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Sangster ML, Bishop MM, Yao Y, Feitor JF, Shahriar S, Miller ME, Chekuri AK, Budnik B, Bei F, Grishchuk Y. A blood-brain barrier-penetrant AAV gene therapy improves neurological function in symptomatic mucolipidosis IV mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101269. [PMID: 38934011 PMCID: PMC11201152 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal disease characterized by intellectual disability, motor deficits, and progressive vision loss. Using adeno-associated vector 9 (AAV9) and AAV-PHP.B as delivery vectors, we previously demonstrated the feasibility of modifying disease course in a mouse model of MLIV by the human MCOLN1 gene transfer. Here, using a primate-enabling capsid AAV.CPP.16 (CPP16), we constructed a new, clinic-oriented MCOLN1 gene expression vector and demonstrated its efficacy in the preclinical model of MLIV. Systemic administration of CPP16-MCOLN1 in adult symptomatic Mcoln1 -/- mice at a dose of 1e12 vg per mouse resulted in MCOLN1 expression in the brain and peripheral tissues, alleviated brain pathology, rescued neuromotor function, and completely prevented paralysis. Notable expression of MCOLN1 transcripts was also detected in the retina of the mouse, which had exhibited significant degeneration at the time of the treatment. However, no increase in retinal thickness was observed after gene therapy treatment. Our results suggest a new AAV-based systemic gene replacement therapy for the treatment of MLIV that could be translated into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Martha M. Bishop
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yizheng Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica F. Feitor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maxwell E. Miller
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anil K. Chekuri
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 201 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fengfeng Bei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Sangster M, Shahriar S, Niziolek Z, Carisi MC, Lewandowski M, Budnik B, Grishchuk Y. Brain cell type specific proteomics approach to discover pathological mechanisms in the childhood CNS disorder mucolipidosis type IV. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1215425. [PMID: 37609073 PMCID: PMC10440433 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an ultra-rare, recessively inherited lysosomal disorder resulting from inactivating mutations in MCOLN1, the gene encoding the lysosomal cation channel TRPML1. The disease primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS) and manifests in the first year with cognitive and motor developmental delay, followed by a gradual decline in neurological function across the second decade of life, blindness, and premature death in third or fourth decades. Brain pathology manifestations in MLIV are consistent with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with brain iron accumulation. Presently, there are no approved or investigational therapies for MLIV, and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. The MLIV mouse model, Mcoln1-/- mice, recapitulates all major manifestations of the human disease. Here, to better understand the pathological mechanisms in the MLIV brain, we performed cell type specific LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis in the MLIV mouse model and reconstituted molecular signatures of the disease in either freshly isolated populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells, or whole tissue cortical homogenates from young adult symptomatic Mcoln1-/- mice. Our analysis confirmed on the molecular level major histopathological hallmarks of MLIV universally present in Mcoln1-/- tissue and brain cells, such as hypomyelination, lysosomal dysregulation, and impaired metabolism of lipids and polysaccharides. Importantly, pathway analysis in brain cells revealed mitochondria-related alterations in all Mcoln1-/- brain cells, except oligodendrocytes, that was not possible to resolve in whole tissue. We also report unique proteome signatures and dysregulated pathways for each brain cell population used in this study. These data shed new light on cell-intrinsic mechanisms of MLIV and provide new insights for biomarker discovery and validation to advance translational studies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Niziolek
- Bauer Flow Cytometry Core, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Maria Carla Carisi
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Kido J, Sugawara K, Nakamura K. Gene therapy for lysosomal storage diseases: Current clinical trial prospects. Front Genet 2023; 14:1064924. [PMID: 36713078 PMCID: PMC9880060 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1064924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolic inborn errors caused by defective enzymes in the lysosome, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded substrates. LSDs are progressive diseases that exhibit variable rates of progression depending on the disease and the patient. The availability of effective treatment options, including substrate reduction therapy, pharmacological chaperone therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, has increased survival time and improved the quality of life in many patients with LSDs. However, these therapies are not sufficiently effective, especially against central nerve system abnormalities and corresponding neurological and psychiatric symptoms because of the blood-brain barrier that prevents the entry of drugs into the brain or limiting features of specific treatments. Gene therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of neurological pathologies associated with LSDs. Here, we review the current state of gene therapy for several LSDs for which clinical trials have been conducted or are planned. Several clinical trials using gene therapy for LSDs are underway as phase 1/2 studies; no adverse events have not been reported in most of these studies. The administration of viral vectors has achieved good therapeutic outcomes in animal models of LSDs, and subsequent human clinical trials are expected to promote the practical application of gene therapy for LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Jun Kido,
