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Sargurupremraj M, Pukelsheim K, Hofer T, Wjst M. Intermediary quantitative traits--an alternative in the identification of disease genes in asthma? Genes Immun 2013; 15:1-7. [PMID: 24131956 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Intermediary quantitative traits are a possible alternative for the identification of disease genes. This may be particularly relevant when diagnostic criteria are not very well defined as described for asthma. We analyzed serum samples from 944 individuals of 218 asthma families for 17 cytokines (eotaxin, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL1B, IL1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, IL-33, TSLP and TNF-α) and determined the heritability. Linked chromosomal regions were identified by a genome-wide analysis using 334 autosomal microsatellite marker and association tested by further 550 SNP marker at genes implicated earlier with immune response. Heritability varied with TNF-α and IL-8 levels having the highest and TSLP having the lowest heritability. Linkage was significantly increased only for IL-12(p40) at D17S949. There were multiple significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associations (P<0.05) as found in the transmission disequilibrium test, whereas only a few replicated in parents or children only. These include SNPs in IL1RN that were associated with IL-33 and TSLP levels, and a SNP in NR3C2 that was associated with eotaxin, IL-13 and IFN-γ levels. Circulating level of serum cytokines exhibits genetic associations with asthma traits that are otherwise not detected using clinical diagnosis or when the clinical details are ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sargurupremraj
- Institute of Lung Biology and Health (iLBD), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K Pukelsheim
- Institute of Lung Biology and Health (iLBD), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - T Hofer
- Institute of Lung Biology and Health (iLBD), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Wjst
- Institute of Lung Biology and Health (iLBD), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Holt RJ, Zhang Y, Binia A, Dixon AL, Vandiedonck C, Cookson WO, Knight JC, Moffatt MF. Allele-specific transcription of the asthma-associated PHD finger protein 11 gene (PHF11) modulated by octamer-binding transcription factor 1 (Oct-1). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1054-62.e1-2. [PMID: 21320718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common, chronic inflammatory airway disease of major public health importance with multiple genetic determinants. Previously, we found by positional cloning that PHD finger protein 11 (PHF11) on chromosome 13q14 modifies serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations and asthma susceptibility. No coding variants in PHF11 were identified. OBJECTIVE Here we investigate the 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene most significantly associated with total serum IgE levels--rs3765526, rs9526569, and rs1046295--for a role in transcription factor binding. METHODS We used electrophoretic mobility shift assays to examine the effect of the 3 SNPs on transcription factor binding in 3 cell lines relevant to asthma pathogenesis. Relative preferential expression of alleles was investigated by using the allelotyping method. RESULTS Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that rs1046295 modulates allele-specific binding by the octamer-binding transcription factor 1 (Oct-1). Analysis of the relative expression levels of the 2 alleles of this SNP in heterozygous individuals showed a modest, but highly significant (P = 6.5 × 10(-16)), preferential expression of the A allele consistent with a functional role for rs1046295. CONCLUSION These results suggest a mechanism by which rs1046295 may act as a regulatory variant modulating transcription at this locus and altering asthma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Holt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Shin JA, Chang HS, Park SM, Jang AS, Park SW, Park JS, Uh ST, Il Lim G, Rhim T, Kim MK, Choi IS, Chung IY, Park BL, Shin HD, Park CS. Genetic effect of CysLTR2 polymorphisms on its mRNA synthesis and stabilization. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:106. [PMID: 19840403 PMCID: PMC2770054 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotypes were associated with aspirin hypersensitivity in asthmatics. We investigated the genetic effects of the SNPs and haplotypes on the expression of the CysLTR2 gene. METHODS We measured CysLTR2 protein and mRNA expression in EB virus-infected B cell lines from asthmatics having ht1+/+ and ht2+/+. A gel retardation assay was used to identify nuclear protein binding to the c.-819 promoter site. The function of promoter and 3'-UTR were assessed using pGL3 luciferase and pEGFP reporter system, respectively. RESULTS We found that the expression of CysLTR2 protein was higher in B cell lines of asthmatics having ht2+/+ than in those having ht1+/+. PMA/ionomycin induced higher mRNA expression of CysLTR2 in B cell lines from ht2+/+ asthmatics than those from ht1+/+ asthmatics. A nuclear protein from the B cell lines showed stronger DNA binding affinity with a probe containing c.-819T than one containing c.-819G. The luciferase activity of the c.-819T type of CysLTR2 promoter was higher than that of the c.-819G type. EGFP expression was higher in the EGFP-c.2078T 3'-UTR fusion construct than in the c.2078C construct. CONCLUSION The sequence variants of CysLTR2 may affect its transcription and the stability of its mRNA, resulting in altered expression of CysLTR2 protein, which in turn causes some asthmatics to be susceptible to aspirin hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ah Shin
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung Dong, Wonmi Ku, Bucheon, Gyeonggi Do, 420-767, Korea.
