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Kiefer M, Simione M, Eichler FS, Townsend EL. Development of an Infantile GM2 Clinical Rating Scale: Remote Assessment of Clinically Meaningful Health-Related Function. J Child Neurol 2024:8830738241246703. [PMID: 38659405 DOI: 10.1177/08830738241246703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidoses (GM2) are a group of rare lysosomal storage disorders in which accumulation of GM2 gangliosides results in progressive central nervous system damage. The infantile GM2 phenotype is characterized by delays in milestones by 6 months of age, followed by rapid loss of motor, cognitive, and visual function. Advancements in early diagnosis and pharmacotherapies provide promise for improved outcomes. However, the lack of feasible and clinically meaningful clinical outcome assessments for GM2 poses a challenge to characterizing GM2 natural history and selecting clinical trial endpoints. The purpose of this study was to develop a remotely administered infantile GM2 rating scale to measure health-related function in children with infantile GM2. A 2-phase mixed methods design was employed. In phase 1 of the study, 8 families of children with Infantile GM2 completed a natural history survey and a 1:1 semistructured interview to provide caregiver perspectives on the impacts of GM2 on health-related function. In phase 2 of the study, 8 expert clinicians provided feedback via surveys and participated in videoconference-hosted focus groups to refine scale administration and scoring procedures. These methods guided the development of 16 scale items to assess function in 5 health-related function domains: vision, hand and arm use, communication, gross motor, and feeding. This study used caregiver perspectives and expert clinician feedback to develop a remotely administered clinical outcome assessment of clinically meaningful health-related function in children with infantile GM2. Future studies will further evaluate the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Infantile GM2 Clinical Rating Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kiefer
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meg Simione
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elise L Townsend
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
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Smith MC, Belur LR, Karlen AD, Erlanson O, Furcich J, Lund TC, Seelig D, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Kim KH, Buss N, McIvor RS. Comparative dose effectiveness of intravenous and intrathecal AAV9.CB7.hIDS, RGX-121, in mucopolysaccharidosis type II mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101201. [PMID: 38374962 PMCID: PMC10875268 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked recessive lysosomal disease caused by iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) deficiency, leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the emergence of progressive disease. Enzyme replacement therapy is the only currently approved treatment, but it leaves neurological disease unaddressed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-directed administration of AAV9.CB7.hIDS (RGX-121) is an alternative treatment strategy, but it is unknown if this approach will affect both neurologic and systemic manifestations. We compared the effectiveness of intrathecal (i.t.) and intravenous (i.v.) routes of administration (ROAs) at a range of vector doses in a mouse model of MPS II. While lower doses were completely ineffective, a total dose of 1 × 109 gc resulted in appreciable IDS activity levels in plasma but not tissues. Total doses of 1 × 1010 and 1 × 1011 gc by either ROA resulted in supraphysiological plasma IDS activity, substantial IDS activity levels and GAG reduction in nearly all tissues, and normalized zygomatic arch diameter. In the brain, a dose of 1 × 1011 gc i.t. achieved the highest IDS activity levels and the greatest reduction in GAG content, and it prevented neurocognitive deficiency. We conclude that a dose of 1 × 1010 gc normalized metabolic and skeletal outcomes, while neurologic improvement required a dose of 1 × 1011 gc, thereby suggesting the prospect of a similar direct benefit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles C. Smith
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalitha R. Belur
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrea D. Karlen
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia Erlanson
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin Furcich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Troy C. Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Davis Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Nick Buss
- REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - R. Scott McIvor
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Sangster M, Shahriar S, Niziolek Z, Carisi MC, Lewandowski M, Budnik B, Grishchuk Y. Brain cell type specific proteomics approach to discover pathological mechanisms in the childhood CNS disorder mucolipidosis type IV. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1215425. [PMID: 37609073 PMCID: PMC10440433 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an ultra-rare, recessively inherited lysosomal disorder resulting from inactivating mutations in MCOLN1, the gene encoding the lysosomal cation channel TRPML1. The disease primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS) and manifests in the first year with cognitive and motor developmental delay, followed by a gradual decline in neurological function across the second decade of life, blindness, and premature death in third or fourth decades. Brain pathology manifestations in MLIV are consistent with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with brain iron accumulation. Presently, there are no approved or investigational therapies for MLIV, and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. The MLIV mouse model, Mcoln1-/- mice, recapitulates all major manifestations of the human disease. Here, to better understand the pathological mechanisms in the MLIV brain, we performed cell type specific LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis in the MLIV mouse model and reconstituted molecular signatures of the disease in either freshly isolated populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells, or whole tissue cortical homogenates from young adult symptomatic Mcoln1-/- mice. Our analysis confirmed on the molecular level major histopathological hallmarks of MLIV universally present in Mcoln1-/- tissue and brain cells, such as hypomyelination, lysosomal dysregulation, and impaired metabolism of lipids and polysaccharides. Importantly, pathway analysis in brain cells revealed mitochondria-related alterations in all Mcoln1-/- brain cells, except oligodendrocytes, that was not possible to resolve in whole tissue. We also report unique proteome signatures and dysregulated pathways for each brain cell population used in this study. These data shed new light on cell-intrinsic mechanisms of MLIV and provide new insights for biomarker discovery and validation to advance translational studies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Sangster
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Niziolek
- Bauer Flow Cytometry Core, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Maria Carla Carisi
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Basiri M, Ghaffari ME, Ruan J, Murugesan V, Kleytman N, Belinsky G, Akhavan A, Lischuk A, Guo L, Klinger K, Mistry PK. Osteonecrosis in Gaucher disease in the era of multiple therapies: Biomarker set for risk stratification from a tertiary referral center. eLife 2023; 12:e87537. [PMID: 37249220 PMCID: PMC10317498 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A salutary effect of treatments for Gaucher disease (GD) has been a reduction in the incidence of avascular osteonecrosis (AVN). However, there are reports of AVN in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) , and it is not known whether it is related to individual treatments, GBA genotypes, phenotypes, biomarkers of residual disease activity, or anti-drug antibodies. Prompted by development of AVN in several patients receiving ERT, we aimed to delineate the determinants of AVN in patients receiving ERT or eliglustat substrate reduction therapy (SRT) during 20 years in a tertiary referral center. Methods Longitudinal follow-ups of 155 GD patients between 2001 and 2021 were analyzed for episodes of AVN on therapy, type of therapy, GBA1 genotype, spleen status, biomarkers, and other disease indicators. We applied mixed-effects logistic model to delineate the independent correlates of AVN while receiving treatment. Results The patients received cumulative 1382 years of treatment. There were 16 episodes of AVN in 14 patients, with two episodes, each occurring in two patients. Heteroallelic p.Asn409Ser GD1 patients were 10 times (95% CI, 1.5-67.2) more likely than p.Asn409Ser homozygous patients to develop osteonecrosis during treatment. History of AVN prior to treatment initiation was associated with 4.8-fold increased risk of AVN on treatment (95% CI, 1.5-15.2). The risk of AVN among patients receiving velaglucerase ERT was 4.68 times higher compared to patients receiving imiglucerase ERT (95% CI, 1.67-13). No patient receiving eliglustat SRT suffered AVN. There was a significant correlation between GlcSph levels and AVN. Together, these biomarkers reliably predicted risk of AVN during therapy (ROC AUC 0.894, p<0.001). Conclusions There is a low, but significant risk of AVN in GD in the era of ERT/SRT. We found that increased risk of AVN was related to GBA genotype, history of AVN prior to treatment initiation, residual serum GlcSph level, and the type of ERT. No patient receiving SRT developed AVN. These findings exemplify a new approach to biomarker applications in a rare inborn error of metabolism to evaluate clinical outcomes in comprehensively followed patients and will aid identification of GD patients at higher risk of AVN who will benefit from closer monitoring and treatment optimization. Funding LSD Training Fellowship from Sanofi to MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mohammad E Ghaffari