| | - Keishin Sugawara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Prat Castro S, Kudrina V, Jaślan D, Böck J, Scotto Rosato A, Grimm C. Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Disorders: TPC2 Comes to the Rescue! Cells 2022; 11:cells11182807. [PMID: 36139381 PMCID: PMC9496660 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) resulting from inherited gene mutations constitute a family of disorders that disturb lysosomal degradative function leading to abnormal storage of macromolecular substrates. In most LSDs, central nervous system (CNS) involvement is common and leads to the progressive appearance of neurodegeneration and early death. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of neurodegenerative LSDs. One of the main basic mechanisms through which the endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system is Ca2+ release, which is thought to be essential for intracellular compartment fusion, fission, trafficking and lysosomal exocytosis. The intracellular TRPML (transient receptor potential mucolipin) and TPC (two-pore channel) ion channel families constitute the main essential Ca2+-permeable channels expressed on endolysosomal membranes, and they are considered potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of LSDs. Although TRPML1 activation has shown rescue effects on LSD phenotypes, its activity is pH dependent, and it is blocked by sphingomyelin accumulation, which is characteristic of some LSDs. In contrast, TPC2 activation is pH-independent and not blocked by sphingomyelin, potentially representing an advantage over TRPML1. Here, we discuss the rescue of cellular phenotypes associated with LSDs such as cholesterol and lactosylceramide (LacCer) accumulation or ultrastructural changes seen by electron microscopy, mediated by the small molecule agonist of TPC2, TPC2-A1-P, which promotes lysosomal exocytosis and autophagy. In summary, new data suggest that TPC2 is a promising target for the treatment of different types of LSDs such as MLIV, NPC1, and Batten disease, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Grimm
- Correspondence: (A.S.R.); (C.G.); Tel.: +49-89-2180-73811 (C.G.)
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Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Jaślan D, Abrahamian C, Montefusco S, Soldati C, Spix B, Pizzo MT, Grieco G, Böck J, Wyatt A, Wünkhaus D, Passon M, Stieglitz M, Keller M, Hermey G, Markmann S, Gruber-Schoffnegger D, Cotman S, Johannes L, Crusius D, Boehm U, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Bracher F, De Leonibus E, Polishchuk E, Medina DL, Paquet D, Grimm C. TPC2 rescues lysosomal storage in mucolipidosis type IV, Niemann-Pick type C1, and Batten disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15377. [PMID: 35929194 PMCID: PMC9449600 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cell organelles that degrade macromolecules to recycle their components. If lysosomal degradative function is impaired, e.g., due to mutations in lysosomal enzymes or membrane proteins, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) can develop. LSDs manifest often with neurodegenerative symptoms, typically starting in early childhood, and going along with a strongly reduced life expectancy and quality of life. We show here that small molecule activation of the Ca2+‐permeable endolysosomal two‐pore channel 2 (TPC2) results in an amelioration of cellular phenotypes associated with LSDs such as cholesterol or lipofuscin accumulation, or the formation of abnormal vacuoles seen by electron microscopy. Rescue effects by TPC2 activation, which promotes lysosomal exocytosis and autophagy, were assessed in mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), Niemann–Pick type C1, and Batten disease patient fibroblasts, and in neurons derived from newly generated isogenic human iPSC models for MLIV and Batten disease. For in vivo proof of concept, we tested TPC2 activation in the MLIV mouse model. In sum, our data suggest that TPC2 is a promising target for the treatment of different types of LSDs, both in vitro and in‐vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scotto Rosato
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Spix
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Böck
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Passon
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Stieglitz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Susan Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Dennis Crusius
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Misko AL, Wood LB, DeBono M, Oberman R, Raas-Rothschild A, Grishchuk Y, Eichler F. Cross-sectional Observations on the Natural History of Mucolipidosis Type IV. