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Tokuyama M, Fan P, Wang G, Choe YB, Song HJ, Tsai D, Sindhvananda J, Mabuchi T, Ozawa A. Epidemiological analysis of the patients with psoriasis in Asian countries and region using the same clinical case cards between 2020 and 2022. J Dermatol 2024; 51:567-583. [PMID: 38345285 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although many epidemiological surveys for patients with psoriasis have been reported based on individual countries or facilities, there has been no study encompassing the major countries or the region in Asia. The Asian Society for Psoriasis (ASP) has been conducting an epidemiological study across various Asian countries and regions to elucidate the and compare the epidemiology of psoriasis. A total of 1948 cases were analyzed, with 938 cases from Japan, 530 cases from China, 325 cases from Korea, 141 cases from Chinese Taipei, and 14 cases from Thailand, all of which were enrolled between 2020 and 2022. In the Asian region total, the male-female ratio was 1.87:1 and the peak age at disease onset was 20-29 years. The proportion of psoriasis vulgaris (PsV), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and pustular psoriasis (PP) was 80.1%, 17.7%, and 2.2%, respectively, and PsA was more commonly associated with nail symptoms than psoriasis vulgaris (PsV). Of the patients, 13% had a familial history of psoriasis and the most frequently affected family member was the father. Regarding treatment, 78.3% of the patients received topical medications, 9.0% underwent phototherapy, 34.0% received oral medications, and 36.1% were treated with biological agents. This study provided valuable information on the epidemiology and treatment of psoriasis using the registry data collected with the common reporting form in the same period in major Asian countries and regions. Male predominance is a distinctive feature of psoriasis in Asia. This epidemiological data registry in the ASP will continue afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Tokuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Pingshen Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Jun Song
- Department of Dermatology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dino Tsai
- Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tomotaka Mabuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Xu X, Qiu L, Zhang M, Wu G. Segregation of nascent GPCRs in the ER-to-Golgi transport by CCHCR1 via direct interaction. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261685. [PMID: 38230433 PMCID: PMC10912811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest superfamily of cell surface signaling proteins that share a common structural topology. When compared with agonist-induced internalization, how GPCRs are sorted and delivered to functional destinations after synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is much less well understood. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of coiled-coil α-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1) by siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 significantly inhibits surface expression and signaling of α2A-adrenergic receptor (α2A-AR; also known as ADRA2A), without affecting α2B-AR. Further studies show that CCHCR1 depletion specifically impedes α2A-AR export from the ER to the Golgi, but not from the Golgi to the surface. We also demonstrate that CCHCR1 selectively interacts with α2A-AR. The interaction is mediated through multiple domains of both proteins and is ionic in nature. Moreover, mutating CCHCR1-binding motifs significantly attenuates ER-to-Golgi export, surface expression and signaling of α2A-AR. Collectively, these data reveal a novel function for CCHCR1 in intracellular protein trafficking, indicate that closely related GPCRs can be sorted into distinct ER-to-Golgi transport routes by CCHCR1 via direct interaction, and provide important insights into segregation and anterograde delivery of nascent GPCR members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lifen Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Maoxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Bala SV, Appukuttan D, Subramaniam S, Prakash PSG, Cholan PK, Victor DJ. Association of Receptor for advanced glycation end products G82S polymorphism with chronic periodontitis in type II diabetic and non-diabetic South Indians. Gene 2019; 708:30-37. [PMID: 31078654 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study investigated the association of RAGE G82S polymorphism with chronic periodontitis in South Indians with and without type II Diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS 405 individuals were enrolled into 3 groups-systemically and periodontally healthy with no attachment loss (n = 135), generalized chronic periodontitis (n = 135)and generalized chronic periodontitis with type II diabetes mellitus(n = 135). Periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. RFLP-PCR was utilized for genotyping. RESULTS Frequencies of genotype GG, GA and AA were 133, 2, 0 in group I respectively, 131, 4, 0 in group II respectively and 118, 13, 4 in group III respectively. Pearson's Chi squared test demonstrated a significant difference in the genotype distribution between the three groups (χ2 = 19.88,P < 0.001). Fischer exact-test showed that the variant GA/AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for generalized chronic periodontitis in type II diabetics when compared with the GG genotype of systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (OR-9.58, 95% CI 2.168-42.339, P < 0.001) and non-diabetic chronic periodontitis subjects (OR- 4.71, 95% CI: 1.54-14.42, P < 0.05). No association and increased susceptibility to chronic periodontitis was observed in subjects with GA/AA genotype when compared with systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (OR- 2.031, 95% CI: 0.366-11.277 P > 0.05). Furthermore, comparison of clinical parameters based on genotype distribution revealed statistically significant higher mean plaque (P < 0.05) and sulcus bleeding score (P < 0.001) in group-III subjects. CONCLUSION RAGE G82S gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to generalized chronic periodontitis in type II diabetic subjects of South Indian Tamilian ethnicity.
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Psoriasis in Skin of Color: Insights into the Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Genetics, Quality-of-Life Impact, and Treatment of Psoriasis in Non-White Racial/Ethnic Groups. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:405-423. [PMID: 29209945 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting diverse racial/ethnic groups throughout the world. Large population-based studies suggest that psoriasis occurs most often in individuals of European ancestry, followed by black and Hispanic individuals, although the true prevalence of psoriasis in non-white individuals is likely underestimated. Despite similarities in psoriasis between ethnic groups, there are notable differences in the presentation, quality-of-life impact, and treatment of psoriasis with important implications for the management of non-white individuals. Overall, heterogeneity in psoriasis susceptibility alleles, in combination with cultural and socioeconomic factors, may explain these differences. In this article, we review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, genetic polymorphisms, quality-of-life impact, and treatment nuances of psoriasis in patients with skin of color.
