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Zogorean R, Wirtz S. The yin and yang of B cells in a constant state of battle: intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260266. [PMID: 37849749 PMCID: PMC10577428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, defined by a clinical relapse-remitting course. Affecting people worldwide, the origin of IBD is still undefined, arising as a consequence of the interaction between genes, environment, and microbiota. Although the root cause is difficult to identify, data clearly indicate that dysbiosis and pathogenic microbial taxa are connected with the establishment and clinical course of IBD. The composition of the microbiota is shaped by plasma cell IgA secretion and binding, while cytokines such as IL10 or IFN-γ are important fine-tuners of the immune response in the gastrointestinal environment. B cells may also influence the course of inflammation by promoting either an anti-inflammatory or a pro-inflammatory milieu. Here, we discuss IgA-producing B regulatory cells as an anti-inflammatory factor in intestinal inflammation. Moreover, we specify the context of IgA and IgG as players that can potentially participate in mucosal inflammation. Finally, we discuss the role of B cells in mouse infection models where IL10, IgA, or IgG contribute to the outcome of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Zogorean
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
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ZBTB7B (ThPOK) Is Required for Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria and Protection against Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00845-19. [PMID: 31792077 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00845-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a genome-wide screen in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized mice to identify genes in which recessive loss-of-function mutations protect against pathological neuroinflammation. We identified an R367Q mutation in the ZBTB7B (ThPOK) protein in which homozygosity causes protection against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) caused by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Zbtb7bR367Q homozygous mice show a defect in the lymphoid compartment expressed as severe reduction in the number of single-positive CD4 T cells in the thymus and in the periphery, reduced brain infiltration of proinflammatory leukocytes in P. berghei ANKA-infected mice, and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines by primary T cells ex vivo and in vivo Dampening of proinflammatory immune responses in Zbtb7bR367Q mice is concomitant to increased susceptibility to infection with avirulent (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) and virulent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv) mycobacteria. The R367Q mutation maps to the first DNA-binding zinc finger domain of ThPOK and causes loss of base contact by R367 in the major groove of the DNA, which is predicted to impair DNA binding. Global immunoprecipitation of ThPOK-containing chromatin complexes coupled to DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified transcriptional networks and candidate genes likely to play key roles in CD4+ CD8+ T cell development and in the expression of lineage-specific functions of these cells. This study highlights ThPOK as a global regulator of immune function in which alterations may affect normal responses to infectious and inflammatory stimuli.
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Oka A, Mishima Y, Liu B, Herzog JW, Steinbach EC, Kobayashi T, Plevy SE, Sartor RB. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase P110δ-Signaling Is Critical for Microbiota-Activated IL-10 Production by B Cells that Regulate Intestinal Inflammation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101121. [PMID: 31546615 PMCID: PMC6829312 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit p110δ (PI3Kδ) gene maps to a human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) susceptibility locus, and genetic deletion of PI3Kδ signaling causes spontaneous colitis in mice. However, little is known regarding the role of PI3Kδ on IL-10-producing B cells that help regulate mucosal inflammation in IBD. We investigated the role of PI3Kδ signaling in B cell production of IL-10, following stimulation by resident bacteria and B cell regulatory function against colitis. In vitro, B cells from PI3KδD910A/D910A mice or wild-type B cells treated with PI3K specific inhibitors secreted significantly less IL-10 with greater IL-12p40 following bacterial stimulation. These B cells failed to suppress inflammatory cytokines by co-cultured microbiota-activated macrophages or CD4+ T cells. In vivo, co-transferred wild-type B cells ameliorated T cell-mediated colitis, while PI3KδD910A/D910A B cells did not confer protection from mucosal inflammation. These results indicate that PI3Kδ-signaling mediates regulatory B cell immune differentiation when stimulated with resident microbiota or their components, and is critical for induction and regulatory function of IL-10-producing B cells in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Oka
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Mishima
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jeremy W Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Erin C Steinbach
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan.
| | - Scott E Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Synlogic Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Functional Variant Contributes to the Risk for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52:e37-e43. [PMID: 27875353 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GOALS We conducted a case-control association analysis to establish the role of a common CB2 functional variant, Q63R, in the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids may limit intestinal inflammation through cannabinoid receptor 1 and/or 2 (CB1, CB2). STUDY We genotyped 217 pediatric IBD patients [112 Crohn's disease (CD), 105 ulcerative colitis (UC)] and 600 controls for the CB2-Q63R variant by Taqman assay. Data were collected from clinical records on age at diagnosis, disease activity, duration and location, extraintestinal manifestations, therapy, clinical relapses, and need for surgery. RESULTS We found a significant association of the CB2-R63 variant with IBD (allele frequencies, P=0.04; genotype distributions, P=0.0006), in particular with CD (allele frequencies, P=0.002; genotype distributions, P=0.00005) and with UC only for genotype distributions (P=0.03). RR carriers showed an increased risk for developing IBD [odds ratio (OR)=1.82; P=0.0002 for IBD; OR=2.02; P=10 for CD; OR=1.63; P=0.02 for UC at 95% confidence interval]. Upon genotype-phenotype evaluation, RR patients showed an increased frequency of moderate-to-severe disease activity at diagnosis in the case of both CD and UC (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively) and also an earlier clinical relapse in UC (P=0.04). In UC, all the clinical features related to the CB2 risk allele were still significantly associated with the variant when analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS The CB2-Q63R variant contributes to the risk for pediatric IBD, in particular CD. The R63 variant is associated with a more severe phenotype in both UC and CD. Taken together, our data point toward the involvement of the CB2 receptor in the pathogenesis and clinical features of pediatric IBD.
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Karban A, Feldman T, Waterman M, Leiba R, Efrati E. The association of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with inflammatory bowel diseases in the Israeli Jewish population: An example of genetic heterogeneity. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5611. [PMID: 28002332 PMCID: PMC5181816 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MTHFR C677T is a common gene polymorphism that has been shown to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Studies on the role of MTHFR in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have yielded conflicting results, perhaps due in part to genetic heterogeneity. The prevalence of the MTHFR C677T variant allele varies according to Jewish subpopulations: Ashkenazi vs non-Ashkenazi. The aim of this study was to examine the association between MTHFR C677T genotype and IBD in the different Jewish populations.DNA samples were assessed for the presence of the MTHFR C677T variant allele in 445 Jewish Israeli IBD patients: 338 with Crohn's disease [CD] (214 Ashkenazi and 124 non-Ashkenazi Jews) and 107 with ulcerative colitis [UC] (73 Ashkenazi and 34 non-Ashkenazi Jews), and in 347 healthy controls: 173 Ashkenazi and 174 Non-Ashkenazi Jews. Possible genotype-phenotype associations were investigated.We showed a significantly higher frequency of MTHFR 677T variant genotypes in non-Ashkenazi CD patients: Odds ratio of 1.86 for heterozygotes (CT) and 2.89 for homozygotes (TT) compared to non-Ashkenazi healthy controls. No significant association was found for UC in non-Ashkenazi patients or for CD or UC in Ashkenazi patients.Our findings suggest that the MTHFR 677T variant may contribute to the risk of CD in non-Ashkenazi but not Ashkenazi Jews. This may result from genetic heterogeneity and highlights the complexity of the genetic etiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karban
- Department of Internal Medicine C, Rambam Health Care Campus
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Tzah Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine C, Rambam Health Care Campus
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus
| | - Matti Waterman
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus
| | - Ronit Leiba
- Epidemiologic Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edna Efrati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus
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Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD, which include familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence. Recently, several new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD. The characterization of novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD. The development of genetic markers associated with clinical outcomes in patients with IBD will be very important in the future. The progress of molecular biology tools (microarrays, proteomics, and epigenetics) have progressed the field of the genetic markers discovery. The advances in bioinformatics coupled with cross-disciplinary collaborations have greatly enhanced our ability to retrieve, characterize, and analyze large amounts of data generated by the technological advances. The techniques available for markers development are genomics (single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, pharmacogenetics, and gene expression analyses) and proteomics. This could be a potential great benefit in predicting the course of disease in individual patients and in guiding appropriate medical therapy.