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | | | | | - Glenn Belinsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Amir Akhavan
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts DartmouthDartmoutUnited States
| | - Andrew Lischuk
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Lilu Guo
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Pramod K Mistry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
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Rakib TM, Islam MS, Tanaka S, Yabuki A, Pervin S, Maki S, Faruq AA, Tacharina MR, Yamato O. Novel Mutation in the Feline GAA Gene in a Cat with Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081336. [PMID: 37106898 PMCID: PMC10135178 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease: PD) is an autosomal recessively inherited fatal genetic disorder that results from the deficiency of a glycogen hydrolyzing enzyme, acid α-glucosidase encoded by the GAA gene. Here, we describe the molecular basis of genetic defects in an 8-month-old domestic short-haired cat with PD. The cat was previously diagnosed with PD based on the clinical and pathological findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and excessive accumulation of glycogen in the cardiac muscles. Sanger sequencing was performed on 20 exons of the feline GAA gene using genomic DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded liver tissues. The affected cat was found to be homozygous for the GAA:c.1799G>A mutation resulting in an amino acid substitution (p.R600H) of acid α-glucosidase, a codon position of which is identical with three missense mutations (p.R600C, p.R600L, and p.R600H) causing human infantile-onset PD (IOPD). Several stability and pathogenicity predictors have also shown that the feline mutation is deleterious and severely decreases the stability of the GAA protein. The clinical, pathological, and molecular findings in the cat were similar to those of IOPD in humans. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pathogenic mutation in a cat. Feline PD is an excellent model for human PD, especially IOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tofazzal Md Rakib
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shigeki Tanaka
- Alpha Animal Hospital, Kawanakajima, Nagano 381-2226, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shahnaj Pervin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Abdullah Al Faruq
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Martia Rani Tacharina
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Amaral O, Martins M, Oliveira AR, Duarte AJ, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Macedo MF. The Biology of Lysosomes: From Order to Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010213. [PMID: 36672721 PMCID: PMC9856021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1955, the understanding of the lysosome has continuously increased. Once considered a mere waste removal system, the lysosome is now recognised as a highly crucial cellular component for signalling and energy metabolism. This notable evolution raises the need for a summarized review of the lysosome's biology. As such, throughout this article, we will be compiling the current knowledge regarding the lysosome's biogenesis and functions. The comprehension of this organelle's inner mechanisms is crucial to perceive how its impairment can give rise to lysosomal disease (LD). In this review, we highlight some examples of LD fine-tuned mechanisms that are already established, as well as others, which are still under investigation. Even though the understanding of the lysosome and its pathologies has expanded through the years, some of its intrinsic molecular aspects remain unknown. In order to illustrate the complexity of the lysosomal diseases we provide a few examples that have challenged the established single gene-single genetic disorder model. As such, we believe there is a strong need for further investigation of the exact abnormalities in the pathological pathways in lysosomal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults. They share some similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. Since the discovery of the first causative genes, more than 530 mutations have been identified across 13 genes in cases diagnosed with NCL. These genes encode a variety of proteins whose functions have not been fully defined; most are lysosomal enzymes, or transmembrane proteins of the lysosome or other organelles. Many mutations in these genes are associated with a typical NCL disease phenotype. However, increasing numbers of variant disease phenotypes are being described, affecting age of onset, severity or progression, and including some distinct clinical phenotypes. This data is collated by the NCL Mutation Database which allows analysis from many perspectives. This article will summarise and interpret current knowledge and understanding of their genetic basis and phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gardner
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bott LC, Forouhan M, Lieto M, Sala AJ, Ellerington R, Johnson JO, Speciale AA, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Chitayat D, Alkhunaizi E, Shannon P, Nemeth AH, Angelucci F, Lim WF, Striano P, Zara F, Helbig I, Muona M, Courage C, Lehesjoki AE, Berkovic SF, Fischbeck KH, Brancati F, Morimoto RI, Wood MJA, Rinaldi C. Variants in ATP6V0A1 cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab245. [PMID: 34909687 PMCID: PMC8665645 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPase is a large multi-subunit proton pump, composed of an integral membrane V0 domain, involved in proton translocation, and a peripheral V1 domain, catalysing ATP hydrolysis. This complex is widely distributed on the membrane of various subcellular organelles, such as endosomes and lysosomes, and plays a critical role in cellular processes ranging from autophagy to protein trafficking and endocytosis. Variants in ATP6V0A1, the brain-enriched isoform in the V0 domain, have been recently associated with developmental delay and epilepsy in four individuals. Here, we identified 17 individuals from 14 unrelated families with both with new and previously characterized variants in this gene, representing the largest cohort to date. Five affected subjects with biallelic variants in this gene presented with a phenotype of early-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy with ataxia, while 12 individuals carried de novo missense variants and showed severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The R740Q mutation, which alone accounts for almost 50% of the mutations identified among our cases, leads to failure of lysosomal hydrolysis by directly impairing acidification of the endolysosomal compartment, causing autophagic dysfunction and severe developmental defect in Caenorhabditis elegans. Altogether, our findings further expand the neurological phenotype associated with variants in this gene and provide a direct link with endolysosomal acidification in the pathophysiology of ATP6V0A1-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bott
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mitra Forouhan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Maria Lieto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples 80121, Italy
| | - Ambre J Sala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ruth Ellerington
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Janel O Johnson
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples 80121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples 80121, Italy
| | - David Chitayat
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Patrick Shannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrea H Nemeth
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mikko Muona
- Blueprint Genetics, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Carolina Courage
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Roma, Italy
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
