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Memar Montazerin S, Hassanzadeh S, Najafi H, Shojaei F, Kumanayaka D, Suleiman A. The genetics of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a scoping review. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2024:01244665-990000000-00224. [PMID: 38916232 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a multifactorial process that involves predisposing factors and precipitating stressors. Genetic abnormality has been implicated to play a mechanistic role in the development of SCAD. This systematic review aims to summarize the current evidence concerning the link between SCAD and genetic abnormalities. METHODS We reviewed original studies published until May 2023 that reported SCAD patients with a genetic mutation by searching PubMed, Embase Ovid, and Google Scholar. Registries, cohort studies, and case reports were included if a definitive SCAD diagnosis was reported, and the genetic analysis was performed. Exclusion criteria included editorials, reviews, letters or commentaries, animal studies, meeting papers, and studies from which we were unable to extract data. Data were extracted from published reports. RESULTS A total of 595 studies were screened and 55 studies were identified. Among 116 SCAD patients with genetic abnormalities, 20% had mutations in the COL gene, 13.70% TLN1 gene, and 8.42% TSR1 gene. Mutations affecting the genes encoding COL and TLN1 were most frequently reported (20 and 13.7%, respectively). Interestingly, 15 genes of this collection were also reported in patients with thoracic aortic diseases as well. The genetic commonality between fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and SCAD was also included. CONCLUSION In this review, the inherited conditions and reported genes of undetermined significance from case reports associated with SCAD are collected. A brief description of the encoded protein and the clinical features associated with pathologic genes is provided. Current data suggested that the diagnostic yield of genetic studies for patients with SCAD would be low and routine genetic screening of such patients with no clinical features indicative of associated disorders remains debatable. This review can be used as a guide for clinicians to recognize inherited syndromic and nonsyndromic disorders associated with SCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Memar Montazerin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shakiba Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pathology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Homa Najafi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Dilesha Kumanayaka
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Addi Suleiman
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
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2
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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Role of transient receptor potential channels in the regulation of vascular tone. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104051. [PMID: 38838960 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Vascular tone is a major element in the control of hemodynamics. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels conducting monovalent and/or divalent cations (e.g. Na+ and Ca2+) are expressed in the vasculature. Accumulating evidence suggests that TRP channels participate in regulating vascular tone by regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling in both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Aberrant expression/function of TRP channels in the vasculature is associated with vascular dysfunction in systemic/pulmonary hypertension and metabolic syndromes. This review intends to summarize our current knowledge of TRP-mediated regulation of vascular tone in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions and to discuss potential therapeutic approaches to tackle abnormal vascular tone due to TRP dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qun Hu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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3
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Luo J, Zhang Y, Jayaprakash S, Zhuang L, He J. Cross-Species Insights into Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Provide an Alternative View on Research Advancement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5646. [PMID: 38891834 PMCID: PMC11171680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a prevalent hereditary disorder that affects the kidneys, characterized by the development of an excessive number of fluid-filled cysts of varying sizes in both kidneys. Along with the progression of ADPKD, these enlarged cysts displace normal kidney tissue, often accompanied by interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, and significantly impair renal function, leading to end-stage renal disease. Currently, the precise mechanisms underlying ADPKD remain elusive, and a definitive cure has yet to be discovered. This review delineates the epidemiology, pathological features, and clinical diagnostics of ADPKD or ADPKD-like disease across human populations, as well as companion animals and other domesticated species. A light has been shed on pivotal genes and biological pathways essential for preventing and managing ADPKD, which underscores the importance of cross-species research in addressing this complex condition. Treatment options are currently limited to Tolvaptan, dialysis, or surgical excision of large cysts. However, comparative studies of ADPKD across different species hold promise for unveiling novel insights and therapeutic strategies to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Luo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Sakthidasan Jayaprakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Tamil Nadu 603103, India;
| | - Lenan Zhuang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jin He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
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Rios FJ, Sarafian RD, Camargo LL, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Recent Advances in Understanding the Mechanistic Role of Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels in Patients With Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1859-1873. [PMID: 37865227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily is a group of nonselective cation channels that function as cellular sensors for a wide range of physical, chemical, and environmental stimuli. According to sequence homology, TRP channels are categorized into 6 subfamilies: TRP canonical, TRP vanilloid, TRP melastatin, TRP ankyrin, TRP mucolipin, and TRP polycystin. They are widely expressed in different cell types and tissues and have essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes by regulating the concentration of ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and influencing intracellular signalling pathways. Human data and experimental models indicate the importance of TRP channels in vascular homeostasis and hypertension. Furthermore, TRP channels have emerged as key players in oxidative stress and inflammation, important in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. In this review, we present an overview of the TRP channels with a focus on their role in hypertension. In particular, we highlight mechanisms activated by TRP channels in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells and discuss their contribution to processes underlying vascular dysfunction in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Raquel D Sarafian
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Zhu J, Liu F, Mao J. Clinical findings, underlying pathogenetic processes and treatment of vascular dysfunction in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2282027. [PMID: 37970664 PMCID: PMC11001366 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2282027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. The primary cause of ADPKD is mutations in the PKD1 (polycystic kidney disease 1) or PKD2 (polycystic kidney disease 2) gene. Patients with ADPKD often develop a variety of vascular abnormalities, which have a major impact on the structure and function of the blood vessels and can lead to complications such as hypertension, intracranial aneurysm (ICAN), and atherosclerosis. The progression of ADPKD involves intricate molecular and cellular processes that lead to the development of these vascular abnormalities. Our understanding of these processes remains incomplete, and available treatment options are limited. The aim of this review is to delve into the underlying mechanisms of these vascular abnormalities and to explore potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Sagar PS, Rangan GK. Cardiovascular Manifestations and Management in ADPKD. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:1924-1940. [PMID: 37850017 PMCID: PMC10577330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and contributes to significant burden of disease. The manifestations are varied, including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), intracranial aneurysms (ICAs), valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies; however, the most common presentation and a major modifiable risk factor is hypertension. The aim of this review is to detail the complex pathogenesis of hypertension and other extrarenal cardiac and vascular conditions in ADPKD drawing on preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological evidence. The main drivers of disease are the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and polycystin-related endothelial cell dysfunction, with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) likely playing key roles in different disease stages. The reported rates of some manifestations, such as LVH, have decreased likely due to the use of antihypertensive therapies; and others, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, have been reported with increased prevalence likely due to longer survival and higher rates of chronic disease. ADPKD-specific screening and management guidelines exist for hypertension, LVH, and ICAs; and these are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Sagar
- Michael Stern Laboratory for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gopala K. Rangan
- Michael Stern Laboratory for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Gulati A, Watnick T. Vascular Complications in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Perspectives, Paradigms, and Current State of Play. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2023; 30:429-439. [PMID: 38097333 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the leading cause of inherited kidney disease with significant contributions to CKD and end-stage kidney disease. The underlying polycystin proteins (PC1 and PC2) have widespread tissue expression and complex functional roles making ADPKD a systemic disease. Vascular complications, particularly intracranial aneurysms (ICA) are the most feared due to their potential for devastating neurological complications and sudden death. Intracranial aneurysms occur in 8-12% of all patients with ADPKD, but the risk is intensified 4-5-fold in those with a positive family history. The basis for this genetic risk is not well understood and could conceivably be due to features of the germline mutation with a significant contribution of other genetic modifiers and/or environmental factors. Here we review what is known about the natural history and genetics of unruptured ICA in ADPKD including the prevalence and risk factors for aneurysm formation and subarachnoid hemorrhage. We discuss two alternative screening strategies and recommend a practical algorithm that targets those at highest risk for ICA with a positive family history for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Gulati