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Voon DCC, Hor YT, Ito Y. The RUNX complex: reaching beyond haematopoiesis into immunity. Immunology 2015; 146:523-36. [PMID: 26399680 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among their diverse roles as transcriptional regulators during development and cell fate specification, the RUNX transcription factors are best known for the parts they play in haematopoiesis. RUNX proteins are expressed throughout all haematopoietic lineages, being necessary for the emergence of the first haematopoietic stem cells to their terminal differentiation. Although much progress has been made since their discoveries almost two decades ago, current appreciation of RUNX in haematopoiesis is largely grounded in their lineage-specifying roles. In contrast, the importance of RUNX to immunity has been mostly obscured for historic, technical and conceptual reasons. However, this paradigm is likely to shift over time, as a primary purpose of haematopoiesis is to resource the immune system. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests a role for RUNX in the innate immunity of non-haematopoietic cells. This review takes a haematopoiesis-centric approach to collate what is known of RUNX's contribution to the overall mammalian immune system and discuss their growing prominence in areas such as autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Biology Programme, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Ngok SP, Anastasiadis PZ. Rho GEFs in endothelial junctions: Effector selectivity and signaling integration determine junctional response. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e27132. [PMID: 24790803 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.27132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are cytoskeleton-regulating proteins that mediate the formation of intercellular junctions. Their localized activation by Rho GEFs (guanine-nucleotide exchange factors) and the selective activation of downstream effectors have emerged as areas of active research in the cell adhesion field. We reported recently that the Rho-specific GEFs Syx (Synectin-binding RhoA exchange factor) and TEM4 (Tumor Endothelial Marker 4) are both essential for endothelial junction maturation and barrier function. Syx is recruited to cell contacts via its C-terminal PDZ binding motif and it's interaction with Mupp1 and the Crumbs polarity complex, while the junctional localization of TEM4 requires it's N-terminal domain and interaction with the cadherin-catenin complex. Our findings support multiple roles for RhoA in junction formation and maintenance. They also suggest that selective coupling of RhoA activation to Dia1 and/or ROCK signaling is critical for determining endothelial junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu P Ngok
- Department of Cancer Biology; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center; Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Panos Z Anastasiadis
- Department of Cancer Biology; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center; Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Guo C, Ahmad T, Beckly J, Cummings JRF, Hancock L, Geremia A, Cooney R, Pathan S, Jewell DP. Association of caspase-9 and RUNX3 with inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 77:23-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation and association study revealed a possible role of Runt-related transcription factor 3 in the ulcerative colitis of Chinese population. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:483-9. [PMID: 20392673 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RUNX3 was recently found to be associated with ulcerative colitis. In this study, downstream target genes of RUNX3 were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter sequence microarray chips. Polymorphisms of RUNX3 and its 2 putative downstream (OCTN1 and PPAR-gamma) target genes were genotyped by PCR-SSP and sequencing in 144 Chinese UC patients and 151 healthy controls. Expression of RUNX3 in colonic mucosa of UC patients was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Twelve genes involved in IBD were identified as the downstream target genes of RUNX3. The RUNX3 rs2236851 CT genotype was associated significantly with UC susceptibility and risk of early onset in Chinese population. No association of OCTN1 and PPAR-gamma with UC susceptibility or subphenotypes was identified. RUNX3 expression was significantly increased in UC mucosa. Therefore, RUNX3 might be involved in UC pathogenesis by regulating the expression of genes related with immune response.
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Matsumura Y, Kinouchi Y, Nomura E, Negoro K, Kakuta Y, Endo K, Aizawa H, Takagi S, Takahashi S, Shimosegawa T. HLA-DRB1 alleles influence clinical phenotypes in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 71:447-52. [PMID: 18416774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been implicated in the disease susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease by several linkage and association studies. In Caucasians, HLA-DRB1 has been reported to determine the clinical phenotypes of ulcerative colitis (UC). Others and we previously reported that HLA-DRB1*1502 was strongly associated with UC in the Japanese population. However, the contribution of HLA-DRB1 to the clinical phenotypes in Japanese UC has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to determine whether HLA-DRB1 alleles were associated with the clinical phenotypes in Japanese patients with UC. A total of 353 patients with UC were recruited. Patients were classified into subgroups by sex, age at diagnosis, disease extent, need for steroid therapy or need for surgical treatment. The allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*08 was significantly higher in patients whose disease extended beyond the rectum (left-sided and extensive UC) than in those with proctitis [odds ratio (OR)=2.20, Pc=0.043). The allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*09 was significantly higher in patients with UC diagnosed at the age of 40 years or older than in those with UC diagnosed before the age of 40 years (OR=2.31, Pc=0.022). Besides these positive associations, no significant differences were found in the allele frequencies between the other subgroups. We conclude that HLA-DRB1*09 is associated with the age at diagnosis and HLA-DRB1*08 is associated with the disease extent of UC in Japanese. These results indicate that HLA-DRB1 is not only associated with the overall UC susceptibility but also associated with the clinical phenotypes in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsumura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Frueh F, Issa A, Andreopoulou E, Cristofanilli M. Molecular dissection of cancers - another piece in the puzzle to better assess, and treat, disease using biomarkers that correlate with disease type and stage. Per Med 2008; 5:211-213. [PMID: 29783493 DOI: 10.2217/17410541.5.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Frueh
- 14401 Falling Leaf Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Amalia Issa
- Program in Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, 300 Technology Building Houston, TX 77204-4021, USA. aissa@.uh.edu
| | - Eleni Andreopoulou
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Breast Medical Oncology Unit 1354, 1155 Herman P Pressler, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Breast Medical Oncology Unit 1354, 1155 Herman P Pressler, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
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Matsukura H, Ikeda S, Yoshimura N, Takazoe M, Muramatsu M. Genetic polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A and 1B affect responses to infliximab in Japanese patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:765-70. [PMID: 18248655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor alpha is the key inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Infliximab, a chimaeric monoclonal antibody of tumour necrosis factor-alpha is successfully used for the treatment of Crohn's disease, although the response to infliximab therapy differs among patients. The genetic background of the individual may partially explain the differences of the responsiveness. AIM To investigate whether the polymorphisms in these genes are associated with the response to infliximab treatment as tumour necrosis factor-alpha exerts its biological activity through TNF receptor superfamily 1A and 1B. METHODS Eighty Crohn's disease patients were enrolled in the study and classified into responder and nonresponder according to the efficacy of infliximab treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of TNF receptor superfamily 1A (rs767455 and rs4149570) and TNF receptor superfamily 1B (rs1061622, rs1061624 and rs3397) were determined. RESULTS The minor allele carrier of rs767455 showed a significant association with a lack of efficacy compared to the major genotype (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08-0.91). A TNF receptor superfamily 1B haplotype inferred by rs1061624 and rs3397 also showed significant differences in the distribution between responder and nonresponder (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that tumour necrosis factor receptor genotypes may be involved in the different responses to infliximab in Japanese patients with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsukura
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Chen CC, Isomoto H, Narumi Y, Sato K, Oishi Y, Kobayashi T, Yanagihara K, Mizuta Y, Kohno S, Tsukamoto K. Haplotypes of PADI4 susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis are also associated with ulcerative colitis in the Japanese population. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Magyari L, Faragó B, Bene J, Horvatovich K, Lakner L, Varga M, Figler M, Gasztonyi B, Mózsik G, Melegh B. No association of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated gene CTLA4 +49A/G polymorphisms with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in Hungarian population samples. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2205-8. [PMID: 17465502 PMCID: PMC4146845 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i15.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The goal of the current work was to analyse the prevalence of the +49A/G variant of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4) in Hungarian patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: A total of 130 unrelated subjects with CD and 150 with UC, and 170 matched controls were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The genotypes were determined by using PCR/RFLP test.