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Thomou C, Paraskakis E, Neofytou E, Kalmanti M, Siafakas NM, Tzortzaki EG. Acquired somatic mutations in the microsatellite DNA, in children with bronchial asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:1017-24. [PMID: 19728390 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High incidence of genetic alterations at the microsatellite (MS) DNA level has been reported in asthmatic adults. WORKING HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate whether microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were detectable phenomena in children with asthma. METHODOLOGY DNA was extracted from sputum and blood cells of 27 children (10.8 +/- 2.5 years) with mild to moderate asthma, and from 8 healthy, never-smoked young adults. Fourteen polymorphic MS markers, namely D5S207, D5S820, D5S637, D6S344, D6S2223, D6S263, SGC35231, D11S1253, D11S1337, D11S97, USAT24G1, D13S273, D14S258, and D14S292, located on chromosomes (chr) 5q, 6p, 11q, 13q, and 14q were used to assess MSI and LOH. RESULTS None of the healthy subjects exhibited any genetic alteration. Five out of 27 children (18.5%) exhibited MSI or LOH in sputum cells versus blood samples from which 3 in the marker USAT24G1 (chr 13q14.1), 1 in the marker D14S258 (chr 14q23-q24.3), and 1 in the marker D5S637 (chr 5q12-q13). Compared to a previous study, with asthmatic adults, whereas MSI and/or LOH was exhibited in approximately 60% of the cases, the current study reported <20% of genetic alterations, at the MS DNA, in asthmatic children. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that genetic instability in the MS DNA, is present in asthmatic children, but to less extent than in adult asthmatics from previous studies. These findings may support the hypothesis that somatic mutations may be early acquired in the natural course of asthma and could represent another contributor to the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. However, further studies are needed to clarify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Thomou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Zhang J, Paré PD, Sandford AJ. Recent advances in asthma genetics. Respir Res 2008; 9:4. [PMID: 18197984 PMCID: PMC2244620 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 100 genes that have been reported to be associated with asthma or related phenotypes. In 2006–2007 alone there were 53 novel candidate gene associations reported in the literature. Replication of genetic associations and demonstration of a functional mechanism for the associated variants are needed to confirm an asthma susceptibility gene. For most of the candidate genes there is little functional information. In a previous review by Hoffjan et al. published in 2003, functional information was reported for 40 polymorphisms and here we list another 22 genes which have such data. Some important genes such as filaggrin, interleukin-13, interleukin-17 and the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 which not only were replicated by independent association studies but also have functional data are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St, Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B,C,, V6Z 1Y6,
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Abstract
The prevalence of atopic diseases has increased abruptly in recent years in most Westernized societies, making the question why this happened the topic of a heated debate. The best paradigm available to date to explain this steep rise, the 'hygiene hypothesis', supports that it is the excess 'cleanliness' of our environments that has led to the decline in the number of infectious stimuli that are necessary for the proper development of our immune system. Recent findings support that it is the combined effect that not only pathogenic, but also non-pathogenic microorganisms, and even their structural components,can exert on the immune system that deters from the development of atopic responses. Adding to these results are intriguing new findings on the effect different gene polymorphisms can have on an individual's predisposition to allergic diseases. The most important linkages produced, to date, include those among the genes for IL-4, IL-13, HLA-DRB, TNF, LTA,FCER1B, IL-4RA, ADAM33, TCR alpha/delta, PHF11, GPRA, TIM, p40, CD14, DPP10, T-bet, GATA-3, and FOXP3 and allergic disorders. The two parallel research efforts, epidemiologic and genetic, are only recently starting to converge,producing fascinating results on the effect particular gene-environment interactions might have in the development of atopy.The most important lesson learned through this tremendous research effort is that not only a small number but thousands and millions of separate risk factors act in concordance in the production of the allergic phenotype.
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Capra V, Thompson MD, Sala A, Cole DE, Folco G, Rovati GE. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other inflammatory diseases: critical update and emerging trends. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:469-527. [PMID: 16894531 DOI: 10.1002/med.20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs), that is, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, trigger contractile and inflammatory responses through the specific interaction with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to the purine receptor cluster of the rhodopsin family, and identified as CysLT receptors (CysLTRs). Cysteinyl-LTs have a clear role in pathophysiological conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), and have been implicated in other inflammatory conditions including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. Molecular cloning of human CysLT1R and CysLT2R subtypes has confirmed most of the previous pharmacological characterization and identified distinct expression patterns only partially overlapping. Interestingly, recent data provide evidence for the immunomodulation of CysLTR expression, the existence of additional receptor subtypes, and of an intracellular pool of CysLTRs that may have roles different from those of plasma membrane receptors. Furthermore, genetic variants have been identified for the CysLTRs that may interact to confer risk for atopy. Finally, a crosstalk between the cysteinyl-LT and the purine systems is being delineated. This review will summarize and attempt to integrate recent data derived from studies on the molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of CysLTRs, and will consider the therapeutic opportunities arising from the new roles suggested for cysteinyl-LTs and their receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/adverse effects
- Hydroxyurea/analogs & derivatives
- Leukotriene Antagonists/adverse effects
- Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Leukotriene C4/physiology
- Leukotriene D4/physiology
- Leukotriene E4/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Pharmacogenetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/drug effects
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- SRS-A/biosynthesis