- Division of Nephrology, Children's National Hospital and Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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8
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Emrich IE, Böhm M, Mahfoud F. Radial pseudoaneurysm following coronary angiography in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin Res Cardiol 2023; 112:1343-1345. [PMID: 36689024 PMCID: PMC10449692 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-023-02159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Insa E Emrich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße 1, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße 1, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße 1, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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9
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Zhang M, Ma Y, Ye X, Zhang N, Pan L, Wang B. TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel family: structures, biological functions and therapeutic interventions for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:261. [PMID: 37402746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are sensors for a variety of cellular and environmental signals. Mammals express a total of 28 different TRP channel proteins, which can be divided into seven subfamilies based on amino acid sequence homology: TRPA (Ankyrin), TRPC (Canonical), TRPM (Melastatin), TRPML (Mucolipin), TRPN (NO-mechano-potential, NOMP), TRPP (Polycystin), TRPV (Vanilloid). They are a class of ion channels found in numerous tissues and cell types and are permeable to a wide range of cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and others. TRP channels are responsible for various sensory responses including heat, cold, pain, stress, vision and taste and can be activated by a number of stimuli. Their predominantly location on the cell surface, their interaction with numerous physiological signaling pathways, and the unique crystal structure of TRP channels make TRPs attractive drug targets and implicate them in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Here, we review the history of TRP channel discovery, summarize the structures and functions of the TRP ion channel family, and highlight the current understanding of the role of TRP channels in the pathogenesis of human disease. Most importantly, we describe TRP channel-related drug discovery, therapeutic interventions for diseases and the limitations of targeting TRP channels in potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xianglu Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lei Pan
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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10
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TRPP2 ion channels: The roles in various subcellular locations. Biochimie 2022; 201:116-127. [PMID: 35760123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TRPP2 (PC2, PKD2 or Polycytin-2), encoded by PKD2 gene, belongs to the nonselective cation channel TRP family. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of TRPP2 was constructed. TRPP2 mainly functions in three subcellular compartments: endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and primary cilia. TRPP2 can act as a calcium-activated intracellular calcium release channel on the endoplasmic reticulum. TRPP2 also interacts with other Ca2+ release channels to regulate calcium release, like IP3R and RyR2. TRPP2 acts as an ion channel regulated by epidermal growth factor through activation of downstream factors in the plasma membrane. TRPP2 binding to TRPC1 in the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum is associated with mechanosensitivity. In cilium, TRPP2 was found to combine with PKD1 and TRPV4 to form a complex related to mechanosensitivity. Because TRPP2 is involved in regulating intracellular ion concentration, TRPP2 mutations often lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, which may also be associated with cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we review the molecular structure of TRPP2, the subcellular localization of TRPP2, the related functions and mechanisms of TRPP2 at different sites, and the diseases related to TRPP2.
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11
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Evidence of retinal arteriolar narrowing in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this study was to examine retinal vessels in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with normal kidney function and without diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods
We enrolled 39 adult individuals with ADPKD and 45 gender- and age-matched individuals as controls. A full ophthalmologic examination, including retinal vessel caliber and reactions to flicker stimulation analysis and grading of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification, was performed.
Results
Multivariable analysis of ADPKD patients and controls, adjusted for age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) and the presence of hypertension, revealed that ADPKD was an independent factor associated with lower arteriovenous ratio (AVR) values (by 0.069 on average, β = −0.50, p < 0.0001). The severity of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification appeared to be more advanced in the ADPKD group than in the controls, despite the lack of vascular abnormalities, such as retinal hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilledema, as well as microaneurysms, which are very characteristic signs of ADPKD in other vascular beds.
Conclusions
Lower AVR values could be a specific pathophysiological ocular manifestation of systemic vasculopathy in the course of ADPKD.
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Evidence of retinal arteriolar narrowing in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this study was to examine retinal vessels in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with normal kidney function and without diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods
We enrolled 39 adult individuals with ADPKD and 45 gender- and age-matched individuals as controls. A full ophthalmologic examination, including retinal vessel caliber and reactions to flicker stimulation analysis and grading of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification, was performed.
Results
Multivariable analysis of ADPKD patients and controls, adjusted for age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) and the presence of hypertension, revealed that ADPKD was an independent factor associated with lower arteriovenous ratio (AVR) values (by 0.069 on average, β = −0.50, p < 0.0001). The severity of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification appeared to be more advanced in the ADPKD group than in the controls, despite the lack of vascular abnormalities, such as retinal hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilledema, as well as microaneurysms, which are very characteristic signs of ADPKD in other vascular beds.
Conclusions
Lower AVR values could be a specific pathophysiological ocular manifestation of systemic vasculopathy in the course of ADPKD.
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Lefèvre S, Audrézet MP, Halimi JM, Longuet H, Bridoux F, Ecotière L, Augusto JF, Duveau A, Renaudineau E, Vigneau C, Frouget T, Charasse C, Gueguen L, Perrichot R, Couvrat G, Seret G. Diagnosis and Risk Factors for Intracranial Aneurysms in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease: A cross-sectional study from the Genkyst Cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:2223-2233. [PMID: 35108395 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with an increased risk for developing intracranial aneurysms (IAs). We aimed to evaluate the frequency of diagnosis of IAs in the cross-sectional, population-based, Genkyst cohort, to describe ADPKD-associated IAs and to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of IAs in ADPKD patients. METHODS Cross-sectional study performed in 26 nephrology centers from the Western part of France. All patients underwent genetic testing for PKD1/PKD2 and other cystogenes. RESULTS Among the 2449 Genkyst participants, 114 (4.65%) had a previous diagnosis of ruptured or unruptured IAs at inclusion, and ∼47% of them had a positive familial history for IAs. Most aneurysms were small and saccular and located in the anterior circulation; 26.3% of the patients had multiple IAs. The cumulative probabilities of a previous diagnosis of IAs were 3.9, 6.2 and 8.1% at 50, 60 and 70 y, respectively. While this risk appeared to be similar in male and female individuals <50 y, after that age, the risk continued to increase more markedly in female patients, reaching 10.8% vs 5.4% at 70 y. The diagnosis rate of IAs was more than twofold higher in PKD1 compared to PKD2 with no influence of PKD1 mutation type or location. In multivariate analysis, female sex, hypertension <35 y, smoking and PKD1 genotype were associated with an increased risk for diagnosis of IAs. CONCLUSIONS This study presents epidemiological data reflecting real-life clinical practice. The increased risk for IAs in postmenopausal women suggests a possible protective role of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriane Lefèvre
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation rénale, CHRU Brest, Brest 29609, France.,Univ Brest, Inserm, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Audrézet
- Univ Brest, Inserm, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France.,Service de génétique moléculaire, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- Service de Néphrologie-HTA, dialyses, transplantation rénale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Longuet
- Service de Néphrologie-HTA, dialyses, transplantation rénale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation rénale Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Laure Ecotière
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation rénale Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-François Augusto
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation rénale Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Angers, Angers, France
| | - Agnès Duveau
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation rénale Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Angers, Angers, France
| | - Eric Renaudineau
