder effects have shaped a unique genetic profile, whose potential for genetic research can be met only by study designs that acknowledge cultural tradition and self-identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Kalaydjieva
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.
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Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of primary myopathies involving progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles in the hip and shoulder girdles, with distal spread to the bulbar or respiratory musculature in rare cases. Depending on the mode of genetic transmission, six autosomal dominant forms (LGMD1A-F, 10-25%) and ten autosomal recessive forms (LGMD2A-J, 75-90%) are currently known. The prevalence of LGMDs is 0.8/100,000. These conditions are caused by mutations in genes encoding for myotilin (5q31, LGMD1A), lamin A/C (1q11-q21.2, LGMD1B), caveolin-3 (3p25, LGMD1C), unknown proteins (7q, LGMD1D, 6q23, LGMD1E, 7q32.1-32.2., LGMD1F), calpain-3 (15q15.1-21.1, LGMD2A), dysferlin (2p13.3-13.1, LGMD2B), gamma-sarcoglycan (13q12, LGMD2C), alpha-sarcoglycan, also known as adhalin (17q12-q21.3, LGMD2D), beta-sarcoglycan (4q12, LGMD2E), delta-sarcoglycan (5q33-q34, LGMD2F), telethonin (17q11-q12, LGMD2G), E3-ubiquitin ligase (9q31-q34.1, LGMD2H), fukutin-related protein (19q13.3, LGMD2I), and titin (2q31, LGMD2J). Cardiac involvement has been described for LGMD1B-E, LGMD2C-G, and LGMD2I. The time of onset varies between early childhood and middle age. There is no male or female preponderance. Disease progression and life expectancy vary widely, even among different members of the same family. The diagnosis is based primarily on DNA analysis. The history, clinical neurological examinations, blood chemistry investigations, electromyography, and muscle biopsy also provide information that is helpful for the diagnosis. No causal therapy is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Finsterer
- Neurologische Abteilung, KA Rudolfstiftung, Wien, Osterreich.
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Kalaydjieva L, Lochmüller H, Tournev I, Baas F, Beres J, Colomer J, Guergueltcheva V, Herrmann R, Karcagi V, King R, Miyata T, Müllner-Eidenböck A, Okuda T, Milic Rasic V, Santos M, Talim B, Vilchez J, Walter M, Urtizberea A, Merlini L. 125th ENMC International Workshop: Neuromuscular disorders in the Roma (Gypsy) population, 23-25 April 2004, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 15:65-71. [PMID: 15639123 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luba Kalaydjieva
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Morar B, Gresham D, Angelicheva D, Tournev I, Gooding R, Guergueltcheva V, Schmidt C, Abicht A, Lochmüller H, Tordai A, Kalmár L, Nagy M, Karcagi V, Jeanpierre M, Herczegfalvi A, Beeson D, Venkataraman V, Warwick Carter K, Reeve J, de Pablo R, Kučinskas V, Kalaydjieva L. Mutation history of the roma/gypsies. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:596-609. [PMID: 15322984 PMCID: PMC1182047 DOI: 10.1086/424759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 8-10 million European Roma/Gypsies are a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Gypsy groups. Unlike other founder populations, whose genealogy has been extensively documented, the demographic history of the Gypsies is not fully understood and, given the lack of written records, has to be inferred from current genetic data. In this study, we have used five disease loci harboring private Gypsy mutations to examine some missing historical parameters and current structure. We analyzed the frequency distribution of the five mutations in 832-1,363 unrelated controls, representing 14 Gypsy populations, and the diversification of chromosomal haplotypes in 501 members of affected families. Sharing of mutations and high carrier rates supported a strong founder effect, and the identity of the congenital myasthenia 1267delG mutation in Gypsy and Indian/Pakistani chromosomes provided the best evidence yet of the Indian origins of the Gypsies. However, dramatic differences in mutation frequencies and haplotype divergence and very limited haplotype sharing pointed to strong internal differentiation and characterized the Gypsies as a founder population comprising multiple subisolates. Using disease haplotype coalescence times at the different loci, we estimated that the entire Gypsy population was founded approximately 32-40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16-25 generations ago. The existence of multiple subisolates, with endogamy maintained to the present day, suggests a general approach to complex disorders in which initial gene mapping could be performed in large families from a single Gypsy group, whereas fine mapping would rely on the informed sampling of the divergent subisolates and searching for the shared genomic region that displays the strongest linkage disequilibrium with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Morar
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David Gresham
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dora Angelicheva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rebecca Gooding
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Velina Guergueltcheva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Angela Abicht
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Attila Tordai
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lajos Kalmár
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Melinda Nagy
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marc Jeanpierre
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnes Herczegfalvi
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David Beeson
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viswanathan Venkataraman
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kim Warwick Carter
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jeff Reeve
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rosario de Pablo
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidutis Kučinskas
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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