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Thompson MD, Takasaki J, Capra V, Rovati GE, Siminovitch KA, Burnham WM, Hudson TJ, Bossé Y, Cole DEC. G-protein-coupled receptors and asthma endophenotypes: the cysteinyl leukotriene system in perspective. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 10:353-66. [PMID: 17154652 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is associated with a spectrum of respiratory disease predispositions and drug response phenotypes. Although certain GPCR gene variants can be disease-causing through the expression of inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptor proteins, many more GPCR gene variants confer risk for potentially deleterious endophenotypes. Endophenotypes are traits, such as bronchiole hyperactivity, atopy, and aspirin intolerant asthma, which have a strong genetic component and are risk factors for a variety of more complex outcomes that may include disease states. GPCR genes implicated in asthma endophenotypes include variants of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2), and prostaglandin D2 receptors (PTGDR and CRTH2), thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R), beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), and the G protein-coupled receptor associated with asthma (GPRA). This review of the contribution of variability in these genes places the contribution of the cysteinyl leukotriene system to respiratory endophenotypes in perspective. The genetic variant(s) of receptors that are associated with endophenotypes are discussed in the context of the extent to which they contribute to a disease phenotype or altered drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, and Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Thompson MD, Burnham WM, Cole DEC. The G protein-coupled receptors: pharmacogenetics and disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2005; 42:311-92. [PMID: 16281738 DOI: 10.1080/10408360591001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is associated with a wide spectrum of disease phenotypes and predispositions that are of special significance because they are the targets of therapeutic agents. Each variant provides an opportunity to understand receptor function that complements a plethora of available in vitro data elucidating the pharmacology of the GPCRs. For example, discrete portions of the proximal tail of the dopamine D1 receptor have been discovered, in vitro, that may be involved in desensitization, recycling and trafficking. Similar in vitro strategies have been used to elucidate naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Inactive, over-active or constitutively active receptors have been identified by changes in ligand binding, G-protein coupling, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Selected examples reviewed include those disorders resulting from mutations in rhodopsin, thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone, vasopressin and angiotensin receptors. By comparison, the recurrent pharmacogenetic variants are more likely to result in an altered predisposition to complex disease in the population. These common variants may affect receptor sequence without intrinsic phenotype change or spontaneous induction of disease and yet result in significant alteration in drug efficacy. These pharmacogenetic phenomena will be reviewed with respect to a limited sampling of GPCR systems including the orexin/hypocretin system, the beta2 adrenergic receptors, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors and the calcium-sensing receptor. These developments will be discussed with respect to strategies for drug discovery that take into account the potential for the development of drugs targeted at mutated and wild-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Park JS, Chang HS, Park CS, Lee JH, Lee YM, Choi JH, Park HS, Kim LH, Park BL, Choi YH, Shin HD. Association analysis of cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) polymorphisms with aspirin intolerance in asthmatics. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005; 15:483-92. [PMID: 15970796 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000166456.84905.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) gene on chromosome 13q14.12-q21.1 encodes a receptor for CYSLTs, potent biological mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma, particularly that associated with aspirin intolerance (AIA). In an effort to discover additional polymorphism(s), the variant(s) of which have been implicated in asthma and aspirin intolerance, we scrutinized genetic polymorphisms of the CYSLTR2 gene, and evaluated this locus as a potential candidate for asthma. RESULTS DNA sequencing in 24 Koreans of the 5-kb region of the CYSLTR2 gene, including the approximately 1500-bp promoter region, revealed four sequence variants: one in the 5'-flanking region (c.-819T>G), two in the 3'-flanking region (c.2078C>T and c.2534A>G), and one downstream of the gene (c.2545+297A>G). The SNP frequencies were 0.499 (c.-819T>G), 0.351 (c.2078C>T), 0.429 (c.2534A>G), and 0.088 (c.2545+297A>G), and five haplotypes were constructed. The SNPs and haplotypes were not associated with risk of asthma development, but were significantly associated with aspirin intolerance. The frequencies of rare alleles on c.-819T>G, c.2078C>T, and c.2534A>G were higher in subjects with AIA than in subjects with aspirin-tolerant asthma (P=0.013-0.031). Asthmatics who had rare alleles for c.-819T>G, c.2078C>T or c.2534A>G exhibited a more pronounced fall in FEV1 after aspirin provocation than did those who carried the common allele (P=0.03-0.009). Asthmatics carrying ht2 (TTGA) also showed a more pronounced decrease in FEV1% after aspirin provocation than those carrying ht1 (GCGA) (P=0.006). These associations were even stronger when combined with LTC4S polymorphisms (-444A>C [c.-444A>C]) gene. CONCLUSION CYSLTR2 polymorphisms are associated with aspirin intolerance in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sook Park
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Kere J, Laitinen T. Positionally cloned susceptibility genes in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:689-94. [PMID: 15511659 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
After several years of research to find asthma-susceptibility genes using genome-wide linkage scans and refined genetic mapping methods, four highly interesting candidate genes have recently been reported. Each of these genes represents a different functional class, and might point to a new pathway in the pathogenesis of asthma. Current research is focusing on confirming the genetic associations in diverse populations and understanding the biochemical functions of the proteins. These second-generation candidate genes for asthma susceptibility will stimulate much research, and might also enable the testing of multigenic models with sufficiently large sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kere