RESULTS: The G allele frequency and the prevalence of the GG genotype were 38.1% and 12.3% in the CD group, 40.6% and 18.6% in the UC patients, and 37.4% and 15.9% in the control group, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The results of the current study show that carriage of the +49G SNP in heterozygous or in homozygous form does not confer risk either for CD or for UC in the Hungarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Magyari
- Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Szigeti 12, Hungary
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Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lügering A, Kagnoff M, Mayer L, Targan S, Domschke W. Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:1068-83. [PMID: 17075348 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000235827.21778.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are comprised of two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Research over the last couple of years has led to great advances in understanding the inflammatory bowel diseases and their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. From the current understanding, it is likely that chronic inflammation in IBD is due to aggressive cellular immune responses to a subset of luminal bacteria. Susceptibility to disease is thereby determined by genes encoding immune responses which are triggered by environmental stimuli. Based on extensive research over the last decade, there are several new and novel pathways and specific targets on which to focus new therapeutics. The following review summarizes the current view on the four basic tenets of the pathophysiological basis of IBD and its implications for therapies of IBD: genetics, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction and the role of the microbial flora.
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Crawford NPS, Colliver DW, Funke AA, Young MN, Kelley S, Cobbs GA, Petras RE, Galandiuk S. Characterization of genotype-phenotype relationships and stratification by the CARD15 variant genotype for inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility loci using multiple short tandem repeat genetic markers. Hum Mutat 2006; 25:156-66. [PMID: 15643611 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The classification of ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn disease (CD), and indeterminate colitis (IC) as forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is based on clinical, radiological, and histological criteria. The genetic basis of IBD is well founded, and susceptibility loci have been identified on several different chromosomes. We aimed to define genotype-phenotype relationships and interactions with the IBD susceptibility gene CARD15for various IBD susceptibility loci (IBD1, IBD2, IBD5, IBD6, IBD7, and chromosome 4) by characterizing previously described peak LOD score short tandem repeat (STR) markers. The study population consisted of 484 severely affected Caucasian patients with IBD, 144 healthy controls, and 348 nonaffected first-degree relatives of IBD patients. Associations were defined with the use of population- and family-based methodology. Correction for multiple testing was performed with a method based on an experimental false discovery rate. We provide novel evidence to show that IBD2 is involved in susceptibility to IC and terminal ileal CD in this population, with overrepresentation of IBD2 STR D12S83 (GenBank Z16592.1) allele 7 (g.49_60del[CA](6)) in IC (q = 0.038, P = 0.014) and underrepresentation of allele 8 (g.51_60del[CA](5)) in terminal ileal CD (q = 0.038, P = 0.016). The association of IBD2 with IC was confirmed by family-based testing. We also provide novel evidence to show that IBD5 is involved in susceptibility to IC and colonic/ileocolonic CD in this population, with overrepresentation of IBD5 STR D5S1984 (GenBank Z52623.1) allele 5 (g.183_186del[CA](2)) in both IC (q = 0.040, P = 0.005) and colonic/ileocolonic CD (q = 0.040, P = 0.004). Evidence is also given for potential interactions between CARD15and IBD2/IBD5. Other findings include an association of IBD2 with UC, and an association of IBD1 with terminal ileal and colonic/ileocolonic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P S Crawford
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute for Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Laukens D, Peeters H, Cruyssen BV, Boonefaes T, Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, Veys EM, Knecht K, Van Hummelen P, Remaut E, Steidler L, De Vos M, Rottiers P. Altered gut transcriptome in spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1293-300. [PMID: 16476712 PMCID: PMC1798320 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.047738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is a common feature of spondyloarthropathy (SpA) and Crohn's disease. Inflammation is manifested clinically in Crohn's disease and subclinically in SpA. However, a fraction of patients with SpA develops overt Crohn's disease. AIMS To investigate whether subclinical gut lesions in patients with SpA are associated with transcriptome changes comparable to those seen in Crohn's disease and to examine global gene expression in non-inflamed colon biopsy specimens and screen patients for differentially expressed genes. METHODS Macroarray analysis was used as an initial genomewide screen for selecting a comprehensive set of genes relevant to Crohn's disease and SpA. This led to the identification of 2625 expressed sequence tags that are differentially expressed in the colon of patients with Crohn's disease or SpA. These clones, with appropriate controls (6779 in total), were used to construct a glass-based microarray, which was then used to analyse colon biopsy specimens from 15 patients with SpA, 11 patients with Crohn's disease and 10 controls. RESULTS 95 genes were identified as differentially expressed in patients with SpA having a history of subclinical chronic gut inflammation and also in patients with Crohn's disease. Principal component analysis of this filtered set of genes successfully distinguished colon biopsy specimens from the three groups studied. Patients with SpA having subclinical chronic gut inflammation cluster together and are more related to those with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSION The transcriptome in the intestine of patients with SpA differs from that of controls. Moreover, these gene changes are comparable to those seen in patients with Crohn's disease, confirming initial clinical observations. On the basis of these findings, new (genetic) markers for detection of early Crohn's disease in patients with SpA can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laukens
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Abstract
B cells are typically characterized by their ability to produce Abs, including autoantibodies. However, B cells possess additional immune functions, including the production of cytokines and the ability to function as a secondary APC. As with T cells, the B cell population contains functionally distinct subsets capable of performing both pathogenic and regulatory functions. Recent studies indicate that regulatory B cells develop in several murine models of chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The regulatory function may be directly accomplished by the production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta and/or by the ability of B cells to interact with pathogenic T cells to dampen harmful immune responses. In this review, we make a case for the existence of regulatory B cells and discuss the possible developmental pathways and functional mechanisms of these B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Immunopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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20
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Hughes AL. Consistent across-tissue signatures of differential gene expression in Crohn's disease. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:709-16. [PMID: 16189665 PMCID: PMC1440924 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An approach based on analysis of variance was applied to raw expression data on 44,760 transcripts in order to identify those with significant differential expression across ileum and colon in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The design treated tissue as a block effect, thereby removing this effect statistically and increasing the power to test for effects of disease states (control, CD, and UC). A significant F-statistic for the disease effect was not correlated with the ratios CD/control or UC/control, evidently because many transcripts with high-expression ratios to the control showed inconsistent patterns across tissues. Of 1,053 transcripts showing a significant effect of disease state at the 1% level by the bootstrap test, 508 showed significant difference at the 1% level in a post hoc test for difference between the mean scores for CD and control. These included a number of genes relevant to the mechanism of pathogenesis of CD and a number of genes mapping to genomic regions that have previously shown linkage to CD in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Bldg., 700 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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21