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre hospitalier Broussais, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Cécile Vigneau
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christophe Charasse
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Yves Le Foll, Saint Brieuc, France
| | - Lorraine Gueguen
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cornouaille, Quimper, France
| | - Régine Perrichot
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier de Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France
| | - Grégoire Couvrat
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France
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Kuppusamy M, Ottolini M, Sonkusare SK. Role of TRP ion channels in cerebral circulation and neurovascular communication. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136258. [PMID: 34560190 PMCID: PMC8572163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of blood flow is essential for meeting the high metabolic demands of the brain and maintaining brain function. Cerebral blood flow is regulated primarily by 1) the intrinsic mechanisms that determine vascular contractility and 2) signals from neurons and astrocytes that alter vascular contractility. Stimuli from neurons and astrocytes can also initiate a signaling cascade in the brain capillary endothelium to increase regional blood flow. Recent studies provide evidence that TRP channels in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, and perivascular nerves control cerebrovascular contractility and cerebral blood flow. TRP channels exert their functional effects either through cell membrane depolarization or by serving as a Ca2+ influx pathway. Endothelial cells and astrocytes also maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Both endothelial cells and astrocytes express TRP channels, and an increase in endothelial TRP channel activity has been linked with a disrupted endothelial barrier function. Therefore, TRP channels can play a potentially important role in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Here, we review the regulation of cerebrovascular contractility by TRP channels under healthy and disease conditions and their potential roles in maintaining blood-brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matteo Ottolini
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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15
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Miranda MZ, Lichner Z, Szászi K, Kapus A. MRTF: Basic Biology and Role in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116040. [PMID: 34204945 PMCID: PMC8199744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A lesser known but crucially important downstream effect of Rho family GTPases is the regulation of gene expression. This major role is mediated via the cytoskeleton, the organization of which dictates the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of a set of transcription factors. Central among these is myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), which upon actin polymerization translocates to the nucleus and binds to its cognate partner, serum response factor (SRF). The MRTF/SRF complex then drives a large cohort of genes involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, contractility, extracellular matrix organization and many other processes. Accordingly, MRTF, activated by a variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli, affects a plethora of functions with physiological and pathological relevance. These include cell motility, development, metabolism and thus metastasis formation, inflammatory responses and—predominantly-organ fibrosis. The aim of this review is twofold: to provide an up-to-date summary about the basic biology and regulation of this versatile transcriptional coactivator; and to highlight its principal involvement in the pathobiology of kidney disease. Acting through both direct transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, MRTF plays a key (yet not fully appreciated) role in the induction of a profibrotic epithelial phenotype (PEP) as well as in fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, prime pathomechanisms in chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zena Miranda
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Lichner
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - András Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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16
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Cardiac Involvement in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. CARDIOGENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cardiogenetics11020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders are the main complication in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). contributing to both morbidity and mortality. This review considers clinical studies unveiling cardiovascular features in patients with ADPKD. Additionally, it focuses on basic science studies addressing the dysfunction of the polycystin proteins located in the cardiovascular system as a contributing factor to cardiovascular abnormalities. In particular, the effects of polycystin proteins’ deficiency on the cardiomyocyte function have been considered.
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17
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Vien TN, Ng LCT, Smith JM, Dong K, Krappitz M, Gainullin VG, Fedeles S, Harris PC, Somlo S, DeCaen PG. Disrupting polycystin-2 EF hand Ca 2+ affinity does not alter channel function or contribute to polycystic kidney disease. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs255562. [PMID: 33199522 PMCID: PMC7774883 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by variants in PKD2PKD2 encodes polycystin-2, which forms an ion channel in primary cilia and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes of renal collecting duct cells. Elevated internal Ca2+ modulates polycystin-2 voltage-dependent gating and subsequent desensitization - two biophysical regulatory mechanisms that control its function at physiological membrane potentials. Here, we refute the hypothesis that Ca2+ occupancy of the polycystin-2 intracellular EF hand is responsible for these forms of channel regulation, and, if disrupted, results in ADPKD. We identify and introduce mutations that attenuate Ca2+-EF hand affinity but find channel function is unaltered in the primary cilia and ER membranes. We generated two new mouse strains that harbor distinct mutations that abolish Ca2+-EF hand association but do not result in a PKD phenotype. Our findings suggest that additional Ca2+-binding sites within polycystin-2 or Ca2+-dependent modifiers are responsible for regulating channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy N Vien
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leo C T Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jessica M Smith
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ke Dong
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matteus Krappitz
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Sorin Fedeles
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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18
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Guo J, Zhao R, Zhou M, Li J, Yao X, Du J, Chen J, Shen B. TRPP2 and STIM1 form a microdomain to regulate store-operated Ca 2+ entry and blood vessel tone. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:138. [PMID: 32867798 PMCID: PMC7457527 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystin-2 (TRPP2) is a Ca2+ permeable nonselective cationic channel essential for maintaining physiological function in live cells. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an important Ca2+ sensor in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Both TRPP2 and STIM1 are expressed in endoplasmic reticular membrane and participate in Ca2+ signaling, suggesting a physical interaction and functional synergism. Methods We performed co-localization, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay to identify the interactions of TRPP2 and STIM1 in transfected HEK293 cells and native vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The function of the TRPP2-STIM1 complex in thapsigargin (TG) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced SOCE was explored using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Further, we created TRPP2 conditional knockout (CKO) mouse to investigate the functional role of TRPP2 in agonist-induced vessel contraction. Results TRPP2 and STIM1 form a complex in transfected HEK293 cells and native VSMCs. Genetic manipulations with TRPP2 siRNA, dominant negative TRPP2 or STIM1 siRNA significantly suppressed ATP and TG-induced intracellular Ca2+ release and SOCE in HEK293 cells. Inositol triphosphate receptor inhibitor 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2APB) abolished ATP-induced Ca2+ release and SOCE in HEK293 cells. In addition, TRPP2 and STIM1 knockdown significantly inhibited ATP- and TG-induced STIM1 puncta formation and SOCE in VSMCs. Importantly, knockdown of TRPP2 and STIM1 or conditional knockout TRPP2 markedly suppressed agonist-induced mouse aorta contraction. Conclusions Our data indicate that TRPP2 and STIM1 are physically associated and form a functional complex to regulate agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, SOCE and blood vessel tone. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizheng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Muyao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jiexia Chen
- Department of Geriatrics Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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19
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Molecular dysregulation of ciliary polycystin-2 channels caused by variants in the TOP domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10329-10338. [PMID: 32332171 PMCID: PMC7229662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920777117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in PKD2 which encodes for the polycystin-2 ion channel are responsible for many clinical cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Despite our strong understanding of the genetic basis of ADPKD, we do not know how most variants impact channel function. Polycystin-2 is found in organelle membranes, including the primary cilium-an antennae-like structure on the luminal side of the collecting duct. In this study, we focus on the structural and mechanistic regulation of polycystin-2 by its TOP domain-a site with unknown function that is commonly altered by missense variants. We use direct cilia electrophysiology, cryogenic electron microscopy, and superresolution imaging to determine that variants of the TOP domain finger 1 motif destabilizes the channel structure and impairs channel opening without altering cilia localization and channel assembly. Our findings support the channelopathy classification of PKD2 variants associated with ADPKD, where polycystin-2 channel dysregulation in the primary cilia may contribute to cystogenesis.