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic background. HLA-Cw6 is one of the most strongly associated psoriasis susceptibility alleles. It is repeatedly observed to affect disease course, phenotypic features, severity, comorbidities and treatment outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, the roles of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. The worldwide frequency of the HLA-Cw6 allele varies greatly, with it being generally higher in white people than in Asians. The allele is associated with type I early-onset psoriasis. Stress, obesity and streptococcal pharyngitis are commonly observed in HLA-Cw6-positive patients. Phenotypically, HLA-Cw6 has been found to be associated with guttate psoriasis. In addition, patients carrying the allele are more likely to have arm, leg and trunk involvement, and the Koebner phenomenon. Patients with psoriatic arthritis with HLA-Cw6 more often have early onset and tend to show cutaneous symptoms before musculoskeletal symptoms. HLA-Cw6-positive patients have been shown in several studies to be more responsive to methotrexate and ustekinumab. However, this difference in ustekinumab efficacy was only moderate in a post-hoc analysis of a pivotal phase III study. HLA-Cw6 positivity also tends to be less frequent in high-need patients who fail conventional therapy. Small studies have also investigated the role of HLA-Cw6 in remission of psoriasis during pregnancy, and with the comorbidities of photosensitivity and atherosclerosis. Given the diverse nature of psoriasis pathogenesis, as well as the difference of HLA-Cw6 positivity in different ethnic groups, more studies are needed to confirm the role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, PA, U.S.A
| | - T-F Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Woo YR, Cho DH, Park HJ. Molecular Mechanisms and Management of a Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122684. [PMID: 29232931 PMCID: PMC5751286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder. To date, robust molecular mechanisms of psoriasis have been reported. Among diverse aberrant immunopathogenetic mechanisms, the current model emphasizes the role of Th1 and the IL-23/Th17 axis, skin-resident immune cells and major signal transduction pathways involved in psoriasis. The multiple genetic risk loci for psoriasis have been rapidly revealed with the advent of a novel technology. Moreover, identifying epigenetic modifications could bridge the gap between genetic and environmental risk factors in psoriasis. This review will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis by unraveling the complicated interplay among immunological abnormalities, genetic risk foci, epigenetic modification and environmental factors of psoriasis. With advances in molecular biology, diverse new targets are under investigation to manage psoriasis. The recent advances in treatment modalities for psoriasis based on targeted molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
| | - Dae Ho Cho
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jeong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
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Abbas Zadeh S, Mlitz V, Lachner J, Golabi B, Mildner M, Pammer J, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Phylogenetic profiling and gene expression studies implicate a primary role of PSORS1C2 in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:352-358. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Abbas Zadeh
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Julia Lachner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Pammer
- Department of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Sasazuki T, Inoko H, Morishima S, Morishima Y. Gene Map of the HLA Region, Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto Thyroiditis, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Adv Immunol 2016; 129:175-249. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chen Z, Zhai Y, Zhang W, Teng Y, Yao K. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Gene are Associated With age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese Han Individuals: A Case-Control Pilot Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2238. [PMID: 26656366 PMCID: PMC5008511 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether 3 variants in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) gene contributed differently in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Chinese Han population.We conducted a case-control study in a group of Chinese patients with AMD (n = 253) and contrasted the results against a control group (n = 292). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SIRT1 gene including rs12778366, rs3740051, and rs4746720 were genotyped using improved multiplex ligase detection reaction. The association between targeted SNPs and AMD was then analyzed by codominant, dominant, recessive, and allelic models.The genotyping data of rs12778366, rs3740051, and rs4746720 revealed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests in the AMD group but not in the control group.We detected significantly differences of rs12778366 allele distribution between 2 groups in recessive and codominant model (P < 0.05). Homozygous carriers of the risk allele C displayed a higher chance of developing AMD (P = 0.036, odds ratio = 3.227; 95% confidence interval: 1.015-10.265).Our study, for the first time, raises the possibility that genetic variations of SIRT1 could be implicated in the pathophysiology of AMD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Chen
- From the Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (ZC, YZ, YT, KY); Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (ZC, YZ, YT, KY); and Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (WZ)
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Mabuchi T, Ota T, Manabe Y, Ikoma N, Ozawa A, Terui T, Ikeda S, Inoko H, Oka A. HLA-C*12:02 is a susceptibility factor in late-onset type of psoriasis in Japanese. J Dermatol 2015; 41:697-704. [PMID: 25099155 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is thought to be a multifactorial disease triggered by both genetic and environmental factors. The HLA-C locus on chromosome 6p21.33 remains the strongest susceptibility candidate locus in psoriasis. The strong association between psoriasis and the HLA-Cw6 allele has been well documented in various races. It is known that psoriatic patients with early onset are more likely to be familial and associated with HLA-Cw6. Familial occurrence of Japanese psoriasis is smaller than other populations. Furthermore, males are predominant over females in Japanese psoriasis. We investigated the relation between HLA-C alleles and age of onset, and in each gender for Japanese psoriasis, and discuss male predominance in the incidence of psoriasis in Japan. Four hundred forty six unrelated Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 557 sex- and age-matched unrelated Japanese healthy controls were investigated by genotyping. We confirmed the association between early-onset type of psoriasis with HLA-C*06:02 allele in Japanese. In addition, we detected the association between the late-onset type of psoriasis and the HLA-C*12:02 allele in Japanese. No significant differences in allele frequency were observed between females and males. Our results suggest that there is no genetic factor effect on male predominance in Japanese. In contract, the effect of environmental risk factors on the onset of Japanese psoriatic patients is stronger in males than in females. As a result, male predominant in psoriasis may occur in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Mabuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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11
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CCHCR1 interacts with EDC4, suggesting its localization in P-bodies. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Tamari M, Saeki H, Hayashi M, Umezawa Y, Ito T, Fukuchi O, Nobeyama Y, Yanaba K, Nakagawa H, Tsunemi Y, Kato T, Shibata S, Sugaya M, Sato S, Tada Y, Doi S, Miyatake A, Ebe K, Noguchi E, Fujieda S, Ebihara T, Amagai M, Esaki H, Takeuchi S, Furue M, Hirota T. An association study of 36 psoriasis susceptibility loci for psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis in a Japanese population. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:156-7. [PMID: 25205357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Japan.
| | - Mitsuha Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Umezawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Osamu Fukuchi
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nobeyama
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichi Yanaba
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tsunemi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Tada
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Doi
- Osaka Prefectual Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Japan
| | | | | | - Emiko Noguchi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hitokazu Esaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Japan
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Li C, Bi X, Huang Y, Zhao J, Li Z, Zhou J, Zhang M, Huang Z, Zhao H, Cai J. Variants identified by hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis B virus infection susceptibility GWAS associated with survival in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101586. [PMID: 24987808 PMCID: PMC4079718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several common susceptibility loci associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). However, the relationship between these genetic variants and survival of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC is still unknown. In this study, 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped among 330 HBV-related HCC patients using the MassARRAY system from Sequenom. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the effects of genotype on survival time under an additive model with age, sex, smoking status and clinical stage as covariates. We identified four SNPs on 6p21 (rs1419881 T>C, rs7453920 G>A,rs3997872 G>A and rs7768538 T>C), and two SNPs on 8p12 (rs2275959 C>T and rs7821974 C>T) significantly associated with survival time of HBV-related HCC patients. Our results suggest that HCC or CHB susceptibility loci might also affect the prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Bi