- Oxford Harrington Rare Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Iacono R, Minopoli N, Ferrara MC, Tarallo A, Damiano C, Porto C, Strollo S, Roig-Zamboni V, Peluso G, Sulzenbacher G, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Parenti G, Moracci M. Carnitine is a pharmacological allosteric chaperone of the human lysosomal α-glucosidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:2068-2079. [PMID: 34565280 PMCID: PMC8477953 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1975694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is an inherited metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of the lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA). The only approved treatment is enzyme replacement therapy with the recombinant enzyme (rhGAA). Further approaches like pharmacological chaperone therapy, based on the stabilising effect induced by small molecules on the target enzyme, could be a promising strategy. However, most known chaperones could be limited by their potential inhibitory effects on patient’s enzymes. Here we report on the discovery of novel chaperones for rhGAA, L- and D-carnitine, and the related compound acetyl-D-carnitine. These drugs stabilise the enzyme at pH and temperature without inhibiting the activity and acted synergistically with active-site directed pharmacological chaperones. Remarkably, they enhanced by 4-fold the acid α-glucosidase activity in fibroblasts from three Pompe patients with added rhGAA. This synergistic effect of L-carnitine and rhGAA has the potential to be translated into improved therapeutic efficacy of ERT in Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iacono
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Minopoli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla Damiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Porto
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sandra Strollo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Véronique Roig-Zamboni
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, UOS Naples-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerlind Sulzenbacher
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, AFMB, Marseille, France
| | | | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - CNR, Naples, Italy
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10
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Abstract
Background and aim The lysosomal storage diseases are a group of monogenic diseases with multisystemic impairment and chronic progression induced by the deficiency of lysosomal acid hydrolases involved in the breakdown of various macromolecules. The accumulation occurs in the macrophages of the reticule-endothelial system and causes enlargement and functional impairment. The mainly involved organs are the brain, liver, spleen, bones, joints, airways, lungs, and heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate early symptoms, signs and the delay in the diagnosis of different lysosomal diseases. Methods The medical documentation of 188 patients with lysosomal storage disorders, aged 1-70 years, were analyzed. All these patients were specifically diagnosed, by enzyme and molecular assay. Results The age of clinical signs onset varies in different type of lysosomal diseases, from the first months of life or early childhood in severe form, to adulthood in attenuated forms. The delay between the clinical signs onset and specific diagnosis ranged from 0.5 months to 57.91 years. Conclusions The lysosomal storage diseases are rare diseases with childhood onset, but these early signs and symptoms are not recognized and are often taken into account when the vital organs damage becomes manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Alkhzouz
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
| | - Diana Miclea
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
| | - Simona Bucerzan
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
| | - Cecilia Lazea
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
| | - Ioana Nascu
- Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
| | - Paula Grigorescu Sido
- Center of Expertise for Rare Diseases Lysosomal Diseases, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj, Romania
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11
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Dumitrascu DL. Gaucher disease: an update. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:S54-S56. [PMID: 34527912 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease affecting the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and nervous system. In Romania we follow up over 70 adult patients with Gaucher disease, who benefit from fully covered therapy. There is a need to screen for Gaucher disease, to diagnose early the condition and to use the best available therapy. This is a review of recent studies on Gaucher disease and is dedicated to trainees in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Dumitrascu
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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12
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Abstract
Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a recessively inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, connective tissue overgrowth, gait disturbance, and seizures followed by premature death. AGU is caused by pathogenic variants in the aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) gene, leading to glycoasparagine accumulation and cellular dysfunction. Although more prevalent in the Finnish population, more than 30 AGA variants have been identified worldwide. Owing to its rarity, AGU may be largely underdiagnosed. Recognition of the following early clinical features may aid in AGU diagnosis: developmental delays, hyperactivity, early growth spurt, inguinal and abdominal hernias, clumsiness, characteristic facial features, recurring upper respiratory and ear infections, tonsillectomy, multiple sets of tympanostomy tube placement, and sleep problems. Although no curative therapies currently exist, early diagnosis may provide benefit through the provision of anticipatory guidance, management of expectations, early interventions, and prophylaxis; it will also be crucial for increased clinical benefits of future AGU disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Goodspeed
- 7067University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Minna Laine
- Division of Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Troy C Lund
- 5635University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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13
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Broeders M, Smits K, Goynuk B, Oussoren E, van den Hout HJMP, Bergsma AJ, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. A Generic Assay to Detect Aberrant ARSB Splicing and mRNA Degradation for the Molecular Diagnosis of MPS VI. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:174-185. [PMID: 33209960 PMCID: PMC7648089 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of disease-associated variants in monogenic disorders is an important aspect of diagnosis, genetic counseling, prediction of disease severity, and development of therapy. However, the effects of disease-associated variants on pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA degradation are difficult to predict and often missed. Here we present a generic assay for unbiased identification and quantification of arylsulfatase B (ARSB) mRNA for molecular diagnosis of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI). We found that healthy control individuals have inefficient ARSB splicing because of natural skipping of exon 5 and inclusion of two pseudoexons in introns 5 and 6. Analyses of 12 MPS VI patients with 10 different genotypes resulted in identification of a 151-bp intron inclusion caused by the c.1142+2T>C variant and detection of low ARSB expression from alleles with the c.629A>G variant. A special case showed skipping of exon 4 and low ARSB expression. Although no disease-associated DNA variant could be identified in this patient, the molecular diagnosis could be made based on RNA. These results highlight the relevance of RNA-based analyses to establish a molecular diagnosis of MPS VI. We speculate that inefficient natural splicing of ARSB may be a target for therapy based on promotion of canonical splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Smits
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Busra Goynuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmee Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hannerieke J M P van den Hout
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Atze J Bergsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Schiffmann R, Sevigny J, Rolfs A, Davies EH, Goker‐Alpan O, Abdelwahab M, Vellodi A, Mengel E, Lukina E, Yoo H, Collin‐Histed T, Narita A, Dinur T, Revel‐Vilk S, Arkadir D, Szer J, Wajnrajch M, Ramaswami U, Sidransky E, Donald A, Zimran A. The definition of neuronopathic Gaucher disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1056-1059. [PMID: 32242941 PMCID: PMC7540563 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) has a very wide clinical and genotypic spectrum. However, there is no consensus definition of nGD, including no description of how best to diagnostically separate the acute form-Gaucher type 2-from the subacute or chronic form-Gaucher type 3. In this article, we define the various forms of Gaucher disease with particular emphasis on the presence of gaze palsy in all patients with nGD. This consensus definition will help in both clinical diagnosis and appropriate patient recruitment to upcoming clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ozlem Goker‐Alpan
- Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center (LDRTC)FairfaxVirginia
| | - Magy Abdelwahab
- Department of Pediatric HematologyCairo University Pediatric HospitalCairoEgypt
| | | | | | - Elena Lukina
- National Research Center for HematologyMoscowRussia
| | - Han‐Wook Yoo
- Asan Medical Center, Department of PediatricsMedical Genetics & Genomics CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Aya Narita