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20
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Sussman CR, Wang X, Chebib FT, Torres VE. Modulation of polycystic kidney disease by G-protein coupled receptors and cyclic AMP signaling. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109649. [PMID: 32335259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder associated with polycystic liver disease (PLD) and other extrarenal manifestations, the most common monogenic cause of end-stage kidney disease, and a major burden for public health. Many studies have shown that alterations in G-protein and cAMP signaling play a central role in its pathogenesis. As for many other diseases (35% of all approved drugs target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) or proteins functioning upstream or downstream from GPCRs), treatments targeting GPCR have shown effectiveness in slowing the rate of progression of ADPKD. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist is the first drug approved by regulatory agencies to treat rapidly progressive ADPKD. Long-acting somatostatin analogs have also been effective in slowing the rates of growth of polycystic kidneys and liver. Although no treatment has so far been able to prevent the development or stop the progression of the disease, these encouraging advances point to G-protein and cAMP signaling as a promising avenue of investigation that may lead to more effective and safe treatments. This will require a better understanding of the relevant GPCRs, G-proteins, cAMP effectors, and of the enzymes and A-kinase anchoring proteins controlling the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of general GPCR signaling; the function of polycystin-1 (PC1) as a putative atypical adhesion GPCR (aGPCR); the roles of PC1, polycystin-2 (PC2) and the PC1-PC2 complex in the regulation of calcium and cAMP signaling; the cross-talk of calcium and cAMP signaling in PKD; and GPCRs, adenylyl cyclases, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, and protein kinase A as therapeutic targets in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Fouad T Chebib
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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21
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Ta CM, Vien TN, Ng LCT, DeCaen PG. Structure and function of polycystin channels in primary cilia. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109626. [PMID: 32251715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variants in genes which encode for polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 cause most forms of autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD). Despite our strong understanding of the genetic determinants of ADPKD, we do not understand the structural features which govern the function of polycystins at the molecular level, nor do we understand the impact of most disease-causing variants on the conformational state of these proteins. These questions have remained elusive because polycystins localize to several organelle membranes, including the primary cilia. Primary cilia are microtubule based organelles which function as cellular antennae. Polycystin-2 and related polycystin-2 L1 are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family, and form distinct ion channels in the primary cilia of disparate cell types which can be directly measured. Polycystin-1 has both ion channel and adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) features-but its role in forming a channel complex or as a channel subunit chaperone is undetermined. Nonetheless, recent polycystin structural determination by cryo-EM has provided a molecular template to understand their biophysical regulation and the impact of disease-causing variants. We will review these advances and discuss hypotheses regarding the regulation of polycystin channel opening by their structural domains within the context of the primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau My Ta
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thuy N Vien
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leo C T Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 320 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Garcia DCG, Longden TA. Ion channels in capillary endothelium. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 85:261-300. [PMID: 32402642 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular beds are anatomically and functionally compartmentalized into arteries, capillaries, and veins. The bulk of the vasculature consists of the dense, anastomosing capillary network, composed of capillary endothelial cells (cECs) that are intimately associated with the parenchyma. Despite their abundance, the ion channel expression and function and Ca2+ signaling behaviors of capillaries have only recently begun to be explored in detail. Here, we discuss the established and emerging roles of ion channels and Ca2+ signaling in cECs. By mining a publicly available RNA-seq dataset, we outline the wide variety of ion channel genes that are expressed in these cells, which potentially imbue capillaries with a broad range of sensing and signal transduction capabilities. We also underscore subtle but critical differences between cEC and arteriolar EC ion channel expression that likely underlie key functional differences in ECs at these different levels of the vascular tree. We focus our discussion on the cerebral vasculature, but the findings and principles being elucidated in this area likely generalize to other vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C G Garcia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas A Longden
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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23
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Wilkinson DA, Heung M, Deol A, Chaudhary N, Gemmete JJ, Thompson BG, Pandey AS. Cerebral Aneurysms in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Comparison of Management Approaches. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:E352-E361. [PMID: 30060240 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a risk factor for formation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs), though the ideal screening and treatment strategies in this population are unclear. OBJECTIVE To report outcomes of observation, open surgical, or endovascular management of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms in patients with ADPKD. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with ADPKD and IAs at a single center from 2000 to 2016. RESULTS Forty-five patients with ADPKD harboring 71 aneurysms were identified, including 11 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Of 22 aneurysms managed with observation, none ruptured in 136 yr of clinical follow-up. Thirty-five aneurysms were treated with open surgery and 14 with an endovascular approach. Among treated aneurysms, poor neurologic outcome (modified Rankin scale >2) was seen only in patients presenting with SAH (17% SAH vs 0% elective, P = .06). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was also significantly associated with SAH presentation (22% SAH vs 0% elective, P = .05). Neither procedural complications nor AKI were associated with treatment modality. Among 175 yr of radiographic follow-up in patients with known IAs, 8 de novo aneurysms were found, including 3 that were treated. Of 11 patients with SAH, 7 ruptured in the setting of previously known ADPKD, including 2 with prior angiographic screening and 5 without screening. CONCLUSION Poor outcomes occurred only with ruptured presentation but were equivalent between treatment modalities. Screening is performed only selectively, and 64% (7 of 11) of patients presenting with SAH had previously known ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Heung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amrit Deol
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Neeraj Chaudhary
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph J Gemmete
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Aditya S Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Lee TL, Chen CF, Tan AC, Chan CH, Ou SM, Chen FY, Yu KW, Chen YT, Lin CC. Prognosis of Vascular Access in Haemodialysis Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1985. [PMID: 32029758 PMCID: PMC7004976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are commonly observed in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We aim to investigate the differences in the risk for arteriovenous fistula or graft (AVF/AVG) dysfunction in haemodialysis (HD) patients with and without ADPKD. 557 ADPKD and 1671 non-ADPKD patients were enrolled in the study after propensity score matching. The primary outcome measure is the incidence rate of AVF/AVG dysfunction. The incidence rates and risks of AVF/AVG dysfunction (per 100 person-years) for ADPKD and non-ADPKD patients were (1) 38.83 and 48.99 [SHR = 0.79, P = 0.137], respectively, for within 90 days, (2) 45.85 and 51.31 [SHR = 0.90, P = 0.300], respectively, for within 180 days, (3) 44.42 and 41.40 [SHR = 1.08, P = 0.361], respectively, for within the first year, (4) 27.38 and 24.69 [SHR = 1.09, P = 0.168], respectively, for within 5 years, (5) 17.35 and 13.80 [SHR = 1.19, P = 0.045], respectively, for between the 1st and 10th year, and (6) 25.40 and 21.22 [SHR = 1.14, P = 0.031], respectively, for all periods. ADPKD patients had lower incidence rates of AVF/AVG dysfunction within the first 180 days than non-ADPKD patients, but presented a higher incidence rate after 1 year of AVF/AVG creation and onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lun Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Fooyin University Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fan Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Ann Charis Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Ming Ou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Yu Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Wen Yu
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Tai Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ching Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium signaling in muscle cells: Homeostasis and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:197-264. [PMID: 32138900 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive, dynamic and heterogeneous membranous network that fulfills multiple homeostatic functions. Among them, it compartmentalizes, stores and releases calcium within the intracellular space. In the case of muscle cells, calcium released from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the contractile machinery induces cell contraction. Furthermore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-derived calcium also regulates gene transcription in the nucleus, energy metabolism in mitochondria and cytosolic signaling pathways. These diverse and overlapping processes require a highly complex fine-tuning that the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum provides by means of its numerous tubules and cisternae, specialized domains and contacts with other organelles. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum also possesses a rich calcium-handling machinery, functionally coupled to both contraction-inducing stimuli and the contractile apparatus. Such is the importance of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum for muscle cell physiology, that alterations in its structure, function or its calcium-handling machinery are intimately associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Cardiac hypertrophy, insulin resistance and arterial hypertension are age-related pathologies with a common mechanism at the muscle cell level: the accumulation of damaged proteins at the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum induces a stress response condition termed endoplasmic reticulum stress, which impairs proper organelle function, ultimately leading to pathogenesis.