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (JC)
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (JC)
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15
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Kim YJ, Kim HY, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Yoon JH, Lee HS, Kim CY, Cheong JY, Cho SW, Park NH, Park BL, Namgoong S, Kim LH, Cheong HS, Shin HD. A genome-wide association study identified new variants associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis B. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4233-8. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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16
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Lin WY, Liu HP, Chang JS, Lin YJ, Wan L, Chen SY, Huang YC, Lai CH, Chen CM, Hsiao YT, Sheu JJC, Tsai FJ. Genetic variations within the PSORS1 region affect Kawasaki disease development and coronary artery aneurysm formation. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Lai OY, Chen H, Michaud HA, Hayashi G, Kuebler PJ, Hultman GK, Ariza ME, Williams MV, Batista MD, Nixon DF, Foerster J, Bowcock AM, Liao W. Protective effect of human endogenous retrovirus K dUTPase variants on psoriasis susceptibility. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1833-40. [PMID: 22437317 PMCID: PMC3375357 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous genetic and functional studies have implicated the human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) dUTPase located within the PSORS1 locus in the major histocompatibility complex region as a candidate psoriasis gene. Here, we describe a variant discovery and case-control association study of HERV-K dUTPase variants in 708 psoriasis cases and 349 healthy controls. Five common HERV-K dUTPase variants were found to be highly associated with psoriasis, with the strongest association occurring at the missense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3134774 (K158R, P=3.28 × 10(-15), odds ratio =2.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.91-2.92)). After adjusting the association of the HERV-K dUTPase variants for the potential confounding effects of HLA alleles associated with psoriasis, the HERV-K SNPs rs9264082 and rs3134774 remained significantly associated. Haplotype analysis revealed that HERV-K haplotypes containing the non-risk alleles for rs3134774 and rs9264082 significantly reduced the risk of psoriasis. Functional testing showed higher antibody responses against recombinant HERV-K dUTPase in psoriasis patients compared with controls (P<0.05), as well as higher T-cell responses against a single HERV-K dUTPase peptide (P<0.05). Our data support an independent role for the HERV-K dUTPase on psoriasis susceptibility, and suggest the need for additional studies to clarify the role of this dUTPase in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Y Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Hébert H, Ali F, Bowes J, Griffiths C, Barton A, Warren R. Genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: implications for therapy. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:474-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chiu H, Huang PY, Jee SH, Hu CY, Chou CT, Chang YT, Hwang CY, Tsai TF. HLA polymorphism among Chinese patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: subgroup analysis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:288-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang F, Song Y, Jiang Y, Yang C, Ding Z. Associations among periostin gene polymorphisms, clinical parameters and heart failure: a case-control study in 1104 Chinese individuals. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2011; 12:469-74. [PMID: 21558869 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328347e48c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the associations among periostin gene polymorphisms, clinical parameters and heart failure in a Chinese population. METHODS In total, 464 patients with heart failure and 640 control individuals were included in this study. rs3829365 and rs1028728 were genotyped through PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the independent strength of association among clinical parameters, genotypes and heart failure. RESULTS rs3829365 was associated with heart failure (P = 0.043), whereas rs1028728 was not (P = 0.188). After adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and hypertriglyceridemia in multivariate logistic regression, we found that CG or GG of rs3829365 [P = 0.015, odds ratio (OR) = 1.88] was an independent risk factor for heart failure and that CG or GG of rs3829365 (P = 0.039, OR = 0.94) and AT or TT of rs1028728 (P = 0.011, OR = 0.68) were significantly protective factors for heart failure in patients who smoked and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, respectively. Moreover, heart failure in patients with CG or GG genotype of rs3829365 tended to be more severe than in those with CC genotype. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that rs3829365 of the periostin gene may be helpful to determine the susceptibility to, and severity of, heart failure. The interactions between rs3829365 and smoking and between rs1028728 and hypertriglyceridemia warrant further investigations for underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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A whole-genome association study of major determinants for allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japanese patients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 13:60-9. [PMID: 21912425 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are severe, cutaneous adverse drug reactions that are rare but life threatening. Genetic biomarkers for allopurinol-related SJS/TEN in Japanese were examined in a genome-wide association study in which Japanese patients (n=14) were compared with ethnically matched healthy controls (n=991). Associations between 890 321 single nucleotide polymorphisms and allopurinol-related SJS/TEN were analyzed by the Fisher's exact test (dominant genotype mode). A total of 21 polymorphisms on chromosome 6 were significantly associated with allopurinol-related SJS/TEN. The strongest association was found at rs2734583 in BAT1, rs3094011 in HCP5 and GA005234 in MICC (P=2.44 × 10(-8); odds ratio=66.8; 95% confidence interval, 19.8-225.0). rs9263726 in PSORS1C1, also significantly associated with allopurinol-related SJS/TEN, is in absolute linkage disequilibrium with human leukocyte antigen-B*5801, which is in strong association with allopurinol-induced SJS/TEN. The ease of typing rs9263726 makes it a useful biomarker for allopurinol-related SJS/TEN in Japanese.
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Protease sensitivity of corneodesmosin variants encoded by the six more common CDSN haplotypes. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1381-4. [PMID: 21307873 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a multi-factorial skin disease with a complex pathogenesis. Various factors which have been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis are T cells, antigen presenting cells (APC's), keratinocytes, Langerhans' cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, an array of Th1 type cytokines, certain growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), and others. It has been hypothesized that the disease starts with the activation of T cell by an unknown antigen, which leads to secretion of an array of cytokines by activated T cells, inflammatory cells, and keratinocytes. The characteristic lesion of psoriasis is due to the hyper-proliferation of the keratinocyte. Activated Langerhans' cells migrate from skin to lymph nodes presenting the antigen to nodal naïve T cells (cells that have not been activated by antigen previously). The T cells activated by non-antigen-dependent mechanism may, however, become antigen-specific memory cells that react with a cross-reactive auto-antigen such as keratin (molecular mimicry). The genetic background of the disease may be suggested from the fact that concordance rate is 63–73% in monozygotic twins, as compared to 17–20% in dizygotic twins. Several disease susceptibility loci have been suggested as predisposing factors, PSORS1-PSORS9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Patrick Das
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjang Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Identification of novel candidate loci for anorexia nervosa at 1q41 and 11q22 in Japanese by a genome-wide association analysis with microsatellite markers. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:531-7. [PMID: 19680270 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese Genetic Research Group for Eating Disorders (JGRED) is a multisite collaborative study group that was organized for the systematic recruitment of patients with an eating disorder for the purpose of genetic study in Japan. We conducted a genome-wide case-control association study using 23 465 highly polymorphic microsatellite (MS) markers to identify genomic loci related to anorexia nervosa (AN). Pooled DNA typing in two screening stages, followed by individual typing of 320 AN cases and 341 controls, allowed us to identify 10 MS markers to be associated with AN. To narrow down genomic regions responsible for the association of these MS markers, we further conducted a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association analysis for 7 of the 10 loci in 331 AN cases and 872 controls, which include the 320 AN cases and the 341 controls genotyped in the MS screening, respectively. Two loci, namely 1q41 and 11q22, remained significantly associated with AN in the SNP-based fine mapping, indicating the success in narrowing down susceptibility regions for AN. Neither of these loci showed a positive evidence of association with bulimia nervosa. The most significant association was observed at SNP rs2048332 (allelic P-value=0.00023) located at 3'-downstream of the SPATA17 gene on the 1q41 locus. The association analysis for MS-SNP haplotypes detected a statistically significant association (permutation P-value=0.00003) of the A-4-G-T haplotype that comprised four SNP/MS markers (rs6590474-D11S0268i-rs737582-rs7947224) on the 11q22 locus with AN. This linkage disequilibrium block spanning a 20.2-kb interval contains exon 9 of the CNTN5 gene encoding contactin 5.