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Fukai H, Ogasawara Y, Migita O, Koga M, Ichikawa K, Shibasaki M, Arinami T, Noguchi E. Association between a polymorphism in cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 on chromosome 13q14 and atopic asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 14:683-90. [PMID: 15454733 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200410000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) is one of the receptors for the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CYSLTs), which cause bronchoconstrictions, vascular hyperpermeability and mucus hypersecretion in asthmatic patients. CYSLTR1 antagonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic asthma. CYSLTR2 is located approximately 300 kb from D13S153, which is reportedly linked to asthma in several populations. We characterized the genomic structure of humans CYSLTR2, determined the putative major promoter region and conducted association studies pertaining to polymorphisms in CYSLTR2 and asthma. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified three novel exons in the 5' untranslated region of CYSLTR2 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and identified eight novel polymorphisms in CYSLTR2 by direct sequencing. A transmission disequilibrium test with 137 Japanese asthmatic families revealed that the -1220A > C polymorphism is associated with the development of asthma (P = 0.0066). In addition, a polymorphism in the putative promoter region caused different promoter activities in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CYSLTR2 is one of the genes that contributes to susceptibility to asthma in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Fukai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
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Woitsch B, Carr D, Stachel D, Schmid I, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, von Mutius E, Kabesch M. A comprehensive analysis of interleukin-4 receptor polymorphisms and their association with atopy and IgE regulation in childhood. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135:319-24. [PMID: 15564773 DOI: 10.1159/000082326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin (IL) 4/IL13 pathway is involved in the regulation of IgE production associated with atopic diseases. Numerous polymorphisms have been identified in the coding region of the IL4 receptor alpha chain (IL4Ra) and previous association studies have shown conflicting results. Based on their putative functional role, polymorphisms A148G, T1432C and A1652G, located in the coding region of IL4Ra, were selected for association and haplotype studies in a large German population sample (n = 1,120). METHODS Genotyping was performed using allele-specific PCR and restriction-enzyme-based assays. Haplotypes were estimated, and population-derived IgE percentiles (50% IgE >60 IU/ml, 66% IgE >115 IU/ml and 90% IgE >457 IU/ml) were calculated as outcome variables in a haplotype trend regression analysis. RESULTS In our population, only polymorphism T1432C showed a trend for a protective effect against atopic rhinitis (odds ratio, OR: 0.52, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.26-1.02, p = 0.05). When haplotypes were calculated, one haplotype was significantly associated with elevated serum IgE levels at the 50th percentile (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.08-2.37, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IL4Ra polymorphisms, although suggested to be functionally relevant by in vitro studies, have only a minor influence on IgE regulation in our large population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Woitsch
- University Children's Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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Thompson MD, Storm van's Gravesande K, Galczenski H, Burnham WM, Siminovitch KA, Zamel N, Slutsky A, Drazen JM, George SR, Evans JF, O'Dowd BF. A cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor variant is associated with atopy in the population of Tristan da Cunha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:641-9. [PMID: 14515063 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200310000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical heterogeneity of asthma suggests that the contribution of genetic variability in candidate gene loci to well-defined phenotypes, such as atopy, may be examined to identify appropriate genetic risk factors for asthma. The gene encoding the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) receptor has been implicated in atopy since it is localized to a region of chromosome 13q14 that has been linked to atopy in several populations and the cysteinyl leukotrienes are known to activate eosinophils and mast cells in atopy. Accordingly, we analysed the contribution of CysLT2 receptor gene variation to atopy in the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha, a population characterized by both a founder effect and a 47% prevalence of atopy. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis revealed four variants. Among these, the M201V [corrected] variant was activated with four-fold less potency by leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in a calcium flux assay. The CysLT2 receptor partial agonist, BAY u9773, also showed four-fold lower potency on the M201V [corrected] variant. The M201V [corrected] mutation is located within the extracellular region of the fifth transmembrane spanning domain of CysLT2 receptor, a position that may alter ligand binding and effector signalling. The novel M201V [corrected] CysLT2 receptor variant was associated with atopy (21%) on Tristan da Cunha compared with those who were non-atopic (7%) (Fisher's exact test, P=0.0016) in a manner that was independent of asthma (two-way ANOVA, P=0.0015). This represents the first association of a coding mutation in the CysLT2 receptor gene, located on chromosome 13q14, with the atopic phenotype found in the Tristan da Cunha population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dunham A, Matthews LH, Burton J, Ashurst JL, Howe KL, Ashcroft KJ, Beare DM, Burford DC, Hunt SE, Griffiths-Jones S, Jones MC, Keenan SJ, Oliver K, Scott CE, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews DT, Ashwell RIS, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Bannerjee R, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burrill W, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp ME, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg SCM, Cobley V, Collins JE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Deloukas P, Dhami P, Dunham I, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AG, Faulkner L, Frankish AG, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gilbert JGR, Gilson CJ, Ghori J, Grafham DV, Gribble SM, Griffiths C, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kay M, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford CJ, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Lloyd C, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, McLaren SJ, McMurray A, Milne S, Moore MJF, Nickerson T, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter KM, Rice CM, Searle S, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thomas DW, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wright MW, Young L, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Beck S, Bentley DR, Rogers J, Ross MT. