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Sakhi IB, De Combiens E, Frachon N, Durussel F, Brideau G, Nemazanyy I, Frère P, Thévenod F, Lee WK, Zeng Q, Klein C, Lourdel S, Bignon Y. A novel transgenic mouse model highlights molecular disruptions involved in the pathogenesis of Dent disease 1. Gene 2024; 928:148766. [PMID: 39019097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Dent disease (DD) is a hereditary renal disorder characterized by low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria and progressive renal failure. Inactivating mutations of the CLCN5 gene encoding the 2Cl-/H+exchanger ClC-5 have been identified in patients with DD type 1. ClC-5 is essentially expressed in proximal tubules (PT) where it is thought to play a role in maintaining an efficient endocytosis of LMW proteins. However, the exact pathological roles of ClC-5 in progressive dysfunctions observed in DD type 1 are still unclear. To address this issue, we designed a mouse model carrying the most representative type of ClC-5 missense mutations found in DD patients. These mice showed a characteristic DD type 1 phenotype accompanied by altered endo-lysosomal system and autophagy functions. With ageing, KI mice showed increased renal fibrosis, apoptosis and major changes in cell metabolic functions as already suggested in previous DD models. Furthermore, we made the interesting new discovery that the Lipocalin-2-24p3R pathway might be involved in the progression of the disease. These results suggest a crosstalk between the proximal and distal nephron in the pathogenesis mechanisms involved in DD with an initial PT impairment followed by the Lipocalin-2 internalisation and 24p3R overexpression in more distal segments of the nephron. This first animal model of DD carrying a pathogenic mutation of Clcn5 and our findings pave the way aimed at exploring therapeutic strategies to limit the consequences of ClC-5 disruption in patients with DD type 1 developing chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Bouchra Sakhi
- University of Zurich - Institute of Anatomy, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; CNRS EMR8228, Paris F-75006, France.
| | - Elise De Combiens
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; CNRS EMR8228, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Nadia Frachon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; CNRS EMR8228, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Fanny Durussel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaelle Brideau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; CNRS EMR8228, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Frère
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité mixte de Recherche 1155, Kidney Research Centre, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany; Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Qinghe Zeng
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; Laboratoire d'Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Klein
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Stéphane Lourdel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; CNRS EMR8228, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Yohan Bignon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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de Combiens E, Sakhi IB, Lourdel S. A Focus on the Proximal Tubule Dysfunction in Dent Disease Type 1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1175. [PMID: 39336766 PMCID: PMC11431675 DOI: 10.3390/genes15091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dent disease type 1 is a rare X-linked recessive inherited renal disorder affecting mainly young males, generally leading to end-stage renal failure and for which there is no cure. It is caused by inactivating mutations in the gene encoding ClC-5, a 2Cl-/H+ exchanger found on endosomes in the renal proximal tubule. This transporter participates in reabsorbing all filtered plasma proteins, which justifies why proteinuria is commonly observed when ClC-5 is defective. In the context of Dent disease type 1, a proximal tubule dedifferentiation was shown to be accompanied by a dysfunctional cell metabolism. However, the exact mechanisms linking such alterations to chronic kidney disease are still unclear. In this review, we gather knowledge from several Dent disease type 1 models to summarize the current hypotheses generated to understand the progression of this disorder. We also highlight some urinary biomarkers for Dent disease type 1 suggested in different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise de Combiens
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.d.C.); (S.L.)
- Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EMR8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Lourdel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.d.C.); (S.L.)
- Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EMR8228, F-75006 Paris, France
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Perdomo-Ramírez A, Ramos-Trujillo E, Machado JD, García-Nieto V, Mura-Escorche G, Claverie-Martin F. 4-Phenylbutyric Acid Treatment Reduces Low-Molecular-Weight Proteinuria in a Clcn5 Knock-in Mouse Model for Dent Disease-1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8110. [PMID: 39125679 PMCID: PMC11311629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dent disease-1 (DD-1) is a rare X-linked tubular disorder characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria (LMWP), hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis. This disease is caused by inactivating mutations in the CLCN5 gene which encodes the voltage-gated ClC-5 chloride/proton antiporter. Currently, the treatment of DD-1 is only supportive and focused on delaying the progression of the disease. Here, we generated and characterized a Clcn5 knock-in mouse model that carries a pathogenic CLCN5 variant, c. 1566_1568delTGT; p.Val523del, which has been previously detected in several DD-1 unrelated patients, and presents the main clinical manifestations of DD-1 such as high levels of urinary b2-microglobulin, phosphate and calcium. Mutation p.Val523del causes partial ClC-5 retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, we assessed the ability of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, a small chemical chaperone, to ameliorate DD-1 symptoms in this mouse model. The proposed model would be of significant value in the investigation of the fundamental pathological processes underlying DD-1 and in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Perdomo-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (G.M.-E.)
| | - Elena Ramos-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (G.M.-E.)
- Seccion Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Fisica y Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Jose David Machado
- Seccion Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Fisica y Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Victor García-Nieto
- Unidad de Nefrologia Pediatrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Glorián Mura-Escorche
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (G.M.-E.)
| | - Félix Claverie-Martin
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (G.M.-E.)