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Feng BJ, Sun LD, Soltani-Arabshahi R, Bowcock AM, Nair RP, Stuart P, Elder JT, Schrodi SJ, Begovich AB, Abecasis GR, Zhang XJ, Callis-Duffin KP, Krueger GG, Goldgar DE. Multiple Loci within the major histocompatibility complex confer risk of psoriasis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000606. [PMID: 19680446 PMCID: PMC2718700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by thickened scaly red plaques. Previously we have performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on psoriasis with 1,359 cases and 1,400 controls, which were genotyped for 447,249 SNPs. The most significant finding was for SNP rs12191877, which is in tight linkage disequilibrium with HLA-Cw*0602, the consensus risk allele for psoriasis. However, it is not known whether there are other psoriasis loci within the MHC in addition to HLA-C. In the present study, we searched for additional susceptibility loci within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region through in-depth analyses of the GWAS data; then, we followed up our findings in an independent Han Chinese 1,139 psoriasis cases and 1,132 controls. Using the phased CEPH dataset as a reference, we imputed the HLA-Cw*0602 in all samples with high accuracy. The association of the imputed HLA-Cw*0602 dosage with disease was much stronger than that of the most significantly associated SNP, rs12191877. Adjusting for HLA-Cw*0602, there were two remaining association signals: one demonstrated by rs2073048 (p = 2×10−6, OR = 0.66), located within c6orf10, a potential downstream effecter of TNF-alpha, and one indicated by rs13437088 (p = 9×10−6, OR = 1.3), located 30 kb centromeric of HLA-B and 16 kb telomeric of MICA. When HLA-Cw*0602, rs2073048, and rs13437088 were all included in a logistic regression model, each of them was significantly associated with disease (p = 3×10−47, 6×10−8, and 3×10−7, respectively). Both putative loci were also significantly associated in the Han Chinese samples after controlling for the imputed HLA-Cw*0602. A detailed analysis of HLA-B in both populations demonstrated that HLA-B*57 was associated with an increased risk of psoriasis and HLA-B*40 a decreased risk, independently of HLA-Cw*0602 and the C6orf10 locus, suggesting the potential pathogenic involvement of HLA-B. These results demonstrate that there are at least two additional loci within the MHC conferring risk of psoriasis. Psoriasis (Ps) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, affecting approximately 2% of Europeans. The HLA-C gene, located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6, is the major genetic determinant of psoriasis. However, multiple susceptibility genes within MHC are also hypothesized. Recently, we carried out a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) on psoriasis with 1,359 patients and 1,400 healthy controls, which identified seven psoriasis loci in the human genome and confirmed the effect of HLA-C. This dataset contains densely distributed genetic variations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were then further analyzed in search for additional susceptibility genes within the MHC region. Using the SNP data, we imputed in all samples the HLA-C risk allele with high accuracy. Adjusting for the HLA-C, two additional loci, one near C6orf10 and one near HLA-B/MICA, have significant associations with psoriasis, which were also observed in an independent Han Chinese dataset, suggesting that within the MHC there are at least three genes moderating susceptibility to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jian Feng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States of America
| | - Liang-Dan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Razieh Soltani-Arabshahi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Bowcock
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajan P. Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Philip Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Kristina P. Callis-Duffin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States of America
| | - Gerald G. Krueger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States of America
| | - David E. Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smith RL, Warren RB, Griffiths CE, Worthington J. Genetic susceptibility to psoriasis: an emerging picture. Genome Med 2009; 1:72. [PMID: 19638187 PMCID: PMC2717398 DOI: 10.1186/gm72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is recognized as a complex disease for which multiple genetic and non-genetic factors influence susceptibility. The major susceptibility locus resides in the MHC class I region and, until relatively recently, evidence for non-MHC loci was inconsistent. Like many common diseases, knowledge of the genetic basis of this condition has been advanced dramatically in recent times with the advent of genome-wide association studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, we give an overview of current knowledge of genetic risk factors for psoriasis and consider emerging studies that may further add to our understanding of the genetic basis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Ll Smith
- ARC Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Tabeta K, Shimada Y, Tai H, Ishihara Y, Noguchi T, Soga Y, Takashiba S, Suzuki G, Kobayashi T, Oka A, Kobayashi T, Yamazaki K, Inoko H, Yoshie H. Assessment of chromosome 19 for genetic association in severe chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:663-71. [PMID: 19335087 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genome-association study is a powerful tool for analyzing small gene effects in complex diseases such as chronic periodontitis (CP), although the cost of analysis is prohibitive. We designed a study using the DNA pooling method, which could be a breakthrough in lowering such costs. This study was conducted to assess the genetic association in severe CP in a Japanese population. METHODS We adopted a DNA pooling method by genotyping 454 densely spaced microsatellite (MS) markers in chromosome 19 as a pilot study, with the possibility of future use in a whole-genome study. This can reduce the high cost and technical burden, which is generally unavoidable in a genomic association study. Pooled DNA samples from 300 case subjects, 300 control subjects, and 200 systemically healthy subjects were screened by genotyping MS markers. The case-control association in the candidate region was analyzed by individual typing of MS and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RESULTS The single MS marker allele 17 of 1902G31 was isolated in association with severe CP (P = 0.0012 for 2 x 2; P <0.046 for 2 x m, where m refers to the number of polymorphic alleles observed in a population). No other SNP or MS polymorphism hypothesized to affect biologic functions in the critical region was found in the linkage disequilibrium block analysis. CONCLUSIONS We efficiently isolated the susceptible locus for severe CP in chromosome 19 and identified a useful marker to evaluate the risk for disease. This approach can be applied to a whole-genome study in severe CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tabeta
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Shiina T, Hosomichi K, Inoko H, Kulski JK. The HLA genomic loci map: expression, interaction, diversity and disease. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:15-39. [PMID: 19158813 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) super-locus is a genomic region in the chromosomal position 6p21 that encodes the six classical transplantation HLA genes and at least 132 protein coding genes that have important roles in the regulation of the immune system as well as some other fundamental molecular and cellular processes. This small segment of the human genome has been associated with more than 100 different diseases, including common diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma and various other autoimmune disorders. The first complete and continuous HLA 3.6 Mb genomic sequence was reported in 1999 with the annotation of 224 gene loci, including coding and non-coding genes that were reviewed extensively in 2004. In this review, we present (1) an updated list of all the HLA gene symbols, gene names, expression status, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) numbers, including new genes, and latest changes to gene names and symbols, (2) a regional analysis of the extended class I, class I, class III, class II and extended class II subregions, (3) a summary of the interspersed repeats (retrotransposons and transposons), (4) examples of the sequence diversity between different HLA haplotypes, (5) intra- and extra-HLA gene interactions and (6) some of the HLA gene expression profiles and HLA genes associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. Overall, the degrees and types of HLA super-locus coordinated gene expression profiles and gene variations have yet to be fully elucidated, integrated and defined for the processes involved with normal cellular and tissue physiology, inflammatory and immune responses, and autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiina
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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Simon M, Tazi-Ahnini R, Jonca N, Caubet C, Cork M, Serre G. Alterations in the desquamation-related proteolytic cleavage of corneodesmosin and other corneodesmosomal proteins in psoriatic lesional epidermis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Galimova ES, Akhmetova VL, Khusnutdinova EK. Molecular genetic basis of susceptibility to psoriasis. RUSS J GENET+ 2008; 44:594-605. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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31