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Cannon-Albright LA, Farnham JM, Thomas A, Camp NJ. Identification and study of Utah pseudo-isolate populations-prospects for gene identification. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 137A:269-75. [PMID: 16096997 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isolate populations of varied types have proven powerful for gene identification for rare Mendelian disorders, and continue to show such promise for more complex phenotypes. Existing isolate populations are limited in the phenotypes available for study, and new population isolates are unlikely to arise. We utilize genealogical data available for the state of Utah, dating back to its European founders, to retrospectively define and examine pseudo-isolate subpopulations. These pseudo-isolate populations are defined by selection of a set of "founders" from the genealogical data, and then limitation of "immigration" by censoring of matings and offspring that do not match the isolate population design. A wide variety of pseudo isolate and other study designs are possible by varying the number and type of founders and the extent of immigration allowed. We present several different example Birth-Country pseudo-isolate populations defined within the Utah Population Database (UPDB). We utilize linked cancer phenotype data available for the Utah population to show the utility of this pseudo-isolate approach for identification of more genetically homogeneous prostate cancer pedigrees for predisposition gene identification. In conclusion, we present a unique approach to retrospective "creation" of isolate populations using existing genealogical data. We use the UPDB to exhibit the utility of this approach for the highly heterogeneous Utah population, and suggest the approach is feasible for any population for which high quality genealogy and phenotype data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
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22
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Machida H, Tsukamoto K, Wen CY, Shikuwa S, Isomoto H, Mizuta Y, Takeshima F, Murase K, Matsumoto N, Murata I, Kohno S, Wen CY. Crohn’s disease in Japanese is associated with a SNP-haplotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 gene. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4833-7. [PMID: 16097053 PMCID: PMC4398731 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i31.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the frequency and distribution of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and uridine 5’-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 (UGT1A7) genes in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).
METHODS: Frequencies and distributions of NAT2 and UGT1A7 SNPs as well as their haplotypes were investigated in 95 patients with UC, 60 patients with CD, and 200 gender-matched, unrelated, healthy, control volunteers by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), PCR-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), and direct DNA sequencing.
RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of haplotype, NAT2*7B, significantly increased in CD patients, compared to that in controls (P = 0.0130, OR = 2.802, 95%CI = 1.243-6.316). However, there was no association between NAT2 haplotypes and UC, or between any UGT1A7 haplotypes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
CONCLUSION: It is likely that the NAT2 gene is one of the determinants for CD in Japanese. Alternatively, a new CD determinant may exist in the 8p22 region, where NAT2 is located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Machida
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Wedemeyer J, Malek NP, Manns MP, Bahr MJ. Molekulare Therapie in der Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie. Internist (Berl) 2005; 46:861-2, 864-8, 870-2. [PMID: 15997383 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-005-1462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, molecular techniques have significantly impacted our understanding and therapeutic concepts in gastrointestinal and liver disease. In a number of diseases, diagnostic work-up includes molecular data that supplements the phenotypical evaluation. This includes monogenic diseases as well as the identification of genetic risk factors (e. g. NOD2/CARD15 mutation in Crohn's disease) and viral disease. Attempts to replace liver transplantation in hereditary liver disease by targeted molecular interventions (e. g. via viral vectors) are still experimental, but the associated techniques have improved considerably. The molecular identification of therapeutic targets was followed by the development of specifically tailored therapeutics. These agents are mainly used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wedemeyer
- Abteilung Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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24
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Machida H, Tsukamoto K, Wen CY, Narumi Y, Shikuwa S, Isomoto H, Takeshima F, Mizuta Y, Niikawa N, Murata I, Kohno S. Association of polymorphic alleles of CTLA4 with inflammatory bowel disease in the Japanese. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4188-93. [PMID: 16015687 PMCID: PMC4615440 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i27.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine an association between the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene that plays a role in downregulation of T-cell activation and inflammatory bowel disease consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in the Japanese.
METHODS: We studied 108 patients with UC, 79 patients with CD, and 200 sex-matched healthy controls, with respect to three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CTLA4, such as C-318T in the promoter region, A+49G in exon 1 and G+6230A in the 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and to an (AT)n repeat polymorphism in 3’-UTR by fragment analysis with fluorescence-labeling on denaturing sequence gels. Frequency of alleles and genotypes and their distribution were compared statistically between patients and controls and among subgroups of patients, using χ2 and Fisher exact tests.
RESULTS: The frequency of “A/A” genotype at the G+6230A SNP site was statistically lower in UC patients than in controls (3.7% vs 11.0%, P = 0.047, odds ratio (OR = 0.311). Moreover, the frequency of “G/G” genotype at the A+49G SNP site was significantly higher in CD patients with fistula (48.6%) than those without it (26.2%) (P = 0.0388, OR=2.67).
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that CTLA4 located at 2q33 is a determinant of UC and responsible for fistula formation in CD in the Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Machida
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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25
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Abstract
To propose a new pathogenesis called Radical Induction to explain the genesis and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). UC is an inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic inflammation in UC is mediated by a buildup of white blood cells (WBCs) within the colonic mucosal lining; however, to date there is no answer for why WBCs initially enter the colonic mucosa to begin with. A new pathogenesis termed “Radical Induction Theory” is proposed to explain this and states that excess un-neutralized hydrogen peroxide, produced within colonic epithelial cells as a result of aberrant cellular metabolism, diffuses through cell membranes to the extracellular space where it is converted to the highly damaging hydroxyl radical resulting in oxidative damage to structures comprising the colonic epithelial barrier. Once damaged, the barrier is unable to exclude highly immunogenic fecal bacterial antigens from invading the normally sterile submucosa. This antigenic exposure provokes an initial immune response of WBC infiltration into the colonic mucosa. Once present in the mucosa, WBCs are stimulated to secrete toxins by direct exposure to fecal bacteria leading to mucosal ulceration and bloody diarrhea characteristic of this disease.