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Durán M, Ariceta G, Semidey ME, Castells-Esteve C, Casal-Pardo A, Lu B, Meseguer A, Cantero-Recasens G. Renal antiporter ClC-5 regulates collagen I/IV through the β-catenin pathway and lysosomal degradation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302444. [PMID: 38670633 PMCID: PMC11053357 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cl-/H+ antiporter ClC-5 cause Dent's disease type 1 (DD1), a rare tubulopathy that progresses to renal fibrosis and kidney failure. Here, we have used DD1 human cellular models and renal tissue from DD1 mice to unravel the role of ClC-5 in renal fibrosis. Our results in cell systems have shown that ClC-5 deletion causes an increase in collagen I (Col I) and IV (Col IV) intracellular levels by promoting their transcription through the β-catenin pathway and impairing their lysosomal-mediated degradation. Increased production of Col I/IV in ClC-5-depleted cells ends up in higher release to the extracellular medium, which may lead to renal fibrosis. Furthermore, our data have revealed that 3-mo-old mice lacking ClC-5 (Clcn5 +/- and Clcn5 -/- ) present higher renal collagen deposition and fibrosis than WT mice. Altogether, we describe a new regulatory mechanism for collagens' production and release by ClC-5, which is altered in DD1 and provides a better understanding of disease progression to renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Durán
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Ariceta
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria E Semidey
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Castells-Esteve
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Casal-Pardo
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anna Meseguer
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerard Cantero-Recasens
- https://ror.org/01d5vx451 Renal Physiopathology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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Wang Y, Xu L, Zhang Y, Fu H, Gao L, Guan Y, Gu W, Sun J, Chen X, Yang F, Lai E, Wang J, Jin Y, Kou Z, Qiu X, Mao J, Hu L. Dent disease 1-linked novel CLCN5 mutations result in aberrant location and reduced ion currents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128564. [PMID: 38061527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Dent disease is a rare renal tubular disease with X-linked recessive inheritance characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP), hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis. Mutations disrupting the 2Cl-/1H+ exchange activity of chloride voltage-gated channel 5 (CLCN5) have been causally linked to the most common form, Dent disease 1 (DD1), although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we conducted the whole exome capture sequencing and bioinformatics analysis within our DD1 cohort to identify two novel causal mutations in CLCN5 (c.749 G > A, p. G250D, c.829 A > C, p. T277P). Molecular dynamics simulations of ClC-5 homology model suggested that these mutations potentially may induce structural changes, destabilizing ClC-5. Overexpression of variants in vitro revealed aberrant subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), significant accumulation of insoluble aggregates, and disrupted ion transport function in voltage clamp recordings. Moreover, human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells overexpressing either G250D or T277P displayed higher cell-substrate adhesion, migration capability but reduced endocytic function, as well as substantially altered transcriptomic profiles with G250D resulting in stronger deleterious effects. These cumulative findings supported pathogenic role of these ClC-5 mutations in DD1 and suggested a cellular mechanism for disrupted renal function in Dent disease patients, as well as a potential target for diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Department of Biophysics, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Haidong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Langping Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingmiao Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - EnYin Lai
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Kou
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xingyu Qiu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lidan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Chen M, Gu X. Emerging roles of proximal tubular endocytosis in renal fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1235716. [PMID: 37799275 PMCID: PMC10547866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1235716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a crucial component of many pathological conditions. The proximal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing the majority of filtered water and glucose, as well as all the proteins filtered through the glomerular barrier via endocytosis, indicating an essential role in kidney diseases. Genetic mutations or acquired insults could affect the proximal tubule endocytosis processes, by disturbing or overstressing the endolysosomal system and subsequently activating different pathways, orchestrating renal fibrosis. This paper will review recent studies on proximal tubular endocytosis affected by other diseases and factors. Endocytosis plays a vital role in the development of renal fibrosis, and renal fibrosis could also, in turn, affect tubular endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangchen Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Hospital of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Shanghai, China
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Mannemuddhu SS, Bökenkamp A. Genotype and Phenotype Correlation in Patients With Dent's Disease Type 1-Clearing Muddy Waters. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:1127-1130. [PMID: 37284675 PMCID: PMC10239914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sudha Mannemuddhu
- Division of Nephrology, East Tennessee Children’s Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arend Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Xie H, Shi Y, Zhou Y, Liu H. TMBIM6 promotes diabetic tubular epithelial cell survival and albumin endocytosis by inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, IRE1α. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9181-9194. [PMID: 35857174 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Reduced albumin reabsorption in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs), resulting from decreased megalin plasma membrane (PM) localization due to prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, potentially contributes to albuminuria in early diabetic kidney disease (DKD). To examine this possibility, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of TMBIM6 in promoting diabetic PTEC survival and albumin endocytosis by attenuating ER stress with an IRE1α inhibitor, KIRA6. METHODS AND RESULTS Renal TMBIM6 distribution and expression were determined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and qPCR, whereas tubular injury was evaluated in db/db mice. High-glucose (HG)-treated HK-2 cells were either treated with KIRA6 or transduced with a lentiviral vector for TMBIM6 overexpression. ER stress was measured by western blotting and ER-Tracker Red staining, whereas apoptosis was determined by performing TUNEL assays. Megalin expression was measured by immunofluorescence, and albumin endocytosis was evaluated after incubating cells with FITC-labeled albumin. Tubular injury and TMBIM6 downregulation occurred in db/db mouse renal cortical tissues. Both KIRA6 treatment and TMBIM6 overexpression inhibited ER stress by decreasing the levels of phosphorylated IRE1α, XBP1s, GRP78, and CHOP, and stabilizing ER expansion in HG-treated HK-2 cells. TUNEL assays performed with KIRA6-treated or TMBIM6-overexpressing cells showed a significant decrease in apoptosis, consistent with the significant downregulation of BAX and upregulation of BCL-2, as measured by immunoblotting. Both KIRA6 and TMBIM6 overexpression promoted megalin PM localization and restored albumin endocytosis in HG-treated HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION TMBIM6 promoted diabetic PTEC survival and albumin endocytosis by negatively regulating the IRE1α branch of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidi Xie
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology (A), Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology (A), Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology (A), Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology (A), Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang Alley, Dongcheng District, 100700, Beijing, China.
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