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26
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Brill AL, Fischer TT, Walters JM, Marlier A, Sewanan LR, Wilson PC, Johnson EK, Moeckel G, Cantley LG, Campbell SG, Nerbonne JM, Chung HJ, Robert ME, Ehrlich BE. Polycystin 2 is increased in disease to protect against stress-induced cell death. Sci Rep 2020; 10:386. [PMID: 31941974 PMCID: PMC6962458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin 2 (PC2 or TRPP1, formerly TRPP2) is a calcium-permeant Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cation channel expressed primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and primary cilia of all cell and tissue types. Despite its ubiquitous expression throughout the body, studies of PC2 have focused primarily on its role in the kidney, as mutations in PC2 lead to the development of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a debilitating condition for which there is no cure. However, the endogenous role that PC2 plays in the regulation of general cellular homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we measure how PC2 expression changes in different pathological states, determine that its abundance is increased under conditions of cellular stress in multiple tissues including human disease, and conclude that PC2-deficient cells have increased susceptibility to cell death induced by stress. Our results offer new insight into the normal function of PC2 as a ubiquitous stress-sensitive protein whose expression is up-regulated in response to cell stress to protect against pathological cell death in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Tom T Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.,Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer M Walters
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo R Sewanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Parker C Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Eric K Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Lloyd G Cantley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Marie E Robert
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.
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TRPP2 associates with STIM1 to regulate cerebral vasoconstriction and enhance high salt intake-induced hypertensive cerebrovascular spasm. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1894-1904. [PMID: 31541223 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular spasm is a life-threatening event in salt-sensitive hypertension. The relationship between store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and vasoconstriction in hypertension has not been fully clarified. This study investigated the changes in cerebrovascular contractile responses in high salt intake-induced hypertension and the functional roles of the main components of SOCE, namely, polycystin-2 (TRPP2), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and Orai3. Polycystic kidney disease 2 (which encodes TRPP2) knockout mice displayed decreased cerebrovascular SOCE-induced contraction. The blood pressure of age-matched rats fed a normal or high-salt diet for 4 weeks was monitored weekly using noninvasive tail-cuff plethysmography. The systolic blood pressure of the rats fed a high-salt diet was significantly higher than that of controls. Western blotting and immunohistochemical results showed that these hypertensive rats expressed higher levels of cerebrovascular TRPP2, STIM1, and Orai3 than controls. Cerebrovascular tension measurements of the basilar artery indicated that SOCE-mediated contraction was significantly increased in hypertensive rats compared with control rats. In addition, SOCE-mediated contraction was decreased in the basilar arteries of rats pretreated with the SOCE inhibitor BTP-2 (10 μM) or transfected with TRPP2-specific or STIM1-specific small interfering RNA. Staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to quantify the infarcted brain area 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of ischemic stroke, in rodents. The infarcted brain area was significantly greater in hypertensive rats and significantly lower in BTP-2-treated rats than in controls. Taken together, these findings indicate that SOCE-induced contraction may be overactive in the basilar arteries of salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, suggesting the dysregulation of TRPP2 and SOCE and its other components.
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28
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Kuo IY, Brill AL, Lemos FO, Jiang JY, Falcone JL, Kimmerling EP, Cai Y, Dong K, Kaplan DL, Wallace DP, Hofer AM, Ehrlich BE. Polycystin 2 regulates mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling, bioenergetics, and dynamics through mitofusin 2. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/580/eaat7397. [PMID: 31064883 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have an intimate functional relationship due to tethering proteins that bring their membranes in close (~30 nm) apposition. One function of this interorganellar junction is to increase the efficiency of Ca2+ transfer into mitochondria, thus stimulating mitochondrial respiration. Here, we showed that the ER cation-permeant channel polycystin 2 (PC2) functions to reduce mitochondria-ER contacts. In cell culture models, PC2 knockdown led to a 50% increase in mitofusin 2 (MFN2) expression, an outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase. Live-cell super-resolution and electron microscopy analyses revealed enhanced MFN2-dependent tethering between the ER and mitochondria in PC2 knockdown cells. PC2 knockdown also led to increased ER-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, bioenergetic activation, and mitochondrial density. Mutation or deletion of the gene encoding for PC2 results in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a condition characterized by numerous fluid-filled cysts. In cell culture models and mice with kidney-specific PC2 knockout, knockdown of MFN2 rescued defective mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer and diminished cell proliferation in kidney cysts. Consistent with these results, cyst-lining epithelial cells from human ADPKD kidneys had a twofold increase in mitochondria and MFN2 expression. Our data suggest that PC2 normally serves to limit key mitochondrial proteins at the ER-mitochondrial interface and acts as a checkpoint for mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics. Loss of this regulation may contribute to the increased oxidative metabolism and aberrant cell proliferation typical of kidney cysts in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fernanda O Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jason Y Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Falcone
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Erica P Kimmerling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University. Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University. Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Department of Medicine and the Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Aldebaran M Hofer
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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29
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Abstract
Cystic kidneys are common causes of end-stage renal disease, both in children and in adults. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are cilia-related disorders and the two main forms of monogenic cystic kidney diseases. ADPKD is a common disease that mostly presents in adults, whereas ARPKD is a rarer and often more severe form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) that usually presents perinatally or in early childhood. Cell biological and clinical research approaches have expanded our knowledge of the pathogenesis of ADPKD and ARPKD and revealed some mechanistic overlap between them. A reduced 'dosage' of PKD proteins is thought to disturb cell homeostasis and converging signalling pathways, such as Ca2+, cAMP, mechanistic target of rapamycin, WNT, vascular endothelial growth factor and Hippo signalling, and could explain the more severe clinical course in some patients with PKD. Genetic diagnosis might benefit families and improve the clinical management of patients, which might be enhanced even further with emerging therapeutic options. However, many important questions about the pathogenesis of PKD remain. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of PKD and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa M. Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dorien J. M. Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vicente E. Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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30
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Liu X, Vien T, Duan J, Sheu SH, DeCaen PG, Clapham DE. Polycystin-2 is an essential ion channel subunit in the primary cilium of the renal collecting duct epithelium. eLife 2018; 7:33183. [PMID: 29443690 PMCID: PMC5812715 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the polycystin genes, PKD1 or PKD2, results in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Although a genetic basis of ADPKD is established, we lack a clear understanding of polycystin proteins’ functions as ion channels. This question remains unsolved largely because polycystins localize to the primary cilium – a tiny, antenna-like organelle. Using a new ADPKD mouse model, we observe primary cilia that are abnormally long in cells associated with cysts after conditional ablation of Pkd1 or Pkd2. Using primary cultures of collecting duct cells, we show that polycystin-2, but not polycystin-1, is a required subunit for the ion channel in the primary cilium. The polycystin-2 channel preferentially conducts K+ and Na+; intraciliary Ca2+, enhances its open probability. We introduce a novel method for measuring heterologous polycystin-2 channels in cilia, which will have utility in characterizing PKD2 variants that cause ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Thuy Vien