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26
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Nomura E, Kinouchi Y, Negoro K, Kojima Y, Oomori S, Sugimura M, Hiroki M, Takagi S, Aihara H, Takahashi S, Hiwatashi N, Shimosegawa T. Mapping of a disease susceptibility locus in chromosome 6p in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis. Genes Immun 2005; 5:477-83. [PMID: 15215890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental factors. HLA-B*52 and DRB1*1502 are reported to be strongly associated with UC in Japan. However, the actual susceptible gene has not been identified yet. In this study, to map precisely the susceptible locus for UC, we performed association mapping in the chromosome 6p using 24 microsatellite markers distributed over 16 Mb. A total of 183 patients with UC and 186 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. In all, 15 markers around the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region showed statistical significance in the genotypic differentiation test concerned with the allelic distribution between the UC and HC. Especially, the markers between the centromeric region of HLA class I and the telomeric region of class III showed remarkably low P-values and the allele239 of C2-4-4 in class I marker showed the strongest association (Pc=2.9 x 10(-9): OR=3.74, 95% CI=2.50-5.60). Furthermore, we found strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the allele239 of C2-4-4 and HLA-B*52 in haplotype analysis. These results provide evidence that, in Japanese, important determinants of disease susceptibility to UC may exist in HLA, especially between the centromeric region of class I and the telomeric region of class III, under the strong LD with HLA-B*52.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nomura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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27
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Brenner O, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Golubkov O, Fainaru O, Woolf E, Groner Y. Loss of Runx3 function in leukocytes is associated with spontaneously developed colitis and gastric mucosal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16016-21. [PMID: 15514019 PMCID: PMC528776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407180101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors are key regulators of lineage-specific gene expression and might be involved in autoimmune diseases. Runx3 plays a role during the development of sensory neurons and T cells and regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling in dendritic cells. Here, we report that at 4 weeks of age, Runx3 knockout (KO) mice spontaneously develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by leukocyte infiltration, mucosal hyperplasia, formation of lymphoid clusters, and increased production of IgA. Additionally, at a considerably older age (8 months), the KO mice also develop progressive hyperplasia of the gastric mucosa associated with disturbed epithelial differentiation and cellular hyaline degeneration. Analysis of cytokines in the colonic mucosa of Runx3 KO mice revealed a mixed T helper 1/T helper 2 response. By using immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization, Runx3 expression in the gastrointestinal tract is detected in lymphoid and myeloid populations but not in the epithelium. The data indicate that loss of leukocytic cell-autonomous function of Runx3 results in IBD and gastric lesion in the KO mice. IBD in humans is viewed as a complex genetic disorder. Several susceptibility loci were identified on different human chromosomes including the chromosomal region 1p36 where RUNX3 resides. It is thus tempting to speculate that mutations in RUNX3 may constitute an IBD risk factor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Brenner
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Mannick EE, Bonomolo JC, Horswell R, Lentz JJ, Serrano MS, Zapata-Velandia A, Gastanaduy M, Himel JL, Rose SL, Udall JN, Hornick CA, Liu Z. Gene expression in mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:247-57. [PMID: 15308118 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discovery of Nod2 as the inflammatory bowel disease 1 (IBD1) susceptibility gene has brought to light the significance of mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with untreated Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) as compared to patients with other inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders and to healthy controls. METHODS We used a 2400 gene cDNA glass slide array (MICROMAX) to examine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven patients with Crohn's disease, five patients with ulcerative colitis, 10 patients with other inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders, and 22 age- and sex-matched controls. Results. Novel categories of genes differentially expressed in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients included genes regulating hematopoietic cell differentiation and leukemogenesis, lipid raft-associated signaling, the actin cytoskeleton, and vesicular trafficking. CONCLUSIONS Altered gene expression in mononuclear cells may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.
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29
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Reynisdottir I, Gudbjartsson DF, Johannsson JH, Manolescu I, Kristjansson K, Stefansson K, Gulcher J, Bjornsson S. A genetic contribution to inflammatory bowel disease in Iceland: a genealogic approach. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2:806-12. [PMID: 15354281 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic component in IBD in Iceland. METHODS A population-based sample, representing everyone diagnosed with IBD in Iceland from 1950 to 1996, was studied using a computerized population-wide genealogic database. The relationships among the patients were analyzed by calculating the kinship coefficient and the relative risk. RESULTS The kinship coefficients for the patients were significantly greater than the mean kinship coefficient for the controls ( P < 10 -6 ). The risk ratio for siblings of IBD, UC, and CD patients was 5.0 ( P < 0.001), 5.9 ( P < 0.001), and 4.1 ( P = 0.033), respectively. The cross-risk ratio for siblings of UC patients developing CD (or vice versa) was 2.6 ( P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the IBD patients are more closely related than the controls, which strongly supports the involvement of a genetic component in the development of IBD in Icelandic patients. We find that the increase in risk for relatives of UC probands to develop UC, or relatives of CD probands to develop CD, is greater than the increase in risk for relatives of UC probands to develop CD, or relatives of CD probands to develop UC.
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30
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Lu KC, Dietz DW. The Genetics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2004. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ahmad T, Armuzzi A, Neville M, Bunce M, Ling KL, Welsh KI, Marshall SE, Jewell DP. The contribution of human leucocyte antigen complex genes to disease phenotype in ulcerative colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 62:527-35. [PMID: 14617036 DOI: 10.1046/j.1399-0039.2003.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Linkage and association studies implicate the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region in genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis (UC). However, associations with specific variants have been inconsistent, even within defined ethnic groups. A genetic basis for the disease heterogeneity of UC may account for these discrepant findings from studies in unselected populations. Here, we examine the contribution of the HLA region to the clinical phenotype of UC. We studied 321 accurately phenotyped patients recruited from a single UK centre, with a median follow-up time of 15 years. Individuals were genotyped for 340 polymorphisms constructed into 25 gene-specific allelic haplotypes between HLA-A and Tapasin. Data were analysed with respect to age of onset, disease extent and severity. Strongest association with overall susceptibility was identified with HLA-DRB1 alleles replicating previous studies (DRB1*0103, DRB1*1502 and DRB1*0401). We report a novel association with homozygosity of a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) promoter haplotype (TNF-1031T, -863C, -857C, -380G, -308G and -238G) and distal disease extent that does not extend with time (distal vs total 40.9 vs 25.7%; RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.23-3.24). We confirm the association of DRB1*0103 with total disease and/or disease requiring colectomy and further demonstrate that DRB1*0103 is associated with shorter time to surgery. Genes in the HLA play a role in modifying disease phenotype. Further studies are required to dissect how these genes functionally interact with each other and with environmental factors to determine clinical patterns of disease
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ahmad
- Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Gibson Laboratories, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK.