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13. Nature 2004; 428:522-8. [PMID: 15057823 PMCID: PMC2665288 DOI: 10.1038/nature02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 13 is the largest acrocentric human chromosome. It carries genes involved in cancer including the breast cancer type 2 (BRCA2) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes, is frequently rearranged in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and contains the DAOA locus associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We describe completion and analysis of 95.5 megabases (Mb) of sequence from chromosome 13, which contains 633 genes and 296 pseudogenes. We estimate that more than 95.4% of the protein-coding genes of this chromosome have been identified, on the basis of comparison with other vertebrate genome sequences. Additionally, 105 putative non-coding RNA genes were found. Chromosome 13 has one of the lowest gene densities (6.5 genes per Mb) among human chromosomes, and contains a central region of 38 Mb where the gene density drops to only 3.1 genes per Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dunham
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
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18
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Zhang Y, Leaves NI, Anderson GG, Ponting CP, Broxholme J, Holt R, Edser P, Bhattacharyya S, Dunham A, Adcock IM, Pulleyn L, Barnes PJ, Harper JI, Abecasis G, Cardon L, White M, Burton J, Matthews L, Mott R, Ross M, Cox R, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. Positional cloning of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13q14 that influences immunoglobulin E levels and asthma. Nat Genet 2003; 34:181-6. [PMID: 12754510 DOI: 10.1038/ng1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2002] [Accepted: 04/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopic or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated diseases include the common disorders of asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Chromosome 13q14 shows consistent linkage to atopy and the total serum IgE concentration. We previously identified association between total serum IgE levels and a novel 13q14 microsatellite (USAT24G1; ref. 7) and have now localized the underlying quantitative-trait locus (QTL) in a comprehensive single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map. We found replicated association to IgE levels that was attributed to several alleles in a single gene, PHF11. We also found association with these variants to severe clinical asthma. The gene product (PHF11) contains two PHD zinc fingers and probably regulates transcription. Distinctive splice variants were expressed in immune tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Zhang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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19
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Hakonarson H, Halapi E. Genetic analyses in asthma: current concepts and future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 2:155-66. [PMID: 12383022 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200202030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex genetic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions among many genes and between these genes and the environment. Numerous loci and candidate genes have been reported to show linkage and association of asthma and the asthma-associated phenotypes, atopy, elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within specific cytokine/chemokine, and IgE regulating genes. While many studies reporting these observations are compelling, only one asthma gene conferring high risk has been mapped. In this review, we present studies that support linkage and/or associations to the various genetic loci and genes in asthma. The first genome-wide scan for linkage to quantitative traits underlying asthma identified linkage on chromosome 4q, 6, 7, 11q, 13q and 16. A genome scan in American families from three racial groups revealed linkage to chromosome 2q, 5q, 6p, 12q, 13q and 14q. A two-stage scan in Hutterite families from the US found linkage on chromosome 5q, 12q, 19q and 21q. A screen in German families identified linkage to asthma on chromosome 2q, 6p, 9 and 12q and a two-stage genome scan in French families found replicated linkage on chromosomes 1p, 12q and 17q. A study of asthma in Finland showed linkage to high IgE on 7q14. Apart from a European linkage study of 199 families with atopic dermatitis, which demonstrated significant linkage to chromosome 3q21, three other studies have reported linkage results of genome-wide significance, including a linkage study in 175 Icelandic asthma families (14q24), a study in 533 Chinese families with bronchial hyper-responsiveness (chromosome 2) and a study in 47 Japanese families with mite-sensitive atopic asthma (5q31), suggesting that these regions may harbor genes contributing to the development of asthma and allergies. While significant progress has been made in the field of asthma genetics in the past decade, the clinical implications of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate asthma genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the asthmatic phenotype, remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Respiratory and Pharmacogenomics Research, deCODE Genetics, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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20
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Brink C, Dahlén SE, Drazen J, Evans JF, Hay DWP, Nicosia S, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T. International Union of Pharmacology XXXVII. Nomenclature for leukotriene and lipoxin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:195-227. [PMID: 12615958 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukotrienes and lipoxins are biologically active metabolites derived from arachidonic acid. Their diverse and potent actions are associated with specific receptors. Recent molecular techniques have established the nucleotide and amino acid sequences and confirmed the evidence that suggested the existence of different G-protein-coupled receptors for these lipid mediators. The nomenclature for these receptors has now been established for the leukotrienes. BLT receptors are activated by leukotriene B(4) and related hydroxyacids and this class of receptors can be subdivided into BLT(1) and BLT(2). The cysteinyl-leukotrienes (LT) activate another group called CysLT receptors, which are referred to as CysLT(1) and CysLT(2). A provisional nomenclature for the lipoxin receptor has also been proposed. LXA(4) and LXB(4) activate the ALX receptor and LXB(4) may also activate another putative receptor. However this latter receptor has not been cloned. The aim of this review is to provide the molecular evidence as well as the properties and significance of the leukotriene and lipoxin receptors, which has lead to the present nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Brink
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7131, Hôpital Broussais, Bâtiment René Leriche, Paris, France.