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Fan X, Yang S, Huang W, Wang ZM, Sun LD, Liang YH, Gao M, Ren YQ, Zhang KY, Du WH, Shen YJ, Liu JJ, Zhang XJ. Fine mapping of the psoriasis susceptibility locus PSORS1 supports HLA-C as the susceptibility gene in the Han Chinese population. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000038. [PMID: 18369457 PMCID: PMC2265413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PSORS1 (psoriasis susceptibility gene 1) is a major susceptibility locus for psoriasis. Several fine-mapping studies have highlighted a 300-kb candidate region of PSORS1 where multiple biologically plausible candidate genes were suggested. The most recent study has indicated HLA-Cw6 as the primary PSORS1 risk allele within the candidate region in a Caucasian population. In this study, a family-based association analysis of the PSORS1 locus was performed by analyzing 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers from the PSORS1 region as well as HLA-B, HLA-C and CDSN loci in 163 Chinese families of psoriasis. Five marker loci show strong evidence (P<10(-3)), and one marker locus shows weak evidence (P = 0.04) for association. The haplotype cluster analysis showed that all the risk haplotypes are Cw6 positive and share a 369-kb region of homologous marker alleles which carries all the risk alleles, including HLA-Cw6 and CDSN*TTC, identified in this study. The recombinant haplotype analysis of the HLA-Cw6 and CDSN*TTC alleles in 228 Chinese families showed that the HLA-Cw6(-)/CDSN*TTC(+) recombinant haplotype is clearly not associated with risk for psoriasis (TratioNT = 29:57, p = 0.0025) in a Chinese population, suggesting that the CDSN*TTC allele itself does not confer risk without the presence of the HLA-Cw6 allele. The further exclusion analysis of the non-risk HLA-Cw6(-)/CDSN*TTC(+) recombinant haplotypes with common recombination breakpoints has allowed us to refine the location of PSORS1 to a small candidate region. Finally, we performed a conditional linkage analysis and showed that the HLA-Cw6 is a major risk allele but does not explain the full linkage evidence of the PSORS1 locus in a Chinese population. By performing a series of family-based association analyses of haplotypes as well as an exclusion analysis of recombinant haplotypes, we were able to refine the PSORS1 gene to a small critical region where HLA-C is a strong candidate to be the PSORS1 susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Dan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan-Hua Liang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yue-Qing Ren
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kai-Yue Zhang
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hui Du
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Jun Shen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian-Jun Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (J-JL); (X-JZ)
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Genetic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (J-JL); (X-JZ)
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Hui J, Oka A, James A, Palmer LJ, Musk AW, Beilby J, Inoko H. A genome-wide association scan for asthma in a general Australian population. Hum Genet 2008; 123:297-306. [PMID: 18253752 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To date, almost every chromosome has been implicated in genetic susceptibility to asthma to some degree. When compared with single nucleotide polymorphism, microsatellite markers exhibit high levels of heterozygosity and therefore provide higher statistical power in association. The objective of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study using 23,465 in-house microsatellite markers to detect asthma susceptibility regions in the Busselton population. In this study, three separate pooled DNA screenings yielded 18 markers with significantly different estimated frequencies in the three separate "case and control" pools: each pool consisting of 60 males and 60 females. These markers were evaluated by individual typing in 360 cases and 360 controls. Two markers showed significant differences between cases and controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003). Regions surrounding the two markers were subjected to high-density association mapping with a total of 14 additional markers. We were able to confirm and fine map the association in these two regions by typing 14 additional microsatellite markers (1805A09 (D18S0325i), P = 0.002; 1806D05 (D18S0181i), P = 0.001). Each region contains a predicted gene that showed strong associations with asthma. Further studies are underway to characterize the novel candidate asthma susceptibility genes identified in this genome-wide study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hui
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, B Block, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Lamsa R, Helisalmi S, Herukka SK, Tapiola T, Pirttila T, Vepsalainen S, Hiltunen M, Soininen H. Study on the association between SOAT1 polymorphisms, Alzheimer's disease risk and the level of CSF biomarkers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 24:146-50. [PMID: 17622762 DOI: 10.1159/000105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the beta-amyloid precursor protein is excessively cleaved into Abeta(42), causing the abundant amyloid plaque loads in affected brain areas. Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) has been found to regulate the production of beta-amyloid precursor protein. METHODS We genotyped 4 SOAT1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites (rs2247071, rs2862616, rs3753526 and rs1044925) in 410 Finnish AD cases and 455 controls and conducted a single allele and genotypic distribution comparison as well as estimating the haplotype frequencies between cases and controls and the level of biomarkers in genotype and haplotype carriers. RESULTS The CC genotype of rs2247071 was overrepresented in the AD cases (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.01-1.89, p = 0.043, Bonferroni corrected p = 0.172 with 4 tests) independent of gender, age and APOE epsilon4 allele carrier status. We did not find any significant differences between Abeta(42), tau or ptau levels in different allele, genotype or haplotype carrier cases. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that SOAT1 gene may possibly be only a minor risk factor in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lamsa
- Unit of Neurology, Clinical Department, Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Center, Mediteknia, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Lesueur F, Lefèvre C, Has C, Guilloud-Bataille M, Oudot T, Mahé E, Lahfa M, Mansouri S, Mosharraf-Olmolk H, Sobel E, Heath S, Lathrop M, Dizier MH, Prud'Homme JF, Fischer J. Confirmation of psoriasis susceptibility loci on chromosome 6p21 and 20p13 in French families. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1403-9. [PMID: 17344932 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plaque psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin. It is inherited as a multifactorial trait, with a strong genetic component. Linkage studies have identified a large number of disease loci, but very few could be replicated in independent family sets. In this study, we present the results of a genome-wide scan carried out in 14 French extended families. Candidate regions were then tested in a second set of 32 families. Analysis of the pooled samples confirmed linkage to chromosomes 6p21 (Z(MLB) score=3.5, P=0.0002) and 20p13 (Z(MLB) score=2.9, P=0.002), although there was little contribution of the second family set to the 20p13 linkage signal. Moreover, we identified four additional loci potentially linked to psoriasis. The major histocompatibility complex region on 6p21 is a major susceptibility locus, referred to as PSORS1, which has been found in most of the studies published to date. The 20p13 locus segregates independently of PSORS1 in psoriasis families. It has previously been thought to be involved in the predisposition to psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. Although psoriasis and AD rarely occur together, this reinforces the hypothesis that psoriasis is influenced by genes with general effects on inflammation and immunity.
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Yatsu K, Mizuki N, Hirawa N, Oka A, Itoh N, Yamane T, Ogawa M, Shiwa T, Tabara Y, Ohno S, Soma M, Hata A, Nakao K, Ueshima H, Ogihara T, Tomoike H, Miki T, Kimura A, Mano S, Kulski JK, Umemura S, Inoko H. High-resolution mapping for essential hypertension using microsatellite markers. Hypertension 2007; 49:446-52. [PMID: 17242298 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000257256.77680.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, considerable efforts and resources have been devoted to elucidating the multiple genetic and environmental determinants responsible for hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases. The success of positional cloning, fine mapping, and linkage analysis based on whole-genome screening, however, has been limited in identifying multiple genetic determinants affecting diseases, suggesting that new research strategies for genome-wide typing may be helpful. Disease association (case-control) studies using microsatellite markers, distributed every 150 kb across the human genome, may have some advantages over linkage, candidate, and single nucleotide polymorphism typing methods in terms of statistical power and linkage disequilibrium for finding genomic regions harboring candidate disease genes, although it is not proven. We have carried out genome-wide mapping using 18,977 microsatellite markers in a Japanese population composed of 385 hypertensive patients and 385 normotensive control subjects. Pooled sample analysis was conducted in a 3-stage genomic screen of 3 independent case-control populations, and 54 markers were extracted from the original 18,977 microsatellite markers. As a final step, each single positive marker was confirmed by individual typing, and only 19 markers passed this test. We identified 19 allelic loci that were significantly different between the cases of essential hypertension and the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yatsu
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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36