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e662. [PMID: 35425852 PMCID: PMC9005048 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is an ultra-rare lysosomal disorder initially described as a static neurodevelopmental condition. However, patient caregivers frequently report progressive muscular hypertonicity and functional decline. We evaluated a cohort of patients with MLIV to determine whether neurologic disability correlates with age. Methods We performed a cross-sectional, observational study of 26 patients with MLIV in the United States and Israel ranging in age from 2 to 40 years. Medical history was obtained from caregivers, and patients underwent a full neurologic examination. The Brief Assessment of Motor Function (BAMF), Gross Motor Function Classification System, and modified Ashworth scales were applied. Caregivers identified developmental skills on the Oregon Project for Visually Impaired and Blind Children checklist that their child had lost the ability to perform. Results Three patients were clinically classified as mildly affected and the remaining 23 patients as typical, severely affected cases. Timing of first symptom onset ranged from 1.5 months to 8 years of age (median 7.25 months). Across typical patients, modified Ashworth scores demonstrated a positive age dependence illustrating worsening spasticity across the lifespan. Signs of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction were also qualitatively observed. In parallel, gross and fine motor function assessed with the BAMF and Gross Motor Function Classification System scales declined across age. All typical patients had restricted tongue mobility and lacked rotary jaw movement when chewing, but BAMF scores for deglutition declined only in the oldest patients. In contrast, scores for articulation were low in all patients and did not correlate with age. Finally, loss of developmental skills frequently occurred in early adolescence. Discussion This cross-sectional natural history study of MLIV demonstrates worse motor function in older patients. These data support a neurodegenerative component of MLIV that manifests as developmental regression in the second decade of life. Whether the emergence of functional decline results from the cumulative, nonlinear interactions of steadily progressive neurodegenerative processes or reflects an inflection from impaired CNS development to degeneration is uncertain. However, understanding the relationship between CNS pathology and clinical course of disease will be imperative to guiding future interventional trials and optimizing patient care.
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Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokine Signature Mirrors Motor Deficits in Mucolipidosis IV. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030546. [PMID: 35159355 PMCID: PMC8834097 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessive pediatric disease that leads to motor and cognitive deficits and loss of vision. It is caused by a loss of function of the lysosomal channel transient receptor potential mucolipin-1 and is associated with an early pro-inflammatory brain phenotype, including increased cytokine expression. The goal of the current study was to determine whether blood cytokines are linked to motor dysfunction in patients with MLIV and reflect brain inflammatory changes observed in an MLIV mouse model. Methods: To determine the relationship between blood cytokines and motor function, we collected plasma from MLIV patients and parental controls concomitantly with assessment of motor function using the Brief Assessment of Motor Function and Modified Ashworth scales. We then compared these profiles with cytokine profiles in brain and plasma samples collected from the Mcoln1−/− mouse model of MLIV. Results: We found that MLIV patients had prominently increased cytokine levels compared to familial controls and identified profiles of cytokines correlated with motor dysfunction, including IFN-γ, IFN-α2, and IP-10. We found that IP-10 was a key differentiating factor separating MLIV cases from controls based on data from human plasma, mouse plasma, and mouse brain. Conclusions: Our data indicate that MLIV is characterized by increased blood cytokines, which are strongly related to underlying neurological and functional deficits in MLIV patients. Moreover, our data identify the interferon pro-inflammatory axis in both human and mouse signatures, suggesting that interferon signaling is an important aspect of MLIV pathology.
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Blanc F, Bemelmans AP, Affortit C, Joséphine C, Puel JL, Mondain M, Wang J. A Single Cisterna Magna Injection of AAV Leads to Binaural Transduction in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783504. [PMID: 35087833 PMCID: PMC8787364 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-mediated gene augmentation, silencing, or editing offers tremendous promise for the treatment of inherited and acquired deafness. Inner-ear gene therapies often require a safe, clinically useable and effective route of administration to target both ears, while avoiding damage to the delicate structures of the inner ear. Here, we examined the possibility of using a cisterna magna injection as a new cochlear local route for initiating binaural transduction by different serotypes of the adeno-associated virus (AAV2/8, AAV2/9, AAV2/Anc80L65). The results were compared with those following canalostomy injection, one of the existing standard inner ear local delivery routes. Our results demonstrated that a single injection of AAVs enables high-efficiency binaural transduction of almost all inner hair cells with a basal-apical pattern and of large numbers of spiral ganglion neurons of the basal portion of the cochlea, without affecting auditory function and cochlear structures. Taken together, these results reveal the potential for using a cisterna magna injection as a local route for binaural gene therapy applications, but extensive testing will be required before translation beyond mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blanc
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CHRU Montpellier-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Corentin Affortit
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Charlène Joséphine
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Mondain
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CHRU Montpellier-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CHRU Montpellier-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Montpellier, France
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