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21
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Haagerup A, Bjerke T, Schiøtz PO, Binderup HG, Dahl R, Kruse TA. Asthma and atopy - a total genome scan for susceptibility genes. Allergy 2002; 57:680-6. [PMID: 12121185 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is an increasingly common disease of complex inheritance. Several studies have suggested candidate regions, but genetic heterogeneity, ethnic differences and varying study designs may in part explain the lack of identified and confirmed susceptibility genes. Investigation of different populations will further clarify the topic. We therefore evaluated allergic asthma and increased total and specific IgE in 39, 45 and 57 sib-pairs from 100 Danish allergy families. METHODS Affected sib-pairs meeting a narrow phenotype definition were selected for the three phenotypes atopy, allergic asthma and increased total IgE. We performed a total genome scan using 446 microsatellite markers and obtained nonparametric linkage results from the MAPMAKER/SIBS computer program. RESULTS Our study revealed four candidate regions (MLS > 2) on chromosome 1p36, 3q21-q22, 5q31 and 6p24-p22, and 15 candidate regions (1 < MLS < 2) that may contain susceptibility genes for asthma and atopy. We did not find linkage to the candidate genes TNF-beta, FcER1beta and Il4R-alpha, except for weak support for linkage of the asthma phenotype to TNF-beta (MLS = 1.18). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for two new asthma and atopy loci, 1p36 and 3q21-q22, and supported linkage in the Danish population to seven previously reported candidate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haagerup
- Institute of Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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22
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Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes, leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4), activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. Pharmacological characterizations identified at least two subtypes of cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) receptor based on agonist and antagonist potency for biological responses. The rank potency of agonist activation for the CysLT1 receptor is LTD4 > LTC4 > LTE4 and for the CysLT2 receptor is LTC4 = LTD4 > LTE4. CysLT1 selective receptor antagonists are efficacious in the treatment of asthma. No selective CysLT2 receptor antagonists have been described. Molecular identification of the human and mouse CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors has confirmed their structure as putative seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors and largely confirmed the previous pharmacological characterizations. The CysLT1 receptor is most highly expressed in spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes including eosinophils, and lung smooth muscle cells and interstitial lung macrophages. The CysLT2 receptor is most highly expressed in the heart, adrenal medulla, placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes. The molecular identification of the mouse CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors show similar but not identical profiles to the orthologous human receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilly F Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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23
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Noguchi E, Arinami T. Candidate genes for atopic asthma: current results from genome screens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2002; 1:251-61. [PMID: 12083957 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200101040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic asthma is one of the most common childhood diseases in developed countries. Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. Atopy in childhood is considered the strongest predisposing factor for asthma. The etiology of asthma is complex and is thought to involve the interaction of multiple genes and a variety of environmental factors such as allergens and viral and bacterial infections. To identify genes conferring susceptibility for asthma and atopy, many genome-wide screens for asthma and its associated traits have now been carried out, and genetic linkage has been consistently identified in several regions. Several independent genome-wide screens found regions of linkage with asthma on chromosomes 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 16 and 19, identifying candidate susceptibility genes including FCER1B, the IL-4 gene cluster, TNFalpha, HLA loci and others. However, the evidence for linkage is still only suggestive for most regions. In an effort to clarify the mechanism underlying the development of asthma, further studies utilizing new technologies and data from the Human Genome Project are ongoing. It is hoped that this accumulation of data will lead to improved genetic testing and assist in the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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24
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Anderson GG, Leaves NI, Bhattacharyya S, Zhang Y, Walshe V, Broxholme J, Abecasis G, Levy E, Zimmer M, Cox R, Cookson WOCM. Positive association to IgE levels and a physical map of the 13q14 atopy locus. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:266-70. [PMID: 12032735 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2001] [Revised: 01/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage of atopy and associated traits to a locus on chromosome 13q14 has been identified by several studies in diverse populations. We have previously shown the putative atopy gene to be contained within an interval of approximately 5 Mb flanked by D13S328 and D13S1269 and centred on D13S273. We have now extended this work using a top-down approach to physical mapping. A YAC contig was constructed covering the D13S328 and D13S1269 interval. Thirty-one ESTs were mapped to the contig. We constructed a BAC and PAC contig flanking D13S273 by approximately 750 kb in either direction. The interval contained 27 of the 31 ESTS from the YAC contig. Seven previously unknown microsatellites were recovered and then typed in two subject panels. A positive association between the total serum Immunoglobulin E concentration and the novel USAT24G1 microsatellite was discovered (P(corrected)<0.005) and replicated in a second panel of families. The discovery of a region of positive association within the BAC/PAC contig will permit identification of the atopy gene from this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin G Anderson
- The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7BN, UK
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25
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Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in developed nations and is a complex disease that has high social and economic costs. Asthma and its associated intermediate phenotypes are under a substantial degree of genetic control. Identifying the genes underlying asthma offers a means of better understanding its pathogenesis, with the promise of improving preventive strategies, diagnostic tools, and therapies. A number of chromosomal regions containing genes influencing asthma and atopy have been identified consistently by different groups, and a role for several candidate genes has been established.