- Division of Child NeurologyInstitute of Neurological Science, Tottori University Faculty of MedicineYonagoTottoriJapan
| | - Tama Dinur
- Gaucher UnitShaare Zedek Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - David Arkadir
- Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
| | - Jeff Szer
- Clinical HaematologyPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneAustralia
| | - Michael Wajnrajch
- Pfizer Inc., Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, New York University Langone School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - Uma Ramaswami
- Lysosomal Storage Disorder UnitRoyal Free HospitalLondonUK
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Aimee Donald
- University of ManchesterSt Marys HospitalManchesterUK
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher UnitShaare Zedek Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
- Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
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15
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Cook SR, Badell-Grau RA, Kirkham ED, Jones KM, Kelly BP, Winston J, Waller-Evans H, Allen ND, Lloyd-Evans E. Detrimental effect of zwitterionic buffers on lysosomal homeostasis in cell lines and iPSC-derived neurons. AMRC Open Res 2020; 2:21. [PMID: 32490352 PMCID: PMC7266671 DOI: 10.12688/amrcopenres.12903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Good's buffers are commonly used for cell culture and, although developed to have minimal to no biological impact, they cause alterations in cellular processes such as autophagy and lysosomal enzyme activity. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, this study explores the effect of zwitterionic buffers, specifically HEPES, on lysosomal volume and Ca2+ levels. Certain zwitterionic buffers lead to lysosomal expansion and reduced lysosomal Ca2+. Care should be taken when selecting buffers for growth media to avoid detrimental impacts on lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Cook
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Rafael A. Badell-Grau
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Emily D. Kirkham
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Kimberley M. Jones
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Brendan P. Kelly
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jincy Winston
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas D. Allen
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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16
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Muñoz G, García-Seisdedos D, Ciubotariu C, Piris-Villaespesa M, Gandía M, Martín-Moro F, Gutiérrez-Solana LG, Morado M, López-Jiménez J, Sánchez-Herranz A, Villarrubia J, Del Castillo FJ. Early detection of lysosomal diseases by screening of cases of idiopathic splenomegaly and/or thrombocytopenia with a next-generation sequencing gene panel. JIMD Rep 2019; 51:53-61. [PMID: 32071839 PMCID: PMC7012743 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal diseases (LD) are a group of about 70 rare hereditary disorders (combined incidence 1:5000) in which diverse lysosomal functions are impaired, impacting multiple organs and systems. The first clinical signs and symptoms are usually unspecific and shared by hundreds of other disorders. Diagnosis of LD traditionally relies on performing specific enzymatic assays, if available, upon clinical suspicion of the disorder. However, the combination of the insidious onset of LD and the lack of awareness on these rare diseases among medical personnel results in undesirable diagnostic delays, with unchecked disease progression, appearance of complications and a worsened prognosis. We tested the usefulness of a next‐generation sequencing‐based gene panel for quick, early detection of LD among cases of idiopathic splenomegaly and/or thrombocytopenia, two of the earliest clinical signs observed in most LD. Our 73‐gene panel interrogated 28 genes for LD, 1 biomarker and 44 genes underlying non‐LD differential diagnoses. Among 38 unrelated patients, we elucidated eight cases (21%), five with LD (GM1 gangliosidosis, Sanfilippo disease A and B, Niemann‐Pick disease B, Gaucher disease) and three with non‐LD conditions. Interestingly, we identified three LD patients harboring pathogenic mutations in two LD genes each, which may result in unusual disease presentations and impact treatment. Turnaround time for panel screening and genetic validation was 1 month. Our results underline the usefulness of resequencing gene panels for quick and cost‐effective screening of LDs and disorders sharing with them early clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Muñoz
- UCA de Genómica Traslacional Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | | | - Crina Ciubotariu
- UCA de Genómica Traslacional Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | | | - Marta Gandía
- UCA de Genómica Traslacional Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Moro
- Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | - Luis G Gutiérrez-Solana
- Consulta de Neurodegenerativas, Servicio de Neurología Pediátrica Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Madrid Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Morado
- Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain
| | - Javier López-Jiménez
- Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | | | - Jesús Villarrubia
- UCA de Genómica Traslacional Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain.,Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J Del Castillo
- UCA de Genómica Traslacional Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Madrid Spain.,Servicio de Genética Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS Madrid Spain
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17
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Christensen CL, Ashmead RE, Choy FYM. Cell and Gene Therapies for Mucopolysaccharidoses: Base Editing and Therapeutic Delivery to the CNS. Diseases 2019; 7:E47. [PMID: 31248000 PMCID: PMC6787741 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although individually uncommon, rare diseases collectively account for a considerable proportion of disease impact worldwide. A group of rare genetic diseases called the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are characterized by accumulation of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans cellularly. MPS results in varied systemic symptoms and in some forms of the disease, neurodegeneration. Lack of treatment options for MPS with neurological involvement necessitates new avenues of therapeutic investigation. Cell and gene therapies provide putative alternatives and when coupled with genome editing technologies may provide long term or curative treatment. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing technology and, more recently, advances in genome editing research, have allowed for the addition of base editors to the repertoire of CRISPR-based editing tools. The latest versions of base editors are highly efficient on-targeting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) editors. Here, we describe a number of putative guide ribonucleic acid (RNA) designs for precision correction of known causative mutations for 10 of the MPSs. In this review, we discuss advances in base editing technologies and current techniques for delivery of cell and gene therapies to the site of global degeneration in patients with severe neurological forms of MPS, the central nervous system, including ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Christensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Rhea E Ashmead
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Francis Y M Choy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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18
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Pande S, Guo HC. The T99K variant of glycosylasparaginase shows a new structural mechanism of the genetic disease aspartylglucosaminuria. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1013-1023. [PMID: 30901125 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in a lysosomal amidase called aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) or glycosylasparaginase (GA). This disorder results in an accumulation of glycoasparagines in the lysosomes of virtually all cell types, with severe clinical symptoms affecting the central nervous system, skeletal abnormalities, and connective tissue lesions. GA is synthesized as a single-chain precursor that requires an intramolecular autoprocessing to form a mature amidase. Previously, we showed that a Canadian AGU mutation disrupts this obligatory intramolecular autoprocessing with the enzyme trapped as an inactive precursor. Here, we report biochemical and structural characterization of a model enzyme corresponding to a new American AGU allele, the T99K variant. Unlike other variants with known 3D structures, this T99K model enzyme still has autoprocessing capacity to generate a mature form. However, its amidase activity to digest glycoasparagines remains low, consistent with its association with AGU. We have determined a 1.5-Å-resolution structure of this new AGU model enzyme and built an enzyme-substrate complex to provide a structural basis to analyze the negative effects of the T99K point mutation on KM and kcat of the amidase. It appears that a "molecular clamp" capable of fixing local disorders at the dimer interface might be able to rescue the deficiency of this new AGU variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita Pande