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32
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Brant SR, Shugart YY. Inflammatory bowel disease gene hunting by linkage analysis: rationale, methodology, and present status of the field. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10:300-11. [PMID: 15290927 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200405000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Observed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) familial clustering and increased monozygotic twin concordance has led to the hypothesis that genetic loci containing IBD susceptibility genes can be identified by whole genome linkage mapping approaches. Methodology including collecting carefully phenotyped multiplex pedigrees, genotyping using highly informative microsatellite markers and linkage analysis by non-parametric allele sharing methods has been established. Eleven published genome wide screens (GWS) have studied more than 1,200 multiplex IBD pedigrees. Two-thirds of affected relative pairs were Crohn's disease (CD), 20% ulcerative colitis (UC) and the remaining were mixed. Seven loci (IBDI-7) on chromosomes 16q, 12, 6p, 14q, 5q, 19, and 1p have been identified with genome wide significant and independently replicated linkage. Risk alleles/haplotypes have been defined for the IBD1 (CARD15/NOD2), IBD3 (HLA) and IBD5 (5q cytokine cluster) loci. There has been evidence for a second chromosome 16 locus (IBD8) independent of NOD2 that overlaps IBD1 on the pericentromeric p-arm. Several other regions show great promise for containing additional IBD loci, particularly chromosome 3p with genome wide evidence in one study at 3p26 and more centromeric evidence in several other studies, and chromosomes 2q, 3q, 4q, 7, 11p, and Xp each with suggestive evidence of linkage in one and additional evidence in two or more studies. Single GWSs and fine mapping studies containing very large sets of pedigrees and in particular, more UC pedigrees, and the use of creative analytic and disease stratification schemes are required to identify, establish and refine weaker IBD loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Brant
- Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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33
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Kiyosawa H, Kawashima T, Silva D, Petrovsky N, Hasegawa Y, Sakai K, Hayashizaki Y. Systematic genome-wide approach to positional candidate cloning for identification of novel human disease genes. Intern Med J 2004; 34:79-90. [PMID: 15030454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2004.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent large-scale genome projects afford a unique opportunity to identify many novel disease genes and thereby better understand the genetic basis of human disease. Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) 2, the largest mouse transcriptome project yet, provides a wealth of data on novel genes, splice variants and non-coding RNA, and provides a unique opportunity to identify novel human disease genes. AIMS To demonstrate the power of combining the FANTOM 2 cDNA dataset with a positional candidate approach and bioinformatics analysis to identify genes underlying human genetic disease. RESULTS By mapping all FANTOM 2 cDNA to the human genome, we were able to identify mouse clones that co-localised on the human genome with mapped but uncloned human disease loci. By this method we identified mouse and corresponding human genes mapping within the loci of 100 different human genetic diseases (mapped interval of <5 cM). Of particular interest was the elucidation through FANTOM 2 novel mouse gene data of candidate human genes for the following: (i) developmental -disorders: neural tube defect, Meckel syndrome, Wolf--Hirschhorn syndrome and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans cum ophiasi; (ii) neurological disorders: benign familial infantile convulsions 3, early-onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes, infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia and vacuolar neuro-myopathy and (iii) cancer-related syndromes: tylosis with oesophageal cancer and low-grade B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS The FANTOM 2 data will dramatically accelerate efforts to identify genes underlying human disease. It will also facilitate the creation of transgenic mouse models to help elucidate the function of potential human disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyosawa
- Technology and Development team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, Bioresource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Barmada MM, Brant SR, Nicolae DL, Achkar JP, Panhuysen CI, Bayless TM, Cho JH, Duerr RH. A genome scan in 260 inflammatory bowel disease-affected relative pairs. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10:15-22. [PMID: 15058521 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200401000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a new genome scan in 260 IBD-affected relative pairs from 139 families that we have recruited since our previous IBD genome scans were performed. The goal of our study was to determine whether we could extend the linkage evidence in any of the more than 20 regions with nominal evidence for linkage to IBD in previous individual genome scans in order to prioritize regions for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Abstract
There is a general consensus that interplay of genetic and environmental factors leads to an overactive mucosal immune response, which mediates the tissue damage in inflammatory bowel disease. Ethnic aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease (particularly, increased incidence and prevalence in the Ashkenazim), familial aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease, and greater concordance for inflammatory bowel disease in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins are 3 lines of evidence for a central role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis. The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics; it is characterized by incomplete penetrance, multiple susceptibility loci and genetic heterogeneity. Unraveling the complex genetics of inflammatory bowel disease is a daunting challenge, but the perseverance of inflammatory bowel disease gene hunters has produced commendable results in recent years. Since 1996, the field of inflammatory bowel disease genetics has progressed from publication of the first systematic genome searches for inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility loci to the identification of Crohn disease-associated genetic variants in CARD15/NOD2. Strategies for finding additional inflammatory bowel disease genes include taking advantage of the greater resolution and power of linkage disequilibrium mapping, mapping by admixture disequilibrium in African-American and Hispanic-American populations, stratifying genetic analyses by genotypes at known inflammatory bowel disease loci, and refining inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes to reduce genetic heterogeneity and simplify the search for additional inflammatory bowel disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Duerr
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Nishijima I, Mills A, Qi Y, Mills M, Bradley A. Two new balancer chromosomes on mouse chromosome 4 to facilitate functional annotation of human chromosome 1p. Genesis 2003; 36:142-8. [PMID: 12872245 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate genetic screens to identify and maintain recessive mutations that map to the short arm of human chromosome 1, we have utilized chromosome engineering to generate two mouse strains that carry large inversions on the distal region of mouse chromosome 4. The inversion intervals are 16 and 22 cM in size together they cover approximately half of chromosome 4. Since recombination between the wild-type and inversion chromosomes does not occur within these inversion intervals, mutant alleles of genes mapping to this region can be identified and maintained. Therefore, these inversion chromosomes work as balancer chromosomes. These inversions have the additional advantage that they are tagged with genes encoding the visible coat color markers tyrosinase and agouti, and therefore the dosage of the inversion chromosome (+/+, Inv/+, Inv/Inv) can be visually recognized. These inversion strains will be extremely useful for mutagenesis screens that focus on functional annotation of human chromosome 1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiko Nishijima
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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37
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Ahmad T, Marshall S, Jewell D. Genotype-based phenotyping heralds a new taxonomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003; 19:327-35. [PMID: 15703573 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200307000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has traditionally been categorized as either ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease on the basis of clinical, radiologic, and histologic criteria. Within these diseases, however, significant heterogeneity is observed, suggesting the existence of phenotypic subtypes, based on features such as location and behavior of disease. Evidence for a possible genetic basis of these subgroups first emerged in the 1990s from epidemiologic studies in multiply affected families. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetics of IBD, in particular the identification of NOD2/CARD15, have provided the opportunity to explore the genetic basis for this heterogeneity. This article reviews recent studies investigating the contribution of genetics to IBD phenotype. Although many of the genes remain unidentified, the emerging data suggests that IBD comprises a heterogeneous family of oligogenic inflammatory disorders in which the specific clinical manifestations of disease in any individual are determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. These data have validated the approach of classifying patients into accurately defined clinical subgroups, and they raise the possibility that a genetic basis for the observed disease heterogeneity may account for the discrepant findings from earlier genetic studies. A future molecular classification will provide the framework to understanding the different biologic mechanisms that underlie the clinical subgroups of IBD and, by patient stratification, permit the unraveling of the complex interaction between the genetic and environmental causes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ahmad
- Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Gibson Laboratories, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK OX2 6QX.