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26
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Sengler C, Lau S, Wahn U, Nickel R. Interactions between genes and environmental factors in asthma and atopy: new developments. Respir Res 2002; 3:7. [PMID: 11806842 PMCID: PMC64818 DOI: 10.1186/rr179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2001] [Revised: 07/10/2001] [Accepted: 07/27/2001] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma and associated phenotypes are complex traits most probably caused by an interaction of multiple disease susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Major achievements have occurred in identifying chromosomal regions and polymorphisms in candidate genes linked to or associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis, IgE levels and response to asthma therapy. The aims of this review are to explain the methodology of genetic studies of multifactorial diseases, to summarize chromosomal regions and polymorphisms in candidate genes linked to or associated with asthma and associated traits, to list genetic alterations that may alter response to asthma therapy, and to outline genetic factors that may render individuals more susceptible to asthma and atopy due to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sengler
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Lau
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Nickel
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2094] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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28
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Mellor EA, Maekawa A, Austen KF, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 is also a pyrimidinergic receptor and is expressed by human mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7964-9. [PMID: 11438743 PMCID: PMC35451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.141221498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4) are a class of peptide-conjugated lipids formed from arachidonic acid and released during activation of mast cells (MCs). We now report that human cord-blood-derived MCs (hMCs) express the CysLT1 receptor, which responds not only to inflammation-derived cys-LTs, but also to a pyrimidinergic ligand, UDP. hMCs express both CysLT1 protein and transcript, and respond to LTC(4), LTD(4), and UDP with concentration-dependent calcium fluxes, each of which is blocked by a competitive CysLT1 receptor antagonist, MK571. Stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the CysLT1 receptor also exhibit MK571-sensitive calcium flux to all three agonists. Both hMCs and CysLT1 transfectants stimulated with UDP are desensitized to LTC(4), but only partially to LTD(4). Priming of hMCs with IL-4 for 5 days enhances their sensitivity to each agonist, but preferentially lowers their threshold for activation by LTC(4) and UDP (approximately 3 log(10)-fold shifts in dose-response for each agonist) over LTD(4) (1.3 log(10)-fold shift), without altering CysLT1 receptor mRNA or surface protein expression, implying the likely induction of a second receptor with CysLT1-like dual ligand specificity. hMCs thus express the CysLT1 receptor, and possibly a closely related IL-4-inducible receptor, which mediate dual activation responses to cys-LTs and UDP, providing an apparent intersection linking the inflammatory and neurogenic elements of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mellor
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex genetic disorder with variable phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions of the environment and multiple genes, each potentially having small effects. Numerous asthma and atopy loci have been reported in studies demonstrating associations and/or linkage of the asthma-associated phenotypes, atopy, elevated IgE levels, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms within specific cytokine/chemokine and IgE regulating genes. Although the studies reporting these observations are compelling, most of them lack statistical power. This review compiles the evidence that supports linkage and associations to the various genetic loci and candidate genes. Whereas significant progress has been made in the field of asthma genetics in the past decade, the roles of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate asthma genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the asthmatic phenotype remain to be determined.
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30
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Bhattacharyya S, Leaves NI, Wiltshire S, Cox R, Cookson WO. A high-density genetic map of the chromosome 13q14 atopy locus. Genomics 2000; 70:286-91. [PMID: 11161778 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopy describes a syndrome of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy that underlies asthma and infantile eczema. We have previously identified a locus on chromosome 13q14 that is linked to atopy and to the total serum immunoglobulin A concentration. We have therefore made a saturation genetic map of the region by typing 59 polymorphic microsatellite loci on chromosome 13q. Multipoint linkage analysis identified a 1-LOD support unit for the location of the atopy locus with a 7.5-cM region flanked by the loci D13S328 and D13S1269. The peak of linkage was at locus D13S161 with a nonparametric -log of P score of approximately 4.5. Parent of origin effects were present, with linkage primarily observed to paternally derived alleles. The genetic map of this region provides a basis for the effective identification of the chromosome 13 atopy gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhattacharyya
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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31
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Dizier MH, Besse-Schmittler C, Guilloud-Bataille M, Annesi-Maesano I, Boussaha M, Bousquet J, Charpin D, Degioanni A, Gormand F, Grimfeld A, Hochez J, Hyne G, Lockhart A, Luillier-Lacombe M, Matran R, Meunier F, Neukirch F, Pacheco Y, Parent V, Paty E, Pin I, Pison C, Scheinmann P, Thobie N, Vervloet D, Kauffmann F, Feingold J, Lathrop M, Demenais F. Genome screen for asthma and related phenotypes in the French EGEA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1812-8. [PMID: 11069818 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide search was conducted in 107 nuclear families with at least two siblings with asthma, as part of the French EGEA study. A two-stage analysis strategy was applied to the 107 families divided into two independent subsets of 46 and 61 families, where all regions detected in the first set of families were tested for replication in the second set. In addition, all regions reported by published genome scans in different populations were examined in the total sample. A total of 254 markers were typed in the first set of families and 70% of them in the second set. Linkage was investigated by model-free methods for asthma and four asthma-related phenotypes: bronchial responsiveness (BR), skin test response, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and eosinophil count. The two-stage analysis led to the detection of three regions: 11p13 for IgE, 12q24 for eosinophils, and 17q12-21 for asthma and skin tests. Among the regions reported by published genome screens, seven were found in the 107 French EGEA families: three being already detected by the two-stage analysis, 11p13 (p = 0.005), 12q24 (p = 0.0008), and 17q12-21 (p = 0.001), and four additional ones, 1p31 (p = 0.005) for asthma, 11q13 (p = 0.006) for IgE, 13q31 (p = 0.001) for eosinophils, and 19q13 (p = 0.02) for BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Dizier
- INSERM U155, Université Paris 7, Paris, France; INSERM EPI 00-06, H opital St Louis, Paris, France.