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - David E Clapham
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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31
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Mitochondrial Abnormality Facilitates Cyst Formation in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00337-17. [PMID: 28993480 PMCID: PMC5705822 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00337-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) constitutes the most inherited kidney disease. Mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, encoding the polycystin 1 and polycystin 2 Ca2+ ion channels, respectively, result in tubular epithelial cell-derived renal cysts. Recent clinical studies demonstrate oxidative stress to be present early in ADPKD. Mitochondria comprise the primary reactive oxygen species source and also their main effector target; however, the pathophysiological role of mitochondria in ADPKD remains uncharacterized. To clarify this function, we examined the mitochondria of cyst-lining cells in ADPKD model mice (Ksp-Cre PKD1flox/flox) and rats (Han:SPRD Cy/+), demonstrating obvious tubular cell morphological abnormalities. Notably, the mitochondrial DNA copy number and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) expression were decreased in ADPKD model animal kidneys, with PGC-1α expression inversely correlated with oxidative stress levels. Consistent with these findings, human ADPKD cyst-derived cells with heterozygous and homozygous PKD1 mutation exhibited morphological and functional abnormalities, including increased mitochondrial superoxide. Furthermore, PGC-1α expression was suppressed by decreased intracellular Ca2+ levels via calcineurin, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nitric oxide synthase deactivation. Moreover, the mitochondrion-specific antioxidant MitoQuinone (MitoQ) reduced intracellular superoxide and inhibited cyst epithelial cell proliferation through extracellular signal-related kinase/MAPK inactivation. Collectively, these results indicate that mitochondrial abnormalities facilitate cyst formation in ADPKD.
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32
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33
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Hofmeister AF, Kömhoff M, Weber S, Grgic I. Disease modeling in genetic kidney diseases: mice. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:159-170. [PMID: 28601904 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mouse still represents arguably the most important mammal organism in research for modeling human genetic kidney diseases in vivo. Compared with many other mammal species, the breeding and maintenance of mice in the laboratory is relatively simple and cheap and reproduction cycles are short. In addition to classic gene knockout mouse lines, new molecular biological technologies have led to the development of a plethora of other, more sophisticated, mouse models, allowing the targeting of genes or gene function in a cell-specific, tissue-specific and time-dependent fashion. With the refinement of more recently developed genome-editing technologies, including the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system and other engineered nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), our "tool set" of mouse models is expected to rapidly expand. These technological advances hold great promise and should enable us to study and hence understand the biology of inherited kidney diseases in greater detail. By analogy, we may be able to answer questions regarding the impact of individual proteins on the development of human kidney disorders, the underlying mechanisms governing the evolution of the disease and the predicted responsiveness to therapeutic interventions. Moreover, knockout and transgenic mouse models can be highly informative with respect to the effects of genetic variations on renal phenotypes. This review focuses on mouse models that have been devised primarily to study monogenic human kidney diseases, which are typically caused by a single abnormal gene and passed on in a Mendelian pattern. Despite the large number of human hereditary kidney disorders and the multitude of mouse models described in the literature, we attempt to give a balanced overview of several well-known renal pathologies, a few of which are addressed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Hofmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 1, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- University Children's Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weber
- University Children's Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ivica Grgic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 1, 35033, Marburg, Germany.
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34
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Flahault A, Knebelmann B, Nataf F, Trystram D, Grünfeld JP, Joly D. [Screening and management of intracranial aneurisms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]. Nephrol Ther 2017; 13 Suppl 1:S147-S153. [PMID: 28577737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most frequent hereditary kidney disease. Intracranial aneurysm prevalence in this population is four to five times higher than the prevalence in the general population. The most frequent complication of intracranial aneurysms is rupture with subarachnoidal hemorrhage, which is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The only identified risk factor for unruptured intracranial aneurysm is a family history of intracranial aneurysm. However, most cases of aneurysm rupture occur without any family history of intracranial aneurysm. Magnetic resonance angiography without contrast medium injection facilitates screening, and progress have been made in preventive (endovascular or neurosurgical) treatment of intracranial aneurysm. Recommendations have recently been published concerning intracranial aneurysm screening, and suggest screening patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and a family history of intracranial aneurysm, those who have an at-risk activity and those who request screening despite adequate information. Conflicting opinions exist, however, in the literature. Furthermore, a study of practice was conducted among French-speaking nephrologists in Europe and showed that approximately a third of the participants were in favor of systematic screening for intracranial aneurysm in all patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Beyond intracranial aneurysm prevalence, it is necessary to better define rupture rates in the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease population, with and without familial history of intracranial aneurysm. This would allow optimizing intracranial aneurysm screening practices in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Flahault
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Service de néphrologie, hôpital Necker-enfants malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), collège de France, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France; Inserm U1050, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Service de néphrologie, hôpital Necker-enfants malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Nataf
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm UMR 894, 2, ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France; Service de neurochirurgie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75674 Paris cedex 14, France
| | - Denis Trystram
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm UMR 894, 2, ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France; Service de neuroradiologie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75674 Paris cedex 14, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Grünfeld
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Service de néphrologie, hôpital Necker-enfants malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Joly
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Service de néphrologie, hôpital Necker-enfants malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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35
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Identification of MMP1 as a novel risk factor for intracranial aneurysms in ADPKD using iPSC models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30013. [PMID: 27418197 PMCID: PMC4945931 DOI: 10.1038/srep30013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and intracranial aneurysm (ICA) causing subarachnoid hemorrhage is among the most serious complications. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ICAs in ADPKD have not been fully established. We here generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from seven ADPKD patients, including four with ICAs. The vascular cells differentiated from ADPKD-iPSCs showed altered Ca(2+) entry and gene expression profiles compared with those of iPSCs from non-ADPKD subjects. We found that the expression level of a metalloenzyme gene, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, was specifically elevated in iPSC-derived endothelia from ADPKD patients with ICAs. Furthermore, we confirmed the correlation between the serum MMP1 levels and the development of ICAs in 354 ADPKD patients, indicating that high serum MMP1 levels may be a novel risk factor. These results suggest that cellular disease models with ADPKD-specific iPSCs can be used to study the disease mechanisms and to identify novel disease-related molecules or risk factors.