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38
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Tamboli CP, Cortot A, Colombel JF. What are the major arguments in favour of the genetic susceptibility for inflammatory bowel disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15:587-92. [PMID: 12840667 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200306000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data, notably concordance rates in twin pairs and familial aggregation, have provided strong evidence for the importance of the genetic contribution in inflammatory bowel diseases. Genome wide scanning has been remarkably successful in identifying a number of susceptibility loci. The identification of the IBD1 gene on chromosome 16 as NOD2/CARD15 definitely establishes that a significant proportion of Crohn's disease has an underlying genetic cause. In addition, our knowledge of the clinical impact of other genes in modelling disease phenotypes has increased in parallel. These results have led to great optimism that important clinical applications will result from genetic research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus P Tamboli
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
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39
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Bairead E, Harmon DL, Curtis AM, Kelly Y, O'Leary C, Gardner M, Leahy DT, Vaughan P, Keegan D, O'Morain C, O'Donoghue D, Shanahan F, Parfrey NA, Quane KA. Association of NOD2 with Crohn's disease in a homogenous Irish population. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:237-44. [PMID: 12673278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage of IBD to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has been widely confirmed by analyses of multiple populations. The NOD2 gene is located in the peak region of linkage on chromosome 16 and thought to be involved in the activation of nuclear factor (NF) kappaB in response to bacterial components. Mutations in the NOD2 gene are found to be strongly associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). A total of 65 Irish CD families were genotyped to determine if NOD2 mutations conferred susceptibility to CD and the prevalence of these mutations in sporadic and familial forms of the disease. The Irish population is relatively homogenous and thus may provide advantages in genetic studies of complex diseases. We confirmed the IBD1 locus as a susceptibility locus for IBD within the Irish population by linkage analysis followed by linkage disequilibrium studies. No significant evidence of linkage was observed to the previously identified regions on chromosomes 1, 12 and 14. In all, 131 CD affected families were then genotyped for seven of the previously published NOD2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Allelic transmission distortion was investigated using the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT). SNP13 (3020insC) was found to be associated with CD (P=0.0186). Patients who possessed a rare allele of SNP8, 12 or 13 presented earlier when compared to patients without rare variants (mean age, 20.1 vs 24 years, P=0.011) and the rare allele of SNP13 was observed to be predominantly linked to ileal disease (P=0.02). This report confirms the importance of NOD2 as a susceptibility gene for CD within the Irish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Bairead
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland
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40
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Hugot JP, Cézard JP, Colombel JF, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, Montague S, Gassull M, Christensen S, Finkel Y, Gower-Rousseau C, Modigliani R, Zouali H, Lesage S, Chamaillard M, Macry J, Thomas G, Victor JM. Clustering of Crohn's disease within affected sibships. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:179-84. [PMID: 12634866 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2001] [Revised: 11/08/2002] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex genetic disorder for which aetiology is unknown. Recently, genetic factors for susceptibility have been described. Several genetic loci have been mapped and partially explain the familial aggregations of the disease. However, environmental factors may also contribute to these aggregations. We considered that if the role of non-genetic factors was negligible, CD patients would be randomly distributed in sibships with multiple affected siblings. On the other hand if there was a significant environmental contribution, the siblings would be affected non-randomly over exposure status. In order to test this hypothesis, we studied 102 sibships with two or more affected siblings. A statistical test, named Cluster of Affected Sibling Test or CAST, was developed, based on the exact calculation of the probability of observing a given number of clusters of affected siblings in multiplex families. The null hypothesis of a random distribution of affected siblings was rejected (P=0.005). The observed excess of affected sibling clusters indicates that birth order influences the disease status. Considering that an adjacent order of birth is a global estimate of environmental sharing, this observation strongly suggests that environmental factors contribute to the observed familial aggregations of the disease. This observation provides evidence that familial CD is a relevant tool for further studies of environmental factors and gene-environment interaction. More generally, the CAST statistics may be widely applicable to estimate the involvement of environmental factors in the aetiology of other binary traits which may be observed in multiple members of the same sibship.
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Paavola-Sakki P, Ollikainen V, Heliö T, Halme L, Turunen U, Lahermo P, Lappalainen M, Färkkilä M, Kontula K. Genome-wide search in Finnish families with inflammatory bowel disease provides evidence for novel susceptibility loci. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:112-20. [PMID: 12634858 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2002] [Revised: 11/04/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and genetic linkage studies have indicated a strong genetic basis for development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which was recently supported by discovery of the Crohn's disease (CD) susceptibility gene termed NOD2/CARD15. We carried out a genome-wide linkage study in Finnish IBD families, providing a particular advantage to map susceptibility genes for ulcerative colitis (UC) within a genetic isolate. Initially, 92 IBD families with 138 affected sib-pairs (ASPs), were genotyped for 429 markers spaced at approximately 10 cM intervals. Next, the loci on chromosomes 2p13-11, 11p12-q13, and 12p13-12 were high-density mapped in the extended family cohort of 130 families with 173 ASPs. In this study, the most significant lod scores were observed for the UC families on chromosome 2p11 (D2S2333), in the vicinity of the REG gene cluster which is strikingly overexpressed in the IBD mucosa. The maximum two-point lod score was 3.34 (dominant model), and the corresponding NPL score 2.61. For UC, the second highest two-point NPL score of 2.00 was observed at proximal 12p13, where also some evidence for linkage disequilibrium emerged (P=0.07 and P=0.007 for the basic and extended IBD cohorts, respectively). The highest two-point NPL score for the CD families was 2.34 at D12S78 (12q23) with significant evidence for linkage disequilibrium (P=0.004), and for the mixed (MX) families 2.07 at D4S406 near the linkage peak reported previously. This study confirmed several of the IBD loci that have previously been reported and gives evidence for new IBD loci on chromosomes 2p11, 11p12-q13, 12p13-12, 12q23, and 19q13.
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42
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Mascheretti S, Hampe J, Kühbacher T, Herfarth H, Krawczak M, Fölsch UR, Schreiber S. Pharmacogenetic investigation of the TNF/TNF-receptor system in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease treated with infliximab. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2002; 2:127-36. [PMID: 12049175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody) induces remission in 30-40% of Crohn's disease patients. Treatment response is a stable trait. Two cohorts from independent, prospective clinical trials of infliximab in Crohn's disease were studied. Hypotheses were generated in an exploratory cohort (n = 90) and then tested in a confirmatory cohort (n = 444), using a statistical design, which is stable against type 1 and type 2 errors. In the exploratory cohort, the mutant 196Arg allele of TNFR-II (exon 6 polymorphism) and a novel silent polymorphism in exon 2 of TNFR-II were associated with lack of response to infliximab (83.3% in homozygote mutant 196 Arg patients vs 36.9% in heterozygotes and wild-type homozygotes (P = 0.036) and 85.7% in homozygote mutant exon 2 patients vs 36.1% (P = 0.01), respectively). None of the homozygote mutant individuals (0/6) achieved clinical remission, whereas the remission rate was 35.7% (30/84) in wild-type homozygotes and heterozygotes. In the large second cohort, the observed genotype-phenotype associations were not replicated. Other polymorphisms (TNF-alpha promoter -238, -308, -376, -857, -1031, TNF-R-I -609, +36 (exon 1), TNF-R-II 1663, 1690 (3'-UTR)) were not associated with treatment response in both cohorts (P > 0.5). None of the polymorphisms was associated with refractory Crohn's disease itself when compared to healthy controls. In a two-cohort study, a series of polymorphisms in the TNF, the TNF-R-I and in the TNF-R-II genes could be thoroughly excluded as pharmacogenetic markers for a treatment response to infliximab and as etiologic factors for Crohn's disease, respectively. The discrepancy between the two cohorts observed for the TNF-R-II exon 6 and exon 2 polymorphism may point to a weak effect on treatment response but also serves to illustrate the need for a sequential exploratory/confirmatory design in pharmacogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mascheretti
- 1st Medical Department, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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43