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854
| | - Hwai-Chen Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854
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19
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Boudewyn LC, Walkley SU. Current concepts in the neuropathogenesis of mucolipidosis type IV. J Neurochem 2019; 148:669-689. [PMID: 29770442 PMCID: PMC6239999 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder causing progressively severe intellectual disability, motor and speech deficits, retinal degeneration often culminating in blindness, and systemic disease causing a shortened lifespan. MLIV results from mutations in the gene MCOLN1 encoding the transient receptor potential channel mucolipin-1. It is an ultra-rare disease and is currently known to affect just over 100 diagnosed individuals. The last decade has provided a wealth of research focused on understanding the role of the enigmatic mucolipin-1 protein in cell and brain function and how its absence causes disease. This review explores our current understanding of the mucolipin-1 protein in relation to neuropathogenesis in MLIV and describes recent findings implicating mucolipin-1's important role in mechanistic target of rapamycin and TFEB (transcription factor EB) signaling feedback loops as well as in the function of the greater endosomal/lysosomal system. In addition to addressing the vital role of mucolipin-1 in the brain, we also report new data on the question of whether haploinsufficiency as would be anticipated in MCOLN1 heterozygotes is associated with any evidence of neuron dysfunction or disease. Greater insights into the role of mucolipin-1 in the nervous system can be expected to shed light not only on MLIV disease but also on numerous processes governing normal brain function. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Boudewyn
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Steven U. Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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20
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Colmenares-Bonilla D, Colin-Gonzalez C, Gonzalez-Segoviano A, Esquivel Garcia E, Vela-Huerta MM, Lopez-Gomez FG. Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis Based on History and Clinical Features: Evidence from the Bajio Region of Mexico. Cureus 2018; 10:e3617. [PMID: 30705788 PMCID: PMC6349567 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are infrequent deposit diseases; generally, the diagnosis is delayed until symptoms appear. Age or presentation is related to the severity of the disease. A substantial number of patients are misdiagnosed since they describe nonspecific initial symptoms and signs in common. The aim of this study is to describe the common characteristics of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis already diagnosed, treated in hospitals of the Guanajuato Health System, with a special focus on early manifestations in order to review early clinical suspect manifestations. Methods A multicenter, descriptive, observational study was conducted to evaluate the cases of mucopolysaccharidosis treated and diagnosed. The study was carried out in the Pediatric departments of five big important hospitals of Bajio Mexico region in the period from February to August 2016. Results Eighteen patients were identified, 13 men and five women, with an average age of 8.6 years. The most frequent mucopolysaccharidosis was type IV A (Morquio) in seven patients, followed by type I (Hurler) in four patients, three patients for type III (San Filippo), two patients for type II (Hunter), and two patients for type VI (Maroteaux-Lamie). The commonest clinical manifestations at diagnosis were dimorphism, triangular dorsal hump, skeletal alterations (genu valgus, short stature, and flat feet), and a limited range of movement in the major joints. Non-skeletal manifestations, such as an umbilical/inguinal hernia and hepato-splenomegaly, were very frequent. In a majority of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis, the radiological data of the disease were found: they were most severe in type IV and type VI, mild in type I and II, and none in MPS III. A diagnosis was made in all patients by a clinical and radiological evaluation and confirmed by an enzymatic study. Conclusions In all rare diseases, a suspicion diagnosis is based on subtle characteristics that manifest themselves in a few different organs and systems may be mild. Suspicion by the physician and the need to strengthen collaboration patterns between different specialities play an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
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Kuroda M, Saito Y, Aso M, Yokote K. A Novel Approach to the Treatment of Plasma Protein Deficiency: Ex Vivo-Manipulated Adipocytes for Sustained Secretion of Therapeutic Proteins. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:217-224. [PMID: 29491255 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical need for lifelong treatment of inherited and genetic diseases, there are no developmental efforts for most such diseases due to their rarity. Recent progress in gene therapy, including the approvals of two products (Glybera and Strimvelis) that may provide patients with sustained effects, has shed light on the development of gene therapy products. Most gene therapy products are based on either adeno-associated virus-mediated in vivo gene transfer to target tissues or administration of ex vivo gene-transduced hematopoietic cells. In such circumstances, there is room for different approaches to provide clinicians with other therapeutic options through a variety of principles based on studies not only to gain an understanding of the pathological mechanisms of diseases, but also to understand the physiological functions of target tissues and cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress in gene therapy-mediated enzyme replacement and introduce a different approach using adipocytes to enable lifelong treatment for intractable plasma protein deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuroda
- Center for Advanced Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University
| | | | | | - Koutaro Yokote
- Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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Le SQ, Kan SH, Clarke D, Sanghez V, Egeland M, Vondrak KN, Doherty TM, Vera MU, Iacovino M, Cooper JD, Sands MS, Dickson PI. A Humoral Immune Response Alters the Distribution of Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 8:42-51. [PMID: 29159202 PMCID: PMC5684429 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against recombinant proteins can significantly reduce their effectiveness in unanticipated ways. We evaluated the humoral response of mice with the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I treated with weekly intravenous recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase (rhIDU). Unlike patients, the majority of whom develop antibodies to recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase, only approximately half of the treated mice developed antibodies against recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase and levels were low. Serum from antibody-positive mice inhibited uptake of recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase into human fibroblasts by partial inhibition compared to control serum. Tissue and cellular distributions of rhIDU were altered in antibody-positive mice compared to either antibody-negative or naive mice, with significantly less recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase activity in the heart and kidney in antibody-positive mice. In the liver, recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase was preferentially found in sinusoidal cells rather than in hepatocytes in antibody-positive mice. Antibodies against recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase enhanced uptake of recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase into macrophages obtained from MPS I mice. Collectively, these results imply that a humoral immune response against a therapeutic protein can shift its distribution preferentially into macrophage-lineage cells, causing decreased availability of the protein to the cells that are its therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Q. Le
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Shih-hsin Kan
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Don Clarke
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Martin Egeland
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kristen N. Vondrak
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Terence M. Doherty
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Moin U. Vera
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Michelina Iacovino
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Mark S. Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patricia I. Dickson