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Kikuchi T, Naruse TK, Onizuka M, Li S, Kimura T, Oka A, Morishima Y, Kulski JK, Ichimiya S, Sato N, Inoko H. Mapping of susceptibility and protective loci for acute GVHD in unrelated HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation donors and recipients using 155 microsatellite markers on chromosome 22. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:99-108. [PMID: 17200870 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite matching donors and recipients for the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) expressed by the major histocompatibility genomic region of the short arm of chromosome 6, several recipients still develop acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This is possibly due to non-HLA gene polymorphisms, such as minor histocompatibility antigens (mHas) and genes coding for cytokines. However, a detailed genetic background for aGVHD has not yet been established. To find novel susceptibility and/or protective loci for aGVHD, a whole genome-wide association study of donors and recipients needs to be performed. As the first step to such a study, we retrospectively analyzed polymorphisms of 155 microsatellite markers spread across the long arm of chromosome 22 in 70 pairs of HLA-matched unrelated BMT donors and recipients. We performed individual typing and then compared the markers' allele frequencies (1) between all the aGVHD (grades III and IV GVHD) and GVHD-free (grade 0 GVHD) groups in donors and recipients and (2) between the aGVHD and aGVHD-free groups in donor/recipient pairs that were matched and mismatched for the microsatellite marker's allele. Screening of the microsatellite markers revealed five loci with a significant difference between the aGVHD and GVHD-free groups and revealed eight loci on chromosome 22, where the microsatellite allele mismatched markers were associated with aGVHD. This screening analysis suggests that several aGVHD-associated susceptible and protective loci exist on chromosome 22, which may encompass novel gene regions that need to be elucidated for their role in aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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37
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Ota M, Katsuyama Y, Hamano H, Umemura T, Kimura A, Yoshizawa K, Kiyosawa K, Fukushima H, Bahram S, Inoko H, Kawa S. Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis. Immunogenetics 2006; 59:45-52. [PMID: 17119950 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a bioclinical entity characterized by high serum immunoglobulin G4 concentrations and association with the HLA-DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 haplotype. However, the precise identity of gene(s) within this haplotype directly responsible for AIP pathogenesis is yet to be established. To dissect the genetic contribution of the incriminated haplotype, we have now performed an association analysis within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region using various types of polymorphic markers. Genomic DNAs from 43 AIP patients and 213 unrelated Japanese controls were used in this analysis. In each DNA sample, we established the genotype of 25 microsatellite markers distributed throughout the HLA region, that of single nucleotide polymorphism within the 5'-flanking regions of the TNFA and IkBLI (also known as NFKBIL1) as well as HLA class I and II genes. The HLA-linked susceptibility regions for AIP were localized to two segments: HLA-DRB1 (*0405; OR = 3.20, P = 0.00063, Pc = 0.0016) -DQB1 (*0401; OR = 3.29, P = 0.00046, Pc = 0.0069) in the HLA class II and C3-2-11 microsatellite (allele 219; OR = 2.96, P = 0.0076, Pc = 0.099) in the HLA class I regions. Upon stratification analysis in search for a synergistic effect given the extensive linkage disequilibrium within the major histocompatibility complex, it was established that each segment contributed to disease pathogenesis. The two critical HLA regions for susceptibility to AIP are limited to the HLA-DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 in the class II and the ABCF1 proximal to C3-2-11, telomeric of HLA-E, in the class I regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Ota
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Carlén L, Sakuraba K, Ståhle M, Sánchez F. HLA-C expression pattern is spatially different between psoriasis and eczema skin lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:342-8. [PMID: 17008885 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors underlie the immune dysregulation and keratinocyte abnormalities that characterize psoriasis. Among known psoriasis susceptibility loci (PSORS), PSORS1 on chromosome 6 has the strongest association to disease. Altered expression of some PSORS1 candidate genes has been reported but little is known about HLA-C expression in psoriasis. This study compared expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ia and HLA-C in psoriasis, allergic contact eczema, and normal skin. Although HLA-C was abundant in protein extracts from both eczema and psoriasis, a consistent and intriguing difference in the expression pattern was observed; strong immunoreactivity in the basal cell layer, polarized towards the basement membrane in psoriasis, whereas in eczema lesions HLA-C immunostaining was present mostly in suprabasal cells. Inflammatory cells in the dermis were strongly stained in both diseases. Normal skin epithelium showed less intense but similar HLA-C staining as eczema lesions. HLA class Ia expression overall resembled that of HLA-C in all samples. The distinct HLA-C expression patterns in psoriasis and eczema suggest a functional role in the specific psoriasis immune response and not only a general feature of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Carlén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Dunn DS, Inoko H, Kulski JK. The association between non-melanoma skin cancer and a young dimorphic Alu element within the major histocompatibility complex class I genomic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:127-34. [PMID: 16866882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) susceptibility locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region was previously identified telomeric of the HLA-C gene using high-density microsatellite markers. Here, we have extended the previous microsatellite study by using the same DNA samples obtained from 154 NMSC patients and 213 normal controls from the town of Busselton in Western Australia and examined the relationship between five polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) within the MHC class I region and their association with NMSC. The genotype distribution of the AluyTF insertion that is located within the NMSC susceptibility region telomeric of the HLA-C gene was significantly increased according to the Fisher's exact test in the NMSC patients, and it was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group. There was no difference between the cancer patients and controls for the genotypes of the AluyMICB locus within intron 1 of the MICB gene and the other three POALINs (AluyHJ, AluyHG and AluyHF) that are located within the genomic region of the HLA-A, -G and -F gene cluster. The test for significant linkage disequilibrium for 10 pairs of POALIN loci and estimations of two locus POALIN haplotype frequencies also revealed AluyTF differences between the cases and controls. In conclusion, the MHC class I POALIN, AluyTF, that is located within the NMSC susceptibility locus and near the HLA-C gene was strongly associated with NMSC. This finding, using five different polymorphic Alu insertion markers, supports the previous microsatellite association study that one or more genes located in close proximity to the AluyTF insertion has a potential role in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Dunn
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological Computing, School for Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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40
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Shiina T, Ota M, Shimizu S, Katsuyama Y, Hashimoto N, Takasu M, Anzai T, Kulski JK, Kikkawa E, Naruse T, Kimura N, Yanagiya K, Watanabe A, Hosomichi K, Kohara S, Iwamoto C, Umehara Y, Meyer A, Wanner V, Sano K, Macquin C, Ikeo K, Tokunaga K, Gojobori T, Inoko H, Bahram S. Rapid evolution of major histocompatibility complex class I genes in primates generates new disease alleles in humans via hitchhiking diversity. Genetics 2006; 173:1555-70. [PMID: 16702430 PMCID: PMC1526686 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.057034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A plausible explanation for many MHC-linked diseases is lacking. Sequencing of the MHC class I region (coding units or full contigs) in several human and nonhuman primate haplotypes allowed an analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNV) across this entire segment. This diversity was not evenly distributed. It was rather concentrated within two gene-rich clusters. These were each centered, but importantly not limited to, the antigen-presenting HLA-A and HLA-B/-C loci. Rapid evolution of MHC-I alleles, as evidenced by an unusually high number of haplotype-specific (hs) and hypervariable (hv) (which could not be traced to a single species or haplotype) SNVs within the classical MHC-I, seems to have not only hitchhiked alleles within nearby genes, but also hitchhiked deleterious mutations in these same unrelated loci. The overrepresentation of a fraction of these hvSNV (hv1SNV) along with hsSNV, as compared to those that appear to have been maintained throughout primate evolution (trans-species diversity; tsSNV; included within hv2SNV) tends to establish that the majority of the MHC polymorphism is de novo (species specific). This is most likely reminiscent of the fact that these hsSNV and hv1SNV have been selected in adaptation to the constantly evolving microbial antigenic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiina
- Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
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41