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36
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The functions of TRPP2 in the vascular system. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:13-8. [PMID: 26725733 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPP2 (polycystin-2, PC2 or PKD2), encoded by the PKD2 gene, is a non-selective cation channel with a large single channel conductance and high Ca(2+) permeability. In cell membrane, TRPP2, along with polycystin-1, TRPV4 and TRPC1, functions as a mechanotransduction channel. In the endoplasmic reticulum, TRPP2 modulates intracellular Ca(2+) release associated with IP3 receptors and the ryanodine receptors. Noteworthily, TRPP2 is widely expressed in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells of all major vascular beds, and contributes to the regulation of vessel function. The mutation of the PKD2 gene is a major cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is not only a common genetic disease of the kidney but also a systemic disorder associated with abnormalities in the vasculature; cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in ADPKD patients. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the TRPP2 protein and its possible role in cardiovascular function and related diseases.
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37
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TRPP2 modulates ryanodine- and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors-dependent Ca2+ signals in opposite ways in cerebral arteries. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:467-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Perrone RD, Malek AM, Watnick T. Vascular complications in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:589-98. [PMID: 26260542 PMCID: PMC4904833 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease. Relentless cyst growth substantially enlarges both kidneys and culminates in renal failure. Patients with ADPKD also have vascular abnormalities; intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are found in ∼10% of asymptomatic patients during screening and in up to 25% of those with a family history of IA or subarachnoid haemorrhage. As the genes responsible for ADPKD—PKD1 and PKD2—have complex integrative roles in mechanotransduction and intracellular calcium signalling, the molecular basis of IA formation might involve focal haemodynamic conditions exacerbated by hypertension and altered flow sensing. IA rupture results in substantial mortality, morbidity and poor long-term outcomes. In this Review, we focus mainly on strategies for screening, diagnosis and treatment of IAs in patients with ADPKD. Other vascular aneurysms and anomalies—including aneurysms of the aorta and coronary arteries, cervicocephalic and thoracic aortic dissections, aortic root dilatation and cerebral dolichoectasia—are less common in this population, and the available data are insufficient to recommend screening strategies. Treatment decisions should be made with expert consultation and be based on a risk-benefit analysis that takes into account aneurysm location and morphology as well as patient age and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Perrone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Adel M Malek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Division, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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39
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Unexpected Abscess Localization of the Anterior Abdominal Wall in an ADPKD Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis. Case Rep Nephrol 2015; 2015:982575. [PMID: 26301109 PMCID: PMC4537735 DOI: 10.1155/2015/982575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common monogenic disorders and the leading inheritable cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Cystic and noncystic extrarenal manifestations are correlated with variable clinical presentations so that an inherited disorder is now considered a systemic disease. Kidney and liver cystic infections are the most common infectious complications in ADPKD patients. Furthermore, it is well known that ADPKD is commonly associated with colonic diverticular disease which recently has been reported to be linked to increased risk of infection on hemodialysis patients. Herein, we present a case of anterior abdominal wall abscess caused by Enterococcus faecalis in a patient with ADPKD undergoing hemodialysis. Although the precise pathway of infection remains uncertain, the previous medical history as well as the clinical course of our patient led us to hypothesize an alternative route of infection from the gastrointestinal tract through an aberrant intestinal barrier into the bloodstream and eventually to an atypical location.
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40
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Chebib FT, Sussman CR, Wang X, Harris PC, Torres VE. Vasopressin and disruption of calcium signalling in polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:451-64. [PMID: 25870007 PMCID: PMC4539141 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenic kidney disease and is responsible for 5-10% of cases of end-stage renal disease worldwide. ADPKD is characterized by the relentless development and growth of cysts, which cause progressive kidney enlargement associated with hypertension, pain, reduced quality of life and eventual kidney failure. Mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively, cause ADPKD. However, neither the functions of these proteins nor the molecular mechanisms of ADPKD pathogenesis are well understood. Here, we review the literature that examines how reduced levels of functional PC1 or PC2 at the primary cilia and/or the endoplasmic reticulum directly disrupts intracellular calcium signalling and indirectly disrupts calcium-regulated cAMP and purinergic signalling. We propose a hypothetical model in which dysregulated metabolism of cAMP and purinergic signalling increases the sensitivity of principal cells in collecting ducts and of tubular epithelial cells in the distal nephron to the constant tonic action of vasopressin. The resulting magnified response to vasopressin further enhances the disruption of calcium signalling that is initiated by mutations in PC1 or PC2, and activates downstream signalling pathways that cause impaired tubulogenesis, increased cell proliferation, increased fluid secretion and interstitial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad T Chebib
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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Abstract
It is 20 years since the identification of PKD1, the major gene mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), followed closely by the cloning of PKD2. These major breakthroughs have led in turn to a period of intense investigation into the function of the two proteins encoded, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and how defects in either protein lead to cyst formation and nonrenal phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the major findings in this area and present a current model of how the polycystin proteins function in health and disease.
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Yue Z, Xie J, Yu AS, Stock J, Du J, Yue L. Role of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H157-82. [PMID: 25416190 PMCID: PMC4312948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00457.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels with variable degree of Ca(2+)-permeability. The 28 mammalian TRP channel proteins can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic, and mucolipin TRPs. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different cell types including both excitable and nonexcitable cells of the cardiovascular system. Unlike voltage-gated ion channels, TRP channels do not have a typical voltage sensor, but instead can sense a variety of other stimuli including pressure, shear stress, mechanical stretch, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating multiple stimuli and transducing their activity to downstream cellular signal pathways via Ca(2+) entry and/or membrane depolarization, TRP channels play an essential role in regulating fundamental cell functions such as contraction, relaxation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. With the use of targeted deletion and transgenic mouse models, recent studies have revealed that TRP channels are involved in numerous cellular functions and play an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, several TRP channels are involved in inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This review presents an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological functions of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system and their contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, TRP channels may become potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jia Xie
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Albert S Yu
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Stock
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jianyang Du
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lixia Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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43
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Zhao R, Zhou M, Li J, Wang X, Su K, Hu J, Ye Y, Zhu J, Zhang G, Wang K, Du J, Wang L, Shen B. Increased TRPP2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from high-salt intake hypertensive rats: The crucial role in vascular dysfunction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:365-72. [PMID: 25351462 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High-salt intake is a major risk factor in the development of hypertension. The underlying mechanism of high sodium on the cardiovascular system has received extensive attention. TRPP2 (Polycystin-2) is a Ca(2+) permeable nonselective cation channel that mediates Ca(2+) mobilization to control vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contraction. Here, we investigated TRPP2 expression change in VSMCs from high-salt intake hypertensive rats and role of TRPP2 in the development of high-salt diet-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS After 4 ws of dietary treatment, systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated in high-salt intake rats (132 ± 3 mmHg) compared with regular diet control rats (104 ± 2 mmHg). Results from vessel tension and diameter measurements show that high-salt intake potentiated phenylephrine-induced contraction in denuded mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence data indicate that TRPP2 expression in VSMCs from mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was significantly increased in high-salt intake-induced hypertensive rats. However, agonist-induced contractions in denuded mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta were markedly decreased if TRPP2 was knocked down by specific shRNA. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that high-salt intake increased TRPP2 expression in VSMCs, which in turn potentiated blood vessel response to contractors; this may participate in the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China; Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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44
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Decreased polycystin 2 expression alters calcium-contraction coupling and changes β-adrenergic signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16604-9. [PMID: 25368166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415933111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disorders are the main cause of mortality in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). However, how mutated polycystins predispose patients with ADPKD to cardiac pathologies before development of renal dysfunction is unknown. We investigate the effect of decreased levels of polycystin 2 (PC2), a calcium channel that interacts with the ryanodine receptor, on myocardial function. We hypothesize that heterozygous PC2 mice (Pkd2(+/-)) undergo cardiac remodeling as a result of changes in calcium handling, separate from renal complications. We found that Pkd2(+/-) cardiomyocytes have altered calcium handling, independent of desensitized calcium-contraction coupling. Paradoxically, in Pkd2(+/-) mice, protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) was decreased, whereas PKA phosphorylation of troponin I was increased, explaining the decoupling between calcium signaling and contractility. In silico modeling supported this relationship. Echocardiography measurements showed that Pkd2(+/-) mice have increased left ventricular ejection fraction after stimulation with isoproterenol (ISO), a β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonist. Blockers of βAR-1 and βAR-2 inhibited the ISO response in Pkd2(+/-) mice, suggesting that the dephosphorylated state of PLB is primarily by βAR-2 signaling. Importantly, the Pkd2(+/-) mice were normotensive and had no evidence of renal cysts. Our results showed that decreased PC2 levels shifted the βAR pathway balance and changed expression of calcium handling proteins, which resulted in altered cardiac contractility. We propose that PC2 levels in the heart may directly contribute to cardiac remodeling in patients with ADPKD in the absence of renal dysfunction.