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Laoharawee K, DeKelver RC, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Rohde M, Sproul S, Nguyen HO, Nguyen T, St Martin SJ, Ou L, Tom S, Radeke R, Meyer KE, Holmes MC, Whitley CB, Wechsler T, McIvor RS. Dose-Dependent Prevention of Metabolic and Neurologic Disease in Murine MPS II by ZFN-Mediated In Vivo Genome Editing. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1127-1136. [PMID: 29580682 PMCID: PMC6080131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked recessive lysosomal disorder caused by deficiency of iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in tissues of affected individuals, progressive disease, and shortened lifespan. Currently available enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) requires lifelong infusions and does not provide neurologic benefit. We utilized a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-targeting system to mediate genome editing for insertion of the human IDS (hIDS) coding sequence into a "safe harbor" site, intron 1 of the albumin locus in hepatocytes of an MPS II mouse model. Three dose levels of recombinant AAV2/8 vectors encoding a pair of ZFNs and a hIDS cDNA donor were administered systemically in MPS II mice. Supraphysiological, vector dose-dependent levels of IDS enzyme were observed in the circulation and peripheral organs of ZFN+donor-treated mice. GAG contents were markedly reduced in tissues from all ZFN+donor-treated groups. Surprisingly, we also demonstrate that ZFN-mediated genome editing prevented the development of neurocognitive deficit in young MPS II mice (6-9 weeks old) treated at high vector dose levels. We conclude that this ZFN-based platform for expression of therapeutic proteins from the albumin locus is a promising approach for treatment of MPS II and other lysosomal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanut Laoharawee
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kelly M Podetz-Pedersen
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Rohde
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Scott Sproul
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Tam Nguyen
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Li Ou
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan Tom
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Robert Radeke
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Meyer
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Holmes
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Wechsler
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. GD is due to the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, acid beta-glucosidase (or glucocerebrosidase). Type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, anemia, an enlarged spleen, and liver as well as bone complications (Erlenmeyer flask deformity, osteoporosis, lytic lesions, pathological and vertebral fractures, bone infarcts, and avascular necrosis leading to degenerative arthropathy). The diagnosis is usually made in first decades but is sometimes delayed. Parkinson disease, neoplasia, and immune system abnormalities may be associated with GD1. PATIENT CONCERNS A patient known for hepatosplenomegaly with hyperferritinemia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia was admitted for Lewy body dementia and bullous pemphigoid. DIAGNOSES Type 1 Gaucher disease. INTERVENTION No specific treatment started. OUTCOMES patient died ten months later due to pneumonia. LESSONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of the association between GD1, bullous pemphigoid, and Lewy body dementia. We discuss the central role of alpha-synuclein in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Le Peillet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Thônex
| | - Virginie Prendki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Thônex
| | - Véronique Trombert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Thônex
| | | | - Frédéric Assal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva
| | - Jean Luc Reny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Thônex
- School of medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Serratrice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Trois-Chêne Hospital, Thônex
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Abstract
This is the first study to objectively measure gait, balance, and upper limb coordination in a group of patients with NPC1 and compare the results to age and gender matched controls. This is also the first study to report effect sizes in these measures. Spatiotemporal gait analysis, static and dynamic posturography, and upper limb reaching motion analysis were performed. The findings showed that the NPC1 subjects had statistically significant deficits on 12 out of the 16 parameters investigated compared to controls, and large effect sizes for all but 1 parameter. When ranking the variables in terms of the effect sizes, the top 5 included at least 1 parameter from each of the 3 motor domains investigated. These results can provide insight to clinical researchers on the selection of outcome measures for longitudinal and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Sansare
- Research Collaborator, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, 10 Center Drive, Room 1-1468, MSC 1604, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892-1604
| | - Cris Zampieri
- Staff Scientist, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Functional & Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, 10 Center Drive, Room 1-1468 MSC 1604, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892-1604
| | - Katharine Alter
- Medical Director, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Functional & Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation, Medicine Department, 10 Center Drive, Room 1-1468 MSC 1604, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892-1604
| | - Christopher Stanley
- Motion Lab Manager, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Functional & Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, 10 Center Drive, Room 1-1468 MSC 1604, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892-1604
| | - Nicole Farhat
- Nurse Practitioner, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland. USA 20892
| | - Lee Ann Keener
- Nurse Practitioner, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Nursing Department, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Forbes Porter
- Senior Investigator, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Section on, Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1832, Bethesda, Maryland. USA 20892
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Serratrice C, Carballo S, Serratrice J, Stirnemann J. Imiglucerase in the management of Gaucher disease type 1: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. Core Evid 2016; 11:37-47. [PMID: 27790078 PMCID: PMC5072572 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s93717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Gaucher disease is the first lysosomal disease to benefit from enzyme replacement therapy, thus serving as model for numerous other lysosomal diseases. Alglucerase was the first glucocerebrosidase purified from placental extracts, and this was then replaced by imiglucerase – a Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived glucocerebrosidase. Aim The aim was to review the evidence underlying the use of imiglucerase in Gaucher disease type 1 Evidence review Data from clinical trials and Gaucher Registries were analyzed. Conclusion Imiglucerase has been prescribed and found to have an excellent efficacy and safety profile. We report herein the evidence-based data published for 26 years justifying the use of imiglucerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Serratrice
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geneva University Hospital, Thonex, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Carballo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Serratrice
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérome Stirnemann
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Eichler F, Ratai E, Carroll JJ, Masdeu JC. Inherited or acquired metabolic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 2016; 135:603-36. [PMID: 27432685 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53485-9.00029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter starts with a description of imaging of inherited metabolic disorders, followed by a discussion on imaging of acquired toxic-metabolic disorders of the adult brain. Neuroimaging is crucial for the diagnosis and management of a number of inherited metabolic disorders. Among these, inherited white-matter disorders commonly affect both the nervous system and endocrine organs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled new classifications of these disorders that have greatly enhanced both our diagnostic ability and our understanding of these complex disorders. Beyond the classic leukodystrophies, we are increasingly recognizing new hereditary leukoencephalopathies such as the hypomyelinating disorders. Conventional imaging can be unrevealing in some metabolic disorders, but proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may be able to directly visualize the metabolic abnormality in certain disorders. Hence, neuroimaging can enhance our understanding of pathogenesis, even in the absence of a pathologic specimen. This review aims to present pathognomonic brain MRI lesion patterns, the diagnostic capacity of proton MRS, and information from clinical and laboratory testing that can aid diagnosis. We demonstrate that applying an advanced neuroimaging approach enhances current diagnostics and management. Additional information on inherited and metabolic disorders of the brain can be found in Chapter 63 in the second volume of this series.