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Uthoff SMS, Crawford NPS, Eichenberger MR, Hamilton CJ, Petras RE, Martin ER, Galandiuk S. Association of ulcerative colitis with the inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility locus IBD2 in non-Jewish Caucasians and evidence of genetic heterogeneity among racial and ethnic populations with Crohn disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 113:242-9. [PMID: 12439891 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide scanning has been used to identify chromosomal regions encoding susceptibility loci to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The greatest evidence for linkage to IBD has been reported for a region of chromosome 12q14 surrounding the microsatellite marker D12S83, with a logarithm of odds score of 5.47 and a positive transmission disequilibrium test, and which was subsequently named IBD2. We wished to confirm this locus by genotyping the highly polymorphic microsatellites D12S1022, D12S1056, and D12S83, spanning a continuous region on chromosome 12 of 342 kb, in a cohort of nonrelated individuals with ulcerative colitis (89 patients), Crohn disease (121 patients), and population-based control subjects (100 patients). In non-Jewish Caucasians, one D12S1022 allele, one D12S1056 genotype, and three D12S83 alleles were found to have statistically significant differences in distribution between the two disease groups and the control population. These data support a significant association of IBD with the IBD2 locus in close vicinity to the three markers studied. The replication of genetic risk loci in a case control association study may indicate susceptibility genes in this region and may facilitate identification of candidate genes for IBD. Subgroup analysis revealed a notable difference in genotype distribution among Jewish Caucasian and African American patients affected with Crohn disease when compared with similarly affected non-Jewish Caucasians. Using Fisher exact test, statistically significant distribution differences were observed for D12S1022 and D12S83. These data indicate that there may be significant genetic heterogeneity between different ethnic and racial IBD populations or may simply reflect differences in marker allele frequencies among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M S Uthoff
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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44
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Williams CN, Kocher K, Lander ES, Daly MJ, Rioux JD. Using a genome-wide scan and meta-analysis to identify a novel IBD locus and confirm previously identified IBD loci. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8:375-81. [PMID: 12454612 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200211000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Seven loci that potentially confer susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or one of its subtypes have been identified to date; however, most are unconfirmed, and the complete set of loci contributing to disease susceptibility has not yet been determined. The authors aim to identify loci contributing to disease susceptibility in an IBD population from Canada and to compare their results in a systematic manner with those of previously published IBD data sets. The authors performed genome-wide linkage analysis on 63 IBD families from Nova Scotia, Canada. They then undertook a meta-analysis to combine the results of their study with those of the four previously published IBD genome-wide scans with complete data reported. Their genome-wide scan identified three regions of suggestive linkage to IBD: 11p, and The locus on chromosome 11p has not been previously reported. Meta-analysis of multiple scans revealed linked regions corresponding to the, and loci. Meta-analysis of linkage data is a powerful approach for identifying and confirming common susceptibility loci and specifically shows that, and are the major, common IBD susceptibility loci in the populations studied thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noel Williams
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center University Hospital, Nova Scotia, Canada
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45
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Mähler M, Most C, Schmidtke S, Sundberg JP, Li R, Hedrich HJ, Churchill GA. Genetics of colitis susceptibility in IL-10-deficient mice: backcross versus F2 results contrasted by principal component analysis. Genomics 2002; 80:274-82. [PMID: 12213197 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10-deficient (Il10(-/-)) mice on a C3H/HeJBir genetic background develop more severe colitis than those on a C57BL/6J background. We performed genome screens for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating colitis susceptibility in this model system using two first backcross populations derived from these two strains. To reduce the complexity of this analysis, the information from numerous histologic phenotypes was summarized by principal component analysis. A similar approach was applied to previously published data from an F2 intercross (involving the same progenitor strains), which allowed us to ascertain all six previously reported cytokine-deficiency-induced colitis susceptibility loci (Cdcs1-6) with main and/or interacting effects on chromosomes 3, 1, 2, 8, 17, and 18. The colitogenic effect of Cdcs1 was confirmed in the backcross to C3H/HeJBir-Il10(-/-). Its effect was epistatically modified by another locus on chromosome 12. In addition, three main effect QTLs on chromosomes 4, 5, and 12 were identified in the backcross to C57BL/6J-Il10(-/-). Analyses of the modes of inheritance in these crosses revealed colitogenic contributions by both parental genomes. These findings show the complexity of inheritance underlying susceptibility to colitis and illustrate why detection of human inflammatory bowel disease loci has proven to be so difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mähler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Complex genetic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) result from the interplay between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. The recent identification of variants of the CARD15/NOD2 protein as contributing to Crohn disease represents a major advance in defining disease pathogenesis. CARD15/NOD2 is expressed in monocytes and is capable of activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Crohn disease-associated mutations in CARD15/NOD2 predominate in its C-terminus leucine-rich repeat domain, which is required for bacterial lipopolysaccharide-dependent induction of NF-kappaB activity. The relative risk of developing Crohn disease is estimated to be in the range of 2 to 3 in people carrying one mutation and 20 to 40 in people carrying two mutations in CARD15/NOD2. Homozygote and compound heterozygote carriers of CARD15/NOD2 mutations are characterized by an earlier age of onset, less involvement of the left colon, and positive association with stricturing disease. However, even carriers of two CARD15/NOD2 mutations have limited disease penetrance (ie, only a minority will develop the disease), suggesting that additional interacting genes and environmental triggers are required for disease expression. Several additional genetic regions have been implicated through genetic linkage and association studies.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Taylor
- Medical Genetics Birth Defects Center, Department of Medicine, Burns and Allen Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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48
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Ahmad T, Satsangi J, McGovern D, Bunce M, Jewell DP. Review article: the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15:731-48. [PMID: 11380312 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological, clinical and molecular studies have provided strong evidence that inherited predisposition is important in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. The model most consistent with the epidemiological data suggests that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are related polygenic diseases, sharing some but not all susceptibility genes. Investigators throughout the world have applied the complementary techniques of genome-wide scanning and candidate gene analysis. Four areas of linkage have been widely replicated on chromosomes 16 (IBD1), 12 (IBD2), 6 (IBD3-the HLA region), and most recently on chromosome 14. Fine mapping of these regions is underway. Of the 'positional' candidate genes, most attention has centred on the genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Genes within this region may determine disease susceptibility, behaviour, complications and response to therapy. Hope continues that studies of inflammatory bowel disease genetics will provide fresh insight into disease pathogenesis and soon deliver clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ahmad
- Gastroenterology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK.
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49
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Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morain CA, Gassull M, Binder V, Finkel Y, Cortot A, Modigliani R, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Macry J, Colombel JF, Sahbatou M, Thomas G. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001; 411:599-603. [PMID: 11385576 DOI: 10.1038/35079107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3826] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two main types of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, are multifactorial conditions of unknown aetiology. A susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease has been mapped to chromosome 16. Here we have used a positional-cloning strategy, based on linkage analysis followed by linkage disequilibrium mapping, to identify three independent associations for Crohn's disease: a frameshift variant and two missense variants of NOD2, encoding a member of the Apaf-1/Ced-4 superfamily of apoptosis regulators that is expressed in monocytes. These NOD2 variants alter the structure of either the leucine-rich repeat domain of the protein or the adjacent region. NOD2 activates nuclear factor NF-kB; this activating function is regulated by the carboxy-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain, which has an inhibitory role and also acts as an intracellular receptor for components of microbial pathogens. These observations suggest that the NOD2 gene product confers susceptibility to Crohn's disease by altering the recognition of these components and/or by over-activating NF-kB in monocytes, thus documenting a molecular model for the pathogenic mechanism of Crohn's disease that can now be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hugot
- Fondation Jean Dausset CEPH, 27 rue J. Dodu 75010 Paris, France
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50
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Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morain CA, Gassull M, Binder V, Finkel Y, Cortot A, Modigliani R, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Macry J, Colombel JF, Sahbatou M, Thomas G. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001. [DOI: 78495111110.1038/35079107' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1038/35079107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1038/35079107','', '10.1093/hmg/9.9.1425')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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