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Renard C, Hart E, Sehra H, Beasley H, Coggill P, Howe K, Harrow J, Gilbert J, Sims S, Rogers J, Ando A, Shigenari A, Shiina T, Inoko H, Chardon P, Beck S. The genomic sequence and analysis of the swine major histocompatibility complex. Genomics 2006; 88:96-110. [PMID: 16515853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the generation and analysis of an integrated sequence map of a 2.4-Mb region of pig chromosome 7, comprising the classical class I region, the extended and classical class II regions, and the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), also known as swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex. We have identified and manually annotated 151 loci, of which 121 are known genes (predicted to be functional), 18 are pseudogenes, 8 are novel CDS loci, 3 are novel transcripts, and 1 is a putative gene. Nearly all of these loci have homologues in other mammalian genomes but orthologues could be identified with confidence for only 123 genes. The 28 genes (including all the SLA class I genes) for which unambiguous orthology to genes within the human reference MHC could not be established are of particular interest with respect to porcine-specific MHC function and evolution. We have compared the porcine MHC to other mammalian MHC regions and identified the differences between them. In comparison to the human MHC, the main differences include the absence of HLA-A and other class I-like loci, the absence of HLA-DP-like loci, and the separation of the extended and classical class II regions from the rest of the MHC by insertion of the centromere. We show that the centromere insertion has occurred within a cluster of BTNL genes located at the boundary of the class II and III regions, which might have resulted in the loss of an orthologue to human C6orf10 from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Renard
- LREG INRA CEA, Jouy en Josas, France
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42
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Kere J. Mapping and identifying genes for asthma and psoriasis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 360:1551-61. [PMID: 16096103 PMCID: PMC1569524 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility genes for complex diseases are characterized by reduced penetrance, caused by the influence of other genes, the environment or stochastic events. Recently, positional cloning efforts have yielded several candidate susceptibility genes in different complex disorders such as Crohn's disease and asthma. Within a genetic locus, however, the identification of the effector gene may pose further challenges and require functional studies. I review two examples of such challenges: the cloning of GPR154 (GPRA) and AAA1 on chromosome 7p14 at a susceptibility locus for atopy and asthma, and the study of HLA-Cw6, CCHCR1 (HCR) and CDSN on chromosome 6p21 at PSORS1, the major susceptibility locus for psoriasis. The susceptibility locus for atopy and asthma contains two genes and only one of them is protein coding. We studied its isoform-specific expression in bronchial biopsies and in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced inflammation of bronchial epithelia. In the PSORS1 locus, strong linkage disequilibrium between genes has made it difficult to distinguish the effects of the three nearby genes. We engineered transgenic mice with either a HCR non-risk allele or the HCR*WWCC risk allele controlled by the cytokeratin-14 promoter. The results suggested that the overexpression of HCR in mouse skin was insufficient to induce a psoriasiform phenotype, but it appeared to induce allele-specific gene expression changes that were similar to those observed in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
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43
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Traherne JA, Horton R, Roberts AN, Miretti MM, Hurles ME, Stewart CA, Ashurst JL, Atrazhev AM, Coggill P, Palmer S, Almeida J, Sims S, Wilming LG, Rogers J, de Jong PJ, Carrington M, Elliott JF, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Beck S. Genetic analysis of completely sequenced disease-associated MHC haplotypes identifies shuffling of segments in recent human history. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e9. [PMID: 16440057 PMCID: PMC1331980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is recognised as one of the most important genetic regions in relation to common human disease. Advancement in identification of MHC genes that confer susceptibility to disease requires greater knowledge of sequence variation across the complex. Highly duplicated and polymorphic regions of the human genome such as the MHC are, however, somewhat refractory to some whole-genome analysis methods. To address this issue, we are employing a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning strategy to sequence entire MHC haplotypes from consanguineous cell lines as part of the MHC Haplotype Project. Here we present 4.25 Mb of the human haplotype QBL (HLA-A26-B18-Cw5-DR3-DQ2) and compare it with the MHC reference haplotype and with a second haplotype, COX (HLA-A1-B8-Cw7-DR3-DQ2), that shares the same HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles. We have defined the complete gene, splice variant, and sequence variation contents of all three haplotypes, comprising over 259 annotated loci and over 20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Certain coding sequences vary significantly between different haplotypes, making them candidates for functional and disease-association studies. Analysis of the two DR3 haplotypes allowed delineation of the shared sequence between two HLA class II-related haplotypes differing in disease associations and the identification of at least one of the sites that mediated the original recombination event. The levels of variation across the MHC were similar to those seen for other HLA-disparate haplotypes, except for a 158-kb segment that contained the HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genes and showed very limited polymorphism compatible with identity-by-descent and relatively recent common ancestry (<3,400 generations). These results indicate that the differential disease associations of these two DR3 haplotypes are due to sequence variation outside this central 158-kb segment, and that shuffling of ancestral blocks via recombination is a potential mechanism whereby certain DR-DQ allelic combinations, which presumably have favoured immunological functions, can spread across haplotypes and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Traherne
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Horton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne N Roberts
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos M Miretti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C. Andrew Stewart
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Ashurst
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey M Atrazhev
- Alberta Diabetes Institute (ADI), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Penny Coggill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Palmer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Almeida
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Sims
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurens G Wilming
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rogers
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter J. de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John F Elliott
- Alberta Diabetes Institute (ADI), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Holm SJ, Sakuraba K, Mallbris L, Wolk K, Ståhle M, Sánchez FO. Distinct HLA-C/KIR genotype profile associates with guttate psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:721-30. [PMID: 16185272 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic background. It associates strongly to HLA-Cw*0602. HLA-C interacts with killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) on natural killer (NK) and some natural killer-T (NKT) cells. KIR's function is triggered by specific binding to HLA ligands, which depends on the amino acid 80 of the MHC class I alpha-chain. This permits classifying all HLA-C alleles into two functional groups: asparagine (N80) or lysine (K80) carrying alleles. Psoriasis patients recruited at disease onset were categorized as guttate, vulgaris without arthropathy and vulgaris with arthropathy plus skin lesions. Patients and carefully matched controls were genotyped for position 80 of HLA-C and for KIR. Based on possible HLA/KIR combinations, individuals were classified according to expected NK/NKT cell responses: balanced (B), excess inhibition (EI), excess activation (EA), or undetermined (U). HLA-Cw6 and position 80 genotyping associated strongly to disease, whereas KIR2DS1 associated weakly. Individuals of the U and EI classes were more common among guttate psoriasis patients, which related to HLA-Cw*0602 status. These results suggest that different levels for NK/NKT cell activation thresholds, not only reduction, contribute to immune deregulation in psoriasis. In the guttate phenotype, balanced HLA-C/KIR interactions might be altered by the presence of concomitant streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J Holm
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
The genetic factors that are associated with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are intricately linked with those that predispose to psoriasis itself. The strongest association is with human leukocyte antigen-Cw*0602, although true susceptibility may lie with one of the neighboring genes along a disease-associated haplotype. There are a number of interesting candidate genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region with strong functional relevance that have been investigated in PsA. In addition, several areas outside the MHC complex have been highlighted as a result of genetic linkage studies in psoriasis. PsA is a complex, multifactorial disease where multiple genes are likely to influence disease susceptibility, severity, and clinical phenotype. The current evidence for genetic factors in psoriasis and PsA will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Korendowych
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Upper Borough Walls, BA1 1RL Bath, United Kingdom.