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Crespi J, Bråthen G, Quist-Paulsen P, Pagonabarraga J, Roig-Arnall C. Facial Dystonia with Facial Grimacing and Vertical Gaze Palsy with "Round the Houses" Sign in a 29-Year-Old Woman. Neuroophthalmology 2016; 40:31-34. [PMID: 27928380 PMCID: PMC5123166 DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2015.1105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old woman developed progressive dysarthria and coordination problems from the age of 15. Examination showed dysarthria, facial dystonia, bibrachial dystonia, hyperreflexia, ataxia, and emotional incontinence. Downward supranuclear gaze palsy was prominent with a "Round the Houses" sign. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and medulla, electroneurography, and cerebrospinal fluid were normal. A computed tomography scan showed hepatosplenomegaly. This combination of progressive neurological symptoms together with hepatosplenomegaly was suggestive of inborn error of metabolism. A bone marrow biopsy showed an increased number of macrophages with foamy content, highly suggestive of lysosomal disease. Plasmatic chitotriosidase activity and CCL18 were increased. Genetic testing showed heterozygosis for the variation c.1070C→T (p.Ser357Leu) and c.1843→T (Arg615Cys), confirming the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick type C (NPC). The "Round the Houses" sign has only been described in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This sign is described as an inability to produce pure vertical saccades along the midline and instead moving the eyes in a lateral arc to accomplish the movement. The observation of this sign in a patient with NPC indicates that this bedside finding is not specific for PSP, but a sign of medial longitudinal fasciculus dysfunction. The presence of facial dystonia with facial grimacing together with supranuclear gaze palsy is highly characteristic and useful for the diagnosis of NPC. NPC is an important underdiagnosed condition, given the availability of treatment and a mean diagnostic delay of 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Crespi
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - G. Bråthen
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - P. Quist-Paulsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - C. Roig-Arnall
- Department of Neurology, St. Pau’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Matalonga L, Arias Á, Tort F, Ferrer-Cortés X, Garcia-Villoria J, Coll MJ, Gort L, Ribes A. Effect of Readthrough Treatment in Fibroblasts of Patients Affected by Lysosomal Diseases Caused by Premature Termination Codons. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:874-86. [PMID: 26169295 PMCID: PMC4604176 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, may induce premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough and elude the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism. Because PTCs are frequently involved in lysosomal diseases, readthrough compounds may be useful as potential therapeutic agents. The aim of our study was to identify patients responsive to gentamicin treatment in order to be used as positive controls to further screen for other PTC readthrough compounds. With this aim, fibroblasts from 11 patients affected by 6 different lysosomal diseases carrying PTCs were treated with gentamicin. Treatment response was evaluated by measuring enzymatic activity, abnormal metabolite accumulation, mRNA expression, protein localization, and cell viability. The potential effect of readthrough was also analyzed by in silico predictions. Results showed that fibroblasts from 5/11 patients exhibited an up to 3-fold increase of enzymatic activity after gentamicin treatment. Accordingly, cell lines tested showed enhanced well-localized protein and/or increased mRNA expression levels and/or reduced metabolite accumulation. Interestingly, these cell lines also showed increased enzymatic activity after PTC124 treatment, which is a PTC readthrough-promoting compound. In conclusion, our results provide a proof-of-concept that PTCs can be effectively suppressed by readthrough drugs, with different efficiencies depending on the genetic context. The screening of new compounds with readthrough activity is a strategy that can be used to develop efficient therapies for diseases caused by PTC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Matalonga
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Arias
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Tort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xènia Ferrer-Cortés
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Garcia-Villoria
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Josep Coll
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme-IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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Giugliani R, Villarreal MLS, Valdez CAA, Hawilou AM, Guelbert N, Garzón LNC, Martins AM, Acosta A, Cabello JF, Lemes A, Santos MLSF, Amartino H. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Hunter Syndrome for clinicians in Latin America. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:315-29. [PMID: 25071396 PMCID: PMC4094607 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide clinicians in Latin America with the most current information on the clinical aspects, diagnosis, and management of Hunter syndrome, a serious and progressive disease for which specific treatment is available. Hunter syndrome is a genetic disorder where iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), an enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycans, is absent or deficient. Clinical manifestations vary widely in severity and involve multiple organs and tissues. An attenuated and a severe phenotype are recognized depending on the degree of cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis is vital for disease management. Clinical signs common to children with Hunter syndrome include inguinal hernia, frequent ear and respiratory infections, facial dysmorphisms, macrocephaly, bone dysplasia, short stature, sleep apnea, and behavior problems. Diagnosis is based on screening urinary glycosaminoglycans and confirmation by measuring I2S activity and analyzing I2S gene mutations. Idursulfase (recombinant I2S) (Elaprase®, Shire) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), designed to address the underlying enzyme deficiency, is approved treatment and improves walking capacity and respiratory function, and reduces spleen and liver size and urinary glycosaminoglycan levels. Additional measures, responding to the multi-organ manifestations, such as abdominal/inguinal hernia repair, carpal tunnel surgery, and cardiac valve replacement, should also be considered. Investigational treatment options such as intrathecal ERT are active areas of research, and bone marrow transplantation is in clinical practice. Communication among care providers, social workers, patients and families is essential to inform and guide their decisions, establish realistic expectations, and assess patients’ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giugliani
- Serviço de Génetica Médica , Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil . ; Departamento de Génetica , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil . ; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Maria Martins