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32
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Abstract
Genetic research in allergic disease has focused primarily on asthma and its associated phenotypes (eg, total IgE), with very little attention given to the presence or absence of concomitant allergic diseases, especially allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Because asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis share common systemic characteristics, it is reasonable to propose that a number of susceptibility genes could contribute to the allergic process regardless of the specific clinical phenotype. Consequently, the many genetic linkages previously reported for asthma may not be specific for asthma per se but rather may reflect an overall predisposition for allergic disease. Finally, epidemiologic data suggest that asthma and allergic rhinitis represent a continuum of disease, whereby those individuals with less severe disease will express rhinitis without asthma and those individuals with more severe disease express more than 1 phenotype. Alternatively, it is plausible that, in addition to the "allergic disease genes," there are "phenotype-specific genes" or possibly certain combinations of susceptibility genes (eg, gene-gene interactions) that contribute to the expression of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Barnes
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Heise CE, O'Dowd BF, Figueroa DJ, Sawyer N, Nguyen T, Im DS, Stocco R, Bellefeuille JN, Abramovitz M, Cheng R, Williams DL, Zeng Z, Liu Q, Ma L, Clements MK, Coulombe N, Liu Y, Austin CP, George SR, O'Neill GP, Metters KM, Lynch KR, Evans JF. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:30531-6. [PMID: 10851239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003490200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile and inflammatory actions of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), are thought to be mediated through at least two distinct but related CysLT G protein-coupled receptors. The human CysLT(1) receptor has been recently cloned and characterized. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the second cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT(2), a 346-amino acid protein with 38% amino acid identity to the CysLT(1) receptor. The recombinant human CysLT(2) receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293T cells and shown to couple to elevation of intracellular calcium when activated by LTC(4), LTD(4), or LTE(4). Analyses of radiolabeled LTD(4) binding to the recombinant CysLT(2) receptor demonstrated high affinity binding and a rank order of potency for competition of LTC(4) = LTD(4) LTE(4). In contrast to the dual CysLT(1)/CysLT(2) antagonist, BAY u9773, the CysLT(1) receptor-selective antagonists MK-571, montelukast (Singulair(TM)), zafirlukast (Accolate(TM)), and pranlukast (Onon(TM)) exhibited low potency in competition for LTD(4) binding and as antagonists of CysLT(2) receptor signaling. CysLT(2) receptor mRNA was detected in lung macrophages and airway smooth muscle, cardiac Purkinje cells, adrenal medulla cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, and brain, and the receptor gene was mapped to chromosome 13q14, a region linked to atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Heise
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Markers in 19 chromosomal regions have shown some evidence of linkage to asthma, atopy, or related phenotypes in multiple independent genome-wide searches. Linkages to five of these regions (5q, 6p, 11q, 12q, and 13q) have also been reported in non-genome-wide screens. In addition, at least two independent studies have reported linkages to markers on 16p. Numerous candidate genes in these regions have shown varying levels of association to asthma or atopic phenotypes, potentially implicating them as disease susceptibility loci. These include the IL4, CD14, and B2ADR genes on 5q, the HLA-DRB1 and TNF genes on 6p, the FCERB1 and CC16 genes on 11q, and the IL4RA gene on 16p. It still remains to be determined whether polymorphisms in these genes account for the reported linkages in these regions. Studies are underway in laboratories around the world to identify the disease-causing variations in these genes that account for the linkages just discussed. Identifying specific genetic polymorphisms that influence asthma and atopic phenotypes will shed light on the molecular pathways involved in these complex disorders and provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma and atopy.
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MESH Headings
- Asthma/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cloning, Molecular
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Yokouchi Y, Nukaga Y, Shibasaki M, Noguchi E, Kimura K, Ito S, Nishihara M, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Takeda K, Imoto N, Ichikawa K, Matsui A, Hamaguchi H, Arinami T. Significant evidence for linkage of mite-sensitive childhood asthma to chromosome 5q31-q33 near the interleukin 12 B locus by a genome-wide search in Japanese families. Genomics 2000; 66:152-60. [PMID: 10860660 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset asthma is frequently found in association with atopy. Although asthmatic children may develop IgE antibodies against variety of allergens, asthma is associated primarily with allergy to house-dust mites, molds, or other allergens. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide linkage search in 47 Japanese families (197 members) with more than two mite-sensitive atopic asthmatics (65 affected sib-pairs) using 398 markers. Multipoint linkage analysis was carried out for atopic asthma as a qualitative trait using the MAPMAKER/SIB program. We observed significant evidence for linkage with maximum lod scores (MLS) of 4.8 near the interleukin 12 B gene locus on chromosome 5q31-q33. In addition, suggestive evidence on 4q35 with MLS = 2.7 and on 13q11 with MLS = 2.4 was obtained. The other possible linkage regions included 6p22-p21.3 (MLS = 2.1), 12q21-q23 (MLS = 1.9), and 13q14.1-q14.3 (MLS = 2.0). Many of the linkage loci suggested in this study were at or close to those suggested by genome-wide studies for asthma in Caucasian populations. The present study suggests the contribution of the interleukin 12 B gene or nearby gene(s) to mite-sensitive atopic asthma and a considerable number of genetic variants common across Caucasians and Japanese populations contributing to asthma, although the relative importance of various variants may differ between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yokouchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
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Abstract
Genome-wide screens are consistently finding linkage between asthma-associated traits and specific chromosomal loci. Several loci coincide with linkages to other inflammatory diseases, suggesting the presence of common pathways in their pathogenesis. Candidate-gene studies have found an association between a CD14 polymorphism and IgE levels, suggesting a mechanism for the increased prevalence of allergic disease. A polymorphism in Fc epsilon RI-beta shows parent-of-origin effects when associated with severe infantile eczema, further illustrating the complexity of gene-environment effects on the developing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Moffatt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
The diseases of asthma, eczema and hay fever are typified by reactions to common allergens, which are mediated by immunoglobulin E. These allergic diseases are increasing in prevalence, and are now a major source of disability throughout the developed world. They are the result of complex interactions between largely unknown genetic and environmental mechanisms. The identification of the environmental factors offers the real possibility of prevention of disease, and unravelling the genetics of allergic illnesses is likely to change their classification and treatment. Early life seems particularly important, when the initiation of allergic disease may result from genetic and environmental modification of the immune interaction between mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cookson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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