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45
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Abstract
Mutations in polycystin 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2) cause the common genetic kidney disorder autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It is unknown how these mutations result in renal cysts, but dysregulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling is a known consequence of PC2 mutations. PC2 functions as a Ca(2+)-activated Ca(2+) channel of the endoplasmic reticulum. We hypothesize that Ca(2+) signaling through PC2, or other intracellular Ca(2+) channels such as the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R), is necessary to maintain renal epithelial cell function and that disruption of the Ca(2+) signaling leads to renal cyst development. The cell line LLC-PK1 has traditionally been used for studying PKD-causing mutations and Ca(2+) signaling in 2D culture systems. We demonstrate that this cell line can be used in long-term (8 wk) 3D tissue culture systems. In 2D systems, knockdown of InsP3R results in decreased Ca(2+) transient signals that are rescued by overexpression of PC2. In 3D systems, knockdown of either PC2 or InsP3R leads to cyst formation, but knockdown of InsP3R type 1 (InsP3R1) generated the largest cysts. InsP3R1 and InsP3R3 are differentially localized in both mouse and human kidney, suggesting that regional disruption of Ca(2+) signaling contributes to cystogenesis. All cysts had intact cilia 2 wk after starting 3D culture, but the cells with InsP3R1 knockdown lost cilia as the cysts grew. Studies combining 2D and 3D cell culture systems will assist in understanding how mutations in PC2 that confer altered Ca(2+) signaling lead to ADPKD cysts.
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46
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Harris PC, Torres VE. Genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2315-24. [PMID: 24892705 DOI: 10.1172/jci72272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in defining the genetic mechanisms of disease causation and modification in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have helped to explain some extreme disease manifestations and other phenotypic variability. Studies of the ADPKD proteins, polycystin-1 and -2, and the development and characterization of animal models that better mimic the human disease, have also helped us to understand pathogenesis and facilitated treatment evaluation. In addition, an improved understanding of aberrant downstream pathways in ADPKD, such as proliferation/secretion-related signaling, energy metabolism, and activated macrophages, in which cAMP and calcium changes may play a role, is leading to the identification of therapeutic targets. Finally, results from recent and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials are greatly improving the prospects for available, effective ADPKD treatments.
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47
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Rahbari-Oskoui F, Williams O, Chapman A. Mechanisms and management of hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2194-201. [PMID: 24463189 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most commonly inherited kidney disease, characterized by progressive cyst growth and renal enlargement, resulting in renal failure. Hypertension is common and occurs early, prior to loss of kidney function. Whether hypertension in ADPKD is a primary vasculopathy secondary to mutations in the polycystin genes or secondary to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by cyst expansion and intrarenal ischemia is unclear. Dysregulation of the primary cilium causing endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction is a component of ADPKD. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of hypertension in ADPKD and give specific recommendations for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olubunmi Williams
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arlene Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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48
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Torres VE, Harris PC. Strategies targeting cAMP signaling in the treatment of polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:18-32. [PMID: 24335972 PMCID: PMC3871779 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a leading cause of ESRD worldwide. In PKD, excessive cell proliferation and fluid secretion, pathogenic interactions of mutated epithelial cells with an abnormal extracellular matrix and alternatively activated interstitial macrophages, and the disruption of mechanisms controlling tubular diameter contribute to cyst formation. Studies with animal models suggest that several diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms, including dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels and cAMP signaling, mediate these cystogenic mechanisms. This article reviews the evidence implicating calcium and cAMP as central players in a network of signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of PKD and considers the therapeutic relevance of treatment strategies targeting cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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49
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Abstract
TRP channels constitute a large superfamily of cation channel forming proteins, all related to the gene product of the transient receptor potential (trp) locus in Drosophila. In mammals, 28 different TRP channel genes have been identified, which exhibit a large variety of functional properties and play diverse cellular and physiological roles. In this article, we provide a brief and systematic summary of expression, function, and (patho)physiological role of the mammalian TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Gees
- Laboratory Ion Channel Research and TRP Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Narayanan D, Bulley S, Leo MD, Burris SK, Gabrick KS, Boop FA, Jaggar JH. Smooth muscle cell transient receptor potential polycystin-2 (TRPP2) channels contribute to the myogenic response in cerebral arteries. J Physiol 2013; 591:5031-46. [PMID: 23858011 PMCID: PMC3810807 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.258319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular pressure-induced vasoconstriction is a smooth muscle cell-specific mechanism that controls systemic blood pressure and organ regional blood flow. Smooth muscle cell polycystin-1 and -2 (TRPP1 and -2) proteins modulate the myogenic response in mesenteric arteries, but involvement in other vascular beds is unclear. Here, we examined TRPP2 expression, cellular distribution, cation currents (ICat), and physiological functions in smooth muscle cells of rat and human cerebral arteries. We demonstrate that TRPP2 is the major TRPP isoform expressed in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells, with message levels higher than those of TRPP1. Arterial biotinylation and immunofluorescence indicated that TRPP2 is located primarily (∼88%) in the smooth muscle cell plasma membrane. RNA interference reduced TRPP2 expression by ∼55% compared to control, but did not alter levels of TRPP1, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPM4, ANO1/TMEM16A, or voltage-dependent Ca(2+) (CaV1.2) channels, other ion channel proteins that modulate myogenic tone. Cell swelling induced by hyposmotic (250 osmol (l solution)(-1)) bath solution stimulated Gd(3+)-sensitive ICat in smooth muscle cells that were reduced by selective TRPP2 knockdown. TRPP2 knockdown did not alter myogenic tone at 20 mmHg but reduced tone between ∼28 and 39% over an intravascular pressure range between 40 and 100 mmHg. In contrast, TRPP2 knockdown did not alter depolarization-induced (60 mmol l K(+)) vasoconstriction. In summary, we show that TRPP2 is expressed in smooth muscle cells of resistance-size cerebral arteries, resides primarily in the plasma membrane, and contributes to the myogenic response. Data also suggest that TRPP2 differentially regulates the myogenic response in cerebral and mesenteric arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodaran Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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