- Centro de Referência em Erros Inatos do Metabolismo , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | | | - Juan Francisco Cabello
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Aída Lemes
- Instituto de Genética Médica , Hospital Italiano , Montevideo , Uruguay
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SUZUKI Y. Emerging novel concept of chaperone therapies for protein misfolding diseases. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2014; 90:145-62. [PMID: 24814990 PMCID: PMC4104511 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone therapy is a newly developed molecular therapeutic approach to protein misfolding diseases. Among them we found unstable mutant enzyme proteins in a few lysosomal diseases, resulting in rapid intracellular degradation and loss of function. Active-site binding low molecular competitive inhibitors (chemical chaperones) paradoxically stabilized and enhanced the enzyme activity in somatic cells by correction of the misfolding of enzyme protein. They reached the brain through the blood-brain barrier after oral administration, and corrected pathophysiology of the disease. In addition to these inhibitory chaperones, non-competitive chaperones without inhibitory bioactivity are being developed. Furthermore molecular chaperone therapy utilizing the heat shock protein and other chaperone proteins induced by small molecules has been experimentally tried to handle abnormally accumulated proteins as a new approach particularly to neurodegenerative diseases. These three types of chaperones are promising candidates for various types of diseases, genetic or non-genetic, and neurological or non-neurological, in addition to lysosomal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki SUZUKI
- Special Visiting Scientist, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hein LK, Duplock S, Fuller M. Selective reduction of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate ameliorates the storage burden in a THP-1 macrophage model of Gaucher disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1691-1697. [PMID: 23564732 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) assists lysosomal function by facilitating interaction of hydrolases and activator proteins with sphingolipid substrates. Impaired lysosomal degradation of the sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GC) occurs in Gaucher disease due to an inherited deficiency of acid β-glucosidase, with secondary BMP alterations. We investigated the nature of BMP accumulation and whether its correction reduced the storage burden in a THP-1 macrophage model of Gaucher disease. Using sucrose gradients and detergent solubility, 98% of BMP resided in the detergent-soluble membranes (DSM) rather than in the detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) where 73% of GC predominated. There was a 2-fold widespread elevation in BMP, including the saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated species. Linoleic acid in the culture media selectively reduced BMP from 4.2 nmol/mg to 0.49 nmol/mg (except 18:1/18:2) and prevented up to one third of GC, dihexosylceramide (DHC), and trihexosylceramide (THC) from accumulating. The 2-fold reduction in these sphingolipids occurred only in the DRM and did not reduce 18:1/16:0. However, once GC had accumulated, linoleic acid could not reverse it, DHC, or THC, despite effectively reducing BMP. These results imply a causative link for BMP in the pathobiology of Gaucher disease and demonstrate that linoleic acid can shield the cell from excessive substrate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Hein
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Stephen Duplock
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and; Department of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
The scientific and therapeutic development of imiglucerase (Cerezyme(®)) by the Genzyme Corporation is a paradigm case for a critical examination of current trends in biotechnology. In this article the authors argue that contemporary interest in treatments for rare diseases by major pharmaceutical companies stems in large part from an exception among rarities: the astonishing commercial success of Cerezyme. The fortunes of the Genzyme Corporation, latterly acquired by global giant Sanofi SA, were founded on the evolution of a blockbuster therapy for a single but, as it turns out, propitious ultra-orphan disorder: Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Deegan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Lysosomal Disorders Unit, Addenbrooke's NHS Foundation Hospitals Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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Curcio-Morelli C, Charles FA, Micsenyi MC, Cao Y, Venugopal B, Browning MF, Dobrenis K, Cotman SL, Walkley SU, Slaugenhaupt SA. Macroautophagy is defective in mucolipin-1-deficient mouse neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:370-7. [PMID: 20600908 PMCID: PMC4392647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV is a neurodegenerative lysosomal disease clinically characterized by psychomotor retardation, visual impairment, and achlorhydria. In this study we report the development of a neuronal cell model generated from cerebrum of Mcoln1(-/-) embryos. Prior functional characterization of MLIV cells has been limited to fibroblast cultures gleaned from patients. The current availability of the mucolipin-1 knockout mouse model Mcoln1(-/-) allows the study of mucolipin-1-defective neurons, which is important since the disease is characterized by severe neurological impairment. Electron microscopy studies reveal significant membranous intracytoplasmic storage bodies, which correlate with the storage morphology observed in cerebral cortex of Mcoln1(-/-) P7 pups and E17 embryos. The Mcoln1(-/-) neuronal cultures show an increase in size of LysoTracker and Lamp1 positive vesicles. Using this neuronal model system, we show that macroautophagy is defective in mucolipin-1-deficient neurons and that LC3-II levels are significantly elevated. Treatment with rapamycin plus protease inhibitors did not increase levels of LC3-II in Mcoln1(-/-) neuronal cultures, indicating that the lack of mucolipin-1 affects LC3-II clearance. P62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin levels were also increased in Mcoln1(-/-) neuronal cultures, suggesting an accumulation of protein aggregates and a defect in macroautophagy which could help explain the neurodegeneration observed in MLIV. This study describes, for the first time, a defect in macroautophagy in mucolipin-1-deficient neurons, which corroborates recent findings in MLIV fibroblasts and provides new insight into the neuronal pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Curcio-Morelli
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Florie A. Charles
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Matthew C. Micsenyi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yi Cao
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Bhuvarahamurthy Venugopal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Marsha F. Browning
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Steven U. Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Susan A. Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, CPZN-5254, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
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