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46
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Martínez-Borra J, Brautbar C, González S, Enk CD, López-Vázquez A, López-Larrea C. The Region of 150 kb Telometic to HLA-C Is Associated with Psoriasis in the Jewish Population. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:928-32. [PMID: 16297191 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HLA-Cw*0602 has been associated with psoriasis in different ethnic groups. But, it remains unclear whether HLA-C is the PSORS1 gene (the psoriasis gene in the MHC). Thus, several case-control studies have been performed in order to investigate whether HLA-C itself determines the susceptibility to the disease. We studied 59 Jewish patients with type I psoriasis and 79 matched controls. Polymorphic genes and markers from HLA-B (centromeric to HLA-C) to the corneodesmosin (CDSN) gene (telomeric to HLA-C) were genotyped in order to determine their contribution to the susceptibility to psoriasis. Neither HLA-Cw*0602 nor the allele CDSN*TTC were significantly associated with psoriasis with the size of the sample studied. The genes and markers telomeric to HLA-C such as the microsatellite C1_4_4 (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4-4.7, p(c) = 0.018) the octamer transcription factor (OTF)-3 gene (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.6-4.3, p(c) = 0.0001) and the alpha-helix coiled-coil rod homologue (HCR) gene (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3-4.5, p(c) = 0.004), however, were associated with the disease. These results suggest that a major psoriasis susceptibility gene is likely to be located within a region of 150 kb telomeric to HLA-C and centromeric to the CDSN gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Borra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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47
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Chang YT, Liu HN, Shiao YM, Lin MW, Lee DD, Liu MT, Wang WJ, Wu S, Lai CY, Tsai SF. A study of PSORS1C1 gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:90-6. [PMID: 16029332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although genetic analyses have identified the HLA-Cw*0602 allele as the major risk allele for chronic plaque psoriasis in various ethnic groups, it has been proposed that the association of Cw*0602 is due to linkage disequilibrium and that other nearby genes are involved in susceptibility to psoriasis. The psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate 1 (PSORS1C1, formerly SEEK1) gene, located 127 kb telomeric to the HLA-C locus, is considered to be one of the potential candidate genes of psoriasis. Up to the present, no association study of the PSORS1C1 gene has been conducted on Chinese patients with psoriasis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether the genetic polymorphisms of the PSORS1C1 gene were associated with an increased risk of psoriasis in Chinese patients. METHODS We investigated the PSORS1C1 gene for disease association by direct sequencing of the PSORS1C1 gene in 143 Chinese patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 188 control subjects. Genotyping for HLA-Cw*0602 and the alpha-helix coiled-coil rod homologue (C6orf18, formerly HCR) gene was also carried out using a sequence-based typing method. RESULTS We identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the PSORS1C1 gene in our subjects; four of these SNPs cause amino acid change. We also detected poly(C) repeat variants from nucleotide positions 386-392 (poly(C)6-8). The poly(C) repeat polymorphisms cause a frame shift mutation. Another poly(C) repeat variant was also found at nucleotide positions 748-751. No significantly different allelic distributions of the PSORS1C1 SNPs or poly(C) repeat polymorphisms could be found between the patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and controls after correction for multiple testing. However, a significant increase of the Cw*0602 allele and tryptophan-tryptophan allele of the C6orf18 gene (HCR*WW) was found in patients with early onset psoriasis (21.9% vs. 4.8%, P < 10(-7)). Haplotype-based association analysis also showed a susceptibility haplotype carrying Cw*0602 and HCR*WW alleles in early onset Chinese patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the PSORS1C1 gene might not play an important role in the causation of chronic plaque psoriasis in Chinese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Chang
- Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Helms C, Saccone NL, Cao L, Daw JAW, Cao K, Hsu TM, Taillon-Miller P, Duan S, Gordon D, Pierce B, Ott J, Rice J, Fernandez-Vina MA, Kwok PY, Menter A, Bowcock AM. Localization of PSORS1 to a haplotype block harboring HLA-C and distinct from corneodesmosin and HCR. Hum Genet 2005; 118:466-76. [PMID: 16235096 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory disease of the skin affecting 1-2% of the Caucasian population. Associations with alleles from the HLA class I region (now known as PSORS1), particularly HLA-Cw*0602, were described over 20 years ago. However, extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) within this region has made it difficult to identify the true susceptibility allele from this region. A variety of genes and regions from a 238-kb interval extending from HLA-B to corneodesmosin (CDSN) have been proposed to harbor PSORS1. In order to identify the minimum block of LD in the MHC class I region associated with psoriasis we performed a comprehensive case/control and family-based association study on 242 Northern European psoriasis families and two separate European control populations. High resolution HLA typing of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles was performed, in addition to the genotyping of 18 polymorphic microsatellites and 36 SNPs from a 772-kb segment of the HLA class I region harboring the previously described interval. This corresponded on average to one SNP every 7 kb in the candidate 238 kb region. With all tests, the association was the strongest with single markers and haplotypes from a block of LD harboring HLA-C and SNP n.9. Logistic regression analyses indicated that association seen with candidate genes from the interval such as CDSN and HCR was entirely dependent on association with HLA-Cw*0602 and SNP n.9-G alleles. The previously reported association with CDSN and HCR was observed to be due to the existence of the associated alleles lying on the most commonly over-transmitted haplotype. Rare over-transmitted haplotypes also harbored HLA-Cw*12 alleles. HLA-Cw*12 family members are closely related to HLA Cw*0602, sharing identical sequences in their alpha-2 domains, peptide-binding pockets A, D and E and all 3' introns. The introduction of a potential binding site for the RUNX/AML family of transcription factors in intron 7, is also specific to these HLA-C alleles. These variants need to be investigated further for their role as PSORS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Helms
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8232, 4566 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
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Corbi N, Bruno T, De Angelis R, Di Padova M, Libri V, Di Certo MG, Spinardi L, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C. RNA Polymerase II subunit 3 is retained in the cytoplasm by its interaction with HCR, the psoriasis vulgaris candidate gene product. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4253-60. [PMID: 16141233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that the subcellular localization of α-like RNA polymerase II core subunit 3 (RPB3) is regulated during muscle differentiation. We have recently demonstrated that the expression of RPB3 is regulated during muscle differentiation and that, inside RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), it is directly involved in contacting regulatory proteins such as the myogenic transcription factor Myogenin and activating transcription factor ATF4. We show for the first time, that RPB3, in addition to its presence and role inside the RNAP II core enzyme, accumulates in the cytoplasm of cycling myogenic cells and migrates to the nucleus upon induction of the differentiation program. Furthermore, using human RPB3 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system, we have isolated a novel RPB3 cytoplasmic interacting protein, HCR. HCR, previously identified as α-helix coiled-coil rod homologue, is one of the psoriasis vulgaris (PV) candidate genes. In cycling myogenic C2C7 cells, we show that the RPB3 protein directly interacts with HCR within the cytoplasm. Finally, knocking down HCR expression by RNA interference, we demonstrate that HCR acts as cytoplasmic docking site for RPB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Corbi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, Universita' di Roma La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Malkki M, Single R, Carrington M, Thomson G, Petersdorf E. MHC microsatellite diversity and linkage disequilibrium among common HLA-A, HLA-B, DRB1 haplotypes: implications for unrelated donor hematopoietic transplantation and disease association studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:114-24. [PMID: 16029431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region microsatellite (Msat) markers were studied for diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) with HLA loci in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and their HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 allele-matched unrelated donors. These Msats showed highly significant LD over much of the MHC region. The Msat diversity of five common Caucasian haplotypes (HLA-A1-B8-DR3, A3-B7-DR15, A2-B44-DR4, A29-B44-DR7, and A2-B7-DR15) was examined using a new measure called 'haplotype specific heterozygosity' (HSH). Each of the five haplotypes had at least one Msat marker with an HSH value of zero indicating that only one Msat allele was observed for the particular HLA haplotype. In addition, the ability of Msats to predict HLA-A-B-DRB1 haplotypes was studied. Over 90% prediction probability of two common haplotypes (HLA-A1-B8-DR3 and HLA-A3-B7-DR15) was achieved with information from three Msats (D6S265/D6S2787/D6S2894 and D6S510/D6S2810/D6S2876, respectively). We demonstrate how the HSH index can be used in the selection of informative Msats for transplantation and disease association studies. Markers with low HSH values can be used to predict specific HLA haplotypes or multilocus genotypes to supplement the screening of HLA-matched donors for transplantation. Markers with high HSH values will be most informative in studies investigating MHC region disease-susceptibility genes where HLA haplotypic effects are known to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malkki
- The Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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